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5768513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole%20%28musician%29 | Pole (musician) | Pole is the artistic name of Stefan Betke (born 18 February 1967), a German electronic music artist commonly associated with the glitch genre as well as dubtronica.
History
Born in Düsseldorf, Pole took his name from a Waldorf 4-Pole filter, which he accidentally dropped and broke in 1996. Though the filter was perhaps no longer appropriate for DJ work in its damaged state, Betke found the strange hissing and popping noises the filter now made interesting sounds. He then began using the broken filter to create music, launching his musical career.
Betke's first four albums, titled 1, 2, 3, and R (an intentional trilogy of albums, followed by a collection of remixes of Pole's 1998 debut EP Raum), were all based around this filter, with songs usually taking the form of dub basslines and rhythms with percussion provided by the eponymous filter. In 2003 Betke departed from this style for the album Pole (a combination of tracks from two EPs, "45/45" and "90/90"), which utilized more traditionally electronic but still eclectic production.
Pole has been distributed on several different labels, including Matador Records and Mute Records, and in 1999 Betke cofounded (with Barbara Preisinger) the label ~scape, also known for publishing Jan Jelinek. On September 1, 2011, Betke founded a new artist label named Pole.
Betke mastered John Frusciante's 2016 EP, Foregrow, and oversaw the 2019 re-master of Alphaville's 1984 album Forever Young and the 2021 re-master of 1986 album Afternoons in Utopia and 1989 album The Breathtaking Blue alongside Bernhard Lloyd.
Discography
Albums
1 (1998)
2 (1999)
3 (2000)
R (2001)
Pole (2003)
Steingarten (2007)
Wald (2015)
Fading (2020)
Tempus (2022)
Singles
Waldgeschichten (2011)
Waldgeschichten 2 (2011)
Waldgeschichten 3 (2012)
References
External links
Pole site at Matador Records
Pole biography at ~scape Records
[ Pole discography] at All Media Guide
Pole interview at The Milk Factory
Real Detroit Weekly Interview
German electronic musicians
Ambient musicians
Dubtronica musicians
Intelligent dance musicians
Mute Records artists
Matador Records artists
1967 births
Living people |
21632019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfang%20Electric | Dongfang Electric | Dongfang Electric Corporation () is a Chinese state-owned manufacturer of power generators and the contracts of power station projects. According to Platts, in 2009-10 the company was the second largest manufacturer of steam turbines by worldwide market share, tying with Harbin Electric and slightly behind Shanghai Electric.
History
It was founded in 1984 and is based in Chengdu, Sichuan. Its subsidiary is Dongfang Electric Corporation Limited () (,). Its H shares and A shares were listed on the Hong Kong and Shanghai.
1958: Dongfang Electric Machinery Plant () was established.
1984: Dongfang Electric Corporation was established by Ding Yi.
1993: China Dongfang Electric Machinery Plant was restructured to form Dongfang Electric Machinery Company Limited ().
1994: Dongfang Electric Machinery Company was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.
1995: Dongfang Electric Machinery Company was listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.
2007: China Dongfang Electric Corporation was listed entirely in Dongfang Electric Machinery Company. Dongfang Electric Machinery Company was renamed to Dongfang Electric Corporation Limited ().
Controversy
Dongfang was accused by General Electric in court papers of benefitting from a rigged tendering process awarded by South African utility giant Eskom to install a new boiler at the Duvha Power Station. General Electric claims that Dongfang got the contract even though its bid was R1 billion (US$76 million) more than the General Electric bid.
See also
List of wind turbine manufacturers
Wind energy companies of China
Wind power
References
External links
Dongfang Electric Corporation
Dongfang Electric Corporation Limited
Manufacturing companies of China
Wind power in China
Wind turbine manufacturers
Electrical engineering companies of China
Government-owned companies of China
Companies based in Chengdu
Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
H shares
Chinese companies established in 1984
Manufacturing companies established in 1984
Chinese brands |
1836234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica | Myrica | Myrica is a genus of about 35–50 species of small trees and shrubs in the family Myricaceae, order Fagales. The genus has a wide distribution, including Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America, and missing only from Australia. Some botanists split the genus into two genera on the basis of the catkin and fruit structure, restricting Myrica to a few species, and treating the others in Morella.
Common names include bayberry, bay-rum tree, candleberry, sweet gale, and wax-myrtle. The generic name was derived from the Greek word μυρίκη (myrike), meaning "fragrance".
Characteristics
The species vary from shrubs up to trees; some are deciduous, but the majority of species are evergreen. The roots have nitrogen-fixing bacteria which enable the plants to grow on soils that are very poor in nitrogen content. The leaves are spirally arranged, simple, long, oblanceolate with a tapered base and broader tip, and a crinkled or finely toothed margin. The flowers are catkins, with male and female catkins usually on separate plants (dioecious). The fruit is a small drupe, usually with a wax coating.
The type species, Myrica gale, is holarctic in distribution, growing in acidic peat bogs throughout the colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere; it is a deciduous shrub growing to 1m tall. The remaining species all have relatively small ranges, and are mostly warm-temperate.
Myrica faya (Morella faya), native to the volcanic islands of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands, has become an invasive species on the Hawaiian volcanoes where it was introduced in the 19th century; its ability to fix nitrogen makes it very well adapted to growing on low-nitrogen volcanic soils.
The wax coating on the fruit is indigestible for most birds, but a few species have adapted to be able to eat it, notably the yellow-rumped warbler and tree swallow in North America. As the wax is very energy-rich, this enables the yellow-rumped warbler to winter farther north in cooler climates than any other American warbler if bayberries are present. The seeds are then dispersed in the droppings of the birds.
Myrica species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including brown-tail, emperor moth, and winter moth as well as the bucculatricid leaf-miners Bucculatrix cidarella, B. myricae (feeds exclusively on M. gale) and B. paroptila and the Coleophora case-bearers C. comptoniella, C. pruniella, and C. viminetella.
Uses
Native Americans used bayberry medicinally. The root bark was pounded into powder and mixed with water to cure diarrhea. American pioneers sniffed the powder to counter nasal congestion. It was sometimes used in poultices.
The wax coating on the fruit of several species, known as bayberry wax, has been used traditionally to make candles. It was used for that purpose by the Robinson family in the novel The Swiss Family Robinson. The foliage of Myrica gale is a traditional insect repellent, used by campers to keep biting insects out of tents. Several species are also grown as ornamental plants in gardens. The fruit of Myrica rubra is an economically important crop in China, sold fresh, dried, canned, for juice, for flavoring in snacks, and for alcoholic beverages. Myrica is used to spice beer and snaps in Denmark.
The leaves can add flavor to soups and broths. They can be dried and stored in jars to be used as a spice.
Species
Myrica comprises the following species:
Myrica adenophora Hance
Myrica arborea Hutch.
Myrica brevifolia E. Mey. ex C. DC.
Myrica cacuminis Britton & P.Wilson
Myrica californica Cham. & Schltdl. – California bayberry
Myrica caroliniensis Mill. southern bayberry
Myrica cerifera L. – wax-myrtle, southern wax-myrtle
Myrica chevalieri (Parra-Os.) Christenh. & Byng
Myrica chimanimaniana (Verdc. & Polhill) Christenh. & Byng
Myrica cordifolia L.
Myrica dentulata Baill.
Myrica diversifolia Adamson
Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
Myrica faya Aiton – faya bayberry
Myrica funckii A.Chev.
Myrica gale L. – sweet gale or bog-myrtle
Myrica goetzei Engl.
Myrica hartwegii S.Watson – Sierra bayberry
Myrica heterophylla Raf.
Myrica holdridgeana Lundell
Myrica humilis Cham.
Myrica inodora W.Bartram – scentless bayberry
Myrica integra (A.Chev.) Killick
Myrica integrifolia Roxb.
Myrica interrupta Benth.
Myrica javanica Blume
Myrica kandtiana Engl.
Myrica kilimandscharica Engl.
Myrica kraussiana Buchinger ex Meisn.
Myrica lindeniana C.DC.
Myrica meyeri-johannis Engl.
Myrica microbracteata Weim.
Myrica mildbraedii Engl.
Myrica nana A.Chev.
Myrica parvifolia Benth.
Myrica pavonis C.DC.
Myrica pensylvanica Mirb. – northern bayberry
Myrica phanerodonta Standl.
Myrica picardae Krug & Urb.
Myrica pilulifera Rendle
Myrica pringlei Greenm.
Myrica pubescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Myrica punctata Griseb.
Myrica quercifolia L.
Myrica rotundata Steyerm. & Maguire
Myrica rubra Siebold & Zucc. – yang mei, Chinese bayberry, yumberry
Myrica salicifolia Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Myrica serrata Lam.
Myrica shaferi Urb. & Britton
Myrica singularis Parra-Os.
Myrica spathulata Mirb.
Species names with uncertain taxonomic status
The status of the following species and hybrids is unresolved:
Morella × macfarlanei (Youngken) Kartesz
Morella pumila Small
Myrica aethiopica L.
Myrica alaternoides Crantz
Myrica algarbiensis Gand.
Myrica altera C.DC.
Myrica apiculata Urb. & Ekman
Myrica arabica Willd.
Myrica auriculata Ridl.
Myrica australasica F.Muell.
Myrica banksiifolia J.C.Wendl.
Myrica bojeriana Baker
Myrica × burbankii A.Chev.
Myrica burmannii E. Mey. ex C. Dc.
Myrica capensis Steud.
Myrica carolenensis A.Rich.
Myrica caroliniana Ettingsh.
Myrica conifera Burm.f.
Myrica domingana C.DC.
Myrica dregeana A.Chev.
Myrica elliptica A.Chev.
Myrica esquirolii H.Lév.
Myrica fallax DC.
Myrica florida Regel
Myrica fuscata Raf.
Myrica glabrissima A.Chev.
Myrica hirsuta Mill.
Myrica holtzii Engl. & Brehmer
Myrica humbertii Staner & Lebrun
Myrica ilicifolia Burm.f.
Myrica jamaicensis R.A.Howard & Proctor
Myrica laciniata Willd.
Myrica latiloba Heer
Myrica lobbii Teijsm. & Binn. ex Miq.
Myrica longifolia Teijsm. & Binn. ex C.DC.
Myrica macrophylla Mirb.
Myrica microcarpa Benth.
Myrica microstachya Krug & Urb.
Myrica montana Vahl
Myrica mossii Burtt Davy
Myrica myrtifolia A.Chev.
Myrica nagi Thunb.
Myrica natalensis C.DC.
Myrica oligadenia Peter
Myrica ovata H.L.Wendl.
Myrica pusilla Raf.
Myrica reticulata Krug & Urb.
Myrica rivas-martinezii A.Santos
Myrica rogersii Burtt Davy
Myrica roraimae Oliv.
Myrica rothmaleriana P.Silva
Myrica rotundifolia Salisb.
Myrica tomentosa Asch. & Graebn.
Myrica trifoliata Turpin
Myrica trifoliata L.
Myrica trifoliolata DC.
Myrica undulata Raf.
Myrica usambarensis Engl.
Myrica verrucosa Raf.
Myrica vidaliana Rolfe
Formerly placed here
Balakata luzonica (as M. luzonica S.Vidal)
Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult. (as M. aspleniifolia L.)
Nageia nagi (Thunb.) Kuntze (as M. nagi Thunb.)
References
External links
Flora Europaea: Myrica
Flora of China: Myrica
Flora of North America: Myrica
Trees and shrubs of Ecuador: Myrica
Flora of Azores: Myrica
Flora of Nepal: Kaphal
Monograph on the medicinal and clinical uses of Myrica cerifera
Fagales genera
Dioecious plants |
68448623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20Central%20American%20Women%27s%20Handball%20Championship | 2021 Central American Women's Handball Championship | The 2021 Central American Women's Handball Championship took place in San Salvador, El Salvador from 5 to 7 August 2021. It acted as a qualifying tournament for the 2021 South and Central American Women's Handball Championship.
Results
Round robin
All times are local (UTC−06:00).
References
External links
COSCABAL Official Website
Central American Handball Championship
Central American Women's Handball Championship
International sports competitions hosted by El Salvador |
35410806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20Oceanian%20Futsal%20Championship | 2011 Oceanian Futsal Championship | The 2011 Oceanian Futsal Championship (OFC) was the eighth edition of the main international futsal tournament of the Oceanian region. It took place from 16 May to 20 May 2011, and was hosted by Fiji, which had also hosted three previous editions.
The number of participating nations rose to eight, up from seven in 2010, as Kiribati made their first ever appearance at the OFC Futsal Championship.
The defending champions, the Solomon Islands, retained their title, defeating Tahiti by six goals to four in the final.
The tournament's Golden Ball (Player of the tournament) award went to Elliot Ragomo of the Solomon Islands, who also won Golden Boot award for the highest number of goals scored in the tournament.
The tournament also acted as a qualifying tournament for the 2012 FIFA Futsal World Cup in Thailand. The Solomon Islands won the tournament, and qualified for the World Cup.
Championship
Group A
Group B
7th place match
5th place match
Semi-finals
Third place play-off
Final
References
OFC Futsal Championship
2011 in futsal
2012 FIFA Futsal World Cup
Futsal
2011 |
25083588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Romain%20wine | Saint-Romain wine | Saint-Romain wine is produced in the commune of Saint-Romain in Côte de Beaune of Burgundy. Rather than being situated on the main Côte d'Or escarpment, as most of the other Côte de Beaune wine villages, the vineyards of Saint-Romain are mainly located in a side valley to the west of Auxey-Duresses, in the direction of the communes and vineyards of the Hautes Côtes de Beaune. Most vineyards of Saint-Romain are located on slopes of various directions. The Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) Saint-Romain may be used for red and white wine with respectively Pinot noir and Chardonnay as the main grape variety. A little more than half of the production consists of white wine. There are no Grand Cru and no Premier Cru vineyards within Saint-Romain.
Production
In 2008, there was of vineyard surface in production for Saint-Romain wine, and 3,897 hectoliters of wine were produced, of which 1,779 hectoliters were red wine and 2,118 hectoliters were white wine. Some of this area was used for the red wines in 2007. The total amount produced corresponds to just over 500,000 bottles, of which slightly less than 250,000 bottles of red wine and closer to 300,000 bottles of white wine.
Grapes and wine styles
For white wines, the AOC regulations allow both Chardonnay and Pinot blanc to be used, but most wines are 100% Chardonnay. The AOC regulations also allow up to 15 per cent total of Chardonnay, Pinot blanc and Pinot gris as accessory grapes in the red wines, but this not very often practiced. The allowed base yield is 40 hectoliter per hectare of red wine and 45 hectoliter per hectare for white wine. The grapes must reach a maturity of at least 10.5 per cent potential alcohol for village-level red wine, 11.0 per cent for village-level white wine and Premier Cru red wine, and 11.5 per cent for Premier Cru white wine.
References
Burgundy (historical region) AOCs |
44641035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n%20Luken%20Garza | Gastón Luken Garza | Gastón Luken Garza (born 1959) is a Mexican entrepreneur and politician. He has been president of the State Electoral Institute of Baja California, comptroller general of the government of Mexico City, citizen advisor for the Federal Electoral Institute and congressmen for the National Action Party (PAN) in the LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress. In 2016, he was the first independent candidate to run for mayor of Tijuana.
Life
Luken Garza was born in Monterrey in 1959 to businessman Gaston Luken Aguilar and his wife Alejandra Garza. He grew up in Baja California, where he currently lives in Tijuana with his wife Alicia Luna Alvarado. He has three children Analicia, Gaston and Alvaro.
Luken has a bachelor's degree in business administration from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (1981) and has postgraduate studies in upper management in Ipade (1985).
He is fluent in English and Spanish.
Political career
Luken worked as a citizen advisor to election institutes at the state and federal levels from 1995 to 2003. This included positions as president of the Electoral Institute of Baja California for the 1995 elections and as board member of the Federal Electoral Institute from 2001 to 2003.
From 2000 to 2003, he was special advisor to the government of Mexico City, overseeing the city budget and anticorruption efforts regarding public servants.
Luken was also an advisor to the Mexican-American Studies Center of the UC San Diego and to Pronatura in Baja California.
In 2009, Luken was elected as a federal deputy with the National Action Party, representing the fifth district in Tijuana. He presided over a congressional commission for accountability and was vice chairman of the Governing Congressional Commission.
In 2014, Mexico changed the law which allowed for more independent candidates. He was the first independent to announce a run for mayor of Tijuana in 2015. In 2016, he was the first independent to get enough signatures to be on the ballot for the same position. He was able to get 32,263 validated signatures, enough to meet the 2.5% of eligible voters, one of only six independent candidates to be able to do so in the entire state. Luken sought to take advantage of widespread voter mistrust of the established political parties. This campaign compared their efforts to Obama's presidential runs, calling it the first grassroots campaign in Tijuana. They even made their own versions of Obama's Hope posters. Emulating the highly popular independent governor of Chihuahua, he used curse words and colloquialisms in his campaign. However, he was criticized as taking advantage of the new system and not really an independent because of his connections to the National Action Party, which Luken stated during his run that he was never officially affiliated with.
In 2013, he registered with the National Action Party.
Business career
Son of a prominent businessman, Luken's first foray into business was the establishment of the bakery chain La Baguette de Mexicali, when he was 23 years old. He served as the company's general director from 1982 to 1997.
He has since founded and advised various types of businesses in the construction, industrial and finance sectors. He ran Proxima with his father before 2009 which partnered with Sempra Energy in San Diego to bring natural gas into Mexicali in the 2000s. Luken was general director of Dunor (1985-2000) and Panatec (1985-2009).
Luken was named Businessman of the Year by various publications and organizations as well as Man of the Year by Semanario ZETA.
References
1959 births
Living people
Politicians from Monterrey
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
Mexican people of Dutch descent
21st-century Mexican politicians
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni
Deputies of the LXI Legislature of Mexico |
60381954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarini%20Villatoro | Amarini Villatoro | Marvin Amarini Villatoro de León (born May 6, 1985) is a Guatemalan football coach. He is the current manager of Liga Nacional club Xelajú.
Coaching career
In 2006, Villatoro joined the coaching staff at Costa Rican club Pérez Zeledón. In 2008, Villatoro achieved promotion to the Guatemalan Segunda División de Ascenso with Los Potros del Tecnológico. In 2009, Villatoro was appointed manager of Sayaxché, helping to the club gain promotion to the Primera División de Ascenso during his time at the club. Following his time at Sayaxché, Villatoro managed Cobán Imperial, Deportivo Carchá and Deportivo Jocotán. In May 2016, Villatoro was appointed manager at Guastatoya. In 2018, Guastatoya won their first Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala, with Villatoro becoming the youngest ever coach to do so.
In March 2019, Villatoro was appointed manager of Guatemala. In 2021, he was sacked after Guatemala failed to qualify for both the 2022 FIFA World Cup and the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
References
Living people
People from Cobán
Guatemalan football managers
Guatemalan expatriate sportspeople in Costa Rica
Guatemala national football team managers
1985 births |
18617306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings%20Creek%20Falls | Kings Creek Falls | Kings Creek Falls, located near Long Creek, South Carolina, is a waterfall in the Oconee District of the Sumter National Forest. Kings Creek is a tributary of the Chatooga River, and the falls are located off a short spur from the Foothills Trail. It is located in the extreme Northwest of the state, near the Ellicott Rock Wilderness Area and the Georgia state line.
References
Waterfalls of South Carolina
Protected areas of Oconee County, South Carolina
Sumter National Forest
Landforms of Oconee County, South Carolina |
53307800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%20Party | Iran Party | The Iran Party () is a socialist and nationalist party in Iran, founded in 1941. It is described as the "backbone of the National Front", the leading umbrella organization of Iranian nationalists established in 1949. The party's total membership has never exceeded the several hundred figure.
History
The Iran Party's core members derived from the Iranian Engineers’ Association (). In the 1944 Iranian legislative election, five of the party's leaders, including Rezazadeh Shafaq, Ghulam'Ali Farivar, AhdulHamid Zanganeh, Hussein Mu'aven, and Abdallah Mu'azemi won seats, as well as Mohammad Mossadegh (who was not a member but the party effectively supported).
From June 1946 to January 1947, it was allied with the communist Tudeh Party and some other left-wing parties under the name United Front of Progressive Parties. Following the alliance, some members left the party in protest and established the Iran Unity Party. The party was part of the short-lived Coalition government of Ahmad Qavam in 1946.
In January 1947, the party expressed support for the Eisenhower Doctrine in a statement.
The party helped Mossadegh establish the National Front, nationalize the oil industry and rise to power. Some members held office during Mosaddegh government. It was suppressed following the British–American backed coup d'état in 1953 and was outlawed in 1957, on the grounds that it had an alliance with the Tudeh Party of Iran ten years earlier. It was revived in 1960 and actively contributed to the National Front (II), which was disintegrated in 1963 and forced to survive secretly. Iran Party held a congress in 1964. Not much is known about the activities of the party between 1964 and the mid-1970s except of some irregular meetings and exchanging views. In 1977, alongside League of Socialists and Nation Party it revived the National Front (IV) and demanded Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran. In early 1979, then secretary-general of the party, Shapour Bakhtiar was appointed as the last Prime Minister by the Shah and included two Iran Party members in his cabinet. The party however denounced his acceptance of the post, expelled him and called him a "traitor". The party did not play an important role in Iranian political arena after 1979 and was soon declared banned.
Secretary-generals
Ideology
Founded by mostly of European-educated technocrats, it advocated "a diluted form of French socialism" (i.e. it "modeled itself on" the moderate Socialist Party of France) and promoted social democracy and liberal nationalism. The socialist tent of the party was more akin to that of the Fabian Society than to the scientific socialism of Karl Marx. Its focus on liberal socialism and democratic socialism principles, made it quite different from pure left-wing parties and it did not show much involvement in labour rights discussions. The party is secular and believes Islam is "sacred a religion to mix with the bread-and-butter issues of daily politics."
See also
Splinter groups
Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists (1943)
Iran Unity Party (1946)
Party of the Iranian People (1949)
References
1941 establishments in Iran
Banned political parties in Iran
Democratic socialist parties in Asia
Iranian nationalism
Left-wing nationalist parties
Liberal parties in Iran
Liberal socialism
National Front (Iran) affiliated parties
Nationalist parties in Iran
Political parties established in 1941
Political parties in Pahlavi Iran (1941–1979)
Secularism in Iran
Social democratic parties in Asia
Socialist parties in Iran
Mohammad Mosaddegh |
28188928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahar%20Barat | Kahar Barat | Kahar Barat (; born 1950) is a Uyghur American historian known for his work on Buddhism and Islam in Xinjiang.
Kahar Barat was born in Yili in 1950. He earned his M.A. degree in Turkology from the Central University for Ethnic Minorities (Minzu University of China) in Beijing; he received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1993.
He later taught at Yale University and other institutions.
In 2000, Kahar Barat published an annotated English edition of parts of "The Uygur Turkic biography of the seventh-century Chinese Buddhist Pilgrim Xuanzang".
Barat's recent book, named Maymaq Uyghurlar ("Warped Uyghurs", in Uyghur) discusses the plight of Xinjiang's artists, who find themselves in the position of packaging the Uyghur culture for consumption by outside audiences.
References
Uyghurs
Historians of China
American Turkologists
Living people
1950 births
Harvard University alumni
Yale University faculty
Minzu University of China alumni
People's Republic of China emigrants to the United States
American people of Uyghur descent
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers |
26325206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanchamayo%20FC | Chanchamayo FC | Chanchamayo Fútbol Club is a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of Chanchamayo, Junín, Peru.
History
The club was founded as Club Social Deportivo Hostal Rey and played in the Primera Division Peruana in 1984 until 1985.
In 1985, the club changed his name to Chanchamayo FC.
See also
List of football clubs in Peru
Peruvian football league system
External links
Marca Fútbol: El Rey de los Hostales
Football clubs in Peru
Association football clubs established in 2002 |
21730273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromity | Tromity | Tromity () is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Bartoszyce and north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
References
Tromity |
49375644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Eastern%20Railway%20War%20Memorial | North Eastern Railway War Memorial | The North Eastern Railway War Memorial is a First World War memorial in York in northern England. It was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens to commemorate employees of the North Eastern Railway (NER) who left to fight in the First World War and were killed while serving. The NER board voted in early 1920 to allocate £20,000 for a memorial and commissioned Lutyens. The committee for the York City War Memorial followed suit and also appointed Lutyens, but both schemes became embroiled in controversy. Concerns were raised from within the community about the effect of the NER memorial on the city walls and its impact on the proposed scheme for the city's war memorial, given that the two memorials were planned to be apart and the city's budget was a tenth of the NER's. The controversy was resolved after Lutyens modified his plans for the NER memorial to move it away from the walls and the city opted for a revised scheme on land just outside the walls; coincidentally the land was owned by the NER, whose board donated it to the city.
The NER memorial was unveiled on 14 June 1924 by Field Marshal Lord Plumer. It consists of a high obelisk which rises from the rear portion of a three-sided screen wall. The wall forms a recess in which stands Lutyens' characteristic Stone of Remembrance. The wall itself is decorated with several carved swags and wreaths, including a wreath surrounding the NER's coat of arms at the base of the obelisk. The memorial is a grade II* listed building, and is part of a "national collection" of Lutyens' war memorials.
Background
The North Eastern Railway (NER), one of the largest employers in the north of England, released over 18,000 of its employees to serve in the armed forces during the First World War, many of them joining the 17th (North Eastern Railway) Battalion of the Northumberland Fusiliers, a number of deaths occurred when the North Eastern Railway Tug Stranton sank off the south coast of England. By the end of the war, 2,236 men from the company had died on military service overseas; others were killed at home by bombardments of east coast ports, such as the raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, and in the three Zeppelin raids on York.
After the war, thousands of memorials were built across Britain. Among the most prominent designers of memorials was architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, described by Historic England as "the leading English architect of his generation". Lutyens designed The Cenotaph in London, which became the focus for the national Remembrance Sunday commemorations, as well as the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing—the largest British war memorial anywhere in the world—and the Stone of Remembrance which appears in all large Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries and in several of Lutyens' war memorials in Britain, including the North Eastern Railway's.
The war memorial is one of several buildings and structures in the centre of York related to the NER, including the company's headquarters and the city's original railway station. The site—chosen as being immediately adjacent to the company's head office—was originally a coal depot and carriage sidings.
Inception
At a meeting in April 1919, the NER's board discussed the idea of a war memorial, and decided that it should be of "an ornamental, rather than of a utilitarian character". The board initially planned to seek donations for the project from it workforce, but changed its mind after the general manager reported that the idea met with widespread disapproval among employees. It then formed a subcommittee to consider possible designs and propose a suitable budget. At the company's annual general meeting in February 1920, a resolution was passed allocating a budget of £20,000 for the designing and building of a memorial. The board commissioned Lutyens, which was confirmed in October 1921, for a fee of £700 plus travel and out-of-pocket expenses. The NER's deputy general manager explained that Lutyens had been chosen because he was "the fashionable architect and therefore could do no wrong".
The project became embroiled in a controversy surrounding its size and location, which grew to envelop the proposed York City War Memorial. Following the railway company's lead, the City War Memorial Committee also appointed Lutyens, and endorsed his plan for a Stone of Remembrance elevated on a large plinth in the moat by Lendal Bridge, from the proposed site of the NER's memorial. The controversy revolved partly around the relationship between the two memorials—Lutyens felt that the two designs would complement one another, but the city had given Lutyens a budget of £2,000, a tenth of that allocated to him by the NER, and some members of the local community were concerned that the railway company's memorial would be much larger and would overshadow the city's. Another concern, raised by a city councillor, was that visitors walking into the city centre from the railway station would see the NER's memorial first. Lutyens responded that he felt the two memorials would show a common purpose, and thus that their proximity was not an issue.
The issue was further complicated by the proximity of both proposed schemes to York's ancient city walls; both schemes required the consent of the Ancient Monuments Board (later English Heritage and now Historic England), particularly as Lutyens' design for the NER involved the memorial abutting the city walls and would have required excavation of part of the ramparts, to which the Yorkshire Architectural and York Archaeological Society (YAYAS) strenuously objected. The NER's in-house architect suggested moving the memorial to the east, away from the wall; Lutyens, in India at the time, dismissed the idea in a cable. In February 1922, the secretary of the YAYAS, Dr William Evelyn, gave a lecture in which he was severely critical of the NER's proposed memorial. He told his audience "I think it is an enormous pity that they cannot find room in which to place a sacred emblem commemorative of the patriotism, bravery, and self-sacrifice of our own soldiers of the twentieth century and that it should be considered necessary to deface and despoil another sacred emblem". The City War Memorial Committee and representatives of the NER met with Charles Reed Peers, the Ancient Monuments Board's chief inspector, at the NER's offices on 8 July 1922, in preparation for which the NER erected a full-size wooden model of their proposed memorial. Peers approved the city's scheme, noting that its proposed location was in fact a newer structure and not part of the walls' ramparts, but requested that Lutyens submit a revised design for the NER's memorial to move it away from the wall. Lutyens acquiesced but observed that the modifications would require a reduction in the size of the screen wall and thus in the size of the names to be listed on it, which he felt was detrimental to the scheme. He submitted the revised designs and they were approved in October 1922.
The remaining issues were largely resolved after the city relented to public pressure and opted to site its memorial on a plot of land off Leeman Road, just outside the city walls, and for a reduced scheme in the form of a cross due to a shortage of funds. Coincidentally, the land was owned by the railway company and the NER board donated it to the city in a mark of gratitude for the good relations between the company and the city; the NER had by that time been amalgamated into the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) as a result of the Railways Act 1921.
Design
Built from Portland stone, the memorial is sited against the ramparts of the city walls. It consists of a single, obelisk rising from a three-tiered pedestal set into the rear portion of a three-sided screen wall. The wall creates a recess, sheltering a Stone of Remembrance. The two flanking sides terminate with urn-shaped finials; the ends of each wall are decorated with a laurel wreath in relief carving; the inside of the walls is further decorated with laurel swags below the urns. The rear wall bears further relief swags to either side of the obelisk; the North Eastern Railway Company's coat of arms is engraved on the pedestal of the obelisk, just above the level of the screen wall, which is surrounded by another laurel wreath. The obelisk rises above the screen wall to a total height of . The Stone of Remembrance is a monolith in the shape of an altar, long and curved so slightly as to barely be visible to the naked eye; it is deliberately devoid of any decoration besides the inscription "THEIR NAME LIVETH FOR EVERMORE".
The dedication is inscribed in the centre of the rear part of the screen wall: "IN REMEMBRANCE OF THOSE MEN OF THE NORTH EASTERN RAILWAY WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES FOR THEIR COUNTRY THE COMPANY PLACES THIS MONUMENT"; the dates of the First World War are inscribed to either side. The 2,236 names were inscribed on panels affixed to the wall. Behind the Stone of Remembrance are 15 slates set into the floor of the memorial in 1984, bearing the names of the LNER's 551 dead from the Second World War.
History
The North Eastern Railway War Memorial was finally constructed once the ancient Monuments Board approved Lutyens' modified design; it was unveiled by Field Marshal Herbert Plumer, 1st Baron Plumer (later 1st Viscount Plumer) at a ceremony on 14 June 1924, and dedicated by the Archbishop of York Cosmo Gordon Lang. A crowd of five to six thousand people gathered for the ceremony, among them multiple civic officials and officers of the LNER and former NER, including Sir Ralph Wedgwood, chief officer of the LNER; the Sheriff of York; and the lord mayors of Bradford, Hull, and York. Sentries from the Durham Light Infantry stood at the four corners of the Stone of Remembrance. Among those to give speeches was Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, a member of the NER's board and the former foreign secretary famous for his remark "the lamps are going out". Grey spoke of the losses caused by the war: "the old North Eastern board and its general manager numbered some twenty persons. Out of those twenty, four lost sons in the war; three lost only sons. There is no reason to suppose that proportion is exceptional". At the conclusion of the service, the "Last Post" was sounded and the crowd observed two minutes' silence. The city's war memorial was unveiled a year later.
The inscriptions, particularly the names of those killed, suffered from exposure to the elements. Restoration work, including re-carving, was carried out in the 1980s, funded by donations from the British Railways Engineers Ex-Servicemen's Association match-funded by British Rail. Erosion continued in the years following and in lieu of re-carving them and causing further damage to the memorial, the names were recorded in a book which is held by the National Railway Museum.
The memorial was designated a grade II* listed building (a status which offers statutory protection from demolition or modification, defined as "particularly important buildings of more than special interest" and applied to about 5.5% of listed buildings) on 10 September 1970. In November 2015, as part of commemorations for the centenary of the First World War, Lutyens' war memorials were recognised as a national collection and all 44 of his free-standing memorials in England were listed or had their listing status reviewed and their National Heritage List for England entries updated and expanded. As part of this process, the York City memorial was upgraded to grade II* to match the NER's memorial.
See also
Great Eastern Railway War Memorial, at London Liverpool Street station
Great Western Railway War Memorial, at London Paddington station
London and North Western Railway War Memorial, outside London Euston station
Midland Railway War Memorial, in Derby (also by Lutyens)
Grade II* listed buildings in the City of York
Grade II* listed war memorials in England
References
Bibliography
Citations
British railway war memorials
Buildings and structures completed in 1924
Grade II* listed buildings in York
Grade II* listed monuments and memorials
Monuments and memorials in North Yorkshire
North Eastern Railway (UK)
Works of Edwin Lutyens in England
War memorials by Edwin Lutyens
World War I memorials in England
World War II memorials in England |
10706393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanquidity | Lanquidity | Lanquidity is a 1978 studio album by American jazz musician Sun Ra.
Music
The album was recorded by Bob Blank at Blank Studios, entirely on the night of July 17, 1978, following a performance on Saturday Night Live.
Stylistically, the album is markedly different from Sun Ra's earlier recordings, drawing heavily on funk, R&B and jazz fusion. Lanquidity is also unusual in featuring two guitarists, which were seldom used in the Arkestra. "That's How I Feel" features a tenor sax solo by John Gilmore, Sun Ra's sideman from the 1950s until Sun Ra's death in 1993.
Critical reception
Spin magazine called Lanquidity "a beautiful place to enter Ra's psych-jazz omniverse", while Alternative Press wrote that it is "impossibly funky": "Often compared to Miles Davis' heaviest jazz-rock-funk fusion, Lanquidity is dense, rhythmic and curiously hypnotic". Music journalist Robert Christgau is a fan of the album.
Reissues
The album was first released in 1978 with a reflective foil silver cover. In 2000, it was reissued on HDCD by Evidence Records, with a light grey cover.
In 2021, Strut announced a reissue of the album. Four editions were made available: a remastered version of the original album on digital and as a single LP, and a "Special Edition" version as a 2xCD and 4xLP box set, including rare alternate mixes by Bob Blank. In addition, record club Vinyl Me, Please. pressed a limited run of 750 copies of the single-LP version on red vinyl.
Track listing
The 2021 "Special Edition" contains the above tracks, followed by Bob Blank's alternate mixes (with the same sequencing) for a total of ten songs.
Personnel
Sun Ra: organ, synthesizer, piano, arranger, keyboards, Hammond organ, electric piano, vocals, bells, Arp, Fender Rhodes, orchestra bells, Mini Moog
John Gilmore: tenor saxophone
Danny Ray Thompson: flute, baritone saxophone
Eddie Gale: trumpet
Michael Ray: trumpet, flugelhorn
Marshall Allen: flute, oboe, alto saxophone
Luqman Ali: percussion
Michael Anderson: percussion
Artaukatune: drums, tympani
Disco Kid: ( Slo Johnson ) guitar
Dale Williams: guitar
Atakatun Odun: congas
Elo Omoe: Flute, bass clarinet
Julian Pressley: baritone saxophone
Richard Williams: bass
James Jacson: oboe, basson, flute, voices
June Tyson: voices
References
External links
Extensive Sun Ra discography
1978 albums
Sun Ra albums
Evidence Music albums
Philly Jazz albums |
37658274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takin%27%20Care%20of%20Business%20%28album%29 | Takin' Care of Business (album) | Takin' Care of Business is an album led by American jazz saxophonist Charlie Rouse which was recorded in 1960 for the Jazzland label.
Reception
Scott Yanow of AllMusic calls the album "a fine modern mainstream jam session-flavored set".
Track listing
"Blue Farouq" (Blue Mitchell) - 7:24
"204" (Randy Weston) - 7:24
"Upptankt" (Charlie Rouse) - 4:42
"Weirdо" (Kenny Drew) - 5:59
"Pretty Strange" (Weston) - 5:14
"They Didn't Believe Me" (Jerome Kern, Herbert Reynolds) - 6:52
Personnel
Charlie Rouse - tenor saxophone
Blue Mitchell - trumpet (tracks 1-4 & 6)
Walter Bishop, Jr. - piano
Earl May - bass
Art Taylor - drums
References
1960 albums
Charlie Rouse albums
Jazzland Records (1960) albums
Albums produced by Orrin Keepnews |
28362527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside%20Canada | Inside Canada | Inside Canada is a Canadian variety television series which aired on CBC Television from 1973 to 1974.
Premise
This Winnipeg-produced series began as a three-episode run in July 1973. Music was combined with comedy sequences with a Canadian focus. Reception to this initial run led to an eight-episode run a year later.
Scheduling
This half-hour series was broadcast in the first season on Mondays at 7:30 p.m. (Eastern) from 16 to 30 July 1973, and in the second season on Saturdays at 10:00 p.m. from 13 July to 5 October 1974.
References
External links
CBC Television original programming
1973 Canadian television series debuts
1974 Canadian television series endings
1970s Canadian variety television series |
43958766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Passage | Leo Passage | Leonardus Johannes Hubertus "Leo" Passage ([pɒ.'sɒʒ]; March 21, 1936 – May 11, 2011) was a Dutch-born American hairstylist, educator, innovator and philanthropist. He was the founder and C.E.O. of Pivot Point International, a global hair and beauty education company he established in Chicago, Illinois in 1962.
As a hairstylist and cosmetology educator, Passage received over 100 international awards and honors and influenced many prominent hairstylists. In 1988, he received the Spirit of Life Award from City of Hope for his philanthropic efforts. He was named one of Modern Salon'''s "50 Influential Hairdressers" in 2008, and was inducted into the Cosmetology Hall of Fame in 1989.National Cosmetology Association (1971). NCA 75th Anniversary Book, p. 123
Career
By the age of 22, Passage had earned his Design Certificate and Master Diploma in the Netherlands and had received the Champions of Holland award, earning him a spot on the Dutch Olympic Hairdressing Team, among other honors."NAHA Honors Two Champions", Studio U.S.A., January–February 1993, pp. 112-113
Passage emigrated to the United States in 1958. By 1960, he had earned World Supreme Hairdresser of the Year and was a National Cosmetology Association (NCA) Charles Award recipient. That year, the World Hairdressing Federation formed the first U.S. Olympic Hairdressing Team, and Passage became a member and trainer, qualifying him as a two-country hairdressing Olympian.
In 1962, Passage opened Pivot Point Beauty School in Chicago, which would later become Pivot Point International. At the time of Passage's death, Pivot Point's hair and beauty curriculum was taught in 2,000 schools in over 70 countries and in 15 languages.Davis, Ann. “Two Disembodied Blondes Are Playing Dumb in Court”, The Wall Street Journal, 24 June 1997
Innovation
Passage and Pivot Point International hold three U.S. patents on cosmetology educational aids"Magnetic three-dimensional analysis system for haircutting education", U.S. Patent: US5252074 A, 12 October 1993 and Passage is credited with the development of cone-shaped rollers, which allowed stylists to create more complex patterns in contemporary hairstyles.
A competition-grade hair mannequin of Passage's design, "Mara," was the subject of a legal dispute beginning in 1990 when a competing distributor produced a mannequin, "Liza," that Passage alleged had infringed Mara's copyright. That case was unique enough for Mara and Liza to appear as teaching tools at Harvard Law School.
Legacy
By Passage's death, Pivot Point's cosmetology curriculum had produced over 1 million alumni, including Andre Walker. "Leo Passage is responsible for my cosmetology education," said Walker upon learning of Passage's death. "Being in his presence, I learned a tremendous amount about hair styling, but most of all, I learned that being kind and giving and professional was most important.... He was a major force."
In 2011, the annual Leo Passage Educator of the Year Award was established by Intercoiffure America/Canada (ICA) in Passage's memory, acknowledging ICA members who have made outstanding contributions to education.“Luis Alvarez Receives First Annual Leo Passage Educator of the Year Award” , DAYSPA, October 2011
Personal life
Family
Passage married Helena "Lenie" Plantaz (b. 29 May 1940) in the Netherlands on 19 November 1958. They emigrated to the United States two weeks later. The Passages had two children, Robert (b. 1960) and Corrine (1962–2012)."DAYSPA Remembers Corrine Passage Bernin of Pivot Point International, Inc." DAYSPA Magazine, 18 May 2012. Robert Passage is current Chairman and C.E.O. of Pivot Point International and serves on several cosmetology industry boards of directors.
Honors and awards
In 1988, Passage received the Spirit of Life Award from the City of Hope National Medical Center. The Spirit of Life Award recognizes leaders in their industries who provide distinguished service to their communities. It is the highest honor given by the City of Hope.
In 1989, Passage was inducted into the Cosmetology Hall of Fame, considered to be the highest award within the industry. This was presented at the Hall of Fame Gala of NCA's 69th Annual Convention in July 1989.
In 2005, he received the inaugural Pillar of Leadership in Education for support and service through education and inspiration. He also received a lifetime award from HairAmerica Ladies and Gents.National Accrediting Commission of Cosmetology Arts & Sciences. "Pivot Point Founder Receives Two Awards of Distinction", NACCAS NOW, vol.1 no. 5, May–June 2005
In 2008, Passage received the distinguished Visionary of the Year Award at the Intercoiffure America/Canada (ICA) meeting in recognition of his "revolutionary approach to hair design education and commitment to elevating the cosmetology industry through lifelong learning."
Also in 2008, he was named one of the 50 most influential hairdressers by Modern Salon'' magazine.
References
American hairdressers
1936 births
2011 deaths
Dutch emigrants to the United States |
64213199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremiascincus%20timorensis | Eremiascincus timorensis | Eremiascincus timorensis is a species of skink found in Timor in Indonesia.
References
Eremiascincus
Reptiles described in 1990
Taxa named by Allen Eddy Greer |
38467468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochelle%20School%20of%20the%20Arts | Rochelle School of the Arts | Rochelle School of the Arts (RSA) is a K–8 magnet school in Lakeland, Florida that has a specific focus on art-related subjects. It offers a variety of classes, such as Art, Band, Dance, Orchestra, Theatre, and Vocal. Rochelle has many different other classes that students can participate in such as keyboard, creative writing, photography, television production, robotics, theatre tech, musical theatre, art, women's choir, men's choir, Treble Choir, Show Choir, Physical Education and handbells. There are many clubs at Rochelle that do not have a class such as, Rocketry Club, Chess Club, Junior Thespians, Ukulele, SSYRA club, National Junior Honor Society, P.E.A.R.L.S, Math Counts, Golf Club, Recycling Squad, and Robotics.
History
Before the 14th Amendment was established, Rochelle School of the Arts was a segregated black school. After the local black school was burned to the ground for the second time in the 1920s, Washington Park School was founded in 1924, and served black students up to grade 8. In 1927 it became only the sixth black high school in the state of Florida when it added 10th grade, and in 1930 Washington Park High School graduated its first class of 10 students. In 1949, the school was renamed Rochelle High School for noted black Polk County educator William A. Rochelle. William A. Rochelle migrated to Lakeland and made a mark in the field of education. In 1949, a new Rochelle High School was built three blocks away, and the old Washington Park location became Rochelle Junior High. When segregation ended, Rochelle was closed down, but later reopened then turned into an art school.
When Rochelle School of the Arts opened in 1992 as a K–8 Performing Arts school, it was the first of its kind in the State of Florida, and the second of its kind in the country. It has been a model for the various other performing arts elementary and middle schools in the state that have followed.
The school has very diverse students and teachers. The students at Rochelle have high expectations from the teachers and staff. They were an "A" school formerly, but changed when the new principals arrived in the 2012–13 school year. They were now a "B" school. They would have been a "C" school but due to complications with the "FCAT" the grade was raised to "B" their goal was to get it back up to an "A" during the 2013–14 school year.
Rochelle School of the Arts has 8 periods a day and it works very well with their arts classes. If it were to change to blocked schedule (7 periods) the arts program would not work well. Eight periods a day gives the students a more well-rounded experience in the arts and academics. If it was a blocked schedule the students would have to stay in the class much longer and have less of a well-rounded experience in the arts because they would have only one art for each teacher. The teachers will also get to learn about what the students need to learn with an 8-period-per-day schedule.
During the 2013–14 year, Rochelle's Administration and Polk County School Board approved renovations and landscaping. They renovated many things such as the office and auditorium.
Departments at Rochelle School of the Arts
Learning academics at Rochelle is very important to their curriculum, but the arts at Rochelle are very important, too. Students can begin to major in the following programs starting in 4th grade as mini majors. During the K–3rd grades students visit each arts class to decide what their major will be. Beginning in 6th grade they can pick 2 or 3 elective classes. The teachers at Rochelle have high expectations in arts and the students' academic classes.
The Choir Department at Rochelle School of the Arts is the only middle school choir in Florida to go to ACDA Southern Division, and also sent the most middle school children to the Allstate Choir for 2013 and 2014. The Women's Choir at RSA had to pay around 8000 dollars to attend the ACDA Southern Division, and they worked very hard to earn the money. They raised the money all by themselves. Rochelle's Choir has received all superiors at District 12 Choral MPA. All of Rochelle's vocal majors received all superiors in the District 12 Solo & Ensemble. RSA's Choir has five: choirs Women's Chorus, Men's Chorus, Treble Chorus, Show Choir, and Elementary Chorus. Rochelle's Show Choir performs at various events in Polk County. Show Choir also will sometimes perform at clubhouses and sometimes Disney.
The Dance Department at Rochelle School of the Arts has teachers that are recognized throughout the world and nation. They have participated in many concerts and recitals. They are well known throughout Polk County. The Dance has 3 levels, Dance Level One, Dance Level Two, and Dance Level Three. Level One is for beginning students who learn the basics of dance, Level Two is for intermediate students, and Level Three is the top level for the most advanced students in dance. In the 2013–14 year all dance programs in Polk County had their 25th anniversary.
The Band Department at Rochelle School of the Arts is very well known for their Jazz Band which plays at many events such as the Lakeland Christmas Parade. They also have received superiors at Band MPA for District 12. Band has 4 different bands, Beginning Band, Concert Band, Symphonic Band, and Jazz Band. Band tends to read different levels of music and aims to receive superiors at Band MPA. The current band director at RSA has accomplished much in the musical and musical technique skills for the students, he also has a wide variety skills in different instruments.
The Theatre Department at Rochelle School of the Arts has hosted the Junior Thespians District Conference, and regularly competes at the Florida State Junior Thespians Festival, earning superior ratings. Middle School Theatre offers two levels for their majors: Beginning Theatre and Advanced Theatre. Middle School Theatre Majors focus their study on Scene and Monologue Work, Theatre History, Movement Training, Technical Theatre, and Vocal Production. In addition, they build the sets and serve as stage crew members for the various performances in their 370-seat theatre. There is also an elementary theatre program for students in Kindergarten through Fifth Grade who are interested in exploring theatre and becoming theatre majors in middle school. The theatre department also offers two elective classes: Musical Theatre, and Technical Theatre. These elective classes are open to any middle school student. Students involved in the department perform in various projects throughout the year, including their fall play and spring musical. Many students stay active by participating in the various Community Theatres in the area.
The Orchestra Department at Rochelle School of the Arts has received straight superiors at Orchestra Music Performance Assessment (MPA). Their most popular group is Swinging Strings. Orchestra has 3 levels, Amati Orchestra, Stradavari Orchestra, and Swinging Strings. Swinging Strings performs at various festivals and events in Lakeland and Polk County. They perform advanced music and strive for the best performance they can possibly do. They work very hard and practice during their designated class periods. They usually perform Winter and Spring concerts every year.
The Art Department has had many students attend art festivals in the Lakeland area. They have won awards for the fine paintings and drawings. Students at Rochelle tend to receive "Best In Show" awards at art contests. Art has many programs such as tech theatre, digital art, 2d, 3d, and more.
The Art program also allows Elementary students to major in the art program. The elementary students at Rochelle attend many art shows, art contests, and talent shows around and in the Lakeland, Florida area. Most of the elementary art students continue to major in art in middle school.
Extras and electives at Rochelle School of the Arts
The National Junior Honor Society (NJHS) at Rochelle School of the Arts has participated in many of the fundraisers and raised about $12,000 towards many of these fundraisers. They also sent many items to the "Operation Christmas Child" to help relieve children in underprivileged countries.
The 2013–14 Robotics Team at Rochelle School of the Arts attended the Robotics Conference in Toronto, Canada.
In the 2013–14 year the Girls Basketball team went undefeated.
Every year at Rochelle 8th grade has an "Eighth Grade Talent" show which is open to parents and students.
Notable people
Clarence Childs, professional football player
Joe Sweet, professional football player
References
External links
School website
Art schools in Florida
Buildings and structures in Lakeland, Florida
Educational institutions established in 1954
1954 establishments in Florida
Schools in Polk County, Florida |
19700019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerithium | Cerithium | Cerithium is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cerithiidae, the ceriths.
Species
Species within this genus include:
Cerithium abditum Houbrick, 1992
Cerithium adustum Kiener, 1841
Cerithium africanum Houbrick, 1992
Cerithium albolineatum Bozzetti, 2008
Cerithium alucastrum (Brocchi, 1814)
Cerithium alutaceum (Gould, 1861)
Cerithium atratum (Born, 1778)
Cerithium atromarginatum Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1933
Cerithium balletoni Cecalupo, 2009
Cerithium balteatum Philippi, 1848
Cerithium bayeri (Petuch, 2001)
Cerithium boeticum Pease, 1860
Cerithium browni (Bartsch, 1928)
Cerithium buzzurroi Cecalupo, 2005
Cerithium caeruleum Sowerby, 1855
† Cerithium calculosum Basterot, 1825
Cerithium cecalupoi Cossignani, 2004
Cerithium citrinum Sowerby, 1855
Cerithium claviforme Schepman, 1907
Cerithium columna Sowerby, 1834
Cerithium coralium Kiener, 1841
Cerithium crassilabrum Krauss, 1848
Cerithium dialeucum Philippi, 1849
Cerithium eburneum Bruguière, 1792
Cerithium echinatum Lamarck, 1842
Cerithium egenum Gould, 1849
† Cerithium excavatum Brongniart in Cuvier & Brongniart, 1822
Cerithium flemischi Martin, 1933
Cerithium gallapaginis G.B. Sowerby, 1855
Cerithium gemmatum Hinds, 1844
Cerithium georgianum Pfeffer, 1886
Cerithium gloriosum Houbrick, 1992
Cerithium gracilis Philippi, 1836
Cerithium guinaicum Philippi, 1849
Cerithium heteroclites Lamarck, 1822
Cerithium ianthinum Gould, 1849
Cerithium interstriatum Sowerby, 1855
Cerithium ivani Cecalupo, 2008
Cerithium janthinum (Gould, 1849 in 1846-50) : synonym of Cerithium zebrum Kiener, 1841
Cerithium kobelti Dunker, 1877 : synonym of Cerithium dialeucum Philippi, 1849
Cerithium kreukelorum van Gemert, 2012
Cerithium leptocharactum Rehder, 1980
Cerithium lifuense Melvill & Standen, 1895
Cerithium lindae Petuch, 1987
Cerithium lissum Watson, 1880
Cerithium litteratum (Born, 1778)
Cerithium lividulum Risso, 1826
Cerithium lorenzi Bozzetti, 2020
Cerithium lutosum Menke, 1828
Cerithium maculosum Kiener, 1841
† Cerithium madreporicola Jousseaume, 1931
Cerithium madreporicola Jousseaume, 1930
Cerithium mangrovum Q.-M. Sun & S.-P. Zhang, 2014
Cerithium matukense Watson, 1886
Cerithium mediolaeve Carpenter, 1857
Cerithium menkei Carpenter, 1857
† Cerithium miocanariensis Martín-González & Vera-Peláez, 2018
Cerithium moniliferum Kiener, 1842 : synonym of Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe & Kosuge, 1966
Cerithium munitum Sowerby, 1855
Cerithium muscarum Say, 1832
Cerithium nesioticum Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1906
Cerithium nicaraguense Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932
Cerithium nodulosum Bruguière, 1792
Cerithium novaehollandiae Adams in Sowerby, 1855
Cerithium ophioderma (Habe, 1968)
Cerithium pacificum Houbrick, 1992
Cerithium phoxum Watson, 1880
Cerithium placidum Gould, 1861
Cerithium protractum Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838
Cerithium punctatum Bruguière, 1792
Cerithium rehderi Houbrick, 1992
Cerithium renovatum Monterosato, 1884
Cerithium rostratum Sowerby, 1855
Cerithium rubus Deshayes, 1843: synonym of Cerithium echinatum Lamarck, 1822
Cerithium rueppelli Philippi, 1848
† Cerithium rufonodulosum E. A. Smith, 1901
Cerithium salebrosum Sowerby, 1855
Cerithium scabridum Philippi, 1848
Cerithium scobiniforme Houbrick, 1992
Cerithium spinosum Philippi, 1836
Cerithium stercumuscarum Valenciennes, 1833
Cerithium subscalatum Pilsbry, 1904
† Cerithium taeniagranulosum Lozouet, 1999 †
Cerithium tenellum Sowerby, 1855
Cerithium torresi Smith, 1884
Cerithium torulosum (Linnaeus, 1767)
Cerithium traillii Sowerby, 1855
† Cerithium trochleare Lamarck, 1804
Cerithium tuberculatum (Linnaeus, 1767)
Cerithium uncinatum (Gmelin, 1791)
Cerithium virgatum Montfort, 1810 (nomen dubium)
Cerithium vulgatum Bruguière, 1792
Cerithium zebrum (Kiener, 1841)
Cerithium zonatum (Wood, 1828)
Fossil records
The genus is known from the Triassic to the Recent periods (age range: from 221.5 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils shells have been found all over the world. There are about 100 extinct species including:
Cerithium crenatum from the Pliocene of Italy
Cerithium elegans Deshayes, 1824
Gallery
See also
Bittium
References
OBIS Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database
A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp
Houbrick R.S. (1992). Monograph of the genus Cerithium Bruguière in the Indo-Pacific (Cerithiidae: Prosobranchia). Smithsonian contributions to Zoology 510: 1-211
Petuch E. 2001. New Gastropods named for Frederick M. Bayer, in Recognition of his Contributions to Tropical Western Atlantic Malacology. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 10 : 334-343
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
External links
Cerithiidae
Gastropod genera
Articles containing video clips
Extant Triassic first appearances |
21859363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao%20Chow%20and%20Swatow%20Railway | Chao Chow and Swatow Railway | The ChaoChow–Swatow Railway or "Chao-Shan" railway was a privately financed and constructed standard gauge railway which ran between Chaochow () and Swatow () in Guangdong Province between 1906 and 1939. It's also the first line entirely financed and managed by Chinese merchants.
History
As early as 1888 the British trading company Butterfield and Swire had sought to build this railway but were unsuccessful in gaining permission. In late 1903 a group of affluent overseas and Hong Kong Chinese, headed by Cheong Yuk Nam (pinyin: zhāng yù nán, 张煜南) and his brother Cheong Hong Nam (aka. 张耀轩, Tjong A Fie), invested a total of $300,000 and registered the Chao Chow and Swatow Railway Company with the Chamber of Commerce in Peking (Beijing) and also under Hong Kong laws. Cheong, who was Director-general of the company, had amassed a fortune from sago plantations in Sumatra and from other enterprises in Penang and South China. He was assisted by another prominent businessman, Lim La Sang (pinyin: lín wéi chāng 林为倡), who was appointed Managing Director. Lim, a Fukienese, had been educated in Hong Kong and had then made a fortune as a leading tea merchant in Formosa. In 1904 the contract for construction of the project was awarded to Japanese trading company Mitsui Bussan Kaisha for which Lim himself was an agent.
Construction
Construction commenced in 1904 under the direction of a Japanese railway engineer Kennosuke Sato (). The line to Chao Chow was completed and opened to traffic on November 16, 1906.
In 1908 a short branch line of just over was extended beyond Chao Chow to the river frontage at I-Chi, a.k.a. Yee Kai (pinyin yì xī, 意溪), in order to earn revenue from freight traffic when the low river prevented navigation by boat.
Early operation
The railway’s senior operations staff, including the drivers and guards, were all Japanese employees, with Chinese staff engaged on less important functions. This situation endured until the railway was eventually taken over by Chinese National Railways in the 1920s. The railway company imported three 2-6-2 tank locomotives from the American Locomotive Company (Brooks plant) and 24 carriages of corridor plan were manufactured in Japan.
Demise of the railway
The railway ceased operations in 1937 when spreading Japanese hostilities prompted the Ministry of Railways to order that this railway and several other lines should be dismantled for strategic reasons. The tracks were pulled up and track bed replaced by a motor vehicle road. The dismantled parts and locomotive equipment were reportedly reused for the construction of the Hunan - Kwangsi (Guangxi) railway as part of the Nationalist Government's "strategic retreat" to the interior of China which was ordered by Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi).
See also
Theodone C. Hu
References
History of rail transport in China
Railway companies established in 1903
Railway companies disestablished in 1939
Shantou
Chaozhou |
26304157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellithira%20%282003%20film%29 | Vellithira (2003 film) | Vellithira () is a 2003 Indian Malayalam-language comedy-drama film written and directed by Bhadran. It stars Prithviraj Sukumaran and Navya Nair. The story is about a young man who is working hard to raise his sister. The music was composed by debutant Alphons Joseph. The songs were charbusters at that time, particularly the song "Pachamanga Pachamanga".
Plot
A teenage girl named Thatha is living with her blacksmith brother Vakkathi Vasu and his wife and children. Style Raj is a guy who moves from place to place with a movie projector and shows movie to public on the run for a living. He meets Thatha and falls in love. Vasu discovers that Raj is actually the murderer of the landlord who killed his father. In the end Raj is sent to jail.
Cast
Prithviraj Sukumaran as Style Raj / Raghuram
Navya Nair as Thatha
Kalabhavan Mani as Vakkathi Vasu
Sudheesh as Mohammad
Vinayakan as Padavan
Jagathy Sreekumar as Erumathadam Jose
Oduvil Unnikrishnan as Peppatty Nair
Cochin Haneefa as Panchayath President
Ashokan as Gopu
Kavya Madhavan as Pankajam ,Raghuram's sister
Kalpana as Pushpam
Indrans as Iyamkutty ,tea shop owner
Machan Varghese as Nooli Thommy
Salim Kumar as Surendran Vaduvanchery
Innocent as Ittiyavira
Bindu Panicker as Bhavani ,Vasu's wife
Bindu Ramakrishnan as Raj's mother
Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack contains 13 songs, all composed by Alphons Joseph. Lyrics were by Shibu Chakravarthy, Kaithapram.
Film marked the debut of Alphons as a film composer. The audio launch for this film's soundtrack was done by A. R. Rahman.
Awards
Kaveri Film Critics Award - Best Singer - Sujatha Mohan (also for Kasthooriman)
References
External links
2000s Malayalam-language films
2003 romantic comedy-drama films
2003 films
Films directed by Bhadran
Indian romantic comedy-drama films
Films shot in Thrissur
Films shot in Chalakudy
Films scored by Alphons Joseph |
12180999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryeh%20Azulai | Aryeh Azulai | Aryeh Azulai (; born 9 July 1933) was the third mayor of the city Ashdod in Israel.
Born in Fes, Morocco, Azulai is a teacher by profession. He held a number of roles in the education system until he was elected as mayor of Ashdod in 1983. During his time as mayor his best-known achievement was the foundation of the Ashdod Development Company and the Korin Maman Museum.
He was replaced as mayor by Zvi Zilker (who he had earlier succeeded) in 1989. Since 1993 he has been involved in the Jewish Agency.
References
1933 births
Moroccan emigrants to Israel
20th-century Moroccan Jews
Politicians from Fez, Morocco
People from Ashdod
Israeli schoolteachers
Mayors of places in Israel
Living people
Israeli people of Moroccan-Jewish descent |
38576820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Nachamkin | Boris Nachamkin | Boris Alexander Nachamkin (December 6, 1933 – February 14, 2018) was an American former professional basketball player.
Nachamkin was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Russian immigrants, and was Jewish. He played basketball for Thomas Jefferson High School. He then played college basketball for the New York University Violets men's basketball team.
He played in the 1953 Maccabiah Games in Israel, winning a gold medal with the US team.
Nachamkin was selected in the 1954 NBA draft (second round, 16th overall) by the Rochester Royals. He played for the Royals in 1954 as a forward and averaged 3.3 points, 3.2 rebounds and 0.5 assists per contest in six career games.
Career statistics
NBA
Source
Regular season
See also
List of select Jewish basketball players
References
External links
JewsinSports.org – Boris Nachamkin
TheDraftReview entry
1933 births
2018 deaths
Jewish men's basketball players
Maccabiah Games gold medalists for the United States
Maccabiah Games medalists in basketball
Competitors at the 1953 Maccabiah Games
NYU Violets men's basketball players
Rochester Royals draft picks
Rochester Royals players
Small forwards
Basketball players from Brooklyn
Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni
American men's basketball players |
71440691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper%20Beebe | Cooper Beebe | Cooper Beebe (born May 19, 2001) is an American football offensive tackle who currently plays for the Kansas State Wildcats.
Early life and high school
Beebe grew up in Kansas City, Kansas and attended Piper High School. Beebe committed to play college football at Kansas State over an offer from Kansas and Minnesota.
College career
Beebe played in two games during his true freshman season at Kansas State while redshirting the season. He started eight games during his redshirt freshman season. Beebe started all 13 of the Wildcats' games in 2021 and was named first team All-Big 12 Conference.
References
External links
Kansas State Wildcats bio
Living people
American football offensive tackles
Kansas State Wildcats football players
Players of American football from Kansas
2001 births |
49874796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEepin | Džepin | Džepin (, ) is a village in the municipality of Struga, North Macedonia.
Demographics
As of the 2021 census, Džepin had 122 residents with the following ethnic composition:
Albanians 119
Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 3
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 424 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
Albanians 423
Others 1
References
External links
Villages in Struga Municipality
Albanian communities in North Macedonia |
3577684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20commissionings%20in%201988 | List of ship commissionings in 1988 | The list of ship commissionings in 1988 includes a chronological list of all ships commissioned in 1988.
See also
1988
Ship commissionings |
13417684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Bulwark%20%28AM-425%29 | USS Bulwark (AM-425) | USS Bulwark (AM-425/MSO-425) was an acquired by the U.S. Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent the safe passage of ships.
Bulwark was launched 14 March 1953 by Norfolk Naval Shipyard; sponsored by Mrs. J. L. Maloney, wife of Captain Maloney, and commissioned 12 November 1953.
East Coast operations
Bulwark conducted shakedown off Florida. During her first year of service she was engaged in a limited amount of duty due to her relatively new design which in the course of operations brought about numerous alterations.
In May 1955 Bulwark was ordered to join the U.S. 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean and on 18 May, with other members Or her division, she sailed into Lisbon, Portugal. Bulwark returned to Charleston, South Carolina., 4 October 1955.
Since that time she has operated out of Charleston conducting type training and exercises along the eastern seaboard and in the Caribbean.
Decommissioning
Bulwark's classification was changed to MSO-425, 7 February 1955. Stricken 28 February 1975, she was disposed of by Navy sale 1 May 1980.
References
External links
NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - AM / MSO-425 Bulwark
Agile-class minesweepers
1953 ships
Ships built in Portsmouth, Virginia |
22531422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaoni%20people | Kumaoni people | Kumaonis, also known as Kumaiye and Kumain (in Nepal), are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group who speak Kumaoni language as their first-language and live mostly in Kumaon division in the state of Uttarakhand in India .
Kumaoni is also used as an address for people who have their origin in Kumaon. The word Kumain is a direct derivative of Kumaoni.
History
Worshipping Vishnu and Shiva is predominant in this region. According to Skanda Purana. Kumaon is believed to be the birth place of Kurma avtar of Hindu god Vishnu.
Kurmanchal Kingdom
Kurmanchal kingdom was a medieval kingdom of Kumaon. it was established by Vasudeo Katyuri and capital was Baijnath, it was one of the oldest Himalayan kingdoms and unified most of the Himalayas and was extended from Sikkim in the east to Kabul in the west at its peak, after the fall of the kingdom it was divided into 8 different princely states. The next ruling clan of Kumaon was 'Manrals' the dynasty at its peak controlled Tons to Karnail river. Kumaon was one of the few countries of South Asia that were never ruled or conquered by any Muslim dynasties.
British Raj
There was widespread opposition to British rule in various parts of Kumaon. The Kumaoni people, especially from the Champawat District, rose in rebellion against the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Under the leadership of Kalu Singh Mahara, many Kumaonis also joined the Indian National Army led by Subash Chandra Bose during the Second World War.
In other countries
In Nepal there are certain castes of Brahmins who migrated from Kumaon to Nepal during the medieval period now characterized as 'Kumain Bahun' or 'Kumai Bahuns'.
Language
UNESCO designated Kumaoni as language in the endangered and unsafe category which requires consistent conservation efforts.
Culture
Traditional attire
There are various attires worn in Kumaon.
Pichhaura is a notable traditional attire of Kumaoni women generally worn for religious occasions, marriage, and other rituals. Traditionally handmade using vegetable dyes, Pichhauras are available in red and saffron. Local designs made in Almora, Haldwani and other parts of Kumaon use silk fabric and accessories made of pearl. It is also contemporarily made using machines.
Kumaoni men wear Kumaoni cap, which is a black colour headgear. Apart from it, white colour Kumaoni cap is used during festivals, especially, during Kumaoni holi.
Festivals
After harvesting season people mostly relax, rejoice, dance and sing, and thus a festival is generated. At the transition of the sun from one constellation to another Sankranti is observed. Each Sankranti has a fair or festival connected to it somewhere in Kumaon. Fooldeyi, Bikhauti, Harela, Ghee Sankranti, Khatarua, Ghughutiya are the most-observed Sankranties throughout the region. Other festivals have the bearings in the moon and thus the dates change frequently in the Gregorian Calendar. Basant Panchami, Shiv Ratri, Saton–Athon, Kumauni Holi, Uttarayani, Samvatsar Parwa, Ram Navami, Dashra, Batsavitri, Rakshabandhan, Janmastmi, Nandastmi, and Deepawali are some of the auspicious occasions.
Dashain or Vijaydashmi
Dasshera festival starts in Kumaon with the performance of Ramlila, which is itself unique as it is based on the musical rendering of the katha or story of Rama based on the theatrical traditions set by Uday Shankar while on his stay in Almora. These traditions were further enriched by Mohan Upreti and Brijendra Lal Sah. Known as the Almora or Kumaon style, Ramlila has been recognised by UNESCO as one of the representative styles of Ramlila in India. The 150-year-old Kumaoni Ramlila was declared as the longest running opera in the world by UNESCO.
Folk dances
Chholiya is popular dance in Kumaon region. It is the oldest folk-dance of Uttarakhand.
Jhoda and Chanchari are other folk dances of Kumaon.
Theatre
Kumaoni theatre, which developed through its 'Ramleela' plays, later evolved into a modern theatre form through the efforts of theatre stalwarts like Mohan Upreti and Dinesh Pandey and groups like 'Parvatiya Kala Kendra' (started by Mohan Upreti) and 'Parvatiya Lok Kala Manch'. Besides this the famous Hindi poet, Sumitranandan Pant also hailed from Kausani, district Bageshwar.
Radio
Trans World Radio (USA) – 7320 Hz (Shortwave)
Cuisine
Kumaoni food is simple and comprises largely of vegetables and pulses. Vegetables like potato (aaloo), radish (mooli), colocacia leaves (arbi ke patte, papad), pumpkin (kaddoo), spinach (palak) and many others are grown locally by the largely agrarian populace and consumed in various forms.
Population
In 2011, the census reported a total of 2,081,057 Kumaoni speaker in India, constituting 0.17% of the country's population.
In Kumaon
As per 2011 Indian census, there were 1,981,062 (95.19%) Kumaoni speakers in the Kumaon division.
Kumaoni diaspora
There is a large Kumaoni diaspora in other states as well as outside India. However, due to the usage and acceptance of Hindi as their mother tongue, many Kumaonis do not list the Kumaoni language as their mother tongue. Hence there is an absence of data number of ethnic Kumaonis living outside Kumaon.
Kumaoni speakers in other Indian states
Source:
International diaspora
There is a large Kumaoni diaspora in neighbouring Nepal, because of Katyuri and Kumaon Kingdom. The actual speakers of Kumaoni in other countries, however, are not known. Though there is a presence of Kumaoni speakers outside India and Nepal, especially in Western countries. The Kumaoni NRIs are again returning to their culture with more awareness and concern about its importance and survival.
Notable people
See also
Kumaoni (disambiguation)
Maneaters of Kumaon
Kumaon Regiment
Garhwali people
References
Kumaon division
Social groups of Uttarakhand
Ethnic groups in India
Khas people
Indo-Aryan peoples |
46910079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Williams | Norman Williams | Norman Williams may refer to:
Norman Williams (Australian cricketer) (1899-1947), Australian cricketer
Norman Williams (New Zealand cricketer) (1864-1928), New Zealand cricketer
Norman Williams (RAAF officer), Royal Australian Air Force officer
Norman Williams (politician), Vermont attorney and politician
Norman Powell Williams, Anglo-Catholic theologian
Sir Norman Stanley Williams, British surgeon
Aron Kincaid (born Norman Neale Williams II), American actor |
44150220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Kong%20Action%20Theatre%21 | Hong Kong Action Theatre! | Hong Kong Action Theatre! is a martial arts role-playing game published by Event Horizon Productions in 1996. A revised edition was published by Guardians of Order in 2001.
Description
Hong Kong Action Theatre! is a role-playing game based on genre action movies produced in Hong Kong. Players can set adventures in one of three categories: Gunplay, Martial Arts, and Bizarre Fantasy. Adventures are scripted like movies, and the characters take on the roles of actors in the movie.
Character generation and further character enhancements (1st edition)
In the 1st edition, the player creates a single "actor" that can take on different roles in any of the game's three genres. To begin, the player rolls dice to generate random amounts for the basic attributes of Toughness, Brains, Speed, Cool, and Chi. Each character receives three pools of skill points in the general areas Physical, Mental, and Social. Prior to each adventure, the player buys the skills in each of these areas that will be appropriate for the character's upcoming role in the adventure. Reviewer Rick Swan used the example of a character who in one adventure is a "Veteran Cop" and in another is a "Wise Old Wizard". In the first instance, the player might invest in the skills of Driving, Computers, and Law. In the second, the player might buy Sleight of Hand, Acrobatics and the Occult.
The gamemaster can award a character "Star Points" for exceptional performances, which can then be used by the player to create "script rewrites." For example, if a character is caught in a dangerous situation with no apparent way out, the player can spend the character's Star Points to create in a deus ex machina-like escape.
Each character also has a Signature Move, which, when used at the appropriate moment, will have a positive effect.
Combat (1st edition)
Each character receives a pool of action points to spend on martial arts maneuvers; the character also receives a Gunplay rating. To resolve a combat action, the gamemaster sets a Difficulty Rating between 10 (easy) and 40 (impossible). The character's relevant ability plus any situational modifiers are subtracted from the Difficulty Rating. The player then must exceed the resulting difference on the roll of a twenty-sided die. For example, a character with a Gunplay rating of 20 attempts to shoot a thrown playing card from a distance of 15 metres. The gamemaster assigns a Difficulty Rating of 30 to the task and further adds a modifier of -4 to the task because the character is swinging upside down from a chandelier. The difference between Difficulty Rating and Ability Total (30-20+4) is 14, which the player must meet or exceed on twenty-sided die in order to successfully hit the falling card.
Character generation and gameplay in 2nd edition
The second edition of Hong Kong Action Theatre! dispenses entirely with the character generation and combat rules of the 1st edition, and instead uses the Tri-Stat System of role-playing game rules.
Publication history
The small-press company Event Horizon Productions published Hong Kong Action Theatre! in 1996, a 160-page softcover book designed by Gareth-Michael Skarka, with contributions by Aaron Rosenberg, Aaron Sturm, Scott Thompson, David Sturm, J. Christopher Haughawout, Matt Harrop, and John R. Phythyon Jr., and illustrations by Cinema City Entertainment, Golden Princess Amusement, Mandarin Films, Magnum Films, Seasonal Films, Shaw Bros., and Eileen K. Skarka.
The following year, Event Horizon published three supplements: Film Festival #1, To Live and Die in HK, and The Triad Sourcebook.
In 2000, Guardians of Order acquired Event Horizon Productions, and the following year published a new edition of Hong Kong Action Theatre!, a 176-page softcover book written by Nicole Lindroos, Jeff Mackintosh, Chris Pramas, and Lucien Soulban, with contributions by Scott Kessler, John R. Phythyon Jr., David Pulver, and Terry Richards. Cover art was by Andrew Baker, and interior art was by Baker, Grant Harris, Raven Mimura, and Darren Sparling. The new edition used an expansion of the Tri-Stat RPG system. In 2002, Guardians of Order published the supplement Blue Dragon, White Tiger.
After the bankruptcy of Guardians of Order in 2006, the White Wolf imprint ArtHaus acquired some of the company's assets, including the rights to Hong Kong Action Theatre.
Reception
In the November 1997 edition of Dragon (Issue #241), Rick Swan was pleasantly surprised by this book, calling it "a stunner, easily one of the year's best games." He thought the character generation system was "remarkably novel", and called the addition of Star Power and Signature Move "nifty touches." Swan was also impressed by the simple combat system, which he said resulted in "a blur of activity: savage, outrageous, and lightning-fast." Swan concluded by giving this game a perfect rating of 6 out of 6, saying, "Elegant, evocative, and as exciting as a roller coaster ride over a cliff, Hong Kong Action Theatre is a start-to-finish delight."
References
Canadian role-playing games
Guardians of Order games
Martial arts role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 1996 |
29551737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllonorycter%20pavoniae | Phyllonorycter pavoniae | Phyllonorycter pavoniae is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from South Africa.
The length of the forewings is 2.5–3 mm. The forewing is elongate and the ground colour is bronze ochreous with a few white and black scales at the base. The hindwings are pale greyish beige and slightly shiny. Adults are on wing from early December to late May.
The larvae feed on Pavonia burchellii and Pavonia praemorsa. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a moderate, irregular, oblong, semi-transparent, tentiform mine on underside of leaf.
References
Endemic moths of South Africa
Moths described in 1961
pavoniae
Moths of Africa |
43681137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Cooper%20%28priest%29 | Jonathan Cooper (priest) | Jonathan Sisson Cooper (1845-96) was Dean of Ferns from 1897 until his death on 18 February 1898.
The son of Very Rev. Jonathan Sisson Cooper (1820-1898), Rector of Killanne, Co. Wexford, and Rosetta Louise Cooper, he was educated at Rathmines College. Served as Rector of Coolock.
Alfred William Francis Cooper, Archdeacon of Calgary from 1895 to 1898, was his son.
Notes
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Deans of Ferns
1820 births
1898 deaths |
23586172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargers%20Springs%2C%20West%20Virginia | Bargers Springs, West Virginia | Bargers Springs is an unincorporated community in Summers County, West Virginia, United States. It has also been called ″Greenbriar Springs″. Bargers Springs is located on the Greenbrier River, southeast of Hinton.
History
Barger is the name of an early settler.
References
Unincorporated communities in Summers County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Spa towns in West Virginia |
1943999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-Tremblant%20public%20transit | Mont-Tremblant public transit | Mont-Tremblant public transit () is a small scale public transit system that services the resort town of Mont Tremblant in the Laurentian Mountains of Quebec, Canada, approximately north of Montreal. Service requirements depend on the season and the routes and frequency of service will vary accordingly.
Other operations in Mont Tremblant include:
Mont Tremblant Resort Shuttle - operates June to September for 7 days a week
Parking shuttle - free service
Mont-Tremblant National Park Shuttle
References
External links
Public Transit of the Ville de Mont-Tremblant
Mont-Tremblant, Quebec
Transport in Laurentides |
3722688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Muppets%20Studio | The Muppets Studio | The Muppets Studio, LLC is an American entertainment production company and subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, that owns and produces media content for The Muppets franchise. The division was previously formed as The Muppets Holding Company, LLC in 2004 through Disney's acquisition of The Muppets and Bear in the Big Blue House intellectual properties from The Jim Henson Company.
The Muppets Studio manages the rights to the Muppets characters, including supervising their appearances across Disney's various divisions, as well as producing films, television series, specials, theme park attractions, music recordings, publishing, and live performances featuring the characters.
History
Background: Disney and Henson's failed merger
In the late-1980s, Jim Henson had been in talks with Disney CEO Michael Eisner to sell Jim Henson Productions to Disney. In August 1989, the two officially announced a deal for Disney to purchase Jim Henson Productions for $150 million. The deal fell through several months after Jim Henson's death in 1990.
Despite the collapse of the merger deal, by 1992, Disney and Jim Henson Productions had already struck a number of deals:
Exclusive domestic rights to Henson theme park attractions in the western United States until May 1994 plus 2 year non-exclusively, including the design of two Muppet attractions at Walt Disney World
Buena Vista Home Video's worldwide distribution rights to Henson's 300 hours of programming and a financing deal for up to 3 home video projects
Certain cable television distribution rights for Disney Channel until 1997
International distribution rights for existing TV programming in free broadcast, cable or pay-per-view markets
Theatrical distribution for The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) and Muppet Treasure Island (1996)
Dinosaurs co-production
In 1996, the Jim Henson Company produced Muppets Tonight for ABC, which had just been acquired by Disney.
The Henson family subsequently sold the entirety of the Jim Henson Company to German conglomerate EM.TV in 2000. In 2003, the Henson family repurchased The Jim Henson Company from EM.TV.
Disney acquisition and formation
Eisner, still interested in the Muppet properties, re-opened negotiations with the Hensons and announced the purchase of The Muppets and Bear in the Big Blue House assets from The Jim Henson Company for $75 million on February 17, 2004. The acquired Muppet assets were then placed into The Muppets Holding Company with Chris Curtin as general manager within Disney Consumer Products. One of the first appearances that the Muppets made after the purchase was on the TV special The Nick and Jessica Variety Hour in April 2004, starring Nick Lachey and Jessica Simpson. A new website was launched in November 2004 and the Muppets made an appearance on the 2004 Christmas episode of Saturday Night Live.
The first Muppet production under full Disney control, The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, went into production immediately and aired on ABC in May 2005. On July 30, 2005, Animal and Pepe the King Prawn made appearance on The X Games 11 Preview show of All Access on ESPN2. Bear's first appearance under Disney's control was in the reality show, Breakfast With Bear in 2005.
A fiftieth birthday tour for Kermit, "Kermit's World Tour" was planned with leadership changes made just days before the tour began. The tour made its initial three stops before being canceled: Kermit, Texas; Johnson Space Center tour; and cake with The Rockettes at Radio City Music Hall, NYC. Following Eisner's exit from Disney, new CEO Bob Iger removed the head of the Muppets Holding Company and several senior staff members hand-picked by Eisner. The Muppets Holding Company was then paired with Baby Einstein (before it was acquired by Kids II, Inc. in 2013) under Senior Vice President and General Manager R. Russell Hampton Jr.
ABC, in October 2005, commissioned America's Next Muppet, a script and five script outlines, but ABC was reluctant to green light America's Next Muppet, and it never got out of the planning stage. Muppet Holding's new general manager instead licensed the Muppets out to TF1, a French television network, to produce Muppet TV in September 2006.
The Muppets Studio
In 2006, the Muppets Holding Company was transferred from the Disney Consumer Products unit to The Walt Disney Studios; with studio executives passing on oversight, the unit was placed in the special events group. That same year, Disney contracted Puppet Heap to rebuild, maintain, and create puppet characters for the Muppets Studio. In April 2007, the Muppets Holding Company changed its name to The Muppets Studio under new leadership by Special Events Group SVP Lylle Breier.
In 2008, The Muppets Studio began a licensing agreement with F.A.O. Schwarz to create a Muppet-themed boutique where customers can design their own Muppet. In 2013, Disney Theatrical Productions revealed that a show based on The Muppets was in active development and that a 15-minute show had been conducted by Thomas Schumacher to see how the technical components would work out.
The company was transferred in 2014 to Disney's new media unit, Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media, specifically DCPI Labs. On April 3, 2015, a series of shorts named Muppet Moments premiered on Disney Junior. The series features conversations between the Muppets and young children. By April, Bill Prady was commissioned to write a script for a new Muppets pilot with the title The Muppets, which was greenlit by ABC, and ran for one season.
Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media became part of Disney Parks, Experiences and Products in a March 2018 company reorganization. That same month, a reboot of the 1980s Muppet Babies series debuted on Disney Junior. A relaunch of the Muppets franchise was planned as of February 2018 for the then-unnamed Disney streaming service scheduled to be launched in 2019. Soon two series were under development for the Disney+ streaming service, the unscripted short-form series Muppets Now, and the scripted comedy Muppets Live Another Day. Live Another Day was from Adam Horowitz, Eddy Kitsis, and Josh Gad, and was planned as an eight-episode series which would depict events taking place after The Muppets Take Manhattan. The series was at ABC Signature Studios with a pilot order when Muppets Studios vice president Debbie McClellan departed and her replacement, Disney Parks Live Entertainment senior vice president David Lightbody, wanted a different take on the project. Unwilling to drop their concept, the creative trio left the project. Muppets Now continued development and premiered on the streaming service on July 31, 2020.
Leadership
General manager
Chris Curtin, 2004–2005
Russell Hampton, 2005–May 2006
Lylle Breier, Fall 2006-
Vice-president
Debbie McClellan, c.2015— 2019
David Lightbody, 2019–present (senior vice-president)
Leigh Slaughter, 2020–present
Projects
Film and television
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005)
Breakfast with Bear (2005–2006) on Disney Channel
Muppets TV (2006) on TF1
A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008)
Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) on Disney Channel
The Muppets (2011); produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films
Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013)
Muppets Most Wanted (2014); produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films
Muppet Moments (2015) on Disney Junior
The Muppets (2015–2016) on ABC
Muppet Babies (2018–2022) on Disney Junior
Muppets Now (2020) on Disney+
Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) on Disney+
The Muppets Mayhem (2023) on Disney+
Theme parks
Muppets Ahoy! stage show (2006) on Disney Wonder
Muppet Mobile Lab (2006–present) Audio-animatronic figures at Disney theme parks
The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History (2016–2020) Live show at Magic Kingdom
Web series
Statler and Waldorf: From the Balcony (2005–2006)
Muppet YouTube videos (2008–2018)
The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora (2010)
Muppisodes (2013–2014) online
Disney Drive-On with the Muppets (2014) 6 episodes on Disney Movies Anywhere
See also
Avenue Q
Higher Ground Productions
Waffles + Mochi
Sesame Workshop
Notes
References
External links
Official website at Disney.com
2004 establishments in California
Entertainment companies established in 2004
Entertainment companies of the United States
Disney production studios
The Walt Disney Company subsidiaries
The Muppets
2004 mergers and acquisitions
American corporate subsidiaries |
57186595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Cozzolino | Dominic Cozzolino | Dominic Cozzolino (born August 23, 1994) is a Canadian ice sledge hockey player.
Career
Cozzolino was a member of the silver medal-winning Canadian team of Para ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Paralympics. His role was singled out by Gagan Sikand at Parliament. Cozzolino is a resident of Mississauga. His disability was caused by a spinal fracture while playing able-bodied ice hockey.
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Canadian sledge hockey players
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Para ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in sledge hockey
Paralympic silver medalists for Canada
Paralympic sledge hockey players for Canada
Sportspeople from Kitchener, Ontario |
16038336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89manville%2C%20Seine-Maritime | Émanville, Seine-Maritime | Émanville () is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.
Geography
A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some north of Rouen at the junction of the D124, D63 and the D103 road.
Population
Places of interest
The church of St.Vaast, dating from the twelfth century.
See also
Communes of the Seine-Maritime department
References
Communes of Seine-Maritime |
65481252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20Dartmouth%20Big%20Green%20football%20team | 2000 Dartmouth Big Green football team | The 2000 Dartmouth Big Green football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Big Green tied for second-to-last in the Ivy League.
In its ninth season under head coach John Lyons, the team compiled a 2–8 record and was outscored 388 to 231. Peter Chapman and Richard Joyce were the team captains.
The Big Green's 1–6 conference record tied for worst in the Ivy League standings, though both they and Columbia are considered to have tied for sixth, as 4–3 Brown was excluded from the championship and recorded as finishing last. Dartmouth was outscored 290 to 155 by Ivy opponents.
Dartmouth played its home games at Memorial Field on the college campus in Hanover, New Hampshire.
Schedule
Roster
References
Dartmouth
Dartmouth Big Green football seasons
Dartmouth Football |
8891945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaumyan | Shaumyan | Shaumyan may refer to:
Shaumyan (surname)
Shaumyan, Dashkasan, Azerbaijan
Aşağı Ağcakənd, Azerbaijan - formerly called Shaumyan
Xankəndi, Shamakhi, Azerbaijan - formerly called Shaumyan(abad)
Shaumyan, Russia, several rural localities in Russia |
72436856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Elstner | Rudolf Elstner | Rudolf Elstner (13 October 1893 – 12 August 1966) was a German chess player who won East Germany Chess Championship (1950).
Chess career
Between 1920 and 1960, Rudolf Elstner was one of the strongest chess masters in Berlin. However, he never managed to win the Berlin City Chess Championship. His greatest success was a 3rd place behind Kurt Richter and Ludwig Rellstab in 1936, whereby he was the only one who defeated the winner Richter.
On July 19 and 20, 1930, he played two show games with people figure against José Raúl Capablanca, who was in Berlin for a three-day stay, in the Luna Park in Berlin. Both games were broken off in the middle game in a critical position.
Elstner was originally belt master by profession, but made chess his purpose in life. Before the Second World War he was head of the chess room in the café Moka Efti. Even after the war he remained true to this task and ran the chess café at Yorckstraße 80 in Berlin. The café was open every day except Wednesday.
The years immediately after the Second World War were Elstner's most successful period, while he had already won the Strength Through Joy district championship in 1940. In 1947 he finished fourth in the Berlin Chess Championship, followed in the same year by a third place in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany Chess Championship. In 1950 he made the big leap: in Sömmerda he won the first East Germany Chess Championship ahead Wolfgang Pietzsch.
Elstner often changed his place of residence in Berlin and played for various clubs. In 1947 he became Berlin Blitzmeister with the chess group Friedenau: Friedenauer Chess Society. Until the beginning of the 1960s he played for the chess group of the BSG unit Pankow in East Berlin. At the same time he had been a member of the Schach-Club Kreuzberg in West Berlin since 1950, where he also lived. The German Chess Association of the East Germany warned him several times because of these border crossings. On May 22, 1959, the East Germany Chess Federation Presidium decided to ban Elstner from April 1, 1959, to March 31, 1960. He remained loyal to the Kreuzberg club until his death and received honorary membership there.
Books
Wir bitten zum Schachbrett (We ask for the chessboard) Caissa-Verlag, Weidenau 1949 (together with Hans-Werner von Massow).
References
External links
1893 births
1966 deaths
East German chess players |
12839256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syston%2C%20Lincolnshire | Syston, Lincolnshire | Syston is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish was 162 at the 2011 census. It is situated north from Grantham, and on the A607 road which runs to the county town of Lincoln. Syston lies between the larger village of Barkston to its north, and Belton to its south.
Syston Park
Syston Park Hall, built in 1775 to the designs of John Lanwith, for Sir John Thorold. The hall was demolished in 1925. It was the seat of the Thorold baronets, who had relocated from Cranwell Manor. The 9th and 10th baronets both served as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire, in 1778 and 1822 respectively. The 10th baronet commissioned architect Lewis Vulliamy in 1822–4 to build a new library which was then richly stocked with rare books and manuscripts, including a copy of the Gutenberg Bible. On his death in 1831 the property passed to his widow Mary Anne, who married Sir Charles Ogle, Bt in 1834.
The contents of the house were dispersed in sales held in 1884 and 1923 and the house demolished soon afterwards.
Motorsports at Syston Park
Sir John Thorold was a motorsports enthusiast and held a hill climb in 1906 at Syston Park, T. W. Mays won the 12 hp class in this year, probably accompanied by his son Raymond Mays who went on to become a well known racing driver and owner of ERA and BRM.
In 1926 a circuit was created from the estate road and motorcycle races were held there until the 1930s. At first, these were unaffiliated but soon Syston Park became a Grand Prix venue attracting crowds of up to 30,000 and legends such as Stanley Woods, C. J. Williams and Tommy Cann.
Raymond Mays returned in 1934 to test his new voiturette class racing car ERA R1A and the following year, 1935 Oxford and Cambridge held the Inter-'Varsities at Syston.
Racing ceased in 1939, however, vintage cars and motorcycles returned to Syston Park in 2015 with a regular event established from 2016, Syston Park Speed Trials.
References
External links
Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
South Kesteven District |
35856611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolea%20ovata | Hydrolea ovata | Hydrolea ovata is a species of flowering plant known by the common names ovate false fiddleleaf and blue waterleaf. It is native to the southeastern United States.
This rhizomatous perennial herb has spiny stems growing up to 2 feet tall. The spiny, alternately arranged leaves are oval in shape. The flowers are blue.
This is a wetland species. It grows near ponds, ditches, and other wet sites. It is used in wetland restoration projects.
References
External links
Solanales
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Plants described in 1833
Flora of Arkansas |
34423193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20presidents%20of%20Mills%20College | List of presidents of Mills College | The following is a list of presidents of Mills College.
References
Mills College |
65314800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20War | White War | The White War (, , ) is the name given to the fighting in the high-altitude Alpine sector of the Italian front during the First World War, principally in the Dolomites, the Ortles-Cevedale Alps and the Adamello-Presanella Alps. More than two-thirds of this conflict zone lies at an altitude above 2,000m, rising to 3905m at Mount Ortler. In 1917 New York World correspondent E. Alexander Powell wrote: “On no front, not on the sun-scorched plains of Mesopotamia, nor in the frozen Mazurian marshes, nor in the blood-soaked mud of Flanders, does the fighting man lead so arduous an existence as up here on the roof of the world.”
Geography of the front
The front line
At the outbreak of the war, the border between Italy and Austria-Hungary was as determined at the Treaty of Vienna (1866) at the conclusion of the Third Italian War of Independence. One section along this border, the Trentino, offered major advantages to Austria-Hungary. Extending southwards towards the River Po, it potentially allowed Austro-Hungarian forces to strike towards the lower Adige and Mincio, cutting off Veneto and Friuli-Venezia from the rest of Italy. Another section, much smaller, favoured Italy around the Kreuzberg Pass and the headwaters of the Drava. In practical terms however, the road and rail systems did not allow the Italian commander Luigi Cadorna to mass his forces here, so instead he concentrated on the Isonzo front further east, where he hoped to make a decisive breakthrough.
From Bovec on the upper Isonzo to the Swiss border at the Stelvio Pass stretched around 400 km of border at an altitude above 2,000m. Halfway along this border, between the Trentino and the Kreuzberg, rose the Dolomites, that offered little strategic advantage to either side. Between Switzerland and Lake Garda the Ortler, and the Adamello-Presanella Alps controlled the Stelvio Pass and the Tonale Pass. From here the Austro-Hungarians could have broken through to threaten the industrial cities of Lombardy, while the Italians could have penetrated deep into the Tyrol. In fact, neither side developed major plans for this sector; once the passes were closed, both sides maintained a static posture.
Logistical challenges
The major challenge for both armies was to sustain modern warfare in such a hostile environment. The difficult terrain meant supplies had to be brought up on the backs of pack animals or of the men themselves, including heavy artillery and munitions. As the conflict developed a network of roads, mule tracks and pathways was established, reaching even the most remote places. Eventually, cableways were built too, and this building work itself was difficult, dangerous and exhausting.
In the high mountains, temperatures vary widely: above 2,500 meters, temperatures below zero are normal even in summer. In winter, during the war, temperatures as low as -35° were recorded. All year round the weather can change rapidly and storms are common. Finally, the winters of 1916 and 1917 brought some of the heaviest snows of the century, with the mountainsides often under 8 metres of snow, three times the annual average. This made it extremely difficult for the troops to stay at high altitudes, forcing the men to continually dig and clear the snow because of the risk of avalanches. Heinz Lichem von Löwenbourg stated: "On the basis of unanimous reports from fighters of all nations, the rough rule applies that in 1915–1918, on the mountain front, two thirds of the dead were victims of the elements (avalanches, frostbite, landslides, cold, exhaustion) and only one third victims of direct military action."
Servicing the troops on the front line required enormous manpower. To maintain a garrison of 100 men on a 3,000m peak, 900 porters were required, working in relays.
Military forces
Kingdom of Italy
On the western edge of the front, deployed from the Stelvio Pass to the Cereda Pass, Italy positioned the 1st Army under General Roberto Brusati based in Verona, spread over an arc roughly 200 km long as the crow flies or about 300 km on the ground. The III and V Corps were deployed under the command of Generals Camerana and Aliprindi, and mixed with the troops of the fortress of Verona, under the command of General Gobbo. The III Corps occupied the western side of the Trentino salient, from Stelvio to Lake Garda. The 6th Division was deployed on the border while the 5th was the reserve of the III Corps. To the south, between Garda and the Lessinico plateau, were the troops of the fortress of Verona, while the V Corps with the 9th, 34th and 15th divisions was positioned at the and the Cereda Pass, defending the Trentino salient with the 35th Reserve Division near Brescia.
The 4th Army was deployed on the Dolomites sector under General Luigi Nava, based in Vittorio Veneto, which its forces from the Cereda Pass to Mount Peralba, over about 75 km as the crow flies, and about double the distance on the ground. The sector, between the Pale di San Martino and the Rocchetta di Pelmo, was garrisoned by the IX Corps under the command of General Marini with the 17th and 18th Divisions serving on the front or in reserve. The Cadore sector, between the Valle del Boite and the sources of the Piave, came under I Corps of General Ottavio Ragni, with the 2nd and 10th Divisions deployed close to the border and the 1st Division in reserve. Unlike the Cordevole sector, however, the troops of the Cadore sector could count on the substantial fixed defenses of the Cadore-Maè Fortress.
Empire of Austria-Hungary
On the Austro-Hungarian side, General Viktor Dankl von Krasnik took command of the defense of Tyrol at the start of hostilities, based in Innsbruck. His field of operations stretched from the Stelvio Pass to the Croda Nera, located on the Carnic watershed just a little east of Forcella Dignas. This meant it was roughly facing the 1st and 4th Italian Armies. The region was divided into five sectors, called ‘rayons’. part of General Scholz's 90th Division, composed of eleven battalions, was assigned to sectors I and II, from the Stelvio to Presèna, with support from the fort at Gomagoi on the Stelvio route and modern artillery placed to defend the Passo del Tonale.
The III sector ran from the Adamello to the Pale di San Martino, and was the responsibility of the 91st Division made up of about thirty battalions, under the General Können-Horack, while one brigade controlled the garrison of the strongholds of Riva del Garda and Trento under General Guseck. This defensive system around Trento was of great strategic importance, and was divided into four sub-sectors, Lodaro, Lavarone, Rovereto and Pergine Valsugana, which had modern fortifications and various defensive works. The IV sector, from the Pale di San Martino to Mount Padonit was held by the 90th Division, with a mountain brigade of seven battalions. The V sector, from Mount Padon to the Croda Nera, was held by a mountain brigade of nine battalions. The massing of the Italian 4th Army meant that on May 27 this sector was removed from the 90th Division and made partially autonomous under the command of General Ludwig Goiginger and with three reinforcing battalions until the arrival of the German Alpenkorps, whose commander Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen assumed command of the Tyrol and the responsibility of the IV and V sectors. He retained this until 14 October, when, having withdrawn the Alpenkorps from Alto Adige, he handed over to General Roth von Limanowa.
Balance of forces
Despite their numerical superiority, the Italian forces did not take the offensive on this front. The Italian commanders lacked intelligence about the strength of Austro-Hungarian numbers, had no detailed plans for a campaign and were also averse to risk.
The Austro-Hungarians were equally unprepared to take the offensive. In the decades before the war resources had been directed mainly to Galicia on the Russian front, and in 1915 the objective was simply to hold off any Italian invasion. As chief of staff, Conrad had also neglected the defence of the Dolomites in favor of a strengthening his position on the Asiago plateau, as a base from which to attack the Veneto. As a result, the defences that opposed the Italian 4th Army were second-rate compared to those of Trentino. In the first days of the war, instead of trying to maintain old strongholds Commander Goiginger had his men retreat and distributed the artillery around the surrounding mountains. By spreading their guns over isolated positions on the slopes and peaks, the Austrians exploited the Dolomite terrain very effectively, securing every possible advantage in an attempt to confine the Italians to the lower valleys and prevent them from accessing the strategic passes.
Fortifications
The peacetime defence doctrine of Austria-Hungary assumed that not an inch of land was to be conceded to an invader, and on this basis fortifications had been built up right on the border itself. However at the beginning of the hostilities the Austrians did not have sufficient forces to be able to maintain them. They therefore withdrew to defensive positions behind the border that gave them the advantage of high ground wherever possible and shortened their defensive lines from around 500 km to about 400 km. In contrast the Italians followed the practice of locating their fortifications well behind the border, meaning they had no role in the fighting in the Dolomites. An Austrian advance near Agordo would have been met at the fort of Listolade, while the Cadore was defended by the Chiusa di Venàs and the fort of Monte Rite, as well as by numerous concealed artillery positions. On the Austrian side, Ampezzo and the Cadore Dolomites area were defended by the Prato Piazza (Plätzwiese) and Landro, which had been complemented with modern structures in the surrounding area (Col Rosson, Alpe di Specie, Col di Specie, Rautkofel). The forts of Haideck and Mitterberg (monte di Mezzo) in val di Sesto were intended to prevent any descent from the Monte Croce di Comelico pass towards Val Pusteria but they had not been modernised. To make up for this, Mount Dentro di Sesto was used as a fixed location for large calibre artillery.
The pass between the Ampezzo basin and the Val Badia was controlled by Forte Tre Sassi on the stony ground of the Valparola Pass, while the Livinallongo del Col di Lana was blocked upstream of Pieve by and . Finally, near Moena stood , guarding the Fassa Valley and the mouth of the San Pellegrino valley, a few kilometres from the front. All these forts were of modest size, much less impressive than the large fortresses on the Trentino highlands and in the Adige valley. At the beginning of the war they were partially decommissioned because they were outdated and inadequate to resist modern artillery. Their guns were moved to more favourable positions less detectable by the enemy; the buildings were highly visible and at times the Austro-Hungarians continued to pretend that they were occupied in order to divert Italian fire towards useless targets.
Both armies, from the beginning of the conflict, began the constant work of excavating caves, tunnels, trenches, walkways, shelters and underground depots, which led to the creation of entire underground towns relatively safe from enemy fire. Monte Piana and Col di Lana were notable examples of such structures, with impressive defensive systems. Other examples can be found at the Sass de Stria with its tunnels and trenches, and Lagazuoi, more excavated than any other mountain in the Dolomites; within it, a bloody battle was fought with mines.
The Dolomites sector
Conca d'Ampezzo and Som Pouses
The war reached Cortina d'Ampezzo on July 31, 1914 with the conscription of men between 21 and 42 into the armed forces of Austria-Hungary. In November of the same year twenty-year-olds were also called up, and in May 1915, when Italy also entered the conflict, the draft was extended to men aged up to 50. Ladin speakers, Italian speakers from Trentino and German speakers from Tyrol were grouped into three regiments of Landesschützen and four of Kaiserjäger, hurriedly transferred to the Eastern Front.
On the eve of the hostilities, General Nava, commander of the Italian 4th Army, ordered that the first objectives on the Cadore front were: taking of possession of the entire massif of Monte Piana and the Cortina d'Ampezzo basin, both in the operational area of the 1st Army Corps of General Ragni.
In Cortina the gendarmes, the financial police, the few Standschützen present and the elderly or veterans repatriated for illness or injuries, retreated behind Som Pouses to reinforce the defences that closed the Conca to the north. Although he had declared taking the Conca d'Ampezzo as his priority, General Nava, worried about strong resistance and ambushes from the woods, delayed in issuing orders, advising the commanders of the army corps to operate with great caution; so May 24 passed quietly. Only a few Italian exploratory patrols crossed the border, reaching Passo Tre Croci and the Cinque Torri without encountering the enemy, and only on 27 May did a patrol descend to Cortina, finding it completely free of defenders. The town was finally occupied on the 29th by two Italian columns.
Cortina became the seat of the Italian command as well as of hospitals and a resting place for the troops returning from the fighting in the sector; the whole basin was frequently subjected to fire from Austrian artillery, but the bombardments were never particularly intense and scarcely affected the town of Cortina. To avoid further distress to the population however, in 1916 the Italian commanders moved away, and life in Cortina went on quietly until November 5, 1917, when the Austro-Hungarians, following the rout of Caporetto, took possession of it once again. The last winter of the war also coincided with the hardest period for the civilian population, with the terrible food shortage that hit the Habsburg Empire, compelling the Austro-Hungarian troops to seize the few provisions the inhabitants had in occupied places.
Once Cortina was taken it was immediately clear that it could not be held securely without also taking the commanding heights above it – the Tofane to the north-west and Pomagagnon and Monte Cristallo to the northeast as well as the northern head of the basin itself – Val Travenanzes, Val Fanes and Val Acqua di Campocroce. Another objective strategic objective to be achieved was the occupation of the Alemagna road between Cortina and . Thus at the end of May 1915 Italian troops advanced the "line of investment": Col Drusciè-Cadin-Staolin, a line from which the attack on the Som Pouses defense line would be attempted.
The action planned by the Italian command anticipated attacking the Austrian defences with three assault columns, supported by field artillery and batteries of howitzers, 149mm guns and 210mm mortars placed on the hills surrounding Cortina. The first column on the western flank, with companies of Alpine troops, fought fiercely during the night of 8 and 9 June at Ponte Alto, which it occupied. From here it carried out various attacks against the Fanes barrage and towards the Val Travenanzes as it tried an enveloping maneuver around the Tofane group, in conjunction with other attacks on the Lagazuoi and against the Castelletto delle Tofane. The Italian offensive continued until June 16 with poor results; the Austro-Hungarians were well entrenched in Val Travenanzes and benefited from the terrain, so eventually the Italian command broke off the attacks. The central column, strong with two infantry battalions, aimed directly at the Som Pouses barrage, strongly fortified and with excellent defensive positions starting from the trench in the Acqua di Campo Croce valley up to the crest of the Ciadenes-I Zuoghi which encloses the Gotres valley. On 9 June a rapid enveloping action allowed the Italians to occupy Podestagno, a wooded cliff overlooking the Alemagna road. The Austro-Hungarian defences could not be breached in this sector however and on the evening of 14 June the Italian command suspended any further attempt to advance. No less unfortunate was the eastern column, which on 7 June, bypassing the Pamagognon, descended along the Val Grande and reached the Alemagna road near the locality of Ospitale. From here, going up the Gotres valley, the attack proceeded as far as the end of the valley, at the Lerosa fork, along wide meadows where the Austro-Hungarians were well entrenched. Divided into three assault groups, the Italians attacked on 9 June, but once they arrived on the wide plateau they were met with heavy fire from automatic weapons that cost large numbers and the loss of more than fifty prisoners, until the attack here was also suspended.
This series of attacks did not obtain the desired objectives, but allowed the Italians to position themselves along a more advanced and more advantageous line that went from Ponte Alto to Rio Felizon, in the locality of Rufiedo. The Italian command failed to exploit the political advantage of capturing some Bavarian Jägers at Ponte Alto, which unequivocally demonstrated the presence of German troops deployed offensively, despite the fact that Italy was not still at war with Germany. These attacks were followed by exactly one year of truce, and in June 1916 the Italians attempted a new assault, this time concentrated against the Croda dell'Ancona and the coston del Forame. Taking these positions would have allowed the Italians to descend into Val Felizon towards Carbonin and in Val Acqua di Campo Croce, from where they would have seriously threatened the Austro-Hungarians’ positions in the Conca d'Ampezzo. To prevent this, the Austro-Hungarians further fortified their positions, and on 7 June they were ready to face the Italian troops who, began their attack up the Alemagna road. Despite the determination of the Italian soldiers, on the evening of June 22, after a last vain and bloody attempt at the Som Pouses, the order was given to suspend the attacks, which had cost the attackers 324 dead, 2826 wounded and 85 missing. After this attack the positions remained unchanged until the Italian retreat in the autumn of 1917.
Monte Piana
The borders of 1866 had given the advantage of ground to the Austro-Hungarians almost everywhere, but on Monte Piana the border favored Italy. Except for the northern end, the plateau that formed the upper part of the mountain was in Italian hands, and formed a wedge between the Rienza and the Landro valleys, pointing towards Dobbiaco. Before the war the Austrians had tried to reduce the threat from this position by fortifying (Rautkofel) with several batteries that dominated the entire summit of Monte Piana. During the first days of the war small Italian patrols reconnoitred daily near the Austrian trenches, from where however they were chased back on 7 June 1915, the day the Austro-Hungarians started their first major action on the plateau. Goiginger gave orders for an attack carried out by two companies of Landesschützen and some units of Standschützen. Coming up at night from Carbonin, they attacked and wiped out the Italian garrison at Piramide Carducci, roughly in the middle of the plateau, where the Austrians had initially been based. Advancing up to the Italian lines the Austro-Hungarians were eventually forced to retreat by artillery and rifle fire, returning in the evening to the positions of Piramide Carducci and Forcella dei Castrati. Sporadic fighting and artillery fire continued until 11 June, when there was a lull for over a month, during which positions stabilized.
The Italians decided to wait for the arrival of additional artillery and built up overwhelming numerical superiority and it was not until July 15 that General Ottavio Ragni launched the attack on enemy positions. For five days there were attacks in three directions, which managed to drive the Austro-Hungarians back off the southern plateau and conquer Forcella dei Castrati, but did not take the strategic northern edge of the mountain. On the last day of the attack, July 20, the Italians reported 104 dead, 578 wounded and 151 missing, most of whom had been blown to pieces by enemy artillery. Assaults and counterattacks followed until September, when both sides stopped to prepare for the first winter of the war. The winter was particularly hard for the Austro-Hungarians in their precarious position, lacking water or fuel and supplied only by slow columns of porters ascending from Landro along a steep path targeted by Italian artillery. These months were mainly used to excavate covered trenches, tunnels and caves in the shelter of the northern edge; the paths on the western side were widened, and partly retraced in more sheltered positions, while at the end of November a cableway was erected that kept the Austrian-Hungarian line supplied for the next two years.
1916 saw a progressive strengthening of positions, especially on the Austro-Hungarian side, where the entire summit became a network of fortified defensive works. Soldiers led a mostly underground life in covered trenches, connecting tunnels and caves equipped for different functions. The Italians, with larger forces but weaker positions, continued their slow advance on the northern plateau. In August they managed to take the so-called "Fosso degli Alpini", a long depression on the eastern edge of the plateau, delimited by a grassy hill known to the Austro-Hungarians as "Kuppe K". This position was important because it tied the Austro-Hungarians down on another side of the mountain, and allowed the Italians to protect the ascent route along the Castrati valley, from which they could directly attack enemy lines. So at the end of August a short but fierce battle began for "Kuppe K", which was taken and lost several times, until the Italians managed to hold it.
Throughout that winter and the spring of 1917 the war of attrition continued, with bombings, clashes between patrols, attempts to infiltrate enemy lines and the excavation of mine tunnels, by both sides. The last major attack was carried out by the Austro-Hungarians on 22 October – just two days before the breakthrough of Caporetto – to divert Italian attention from the movement of troops along the Val Pusteria. Modest initial conquests were soon halted by the Italian artillery, which drove the attackers back to their starting positions. This was the last important action on Monte Piana.
Monte Cristallo
The Cristallo Group lies between the Val Grande, the Misurina basin, the Val Popena and road from Rifugio Ospitale to . At its centre stand the peaks of Cristallo itself at 3221m and Piz Popena at 3152m. The Cristallo subgroup had been occupied by the Italians in the early days of the war. For their part the Austro-Hungarians garrisoned the peaks that looked down towards the Ospitale - Carbonin road, the Forame at Forcella Verde and Forcella Gialla and the Costabella chain. The north-facing summit of the Rauhkofel/Cima Fumo was fortified and a line of trenches stretched from the slopes below it across the Val Popena, connecting it with Monte Piana.
In early August 1915 the Italians began attacking the Austro-Hungarian positions in the heights. Between 9 and 11 August Alpini units, strongly opposed by artillery and machine gun fire, began the assault on Forame and managed to take it on the night of 13th. Another column took the high peak of Cristallo, forcing the Austro-Hungarians back to Cresta del Costabella and Rauchkofel. After bringing artillery up onto the peak the Italians began to bombard these positions on 26 August. This was followed by another attack in from 11–26 September, but hampered by fog, snow and freezing temperatures, the Italians could not force the Austro-Hungarians off the mountain once and for all, and little ground changed hands. Another costly Italian attack between 20 and 26 October saw a group of volunteers try to outmanoeuvre the Austro-Hungarians by climbing over the glacier in camouflage, but they were detected and repulsed after several days of determined fighting.
In most sectors there were no major engagements after October each year at the latest, as the troops concentrated in preparing themselves to survive the winter. Unusually the IVth Army Command decided that the firm settled snow and the clear air of November favoured an infantry advance and the use of artillery. Having failed to take the high ground of Forame they decided to try a surprise attack immediately to the west, down the Val Felizon. When the attack began on 26 November it was plain that the Austro-Hungarians had been expecting it, and they cut down the advancing soldiers with machine gun fire as they struggled through snow 70 cm deep. By the evening when it was evident the attack had failed the brigade command requested permission to withdraw, but the 2nd Division command refused and at 20:45 ordered the action resumed the following morning. At dawn on 27 November, after an hour of artillery barrage to prepare for this assault, the XXXXVIII Bersaglieri should have resumed action. However the temperature was -20° and many of the soldiers had died of cold, with the survivors unable to advance. Nothing moved until at 14:30 Division ordered the action to stop. In two days the Italians had 897 casualties. Among the Bersaglieri 2 officers had died in action while five froze to death; among the men 29 had died in action, 111 were wounded, 20 missing and 318 had frozen to death. This was the last action of 1915 in this sector.
In the summer of 1916 the Italians mounted fresh attacks on the Austro-Hungarian positions on the Forame heights to the west of Rauhkofel. The plan was for a group of volunteers to work their way behind Austro-Hungarian lines at night and attack at dawn, when the main Italian forces would advance out of their trenches. Early in the morning of 29 August this plan was executed. Surprised, the Austro-Hungarians retreated leaving the Italians in control on the first ridge of the Forame, before progress halted. Between 4 and 6 September the Italians tried to push their way down the valley between Forame and Costa Bella, but constant Austrian fire stopped them advancing. Then, in a surprise counterattack in 13 September, the Austro-Hungarians retook the peak of Forame, and quickly hoisted up artillery and mortars to ensure they could not be removed again.
Croda Rossa di Sesto
At the eastern edge of the 4th Italian Army sector, the Croda Rossa di Sesto was occupied by Austro-Hungarian troops on the Sesto side. From here they could control the pass of Monte Croce di Comelico, Cima Undici, the Zsigmondy crest and :it:Monte Popera. The Austro-Hungarians had one of the best guides in the area, , and, from July, support from the German Alpenkorps who hoisted two mountain guns onto the northern slope of the summit, to strike at a possible Italian advance from the Monte Croce pass. Nevertheless the early months of the war were calm, mainly because snow made the peaks above 3,000m impassable. On 7 July Italian artillery destroyed the Zsigmondy refuge, and in August Italian troops occupied the upper Fiscalina valley, pushing up to the Zsigmondy ridge. Despite enormous difficulties they succeeded in taking the 3,042m summit of Monte Popera. Their attention then shifted towards the Sentinella Pass.
In August and September 1915 the Italians mounted a number of probing attacks at the Sentinella Pass, but autumn weather brought fighting to a standstill, with both sides leaving only small garrisons in position. It was the Italians who took the initiative in February 1916 with a new plan of attack which required Cima Undici to be occupied. The men chosen for the assault were the expert alpine troops of the "Cadore" and "Fenestrelle" battalions. On January 30 left they set off from the Zsigmondy ridge. Moving only at night or in bad weather over extreme terrain they advanced slowly through the heavy snowfalls and frequent avalanches of February and March. With the arrival of good weather, they had reached two narrow ravines called "Da Col" and "Dal Canton", from where they could attack the Sentinella pass. On the night of 15 and 16 March thirty-six men led by three officers attacked the pass. Achieving complete surprise, they encountered no resistance.
However taking the Sentinella Pass would not give the Italians any advantage as long as the Austrians controlled the Croda Rossa. The Austro-Hungarians began reinforcing their positions, under continuous fire from the Italian artillery in the Sentinella valley and on the Dito plateau. The Austro-Hungarian garrison increased from 20 to 150 men, and the whole summit was made impregnable. From June 16, the day of the last and failed Italian assault on the Croda, positions remained unchanged until November 1917, and the battle for the Croda Rossa turned into a daily routine of reconnaissance, with occasional small clashes. The harsh winter brought death to many in both sides on this section of the front, from avalanches, hunger, cold and disease.
With the front lines unchanging after March 1916 the only significant action was from the giant 280mm and 305mm Italian howitzers positioned around the Misurina basin and on the Comelico side of the Monte Croce Pass. Their shots were guided by observers on the top of the Cristallino di Misurina, on the Popera and on the flanks of Cima Undici from where the view extended to Dobbiaco and San Candido. It was the towns of Moso and Sesto that suffered most from the Italian howitzers. Moso was evacuated by the Austrians and almost completely destroyed by the Italians to prevent the enemy from using it to store supplies. Sesto was not initially evacuated, leading to many civilian casualties as the Italians struck at lodgings, warehouses and telephone services. The bombardment of the villages to the rear of the Austro-Hungarian lines continued until 1917, when the artillery was withdrawn following the breakthrough of Caporetto.
Tre cime di Lavaredo and Sasso di Sesto
Fighting in the Lavaredo area was less intense and of less strategic importance than on other parts of the front. However because of the popularity of the Tre Cime and surrounding areas with climbers and skiers meant that attention to events there was very great. Added to this, the death of the famous guide , who had accompanied clients from all over Europe, added greatly to the interest.
Fighting started on the morning of May 24, 1915, with Italian cannon in Torre degli Scarpieri and Monte Rudo firing towards Monte Piana, to which the Austro-Hungarians responded by hitting the Italian positions of Forcella Lavaredo and Forcella Col di Mezzo. Here shrapnel struck two Alpini of the 67th Company and caused the first death on the Dolomite front. Over the following days there were clashes between patrols and small groups of soldiers trying to climb up and occupy small portions of rocky ground, but perhaps the most famous action was the Austro-Hungarian offensive on July 4, 1915 where Innerkofler lost his life. Together with some Standschützen he attempted to occupy the Passaporto fork to cut off the Italian supplies for the Paterno. The assault failed but the Austro-Hungarian commander Goiginger decided to attempt other strikes in the Tre Cime area on the evening of the same day. On the night of July 5 a group of Standschützen attacked the Mezzo Pass, but was repulsed by two groups of Alpine troops, while a dawn attack on the Arghena fork was repelled by an infantry unit, temporarily putting an end to the Austro-Hungarian initiatives in the Lavaredo sector.
The most notable event of the war in Lavaredo was an inconclusive attack by the Italians when the command of the I Corps decided to force its way into the and the Val Campo di Dentro. Six battalions of infantry were massed behind the Tre Cime with the support of two battalions of mountain guns. The attack began on 14 August with an advance towards the Toblin fork on three different routes: from the Col di Mezzo fork, the Lavaredo fork and the Pian di Cengia fork. The last column was the first to achieve success with the conquest of the Alpe dei Piani basin, while the other two columns struggled to advance, hampered by their artillery. After three days of fierce fighting the Italians managed to take the Toblin fork and the Sasso di Sesto, but not Torre Toblin, so the Austrians were still able to block the road towards the fork of San Candido and then towards the Val Pusteria. Later Italian attempts failed but the Italians managed to move the front about 12 kilometers, significantly improving their defensive line. The positions of the two sides were very close here: between the Sasso di Sesto and Torre di Toblin they were separated by just a few hundred meters and this contributed to making that small sector much disputed, although after 30 October, there was no further major action in the Lavaredo area.
The winter of 1916–1917 was unusually hard, as early as late August, when snow fell it did not melt. By November some positions were effectively isolated by the weather, with cableways and men themselves often affected by avalanches. Both armies excavated an extensive maze of tunnels and shelters in the rock and ice to improve the safety of their soldiers. In early 1917 the Austrians began to work on an assault tunnel under the snow. Work lasted two months, and on 21 April sixty soldiers, emerged little more than two metres from the enemy lines, attacking the trenches with hand grenades. The defenders were taken completely by surprise and many prisoners were captured while they slept. Although the Austro-Hungarians quickly captured the trenches, the Italians organised a counterattack from caves dug into the rock. At dawn, the Italian artillery began to strike the attackers, while two platoons were sent to reinforce the men hidden in the Sasso di Sesto tunnels. On the morning of April 22 the counterattack began and by the early afternoon the position was again in Italian hands. With this episode, major fighting in the shadow of the Tre Cime also ended.
Falzarego Pass
The slowness of the Italian advance to secure Cortina d’Ampezzo allowed the Austrians to fortify and effectively seal off the routes to the north towards the Puster Valley. Unable to make any progress here, the Italians turned their attention westwards to the Falzarego Pass between the Sass de Stria and the Cinque Torri. If they could take this and then gain control of the Col di Lana, they could dominate the eastern Tyrolean highlands and prepare to attack up the Val Badia towards Bruneck.
On the 15th of June, furious fighting took place for the 2,477m spike-like Sasso di Stria which had been fortified by the Austro-Hungarians. The Italian attack was disorganised and easily repelled, and for the next two years small pieces of ground around the Pass were won and lost by both sides without either gaining any clear advantage. The Italians decided to focus on dislodging the Austrians from various high points around the eastern entrance to the Pass, particularly the rocky outcrop called the Casteletto on the Tofana di Rozes. The fighting to secure thus became so intense that the Austrians called it the “Schreckenstein” – “The rock of horror.
Unable to push the Austro-Hungarians off the Casteletto, in 1916 the Italians decided to dig a 500m gallery from their positions to the foot of the outcrop and use 35 tons of gelignite to destroy it. The Austro-Hungarians responded by countermining but the Italians were so confident of success that General Cadorna and King Victor Emmanuel were invited to observe the detonation of the mine followed by the rapid assault by Italian troops held ready in another tunnel to swarm out after the explosion. The attack on 11 July was only partially successful. Many Italian soldiers were killed by carbon monoxide from the explosion as they rushed downhill, while others were killed by falling rocks. They managed to take the south side of the Casteletto but did not manage to drive the Austrians off completely for another three months.
Taking the Casteletto turned out not to give the Italians a decisive advantage and they still could not force their way through the Falzarego Pass. Their next attempt was to reach the top of the Piccolo Lagazuoi, digging an over 1 km long tunnel system with a vertical drop of 500m. This also failed, but on 20 June 1917 the Italians succeeded in using 32 tons of dynamite to blow up the 2668m high summit of Piccolo Lagazuoi. Despite heavy losses the Austro-Hungarians were still able to hold the attackers off with machine gun fire. There was little movement in this sector following this until the general withdrawal after Caporetto.
Col di Lana
The Col di Lana is one of the least striking mountains in the Dolomites in its appearance, but its location meant it was hotly disputed by the two armies. The mountain dominated all road traffic moving between the Pordoi Pass and the Falzarego Pass, connecting Cortina d’Ampezzo with Canazei and the tens to the west. It was protected to the west by :it:Forte La Corte and on the northern side, at the foot of Mount Lagazuoi, by Forte Tre Sassi.
The first action took place on 8 June 1915 when Italian batteries on Monte Padon and Col Toront bombarded the La Corte and Tre Sassi forts as well as Austro-Hungarian infantry positions. The attack was repeated a week later, and expanded to strike at Livinallongo del Col di Lana. If the assault had begun earlier the weak Austro-Hungarian presence might have been easily dislodged, but between May and a June the Austrians had fortified the Costone di Salesei and the Costone di Agai, meaning that it would take a frontal attack on Col de Lana to push them out. On 15 June, some Italian patrols sent towards the enemy positions were easily neutralized, and this was followed by series of bloody frontal attacks that achieved nothing. The Italians launched ten further attacks against Col di Lana and five against the adjoining Mount Sief until General Rossi called a halt on 20 July to await reinforcements.
Despite this pause in infantry attacks the Italian artillery continued to bombard the La Corte and Tre Sassi forts. By the beginning of August, Tre Sassi was practically a pile of rubble, and this prompted the Italians to renew their attacks on 2 August. They were repulsed again. Smaller attacks on the Costone di Salesei and the Costone di Agai were also broken up by Austro-Hungarian artillery. A major new frontal assault was launched on 21 October, in which the Italians outnumbered the defenders ten to one. Trench by trench, at great cost, the Austro-Hungarians were dislodged from their positions and on 7 November the infantrymen of the Calabria Brigade finally conquered the summit. However it fell back into Austro-Hungarian hands on the same day thanks to the Landesschützen of Captain , and the Italians withdrew just below the summit, only 80 meters from the Austro-Hungarian trenches.
Throughout the winter the Austro-Hungarians dug an intricate system of covered tunnels and walkways that protected the soldiers from Italian artillery. On 1 January, the Austro-Hungarians started the mine war with an explosion on the Lagazuoi, and, picking up the idea, in mud-January the Italians began work on a mine tunnel just below the summit. On April 17, 5020 kilograms of explosives devastated the summit of Col di Lana, killing 110 Austro-Hungarians instantly, while the rest of the garrison was taken prisoner by the Calabria Brigade.
While the Italians dug in and fortified Col di Lana the Austro-Hungarians did likewise on Sief, each side making it effectively impossible for the other’s soldiers to attack across the intervening ground. Warfare therefore moved underground. The initiative was taken by the Austro-Hungarians, who in June 1916 began work on a mine that was intended to destroy the Italian garrison on the Dente del Sief, which they had just conquered. The Italians realized this maneuver late and only in March 1917 did they begin a counter-mine tunnel. This however proved too short, and they destroyed part of their own lines and created a crater between the two armies. The Austro-Hungarians proceeded with their work and on October 27, 45,000 kilograms of explosives tore the mountain to pieces, creating an 80-meter crater and killing 64 Italians. Shortly afterwards, after Caporetto, the Italians fell back to the line of the Piave and Monte Grappa, leaving the mountain in Austro-Hungarian hands and thousands of bodies of fallen men.
Marmolada glacier
During the whole of 1915 neither of the two armies attempted to occupy the Marmolada massif that divided the fighters. Apart from some skirmishes between enemy patrols, who had pushed themselves up onto the Marmolada di Punta Penia at 3344m, the sector remained calm until the spring of 1916, when Austro-Hungarian units occupied a number of strongpoints facing the glacier. This move threatened the Italians on Col di Lana, so they occupied the eastern part of the Piz Serauta, fortifying themselves and installing a cableway. From then on, both sides worked intensively to reinforce their positions and protect themselves from the elements and enemy artillery. The Austrians established their central supply point under the tongue of the glacier on the Gran Poz at 2300 meters, at the uppermost point of the cableway, and from there porters took supplies to the positions at "Forcella della Marmolada" , "3259", "Twelve", "Eleven", "2800" and "slot S". Using ecrasite first, and then brute strength, they dug numerous tunnels inside the glacier to shelter from the Italian artillery firing down on them. The works continued throughout the winter of 1916 until the construction of what was called "the city under the ice" was complete. This was a network of barracks, kitchens, field hospitals, storerooms and gun emplacements under the ice connected by 12 km of tunnels.
The conflict proceeded as a work of mining and countermining through rock and ice. The Austrians managed to create a large enough hole from which they could direct artillery fire towards the Italians. But the Italians, after learning that they were under fire, accelerated the countermining work, and thanks to the help of drilling machines in a short time they managed to reach under the enemy positions, which were blown up in several points, eliminating the danger of artillery attack.
The Italians could bring much greater numbers and more regular supplies to the Marmolada, so the Austro-Hungarians were on the defensive, digging more and more shelters in the ice and rock in order to hold their positions. Other than mining and countermining, and artillery and grenade attacks there was no movement on this front until the Italians abandoned their positions after Caporetto.
The Adamello-Presanella sector
The first action in this sector was a surprise Italian attack on 9 June 1915 by the ""Morbegno battalion" on the Presena glacier at the north end of the Adamello: however they were detected and forced back by sniper fire. On 5 July the Austro-Hungarians responded with a surprise attack on the Italian garrison of Lago di Campo at the southern end. Despite heavy losses the Italians managed to repel the attack, forcing their opponents to retreat to their starting positions. On July 15 the Austrians pressed a new attack on the Giuseppe Garibaldi refuge but the defenders managed, once again, to resist. On 25 August the Italians renewed their attack in the north; this time the Alpini attacked the creste di Monticelli at night and surprised the Austro-Hungarians; once they had the ridge, fortification works began immediately. However further Italian attacks on the Presena glacier on 14 September and on 30 October failed before winter set in and fighting became impossible.
The following spring hostilities resumed on 12 April, when the Alpini at the Giuseppe Garibaldi refuge successfully attacked the Austrian defensive line between Lobbia Alta and Monte Fumo. A further attack was launched between 29 and 30 April, towards the Cavento Pass. For the first time in this area, heavy artillery was used to support the infantry. Despite the lack of winter camouflage that forced them to fight in grey-green uniforms, the Italians managed to take the Austro-Hungarian positions on the crozzon del Diavolo between 1 and 4 May. After this the front more or less came to a standstill. To bring light supplies such as food and wine up to their front lines, the Italians changed from using mules to using dogs, as they were faster and needed less food.
The front remained calm through most of 1917. The main operation was the Italian seizure of the Corno di Cavento in 15 June 15. On 27 September Austro-Hungarian attacked the town of Ponte di Legno with incendiary bombs and shells, destroying it and forcing its inhabitants to flee.
Because this sector was at the western limits of the front, Italian troops were not withdrawn after the defeat at Caporetto as they were in the Dolomites and elsewhere, and fighting continued into 1918. The main operation of the year in this sector, known as the "White Battle", took place between 25 and 28 May. Seven battalions of Italian troops together with Arditi, machine gunners and around 200 pieces of artillery attacked and took the Presena glacier and nearby peaks.
On 13 June the Austro-Hungarians launched a last attack to try to break the Italian lines. They threw all their remaining forces into the ”Avalanche offensive” in the hope of trying to create a Caporetto-style breakthrough in the Alps. Without German support however they made no headway and the attack foundered in its first day.
Exactly one year after losing the Corno di Cavento, on June 15, the Austro-Hungarians managed to regain it by digging a tunnel in the glacier, but the Italians were able to eject them again on July 19 and hold it thereafter. In another attack on 13 August the Alpini managed to regain the Torrione d'Albiolo, lost at the beginning of the war in 1915.
On 1 November 1918 the final Italian attack came, this time on the Tonale Pass. The Austrians were no longer able to resist. Whole units surrendered and the Italian army was able to advance rapidly into the entire Val di Sole and on to Trento. This brought the war in Adamello to an end.
The Ortles-Cevedale sector
The Ortles-Cevedale peaks, on average 500m higher than those in the other two sectors, offered the most extreme conditions of all the Alpine battlefields. The ground here was also unusually hard, making the building of trenches and tunnels extremely difficult. These conditions made it almost impossible for either side to mount a decisive attack in the other, so the front was relatively static here. The major conflict here was the Battle of San Matteo, which took place in August 1918 on Punta San Matteo (3,678 meters). This was the highest altitude fighting seen anywhere in the First World War.
Prisoners of war
The effort of maintaining a solid front line in such extreme conditions was enormous and required enormous reserves of labour. For this reason, the Austro-Hungarian command compelled the local inhabitants of the valleys behind the front line – including women and children – to work for them.
As these were not sufficient, the Austrians also drafted in prisoners of war captured on the eastern front, although the Hague Convention of 1907 prohibited this. These men were made to do the hardest and riskiest jobs, such as the construction of cableways and trails. They were also used away from the front line, in the valleys doing agricultural work, taking the place of those who had had to leave for the front. In 1915 there were around 27,000 prisoners in the Tyrol, but after this the count of both the living and the dead was soon lost.
These men tried to escape every day, sometimes providing intelligence to the Italian Alpini who were only a few hundred metres away. At the Carè Alto refuge in Adamello, Russian prisoners built an Orthodox church which still stands today.
See also
Alpini and Mountain Artillery formations in World War I
Heldenkampf in Schnee und Eis (propaganda film)
Mines on the Italian front (World War I)
Museum of the White War in Adamello
Austro-Hungarian fortifications on the Italian border
Mountain warfare
Further reading
Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Heereswesen; War Records, Vienna (publ.): Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914–1918. 1931 vom Verlag der Militärwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, Vienna (archive.org).
Jordan, Alexander: Krieg um die Alpen. Der Erste Weltkrieg im Alpenraum und der bayerische Grenzschutz in Tirol. (Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungen 35), Berlin 2008 (mit ausführlicher Darstellung von Forschungsstand und Literatur).
Wolfgang Etschmann: Die Südfront 1915–1918. In: Klaus Eisterer, Rolf Steininger (eds.): Tirol und der Erste Weltkrieg. (= Innsbrucker Forschungen zur Zeitgeschichte, Band 12), Vienna/Innsbruck 1995, pp. 27–60.
Hubert Fankhauser, Wilfried Gallin: Unbesiegt und doch geschlagen. Der Gebirgskrieg an Kärntens Grenze, 1915–1917. Verlagsbuchhandlung Stöhr, Vienna, 2005.
Ingomar Pust: Die steinerne Front. Vom Isonzo zur Piave. Auf den Spuren des Gebirgskrieges in den Julischen Alpen. Ares, Graz, 3rd edn. 2009. .
Walther Schaumann: Schauplätze des Gebirgskrieges in 5 Bänden. Ghedina & Tassotti Editori, Cortina, 1973.
Gabriele und Walther Schaumann: Unterwegs vom Plöckenpass zum Kanaltal. Auf den Spuren der Karnischen Front, 1915–1917. Mohorjeva – Hermagoras, Klagenfurt, 2004 (with tour guide)
Der einsame Krieg. Hornung, Munich 1974, , Athesia, Issues. 2–7, 1976-2007, .
Spielhahnstoss und Edelweiss – Die Geschichte der Kaiserschützen. Leopold Stocker, Graz 1977, .
Heinz von Lichem: Der Tiroler Hochgebirgskrieg 1915–1918 im Luftbild. Steiger, Innsbruck 1985, .
Heinz von Lichem: Gebirgskrieg 1915–1918. (3 vols.), Athesia, Bozen.
Ortler, Adamello, Gardasee. (Vol. 1) 1996, .
Die Dolomitenfront von Trient bis zum Kreuzbergsattel. (Vol. 2) 1997, .
Erwin Steinböck: Die Kämpfe um den Plöckenpaß 1915/17. Militärhistorische Schriftenreihe, Heft 2. Österreichischer Bundesverlag Gesellschaft m. b. H., Vienna 1988, .
Uwe Nettelbeck: Der Dolomitenkrieg. Zweitausendeins: Frankfurt/M. 1979. Eine Neuausgabe erschien 2014, bebildert und mit einem Nachwort von Detlev Claussen. Berenberg, Berlin, .
With focus on combatants:
Walter Gauss: Kreuze in Ladinien im Herzen von Ladinien. Athesia Bozen 2000.
Vasja Klavora: Plavi Križ. Mohorjeva založba, Celovec/Ljubljana/Dunaj 1993 (slowenisch).
Manfried Rauchensteiner: Der Tod des Doppeladlers. Österreich-Ungarn und der Erste Weltkrieg. Graz/Wien/Köln 1997.
Mark Thompson: The White War. Life and Death on the Italian Front 1915–1919. Faber and Faber, London 2008.
With focus on the Mountain War:
Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms. Erstausgabe: Jonathan Cape Limited, 1929. Arrow Books, London 1994.
Luis Trenker: Berge in Flammen. Ein Roman aus den Schicksalstagen Südtirols. 1931.
References
Military history of Italy during World War I
Wars of Italian unification
Military operations of World War I involving Austria-Hungary |
75197740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valledor | Valledor | Valledor may refer to:
People
Jacinto Valledor (1744–1809), Spanish composer
Leo Valledor (1936–1989), Filipino-American painter
Other uses
Lo Valledor metro station, metro station in Chile
San Martín del Valledor, parish in Spain
San Salvador del Valledor, parish in Spain |
68000688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis%20datzorum | Anolis datzorum | Anolis datzorum is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Central America.
Etymology
The specific name, datzorum (genitive plural), is in honor of German philanthropists Erika Datz and her brother Walter Datz for their support of biodiversity research.
Geographic range
A. datzorum is found in Costa Rica and Panama.
Habitat
The preferred natural habitat of A. datzorum is forest, at altitudes of .
Description
Medium-sized for its genus, A. datzorum may attain a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of about . It has relatively short back legs, no enlarged middorsal scales, keeled ventral scales at midbody, a white to yellowish dewlap in males, and an overall greenish coloration.
Behavior
A. datzorum is terrestrial and semiarboreal.
Reproduction
A. datzorum is oviparous.
References
Further reading
Köhler G, Ponce M, Sunyer J, Batista A (2007). "Four New Species of Anoles (Genus Anolis) from the Serranía de Tabasará, West-Central Panama (Squamata: Polychrotidae)". Herpetologica 63 (3): 375–391. (Anolis datzorum, new species).
Köhler G, Vargas J (2010). "Anolis datzorum Köhler, Ponce, Sunyer & Batista, 2007, an addition to the known herpetofauna of Costa Rica". Herpetozoa 23 (1/2): 95–98.
Lotzkat S, Köhler J, Hertz A, Köhler G (2010). "Morphology and colouration of male Anolis datzorum (Squamata: Polychrotidae)". Salamandra 46 (1): 48–52.
Anoles
Reptiles of Costa Rica
Reptiles of Panama
Reptiles described in 2007
Taxa named by Gunther Köhler |
22414140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse%20Festival | Eclipse Festival | Eclipse Festival is an electronic music festival held in Quebec, Canada during the summer. Biennial (on even years, with the exception of a 2017 edition), this festival is a weekend-long international gathering of visual and musical art. It features a symbiosis of dance, open philosophies, performance art, human (and spiritual) experiences.
History
The first edition of the Eclipse Festival was an indoor party that happened in Montreal in the end of April of the year 1999. After two years of absence, they came back in September 2002, with another indoor party. The festival has been happening every year since then, inviting electronic music producers and DJs from all over the world.
The 2003 edition of the Eclipse Festival happened in the outdoors near Mont-Tremblant, Quebec. People were invited to bring their tents and camp there. Since that year, the festival officially became an outdoor festival. The 2004 edition was held in Ste-Agathe, Quebec. In 2005 they moved the location to Ste-Therese-de-la-Gatineau, which is a lot farther from the big cities, but which is also a bigger place with big open fields and a beach on the river. They used the same location for all the other events after that, except in 2007, when the festival happened at the ecovillage at Mont-Radar and in 2014, when it happened at Awacamenj‐Mino Camp in Wakefield.
See also
List of electronic music festivals
References
External links
Eclipse Festival Official Website
Video article from Radio-Canada (French)
Music festivals established in 1999
Music festivals in Quebec
Electronic music festivals in Canada |
24782280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20school | Music school | A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department (of a larger institution), conservatory, conservatorium or conservatoire ( , ). Instruction consists of training in the performance of musical instruments, singing, musical composition, conducting, musicianship, as well as academic and research fields such as musicology, music history and music theory.
Music instruction can be provided within the compulsory general education system, or within specialized children's music schools such as the Purcell School. Elementary-school children can access music instruction also in after-school institutions such as music academies or music schools. In Venezuela El Sistema of youth orchestras provides free after-school instrumental instruction through music schools called núcleos.
The term "music school" can also be applied to institutions of higher education under names such as school of music, such as the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester; music academy, like the Sibelius Academy or the Royal Academy of Music, London; music faculty as the Don Wright Faculty of Music of the University of Western Ontario; college of music, characterized by the Royal College of Music and the Berklee College of Music; music department, like the Department of Music at the University of California, Santa Cruz; or the term conservatory, exemplified by the Conservatoire de Paris and the New England Conservatory. In other parts of Europe, the equivalents of higher school of music or university of music may be used, such as the (Cologne University of Music).
History
Although music in general and music education may have been in existence for thousands of years, the earliest history is speculative. Even when history starts to be recorded, music is mentioned more frequently than music education. Within the biblical tradition, Hebrew litany was accompanied with rich music, but the Torah or Pentateuch was silent on the practice and instruction of music in the early life of Israel. However, by I Samuel 10, Alfred Sendrey suggests that we find "a sudden and unexplained upsurge of large choirs and orchestras, consisting of thoroughly organized and trained musical groups, which would be virtually inconceivable without lengthy, methodical preparation". This has led some scholars to believe that the prophet Samuel was the patriarch of a school which taught not only prophets and holy men, but also sacred-rite musicians.
The schola cantorum (papal choir) in Rome may be the first recorded music school in history, when Gregory the Great (540–604) made permanent an existing guild dating from the 4th century (schola originally referred more to a guild rather than school). The school consisted of monks, secular clergy, and boys. Wells Cathedral School, England founded as a Cathedral School in 909 AD to educate choristers, continues today to educate choristers and teaches instrumentalists.
Saint Martial school, 10th to 12th century, was an important school of composition at the Abbey of Saint Martial, Limoges. It is known for the composition of tropes, sequences, and early organum. In this respect, it was an important precursor to the Notre Dame School. It was the Notre Dame school (late 12th and early 13th century) which was the earliest repertory of polyphonic (multipart) music to gain international prestige and circulation. The school was a group of composers and singers working under the patronage of the great Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. First records on Escolania de Montserrat, boys' choir linked to a music school, back to 1307 and still continues the musical education.
Renaissance
The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (National Academy of St Cecilia) is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world, based in Italy. It is based at the Auditorium Parco della Musica in Rome, and was founded by the papal bull, Ratione congruit, issued by Sixtus V in 1585, which invoked two saints prominent in Western musical history: Gregory the Great, for whom the Gregorian chant is named, and Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of music. It was founded as a "congregation" or "confraternity" – a religious guild, so to speak – and over the centuries, has grown from a forum for local musicians and composers to an internationally acclaimed academy active in music scholarship (with 100 prominent music scholars forming the body of the Accademia) to music education (in its role as a conservatory) to performance (with an active choir and symphony orchestra).
The term conservatory has its origin in 16th-century Renaissance Italy, where orphanages (conservatori) were attached to hospitals. The orphans (conservati 'saved') were given a musical education there, and the term gradually applied to music schools. These hospitals-conservatories were among the first secular institutions equipped for practical training in music. By the 18th century, Italian conservatories were already playing a major role in the training of artists and composers.
16th–18th centuries
In the city of Naples, a conservatorio was strictly a secular place for teaching and learning specializing in music education. There were already four conservatories in Naples active in the 16th and 18th century:
I poveri di Gesù Cristo ('The Paupers of Jesus Christ'), founded in 1599 by Marcello Fossataro, already included in their official record a magister musicæ and magister lyræ in 1633;
Santa Maria di Loreto was founded in 1535, where the composer Giovan Battista Pergolesi (1710–1736) studied;
La pietà dei turchini was founded in 1583 and the earliest findings suggest musical activity around the year 1615;
Sant'Onofrio a porta Capuana was founded in 1578, was the first conservatory in the world. Here the composer Giovanni Paisiello (1740–1816) studied and then taught, started teaching music in the mid-1600 and in the following decades will give more priority to the opera buffa;
plus one only for girls called dell'Annunziata.
It is in these very institutions that the so-called Scuola Musicale Napoletana was developed, thanks to the work of musicians and educators like Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725) and Francesco Durante (1684–1755), who was also Pergolesi's and Paisiello's teacher.
The Palermo Conservatory was founded by the viceroy De Castro in 1617; the teaching of music was introduced there many decades later, with lessons in choral singing and violin.
18th-19th centuries
It was the example set in Naples, where admission was by competitive examination and tuition was free, that was then copied, with modifications, in many European cities, including Paris (1795), Bologna (1804), Milan (1807), Warsaw (1810), Florence and Prague (1811), Vienna (1821), London (1822), the Hague (1826), Liège (1827); a bit later two conservatories were founded in Russia by Rubinstein brothers – Anton in Saint Petersburg (1862) and Nikolai in Moscow (1866). The second half of the 19th century saw the network expanding to the Americas, Rio de Janeiro (1847), Boston (1853), Baltimore and Chicago (1868), Havana (1885), and Buenos Aires (1893). Establishments for advanced training in music were organized in the 1940s in several Asian and African countries, including Iraq, Lebanon, and Kenya.
To this extent, projects like El Sistema are more in line with the tradition set in Italy (where tuition at conservatories remains still free) than in an English-speaking country, where students have a very selective access to bursaries (see the Royal Academy of Music or the Royal College of Music in the UK).
Primary and secondary education
Specialist music schools
Specialist music schools exist in many countries and whose purpose is to identify, and assist, children with exceptional potential, to benefit from world-class specialist training as part of a broad and balanced education, which will enable them, if they choose, to proceed towards self-sustaining careers in music. These schools may be formally or informally attached to a conservatory. Entry is typically between the ages of ages 8 and 18 and admission is through competitive audition. Schools may be public or independent; where schools are independent, pupils may be in receipt of governmental or private scholarships. Typically as students progress through the school the time spent on music increases and on academic subjects decrease. These schools usually teach only instrumentalists but may also include choristers.
Some schools (like conservatories) are broader and may cover the performing arts: music, drama, dance.
Music schools within schools
Many music schools are located within existing schools. The pattern is quite diverse and may include:
Specialist music units in Scotland, where students are drawn from an area wider than the host schools catchment. Students will receive specialist music tuition within the music school but are fully integrated within the host school for other lessons. Entry to the specialist music unit or school is by competitive audition, which also effectively gives entry to the host school.
Many public or independent schools contain music departments, some of which achieve high standards. These are sometimes referred to as Music schools. Music Colleges in England are schools that get additional private and governmental money to specialize in music. Entry is to the host school and musical ability is not an admission requirement. Schools which perform highly may specialize in an additional area for example sports or technology.
Music schools also frequently operate from church facilities.
Pre-college divisions
Many conservatories or other tertiary-level institutions have pre-college divisions or junior departments for children of school age. Typically the curriculum includes individual lesson(s), orchestra, chamber music, theory, musicianship, composition and music technology. Classes are usually held on a Saturday and children attend normal schools during the week.
Music schools outside the general education system
Non-governmental or private schools of music offer music education outside the general education system for students aged 4 to 20+ years. In general, students attend these schools weekend or evening. These schools are typically provided by individuals, charitable or commercial organizations.
Tertiary education
Conservatory
A conservatory of music may also be known in English as conservatoire (chiefly in the UK), conservatorium (in Australia), academy or college. Some schools or conservatories are exclusively focused on music. Others have a wider focus, for example covering music, drama and dance. Conservatories are suitable for students who wish to develop their performance, conducting, or composition to a professional standard. Typically, they offer a high percentage of practical training combined with academic study and professional development for those considering a career in the creative arts. Individual teaching is the strength of most components.
Students have the opportunity to perform, conduct or have their music played on a regular basis, both informally and in public.
This may be solo or as part of an orchestra, ensemble or band. Typically, conservatories focus on Western classical music. However, some schools focus on traditional instruments, such as Chinese instruments. Others may have departments for traditional music which includes both traditional and classical instruments, for example bagpipes alongside the fiddle.
Alternatively, students can focus on jazz, world music or pop music.
The time required to complete music degrees is generally not much different from degrees in other fields, i.e. 3–4 years for a Bachelor of Music degree, 1–2 years for a Master of Music degree, and 3–5 years for a Doctor of Musical Arts or Doctor of Music Degree. A PhD degree can be gained for areas such as musicology, music theory, music composition, music education, or music therapy. Some schools may offer a non-academic degree that is solely performance based, such as the (United States) A.D. or Artist Diploma; this may be offered at the undergraduate and/or graduate level.
University schools of music
University music departments originally placed more emphasis on academic study of music, rather than performance. However, today, the division may not be so rigid, with many often placing greater emphasis on performance now than they did in the past. The specific balance of vocational training and academic study varies from one institution to another, and from one country to another.
Some countries separately define their institutions between university status and vocational university status, whilst other countries do not define such a rigid division. In addition to offering degrees similar to those offered at conservatories, some universities offer non-professional music-related degrees such as a Bachelor of Arts in Music or a Bachelor of Arts in Music Education. A number of previously independent conservatories have become affiliated to universities
See also
Country-specific pages
Music schools in Scotland
Music schools in the United Kingdom
Music schools in the United States
:Category:Music schools by country
Lists
List of university and college schools of music
List of pre-college music schools
National and international organisations
Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music
Conservatoires UK
European Association of Conservatoires
(United States) National Association of Schools of Music
Diplomas
First Prize
Bachelor of Music
Master of Music
Doctor of Musical Arts
References
External links
School
Music schools
Music school |
65910189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian%20Giacomo%20Bartolotti | Gian Giacomo Bartolotti | Gian Giacomo Bartolotti () was an Italian physician from Parma who practiced in Venice. He was the son of the physician Pellegrino Bartolotti, and a nephew of Francesco Bartolotti. He published a history of medicine of the period, Opusculum de antiquitate medicinae.
Life
Bartolotti studied at Bologna in 1491 and at Ferrara where his teachers included Antonio Cittadini and of Sebastiano Dell’Aquila. He may have served as a naval doctor on a Venetian fleet in the middle east. In 1511–12 he became prior at the Collegio de' medici fisici of Venice and lived at least until 1530. The date of death is unknown. He is believed to be the author of an anonymous piece of "Macaronic poetry" which mocks the older generation of surgeons including his father and uncle who believed that trephining was the only cure for skull fractures while he was a rationalist following Hippocratic tradition.
Works
Bartolotti translated, in dialogue form, a treatise attributed to Cebes, a disciple of Socrates and wrote a treatise on ancient medicine Opusculum de antiquitate medicinae (or Dell' Antica Medicina).
References
External links
Opusculum de antiquitate medicinae ad Nicolaum Mariam Estensem episcopum Adriensis (1520 manuscript version at the Vatican Library)
16th-century Italian physicians
Historians of science |
25486625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Colleges%20Athletic%20Association | Ontario Colleges Athletic Association | The Ontario Colleges Athletic Association (OCAA) is the governing body of all intercollegiate sports in the Canadian province of Ontario. The OCAA is a part of the Canadian Colleges Athletic Association. The OCAA, with Ontario University Athletics, governs post-secondary school educational sports in Ontario.
Members
Algonquin College Wolves
Collège Boréal Vipères
Cambrian College Golden Shield
Canadore College Panthers
Centennial College Colts
La Cité collégiale Coyotes
Conestoga College Condors
Confederation College Thunder Hawks
Durham College Lords
Fanshawe College Falcons
Fleming College Knights
George Brown College Huskies
Georgian College Grizzlies
Humber College Hawks
Lakehead University Timberwolves
Lambton College Lions
Loyalist College Lancers
Mohawk College Mountaineers
Niagara College Knights
Redeemer University Royals
St. Clair College Saints
St. Lawrence College Surge
Sault College Cougars
Seneca College Sting
Sheridan College Bruins
University of Toronto Mississauga Eagles
Wilfrid Laurier University-Brantford Golden Hawks
Sports
Badminton – Men's and Women's
Basketball – Men's and Women's
Cross Country Running – Men's and Women's
Curling – Men's, Women's and Mixed
Fastball – Women's
Golf – Men's and Women's
Soccer – Men's and Women's
Rugby – Men's (division 1 and 2) and Women's
Volleyball – Men's and Women's
Indoor Soccer – Men's and Women's
Baseball – Men's
History of the OCAA
Founded on June 9, 1967, as a result of an increasing need expressed by several institutions in the province to develop sport, fitness and recreational opportunities at the college level, the Association was founded by members of seven institutions across the province: Algonquin College, Centennial College, Fanshawe College, George Brown College, Mohawk College, Northern College and St. Clair College. Forty-eight teams competed in the eight OCAA sanctioned sports. Ten more colleges joined the fold in 1968 and by 1971 the OCAA was an athletic conference with 30 members. The largest percentage of growth in participation occurred in 1982-83 when the Association initiated a tiered system in some of its league sports. This system enabled colleges to participate and develop in the league structure.
1971 also brought about the beginning of inter-provincial competitions, with Ontario and Quebec playing off in seven sports. The following year, East met West and the Canadian Colleges Athletic Association (CCAA) was founded.
As the OCAA continued to grow and develop, the administration for the Association also experienced change. In the early years, an executive committee directed the affairs with the first members of the OCAA's executive committee including Hal Wilson, President (Algonquin); Gord Smith, vice-president (Lambton); and Joe Marko, Secretary-Treasurer (Mohawk). The day-to-day affairs of the Association were managed by the Executive and 26 Senior and Junior Convenors.
Since then, the OCAA Executive has expanded to seven positions: President, Past President, 1st Vice President and four vice-presidents. Perhaps the most important development of the OCAA, from an administrative and program development perspective, was the hiring of an executive director in August 1976. This and the establishment of a Central Office, enabled the OCAA to professionalize its operations and give its members a focal point for continued growth.
As excellence became a more integral part of the OCAA mandate, initiatives such as the Media Guide & Directory, and the weekly Newsletter “The Record” gave member institutions a higher profile in the sport community and with the media.
In 1983, the OCAA hosted the National Championships in Toronto and North Bay where more than 700 athletes competed in six national championships events. Most observers agree that no other CCAA conference has come close to matching the hosting job Ontario did that year. The OCAA is still a member of the CCAA and remains active in hosting various national championships.
In May 1984, in response to the need of enhance women's programs offered in the OCAA, the Association, with Seneca's Bonnie Bacvar as chairperson, established the Women's Sport Development Committee. During its tenure, this committee undertook a number of innovative projects promoting OCAA women's sports to high school students and establishing an ongoing professional development seminar for administrators and coaches for women's athletic programs. In 1993-94 the committee was honoured with a national award from the CCAA in recognition of its leadership and innovation.
It has been a major boost to the OCAA that the Central Office is located in the Sport Alliance of Ontario (SAO) building (formerly the Ontario Sport & Recreation Centre) in Toronto since 1991 allowing the organization to be surrounded by numerous Provincial Sport Organizations (PSO's) which facilitates cooperative programming.
The OCAA's growth and development has not been limited solely to membership and varsity success. In an effort to increase activity and healthy living within the student population, the OCAA and the Ontario College Committee on Campus Recreation (OCCCR) developed the Active Living Challenge. This program was created to enable a greater portion of the student body to receive the health benefits which recreational and competitive activity can provide.
In 2009-2010 the OCAA's 30 members compete in 14 league (7) and tournament sports (7). In nine of these sports, the OCAA Champion go on to compete nationally within the Canadian Colleges Athletic Association (CCAA).
A high standard of competition has already been achieved by Ontario college teams both at the Provincial and National levels. In 2008-09 OCAA institutions produced outstanding National Championship performances which included the Algonquin College Men's Soccer reaching their fifth consecutive national championship final and medal, including capturing the 2006-2007 National Championship title for the second time in six seasons and most recently a silver medal in 2008–09. Algonquin's program continued their national medal haul in both men's basketball and volleyball both capturing bronze.
The women were also successful on the national scene as OCAA Cross-Country runner Dawn Martin of St. Lawrence College - Brockville captured bronze in. In team competition, the Sheridan women's basketball team made history as the first OCAA team capturing the silver medal.
Other notable accomplishments in OCAA history include the Humber Hawks Men's Basketball team earning three consecutive National Championships (1990–93); the Seneca Scouts Women's Volleyball team capturing seven consecutive Provincial Championships (1989–96); the Sheridan Bruins Men's Volleyball team for their unprecedented six consecutive gold medals at the Ontario Championships (1988–94); and in 1996–97, Durham and Humber advancing to the first all-Ontario final at the National Men's Basketball Championship, a feat not repeated again until 2000-2001 when Humber and Sheridan met at Humber.
In 2003 the OCAA set up a Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame recognizes the accomplishments of the Athletes, Coaches and Builders who have passed through the Association. On April 30, 2003, 265 people attended the inaugural induction ceremony in Toronto. In 2005, members again gathered in Hamilton to honour 30 new members and in 2007 the OCAA added another 37 were inducted in a ceremony in Oshawa.
In 2009, the OCAA inducted 87 new members including members of the All-Millennium team's for Fastball, Soccer and Badminton in Windsor.
OCAA Hall of Fame
The OCAA Hall of Fame was established in the year 2003 to honour the achievements of its former athletes, coaches and builders. On April 30, 2003, 265 people attended the inaugural induction ceremony in Toronto to pay tribute to the first 103 inductees, and celebrate the OCAA's rich history. In 2005, members of the OCAA gathered in Hamilton, Ontario to honour 30 new members inducted into the prestigious Hall of Fame and in 2007 another 37 new members were inducted at the ceremony in Oshawa. In 2009 100 members were recognized in the fourth OCAA Hall of Fame Ceremony in Windsor, Ontario.
Ice hockey
Ice hockey was once a big sport in the OCAA. From 1967 until the 2000s, the sport was played as an intercollegiate sport, but in 2004 down to just three schools (St. Clair, Humber, Fleming), the league chose not to operate any longer. The Windsor St. Clair Saints operated for four more seasons, two touring to play American Colleges and two in the Ontario Hockey Association's Senior "AAA" Loop, Major League Hockey, in contention for the Allan Cup. The Saints folded in 2008. In 2009, the Nipissing Lakers joined the Ontario University Athletics Hockey League.
Most of these schools still operate intramural leagues and even varsity teams, but there is no formal league to play in. The former championship trophy resides at St. Clair College in Windsor, Ontario.
See also
Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association
Colleges
University and college sports in Canada
College athletics conferences in Canada
Student sports governing bodies |
52953393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburger | Augsburger | The is an endangered German breed of domestic chicken. It originates from the area of the city of Augsburg, in the Swabian region of the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany. It was bred in the nineteenth century, and derives mostly from the French La Flèche breed. It is the only chicken breed of Bavarian origin.
History
The Augsburger was created by Julius Meyer, of the small town of Haunstetten, now part of the city of Augsburg, in the Swabian region of the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany. In 1870 or 1880, he cross-bred birds of the French La Flèche breed, prized for the quality of its meat, with an Italian breed or type – now extinct – named Lamotta, which was a good layer of eggs. The aim was to create a dual-purpose chicken which would combine both qualities. The first written description of the Augsburger is that of Jean Bungartz in 1885.
The Augsburger became popular, and spread to the area of Stuttgart and as far as the Black Forest. A breeders' association was formed in 1923 at Mühlhausen, in the Ruhr, but did not last long. Under the National Socialist régime the Augsburger was not officially recognised, and could not be exhibited at poultry shows. In 1938 a new breeders' association, the Sonderverein der Züchter des Augsburger Huhnes, was formed. From the 1960s the Augsburger began to suffer from competition from specialised high-productivity breeds, and its popularity waned.
Today the Augsburger is a rare breed. It is listed in category I, "extremely endangered", on the Rote Liste of the Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen. In 2005, 40 cocks and 164 hens were recorded; in 2009 there were 35 breeders with 64 cocks and 289 hens.
A bantam Augsburger was recognised in 1975.
Characteristics
The Augsburger is well adapted to the climatic conditions of its area of origin, the Bavarian Plateau. The usual plumage colouring is black, with greenish lights; after the Re-unification of Germany in 1990, a new colour variant, blue-laced, was added to the standard. The Augsburger has an unusual cup-shaped or rose-comb, similar to that of the Siciliana breed of Sicily, and quite unlike the v-shaped comb of the La Flèche breed. The earlobes are white.
Use
The Augsburger is a dual-purpose breed, with good meat qualities. Hens lay approximately 180 white eggs per year, which average in weight.
References
Chicken breeds
Chicken breeds originating in Germany
Animal breeds on the GEH Red List |
24013130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Bhagyalakshmi | J. Bhagyalakshmi | J. Bhagyalakshmi is an Indian journalist, poet, and novelist.
Bhagyalakshmi studied English Literature and trained in mass communication. She also obtained diplomas in Energo-Cybernatic Strategy Advance Management, Public relations and Book publishing Under Commonwealth Programme she completed a course in Publications and Design at COI, London. She also visited Bangladesh and Japan to study Rural development under the aegis of SAARC and Afro-Asian Rural Reconstruction Organisation.
Formerly of Indian Information Services, she held various media positions including Director (Media), (Ministry of Rural Development, and Chief Editor Yojana, (a magazine which is brought out in 13 languages). She taught at the Indian Institute of Mass Communication and headed the Department of Publications. She was Editor Communicator (IIMC), and also worked for Indian and Foreign Review (Ministry of External Affairs). As Editor, Publications Division she edited a number of books on varied themes.
In the beginning of her career she worked with the Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity and with Union Public Service Commission as Research Officer.
J. Bhagyalakshmi who made a mark as a bilingual writer has over 45 publications to her credit. Her work appeared in Triveni, and Vidura.
Works
Ivy Compton-Burnett and Her Art, Mittal Publications, 1986
Capital witness: selected writings of G.K. Reddy Allied, 1991,
Happiness Unbound, Konark Publ., 1999,
A Knock at the Door, Konark Publishers, 2004,
When Fortune Smiled (all collections of poems)
Kadedi Kavitakanarham: Maromajili and Maadee Swatantra Desam, Viśālāndhra Pabliṣiṅg Haus, 1987, (Telugu short stories)
Ravindra geetalu (Gitanjali & The Crescent Noon in Telugu)
Kathabharati (Hindi Short stories in Telugu)
Living with Honour (Shiv Khera's book in Telugu)
The Mind of Mahatma (Telugu)
Human Rights (Telugu)
I Will Not Let Time Sleep (N. Gopi's poems in English)
Dew Drops (Vemuri Balaram's work in English)
Abdul Kalam Kavitalu (Telugu translation of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's Poetry).
That's OK: Tammanna and Other Reveries, Alokparva Prakashan, 2007, is her collection of newspaper columns in English.
References
Indian columnists
Indian women journalists
20th-century Indian translators
English-language writers from India
Telugu writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indian women columnists
Indian women translators
Telugu women writers
20th-century women writers
20th-century Indian women |
10498870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Byng%2C%203rd%20Viscount%20Torrington | George Byng, 3rd Viscount Torrington | Major General George Byng, 3rd Viscount Torrington (21 September 1701 – 7 April 1750) (styled The Honourable George Byng from 1721 to 1747), of Southill Park in Bedfordshire, was a British Army officer and peer.
Origins
He was the 2nd surviving son of Admiral George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington (1663–1733), of Southill Park in Bedfordshire.
Career
He succeeded his childless elder brother Pattee Byng, 2nd Viscount Torrington (1699–1747) to the viscountcy and the family seat at Southill Park in Bedfordshire.
From 1742 to 1748, Byng was Colonel of the 4th Regiment of Marines. From 1749 to 1750 he was Colonel of the 48th Regiment of Foot. He ended his military career with the rank of Major General.
Marriage and children
On 21 August 1736 he married Elizabeth Daniel, a granddaughter of Sir Peter Daniel, by whom he had two children:
George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington (1740–1812)
John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington (1743–1813)
Death and burial
He died on 7 April 1750 and was buried in the Byng Mausoleum in the Church of All Saints in Southill, Bedfordshire, built for the burial of his father.
See also
Viscount Torrington
References
|-
1701 births
1750 deaths
48th Regiment of Foot officers
British Army major generals
Viscounts in the Peerage of Great Britain
George |
29735293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Hassaine | El Hassaine | El Hassaine-Béni Yahi is a town and commune in Mostaganem Province, Algeria. It is located in Aïn Nouïssy District.
Communes of Mostaganem Province |
5592770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Jody%20Dobrowski | Murder of Jody Dobrowski | Jody Dobrowski (27 June 1981 – 15 October 2005) was an English 24-year-old assistant bar manager who was murdered on Clapham Common in south London. On 14 October, at around midnight, he was beaten to death with punches and kicks by two men who believed him to be gay, and pronounced dead in the early hours of 15 October. Tests carried out at St. George's Hospital in Tooting, South London revealed Dobrowski had a swollen brain, broken nose and extensive bruising to his neck, spine and groin. His family was unable to identify him due to his face being so badly disfigured and he had to be identified by fingerprints.
His two assailants, Thomas Pickford and Scott Walker, pleaded guilty to the murder of Dobrowski at the Old Bailey criminal court on 12 May 2006 and were sentenced to life imprisonment on 16 June 2006 with a minimum of 28 years to be served. Both men had been involved in an attack against a gay man two weeks prior to the murder of Dobrowski. Walker had been out on licence due to threats against his mother but the licence had expired the day before the murder; however, it had not expired at the time of the previous homophobic assault.
This was a landmark case in Britain, where Section 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 was utilised in sentencing the killers. This Act empowers courts to impose tougher sentences for offences motivated or aggravated by the victim's sexual orientation in England and Wales. The trial judge was Brian Barker QC.
Background
Dobrowski was born on 27 June 1983 Stroud, Gloucestershire, England. He studied BSc Biomedical Sciences with Toxicology at the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff and moved to London in 2001. There he got a job as show manager at the Battersea Jongleurs/Bar Risa club, the flagship venue of the famous stand-up comedy club chain. A few weeks prior to his murder, Dobrowski was offered an assistant manager position at the Camden Lock branch of the club.
In an interview with The Times, the bouncer for the club that Dobrowski worked at said, "if you had met this gentleman, you would know him to be a fresh-faced young man who never said a nasty word to anyone, even to the drunks who came in off the street. That was his way: a kind, sweet guy." After the sentencing of Pickford and Walker, Dobrowski's family made a joint statement describing him as, "an intelligent, funny, hardworking and beautiful man, whose life was brutally and mercilessly punched and kicked from him."
The attack
The last hours of Dobrowski's life are not totally clear. On Friday 14 October 2005 it is reported that he visited friends in Clapham where he had worked prior to moving clubs for his promotion. He left friends at around 10.15pm and was a ten-minute walk from Clapham Common. His killers had been roaming Clapham Common after a night of drinking. The judge, Brian Barker, said that the pair had gone to Clapham Common specifically to commit acts of "homophobic thuggery". Dobrowski crossed paths with the two men who automatically assumed he was gay, as Clapham Common is a well known cruising site for gay men.
Police say there was a short exchange of words before Pickford started to throw punches at Dobrowski. Walker then joined in the attack. One witness who intervened was warned off and told, "We don't like poofters here and that's why we can kill him if we want." They then continued their attack for an unknown length of time whilst, according to witnesses, continually throwing homophobic insults. The injuries that were left were so severe a pathologist was unable to identify how many times he had been hit but did identify 33 areas of injury to the head, face, ears and neck. Dobrowski had to be identified by fingerprints. A police officer who arrived at the scene of the crime described him as, "a bloody swollen pulp." He was unconscious when found in the early hours of Saturday 15 October and died from his injuries later in hospital.
There was a lot of media attention on the attack due to its brutality, Dobrowski's sexuality, and this being considered a hate crime. Police eventually tracked down the murderers who were arrested one week after the crime and eventually confessed on 12 May 2006. In January 2006, they denied committing the offence but later recanted.
Film Clapham Junction
In 2007, UK's Channel 4 released Clapham Junction, a TV drama partially based on the murder. The film, written by Kevin Elyot and directed by Adrian Shergold, was shown for the first time on 22 July 2007, on Channel 4, almost two years after the murder. It features David Leon as Alfie Cartwright, a gay man who is subjected to a beating on Clapham Common and dies of his injuries. It was screened to mark the 40th anniversary of the decriminalisation of homosexuality in England and Wales, and highlighted violence against gays and hate crimes based on sexual orientation. It was shown a second time on More4 on 30 July 2007.
See also
Homophobia
Violence against LGBT people
Clapham Junction, the 2007 Channel 4 TV drama
References
External links
Murder on the common – The Times
Men jailed for gay barman murder – BBC
Dobrowski's family release a joint statement – PinkNews.co.uk
Deaths by person in London
2005 in London
LGBT history in England
2005 murders in the United Kingdom
2005 in LGBT history
2000s murders in London
Clapham
LGBT history in the United Kingdom
Murder in London
Violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom
Deaths by beating in the United Kingdom
Gay history
October 2005 events in the United Kingdom
Violence against gay men
Violence against men in the United Kingdom |
620748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndabaningi%20Sithole | Ndabaningi Sithole | Ndabaningi Sithole (21 July 1920 – 12 December 2000) was the founder of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), a militant, nationalist organisation that opposed the government of Rhodesia, in July 1963. Sithole's father was Ndau and his mother was Ndebele. He worked as a United Church of Christ in Zimbabwe (UCCZ) minister. He spent 10 years in prison after the government banned ZANU. A rift along tribal lines split ZANU in 1975, and he lost the 1980 elections to Robert Mugabe.
Early life
Sithole was born in Nyamandlovu, Southern Rhodesia, on 21 July 1920. He studied teaching in the United States from 1955 to 1958, and was ordained a Methodist minister in 1958. The publication of his book African Nationalism and its immediate prohibition by the minority government motivated his entry into politics. During his studies in the United States he studied at the Andover Newton Theological School and attended the First Church in Newton, founded in 1665, both located in Newton, Massachusetts.
ZANU
He was one of the founders and chief architect of Zimbabwe African National Union party in August 1963 in conjunction with Herbert Chitepo, Robert Mugabe and Edgar Tekere in the Highfields House of Enos Nkala. In 1964 there was a party Congress at Gwelo, where Sithole was elected president and appointed Robert Mugabe to be his secretary general. ZANU was banned in 1964 by Ian Smith's government. He spent 10 years in prison after being arrested on 22 June 1964 alongside Mugabe, Tekere, Nyagumbo and Takawira for his political activities. While in prison he specifically authorised Chitepo to continue the struggle from abroad as a representative of ZANU. Sithole was convicted on a charge of plotting to assassinate Ian Smith and released from prison in 1974.
On 18 March 1975 Chitepo was assassinated in Lusaka, Zambia, with a car bomb. Mugabe, in Mozambique at the time, was unanimously chosen to be the first secretary of ZANU. Later that year there was a factional split, with many Ndebele following Joshua Nkomo into the equally militant ZAPU. Sithole eventually founded the moderate ZANU-Ndonga party, which renounced violent struggle, while the Shona-dominated ZANU (now called ZANU PF) followed Mugabe with a more militant agenda.
Sithole joined Abel Muzorewa's transitional government under the Internal Settlement on 31 July 1979. Later in September 1979 he attended the Lancaster House Agreement, chaired by Lord Carrington, which paved the way for fresh elections, but his ZANU-Ndonga Party's supporters and their villages were targeted by Mugabe's ZANLA troops and it failed to win any seats in the 1980 elections.
His exit from ZANU was claimed by Mugabe to have been caused by his neglecting the fighters in Zambia (where their camp was bombed resulting in many fatalities and casualties).
Exile and return
Declaring that his life was in danger from political enemies, Sithole went into self-imposed exile first in the United Kingdom in the early-1980s and then in Silver Spring, Maryland, United States, around 1984, returning to Zimbabwe in January 1992.
He was elected to parliament for his tribal stronghold of Chipinge in southeastern Zimbabwe in 1995, and was a candidate in the 1996 presidential election (though he withdrew shortly before the election after claiming that Mugabe's ZANU-PF was undermining his campaign). In December 1997, a court tried and convicted him of conspiring with Chimwenje to assassinate Mugabe and the government disqualified him from attending parliament. Sithole's small opposition group again won the Chipinge seat in the June 2000 elections.
He was granted the right to appeal, appeal was filed, but the case was never heard by the Supreme Court. He was allowed bail because of his deteriorating health. He died on 12 December 2000, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The author of three books on African politics, he is survived by his wife, Vesta, and five adult children.
His farm, "Porta Farm" situated from Harare on Bulawayo Road, was legally purchased in 1992 under "willing buyer – willing seller" arrangements. It was later confiscated by Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF government, on the grounds that it harboured the "undesirables" of Harare. These were people who had been left homeless after being summarily evicted from shanties in Harare before the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1991. Sithole had felt compassion for them, and what he felt was the breach of their human rights; he therefore had invited some of them to stay on the farm. This incensed the government, which then carried out an eviction operation. This was co-ordinated by the Ministry of Local Government and National Housing as well as the City of Harare. Pre-dawn raids were carried out and, in the aftermath, Porta Farm was confiscated.
Books
Sithole was the most prolific Black author in Rhodesia. He published 12 books including The Polygamist, a novel published in 1972 by The Third Press/Joseph Okpaku Publishing Co., Inc., New York ().
References
External links
Interview with Ndabaningi Sithole by Tor Sellström within the project Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa – dated 25 July 1995.
1920 births
2000 deaths
People from Matabeleland North Province
Alumni of Achimota School
Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army personnel
Zimbabwean revolutionaries
People convicted of treason
Prisoners and detainees of Rhodesia
Prisoners and detainees of Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean Methodist ministers
20th-century Methodist ministers
21st-century Methodist ministers
Andover Newton Theological School alumni
Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga politicians
Zimbabwean expatriates in the United States
Members of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe
Rhodesian Methodist clergy |
69296374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.%20Taylor%20Phillips | N. Taylor Phillips | Naphtali Taylor Phillips (December 5, 1868 – April 30, 1955) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
Life
Phillips was born on December 5, 1868, in New York City, New York, the son of Isaac Phillips and Miriam Trimble. His father was appraiser of the Port of New York, a commissioner of the New York City Board of Education, editor of various New York City newspapers, grand master of the New York State Freemasons, and an active member of the New York Chamber of Commerce.
Phillips graduated from Columbia Law School with an LL.B. in 1888. He was admitted to the state bar when he was 21, and three years later he was admitted to the federal bar. He succeeded his father's law practice and, like his father, specialized in tariff and revenue laws. He later became a member of the law firm Phillips, Leibell & Fielding.
By 1898, Phillips' law office was in the Equitable Life Building. In 1897, he was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat, representing the New York County 9th District. He served in the Assembly in 1898, 1899, and 1900. A supporter of organized labor, he spoke in favor of and voted for public measures meant for the relief of the people while in the Assembly like cheap gas, cheap telephone, a constitutional anti-trust law, and a school teachers' salary bill. He was thanked in writing for his efforts by the American Federation of Labor, the Merchants' Association of New York, and prominent business houses in the city. He helped defeat bills that would have deprived poor people of protection in savings banks and a five-percent interest bill that would have prevented small shopkeepers from procuring credit. He also worked to compel street railroad companies to provide shelter stations at transfer points, fought to prevent four trolley tracks on Amsterdam Avenue, was a leader on the Ford Franchise Tax Bill that obliged corporations to pay their just share of taxation, passed a bill to provide for a Public Park, was instrumental in passing the Anti-Ramapo Bill, and was a member of the 1900 Joint Statutory Revision Committee that prepared plans to revise the state's laws.
Phillips was an organizer of the Greater New York Democracy that helped elect Seth Low in 1901. He served as secretary of the Sinking Fund Commission from 1902 to 1910. In 1902, he was also appointed Deputy New York City Comptroller, an office he was reappointed to twice. As First Deputy Comptroller, he was head of New York's Finances under Comptroller Edward M. Grout. He held that position until 1910. He was chairman of the Board of Revision of Assessment from 1904 to 1910 and vice-president of the Hudson Fulton Commission from 1906 to 1909. He was a delegate to the 1912 Democratic National Convention and a delegate to the 1916 Democratic National Convention. When America entered World War I, he wanted to enter military service. He was nearly fifty at the time and had difficulty getting accepted into the armed forces, but he eventually became a captain in the Army and spent the war serving in Washington, D.C.
Phillips became clerk of Congregation Shearith Israel after his father's death, an office he held for 32 years. He also served as its president for eight years. When the synagogue dedicated its new building in 1897, he wrote a history on the congregation that was published in the Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society and The American Hebrew. In 1954, when he was 85, he was one of the two men who opened the synagogue's doors for a reconsecration ceremony as part of the national tercentenary celebration of the settlement of Jews in the United States. In 1892, he was a founder of the American Jewish Historical Society. He became a director of the Society in 1893, served as treasurer and honorary vice-president, and wrote at least ten articles for its Publications on his colonial American forebears and Congregation Shearith Israel (which his ancestors were prominently associated with for over 200 years). He was also a life member of the New-York Historical Society and an honorary vice-president of the Federation of American Zionists.
Phillips was vice-president of the Union of Orthodox Congregations of America, a director of the Home for Hebrew Infants and the Israel Orphan Asylum, and treasurer of the Columbia Religious and Industrial School for Jewish Girls, the Society Hebra Hased Va Amet, and the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. He was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, the New York County Lawyers' Association, the New York City Bar Association, the New York State Bar Association, the Municipal Art Society, the Rhode Island Historical Society, the Law Committee of Tammany Hall, the American Red Cross, the Freemason, the Elks, the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, the American Legion, and the Royal Arcanum.
In 1892, Phillips married Rosalie Solomons, daughter of Adolphus Solomons. She served as Tammany co-leader of the Seventh Assembly District from 1918 to 1939.
Phillips died at home on April 30, 1955. He was buried in Beth Olam Cemetery.
References
External links
The Political Graveyard
1868 births
1955 deaths
Columbia Law School alumni
19th-century American lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
Lawyers from New York City
Jewish American attorneys
19th-century American politicians
Politicians from Manhattan
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
Jewish American state legislators in New York (state)
American Orthodox Jews
American Freemasons
Burials at Beth Olom Cemetery |
8012411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Place%20in%20the%20Sun%20%28Tim%20McGraw%20album%29 | A Place in the Sun (Tim McGraw album) | A Place in the Sun is the fifth studio album by American country music artist Tim McGraw. It was released on May 4, 1999. "Please Remember Me" was nominated for Best Male Country Vocal Performance at the 2000 Grammy Awards. "My Best Friend" was nominated in the same category the following year. The album’s compact disc version was originally available with a limited edition booklet that contained two transparent sleeves inside. Subsequent releases have all the same information, though without the transparent pages.
This album produced the singles "Please Remember Me", "Something Like That", "My Best Friend", "My Next Thirty Years" and "Some Things Never Change"; "Please Remember Me" was originally recorded by Rodney Crowell on his 1995 album Jewel of the South, and was a #69 country hit for him that year. Except for the #7-peaking "Some Things Never Change", all the singles on this album reached number one on the Hot Country Songs charts; "Seventeen" and "Señorita Margarita" also reached the lower regions of that chart from unsolicited airplay.
Track listing
"Please Remember Me (Pop Version)" – 4:30
Track 1 on Japanese version
Personnel
Musicians
Tim McGraw – lead vocals
Steve Nathan – keyboards
Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar
Biff Watson – acoustic guitar
Mike Durham – electric guitar
Michael Landau – electric guitar
B. James Lowry – electric guitar
Brent Mason – electric guitar
John Willis – electric guitar
Dan Dugmore – steel guitar
Paul Franklin – steel guitar
Mike Brignardello – bass
Glenn Worf – bass
Lonnie Wilson – drums
Glen Duncan – fiddle
Aubrey Haynie – fiddle
Bergen White – string arrangements and conductor (8, 10, 14)
Carl Gorodetzky – string contractor (8, 10, 14)
The Nashville String Machine – strings (8, 10, 14)
Greg Barnhill – backing vocals
Kim Carnes – backing vocals (8)
Patty Loveless – backing vocals (10)
Kim Parent – backing vocals
Chris Rodriguez – backing vocals
Curtis Wright – backing vocals
Curtis Young – backing vocals
Production
Byron Gallimore – producer
Tim McGraw – producer, creative director
James Stroud – producer
Rich Hanson – engineer
Julian King – tracking engineer
Ricky Cobble – second tracking engineer
Jed Hackett – second tracking engineer
Glenn Spinner – second tracking engineer
Aaron Swihart – second tracking engineer
Russ Martin – string engineer (8, 10, 14)
Amy Hughes-Frigo – second string engineer (8, 10, 14)
Rob MacMillan – second string engineer (8, 10, 14)
Dennis Davis – overdub engineer, vocal tracking, digital editing
Erik Lutkins – overdub engineer, vocal tracking, digital editing
John Van Nest – digital editing
Chris Lord-Alge – mixing
Mike Dy – mix assistant
Rob Hoffman – mix assistant
Doug Sax – mastering
Ann Callis – production assistant
Doug Rich – production assistant
Missi Gallimore – song assistant
Michelle Metzger – song assistant
Kelly Wright – creative director
Glenn Sweitzer – art direction, design
Russ Harrington – photography
Studios
Additional recording at Essential Sound Studios (Houston, Texas); The Tracking Room and Loud Recording (Nashville, Tennessee); Studio 56 (Hollywood, California)
Mixed at Image Recording Studios (Los Angeles, California)
Mastered at The Mastering Lab (Hollywood, California)
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
Certifications
References
1999 albums
Tim McGraw albums
Curb Records albums
Albums produced by Byron Gallimore
Albums produced by James Stroud
Albums produced by Tim McGraw |
45362255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave%20stele%20%28NAMA%207901%29 | Grave stele (NAMA 7901) | The Attic Grave stele in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens (NAMA) with the inventory number 7901 is an archaic grave marker of a young Greek, which was made in the middle of the sixth century BC.
The original height of the grave monument is assumed to have been around 4.5 m. A sphinx probably sat on top. The surviving piece of the stele is 1.16 m high and up to 52 cm wide. The stele, which tapers at the top, is made of Parian marble. A great deal of red-brown paint survives in the background and on the hair. The stele was found in 1973 during excavation of the Themistoclean Wall in Athens and is dated to around the year 550–540.
The stele is only partially preserved. The lower part is missing from the hips, as is the very top. There is further damage to the head, hair and other details, but these do not spoil the impression that it is relatively well preserved. Small pieces broken off the head and right arm have been reconstructed. At its right and left edges, the stele was rimmed by two thin relief bands. The young man is depicted in profile, looking to the right, in the quiet, motionless pose typical of the Archaic period. He is naked and muscular, which creates a strong impression; the spear in the raised left hand marks him as an athlete. His right arm dangles at his side. His shoulder-length hair is gathered in locks, with chin length plaits between his eye and his ear. His hair is tied in place by a narrow band, covered at the front by his hair.
Bibliography
Nikolaos Kaltsas. Sculpture in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens, The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles 2002, , pp. 52–53.
References
Archaeological discoveries in Greece
Acropolis Museum
6th-century BC Greek sculptures
1973 archaeological discoveries |
22331129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim%20Primak | Maksim Primak | Maksim Vladimirovich Primak (; born 26 October 1981) is a Russian former professional footballer.
Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2002 for FC Uralan Elista.
References
1981 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Energiya Volzhsky players
FC Elista players
FC Irtysh Pavlodar players
Russian Premier League players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
FC Rotor Volgograd players
FC Armavir players
Men's association football midfielders |
7775195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20AFF%20Championship | 2007 AFF Championship | The 2007 AFF Championship was the 6th edition of the AFF Championship, the football championship of Southeast Asia. The group stage was co-hosted by Singapore and Thailand from 12 to 17 January. Knockout stage with two-leg Home-and-away format was hosted from 23 January to 4 February 2007.
It was renamed from the Tiger Cup, due to the cup's main sponsor, Tiger Beer, not continuing their title sponsorship. This was the last event held at Singapore's National Stadium before its redevelopment.
Singapore set an AFF Cup record of a 15-match unbeaten run under coach Radojko Avramović, stretching back to the 2004 AFF Championship, and 17-match unbeaten run since the 4–0 defeat at home to neighbours Malaysia in the same competition on 18 December 2002.
Hosts
Group stage was co-hosted Thailand and Singapore from 12 to 17 January 2007. The two hosts are the only two teams that have won the championship since its inception in 1996. Both nations with Malaysia and Vietnam were qualified from group stage and would host the knockout stage with Home-and-away format from 23 to 28 January 2007.
Qualification
The qualifying round for the lower ranked teams in Southeast Asia was held in Bacolod, Philippines from 12 to 20 November 2006. It was played in a single round-robin format with the top two teams advancing to the finals. This was the first time since 1998 where a qualification tournament was held.
Six teams as qualified directly to the finals.
Two teams qualified via the qualification tournament.
(Qualification winners)
(Qualification runner-up)
Qualified teams
The following eight teams qualified for the tournament.
Squads
Venues
Final tournament
Group stage
Group A
All matches played in Thailand.
Times listed are UTC+7
Group B
All matches played in Singapore.
Times listed are UTC+8
Knockout stage
Note: Although the knockout stages were two-legged, away goals rule was not applied. If the total aggregate score of both teams after both matches remained the same, extra time would have been played, followed by a penalty shootout if necessary.
Semi-finals
First Leg
Second Leg
2–2 on aggregate. Singapore won via a penalty shootout.
Thailand won 2–0 on aggregate.
Final
After a group stage with two pools of four, the two host nations met in a two-game final. In the first leg of the final, a controversial penalty was awarded to Singapore at the 83rd minute of the match, and the Thailand team walked off the pitch as a protest to the referee's decision. The Thailand team returned to the pitch at the 98th minute, and Singapore later won 2-1.
In the second leg of the final, Singapore had a goal controversially chalked off for being offside, but finally drew 1-1 to fellow Thailand, with Khairul Amri scoring the decisive goal in the closing stages of the match, giving Singapore their 2nd title in succession, winning with an aggregate score of 3-2 and successfully defending the title. While Thailand can point to the controversial penalty for their defeat in the first leg, they failed to defeat Singapore in the second leg in Bangkok. It could have been worse for Thailand had the match officials seen Thai midfielder Datsakorn Thonglao headbutt Singapore's Khairul Amri to vent his anger after the equaliser.
First leg
Second leg
Singapore won 3–2 on aggregate.
Awards
Goalscorers
10 goals
Noh Alam Shah
4 goals
Pipat Thonkanya
Phan Thanh Bình
3 goals
Sarayoot Chaikamdee
Lê Công Vinh
2 goals
Atep Rizal
Saktiawan Sinaga
Hairuddin Omar
Khairul Amri
Muhammad Ridhuan
Nguyễn Văn Biển
1 goal
Ilham Jaya Kesuma
Zaenal Arief
Sounthalay Saysongkham
Mohammad Hardi Jaafar
Eddy Helmi Abdul Manan
Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof
Si Thu Win
Sharil Ishak
Itimi Dickson
Indra Sahdan Daud
Fahrudin Mustafić
Own goal
Supardi Nasir (playing against Vietnam)
Anton del Rosario (playing against Malaysia)
Team statistics
This table shows all team performance.
References
Hamdan Saaid. "ASEAN Football Federation Championship 2007 - Details". RSSSF. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
External links
ASEAN Football Federation official website
1
AFF Championship
AFF Championship
AFF Championship tournaments
International association football competitions hosted by Singapore
International association football competitions hosted by Thailand |
43220406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onard%20Sarluis | Léonard Sarluis | Salomon-Léon Sarluis, known as Léonard Sarluis, (21 October 1874 – 20 April 1949) was a naturalised French Symbolist painter.
Sarluis was born in The Hague. He arrived in Paris in 1894 and became a well-known boulevardier. He travelled widely, including to Naples, Italy and to Russia. His work was praised by Jean Lorrain and Oscar Wilde.
He exhibited at the Salon de la Rose+Croix and the Salon des Artistes Français, and with Armand Point he designed the poster for the fifth salon of that group. It depicted the Ideal in the form of Perseus holding the severed head of Émile Zola in reference to the Greek myth in which Perseus decapitated the Gorgon Medusa. For the Symbolists, Zola exemplified in literature the oppressive Naturalism they rejected.
Notable works
Sarluis completed the decorative illustrations for the refectory bar at the Paris newspaper Le Journal and worked for years on a Mystic Interpretation of the Bible, the paintings for which he exhibited in London in 1928. He illustrated Gaston de Pawlowski's Voyage to the Land of the Fourth Dimension which Jean Clair thought was the inspiration for Marcel Duchamp's Large Glass.
He died by suicide on 20 April 1949 in Paris.
References
External links
http://fc-fineart.com/mp.php?rqs=348
1874 births
1949 suicides
Painters from The Hague
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French Symbolist painters
French male painters
Suicides in France
1949 deaths
Dutch emigrants to France |
51603361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamanum%20albomaculatum | Annamanum albomaculatum | Annamanum albomaculatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1935. It is known from Myanmar.
References
Annamanum
Beetles described in 1935 |
21144242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf%20Hansen%20%28director%29 | Rolf Hansen (director) | Rolf Hansen (12 December 1904 – 3 December 1990) was a German film director. He directed 20 films between 1936 and 1960.
Selected filmography
The Great Love (1942)
Back Then (1943)
Vagabonds (1949)
Dr. Holl (1950)
The White Hell of Pitz Palu (1950)
Desires (1952)
The Great Temptation (1952)
The Life of Surgeon Sauerbruch (1954)
Beloved Enemy (1955)
Devil in Silk (1956)
The Last Ones Shall Be First (1957)
And Lead Us Not Into Temptation (1957)
Resurrection (1958)
Gustav Adolf's Page (1960)
References
External links
1904 births
1990 deaths
Film directors from Thuringia
People from Ilmenau |
65432719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelasuri%20Architectural%20Complex | Kelasuri Architectural Complex | Kelasuri Architectural Complex is a ruined medieval Christian church complex in Abkhazia, an entity in the South Caucasus with a disputed political status. It is located in the village of Kelasuri, to the north-east of the city of Sukhumi.
The monument is dated to the 11th-14th centuries. Its main part is a large hall church located in the center of the complex, with its dome long collapsed. It had a central nave and two side chambers. There were two doorways, one on the north and the other on the south. The interior was once frescoed as evidenced by colored shreds found in the debris on the floor. Adjacent to this church there are remnants of a small chapel and various other structures, which are of relatively later date. The whole complex was encircled with a massive rock fence with an arched entrance, overlooking the nearby river embankment. The first archaeological digs at the site were conducted in 1885 by the Georgian colonel in the Russian Imperial service, Nikolay Tsilossani, who found a number of church items and fragments of a bell with a Latin inscription. To the south of the ruined monastery, in the upper part of a limestone cliff there are fragments of old walls built to cover a natural cave, which might have served as a hermitage.
References
External links
Kelasuri Architectural Complex. Historical monuments of Abkhazia — Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
Georgian Orthodox cathedrals in Georgia (country)
Orthodox cathedrals in Abkhazia |
32479750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Geddes | Roy Geddes | Roy Geddes (4 August 1940 – 25 August 2006), born Robert Geddes, was a Scottish-born New Zealand chemist and biochemist, and worked as Dean of Science and Engineering at Auckland Institute of Technology.
Early life and family
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 4 August 1940, Geddes was educated at Holy Cross Academy. In 1965, he married Estelle Philomena O'Keeffe, and the couple went on to have four children. They emigrated to New Zealand in 1970, and Geddes was naturalised as a New Zealander in 1977.
University career
Geddes began his career in the Department of Biochemistry of the University of Auckland as a senior lecturer in 1970, after obtaining BSc(Hons) and PhD degrees in chemistry from the University of Edinburgh, and postdoctoral fellowships in physical biochemistry at the Australian National University (1967–69), and at Georgetown University, Washington D.C. (1965–66).
In Auckland he investigated the structure and metabolism of glycogen, an energy storage polysaccharide, by physical biochemistry methods. His work provided evidence for the existence of a protein core, now known as glycogenin, within glycogen.
He was deputy Dean of Science from 1982 to 1985 at the University of Auckland and subsequently Dean from 1986 to 1993. In 1994, he moved to Auckland Institute of Technology as its Dean of Science and Engineering. During his term as Dean, his faculty acquired a modern and attractive building, and the Institute became Auckland University of Technology, a transformation to which Geddes contributed significantly.
Geddes served on UNESCO committees as a New Zealand representative and provided consultancy to Ministry of Research, Science and Technology of New Zealand.
Friction stir welding
Geddes described himself as the catalyst, who had kicked off the industrialisation of friction stir welding in New Zealand, after obtaining consultancy about the process at TWI (The Welding Institute) during a trip to the United Kingdom. While working at Auckland University of Technology (AUT) he teamed up with New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (NZTE), Marine Industry Association (MIA), ION Automotive NZ, Circa Marine & Industrial and Ullrich Aluminium, to disseminate and utilise the know-how. At this time in 2004 it was announced that a number of 55 metre Protector-class inshore patrol vessels would be procured for use by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal NZ Navy - and now the opportunity existed for both Australia and New Zealand to be involved in building them. The naval architect of these vessels specified that a significant portion of the structure had to be friction stir welded.
The collaborators made a concerted effort on bringing New Zealand up to speed in this field by co-operative technology transfer. In mid-2005, the Donovan Group in Whangārei implemented friction stir welding for the manufacture of these vessels. The Donovan Group has since then modified a large CNC gantry milling machine to be used as a friction stir welding machine for large scale production, which is required for the patrol vessel building.
AUT developed the application of friction stir welding in the production of alloy wheel rims and structures using thick aluminium alloy plates. All of the FSW carried out by AUT has been achieved on existing manufacturing equipment that the university has modified, as opposed to custom-built friction stir welding machinery. Contractually, the industrial uptake of friction stir welding was comparatively easy in New Zealand, since the Australian/New Zealand Standard on 'Welding of aluminium structures' had been issued.
This was one of the first standards that covers friction stir welding, although it actually focuses on arc welding. It includes an innovation clause within its first section, which states that 'The Standard can be applied to other welding processes such as friction welding, including friction stir, […] provided all requirements of the Standard are met, as well as specific constraints of needs, demands and operation of the individual welding processes.'
Honours
Geddes was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal, and in 1999 he was elected as one of the three inaugural Companions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. In the 2002 New Year Honours, Geddes was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to science and technology education.
Death
Geddes died in North Shore City on 25 August 2006, aged 66. His ashes were buried at North Shore Memorial Park.
References
1940 births
2006 deaths
Friction stir welding experts
New Zealand biochemists
People educated at St Augustine's High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scientists from Edinburgh
Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
Naturalised citizens of New Zealand
Academic staff of the University of Auckland
Academic staff of the Auckland University of Technology
Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Burials at North Shore Memorial Park |
3367445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava%20M76 | Zastava M76 | The Zastava M76 is a military semi-automatic designated marksman rifle developed and manufactured by Zastava Arms.
History
The Zastava Arms Company released the M76 in the mid-1970s. Since then it became the standard issue designated marksman rifle in the Serbian army and its predecessor the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). It was designed to fulfill the same role as the Soviet Dragunov SVD, which was to provide a designated marksman capability to the infantry platoon. During the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, it was used by several sides; it saw action in Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia and Kosovo.
In Serbian service The M76 is reportedly being replaced by the Zastava M91. The Zastava M91 uses the 7.62×54mmR cartridge which is replacing the 7.92×57mm Mauser (M49/M75) cartridge in Serbian service.
Design details
The M76 is similar in concept to the Russian Dragunov SVD sniper/designated marksman rifle; a semi-automatic rifle using a full-power cartridge from a 10-round magazine. However, the M76 is closer to the AK-47/RPK design and Zastava's unlicensed M70 AK-derivative than the Dragunov SVD, similar to the Romanian PSL. Being derived from the AK design it is simple and reliable, and like other Zastava AK-derivatives it is of high-quality manufacture. Accuracy is typically around 1.5 MOA, which is good for a Kalashnikov design and entirely acceptable for the designated marksman role.
Rather than being a Dragunov clone, it looks more like a lengthened AK-47 with a heavier barrel, an impression strengthened by the separate stock and pistol grip rather than the Dragunov's thumbhole combination stock. Instead of the Dragunov's 7,62×54mmR chambering it uses the 7.92×57mm Mauser a.k.a. the 7.9mm or 8×57mm IS round. The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) adopted a 7.9 mm Cartridge, Ball M49 variant, designated as M49, as infantry ammunition at the end of the 1940s and later a 7.9 mm Cartridge, Sniper, with Universal ball M75, as sniper ammunition made to tighter tolerances, designated as M75.
Instead of the Dragunov's separate gas piston, the M76 has an AK-type piston attached to the bolt carrier. The receiver is a milled forging like that of the original AK-47 to give greater rigidity when firing a full-power round and it is longer than the normal AK receiver to suit the 7.92×57mm Mauser chambering. The AK-type rotating bolt, bolt carrier, barrel and other parts are also enlarged and stronger for handling the bolt thrust full-power rounds produce. Feeding is via a 10-round steel box magazine, which has a follower that holds the bolt open after the last shot. Since there is no device in the weapon to hold the bolt to the rear, the bolt will move forward when the magazine is removed, which increases the difficulty of removing the magazine. Fire is semi-automatic only, so the AK-47-type safety on the right side of the receiver has only 2 settings - 'safe' and 'fire'. The barrel has a tapered profile with a Dragunov-type combination slotted flash suppressor and foresight housing. A standard AKM bayonet can be fitted to the bayonet lug below the foresight. Like the Dragunov, but unlike the AK-47, the M76 features a 4-position (0, 1, 2, 3) operator-adjustable gas regulator enabling more propellant gas to be vented to the piston in marginal operating conditions or less propellant gas when using a suppressor. The "0" setting entirely blocks the gas impulse to the piston, enabling use of the rifle as a manual repeater.
The furniture features a straight comb butt, which has a rubber pad similar to that found on the Zastava M70 series of weapons, and a well-shaped contoured pistol grip. The fore-end is also reminiscent of that found on the M70 series. There is no butt trap for cleaning kit storage in the wooden butt. In newer production models the wooden furniture is replaced with synthetic polymer material which offers some storage space for accessories like a cleaning kit and reduces the M76 overall weight by approximately .
With the minor exception of the gas regulator, disassembly and operation are similar to that of the AK-47/AKM family of weapons.
Though the M76 fires its bullets at a relatively modest muzzle velocity, the 8×57mm IS cartridge loaded with aerodynamically efficient military sS ball bullets still offers a supersonic reach of ≈ under ICAO Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level (air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m3). By way of comparison the standard ball round for the 7.62×51mm NATO round is , and sniper rounds are around , so the M76 round has greater mass.
To mount aiming optics, a side-rail is permanently attached to the left wall of the receiver which accepts an alloy sliding dovetail rail mount with a clamping lever to which can be attached various telescopic sights and night optics. The mount is detachable from the receiver rail in seconds by swinging the locking lever open and sliding the scope and mount off the rail to the rear. It can be removed and reattached without loss of zero. The optic sight is normally removed during field stripping to give easy access to the receiver cover and bolt carrier. The rifle features mechanically adjustable backup AKM-type iron sights with a sliding tangent rear sight, graduated from in increments. The front sight post is adjustable for both windage and elevation, using specifically designed tools. The iron sights line includes a battle sight setting corresponding to a zero using Yugoslavian M49 7.92×57mm ball ammunition. The iron sights can be used with or without the optic sight in place.
The typical telescopic sight used is a ZRAK ON-M76 4× 5°10′ scope originally produced in the ZRAK factory in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina which mounts to a Warsaw Pact rail and is positioned centred over the receiver and bore axis. This optical sight is similar to the PSO-1 4×24 sight used on the Russian SVD rifle and the Romanian I.O.R. LPS 4×6° TIP2 4×24 sight used on the PSL rifle.
The ON-M76 elevation turret features bullet drop compensation (BDC) in increments for engaging point and area targets at ranges from . The BDC feature must be tuned at the factory for the particular ballistic trajectory of a particular combination of rifle and cartridge (the 7,9 M75 sniper ammunition) at a predefined air density. With increasing range, inevitable BDC-induced errors will occur when the environmental and meteorological circumstances deviate from the predefined circumstances for which the BDC was calibrated. Marksmen can be trained to understand the main forces acting on the projectile and their effect on their particular gun and ammunition and the effects of external factors at longer ranges to counter these errors.
Besides the BDC elevation or vertical adjustment control of the reticle, the windage or horizontal adjustment control of the reticle can also be easily dialed in by the user without having to remove turret caps etc.
The reticle illumination of the ZRAK M76 4× 5°10′ is provided by (radioactive) tritium. The tritium light source has to be replaced every 8–12 years, since it gradually loses its brightness due to radioactive decay. The reticle features a PSO-1 type range-finding reticle.
Performance
The M76 is relatively accurate for a semi-automatic rifle. It can achieve 1.5 to 2 Minute of angle using standard surplus ammunition or MOA consistent accuracy with higher quality ammunition. Depending on the nature of the target (point or area target), quality of ammunition, conditions and skill of the shooter the maximum effective range varies. Under normal conditions a maximum effective range of against man-sized targets for an average sniper is achievable. The dispersion at is described as 50 × 50 cm (19.7 × 19.7 in), which is ≈ 1.9 MOA. Under optimal atmospheric and environmental conditions excellent marksmen might use the M76 up to . Recoil is described as being modest.
It has the reputation of a reliable and capable weapon and has seen extensive combat service.
There is a known issue, however, with the magazines of the M76 being unreliable. Due to the bolt hold open property of the magazines, the bolt will slam forward when the magazine is removed, putting considerable pressure on the follower. This can result in the follower being jammed in the forward position, rendering the magazine temporarily inoperable.
Variants
Zastava Arms currently offers a civilian variant in .308 Winchester called the LKP M76, which they designate as a semi-automatic sporting rifle. Assault Weapons of Ohio builds M76 variants chambered in .30-06 Springfield and 8mm.
Users
: Imported from the former Yugoslav republics in 2005.
: Copy produced as MAS-1 MK-I.
: Manufactured locally as Jeogyeok-Bochong.
: To be fully replaced by the Zastava M91
Former users
: Phased out and replaced by Sako TRG and Remington M40A5.
*
See also
Dragunov sniper rifle
Galil Sniper
PSL (rifle)
Zastava M91
Zastava M93 Black Arrow
Zastava M07
List of sniper rifles
References
External links
Official website of Zastava Arms
Sniper Central: Yugoslavia M-76
Modern Firearms - Zastava M76 sniper rifle (Yugoslavia)
www.snipercountry.de Scharfschützengewehr M76
7.92×57mm Mauser semi-automatic rifles
7.62×51mm NATO semi-automatic rifles
Infantry weapons of the Cold War
Rifles of the Cold War
Kalashnikov derivatives
Rifles of Yugoslavia
M76
Zastava Arms
Designated marksman rifles
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s |
14504326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callimorpha | Callimorpha | Callimorpha is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae.
Species
The genus includes the following species.
Callimorpha dominula Linnaeus, 1758
Species formerly placed in Callimorpha
Callimorpha quadripunctaria Linnaeus, 1758
Callimorpha mesogona
Callimorpha carolina
Callimorpha terminata
Callimorpha reversa
Callimorpha bellatrix
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog
Callimorphina
Moth genera |
1688162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erga%20omnes | Erga omnes | In legal terminology, erga omnes rights or obligations are owed toward all. For instance, a property right is an erga omnes entitlement and therefore enforceable against anybody infringing that right. An erga omnes right (a statutory right) can be distinguished from a right based on contract, which is unenforceable except against the contracting party.
Erga omnes is a Latin phrase which means "towards all" or "towards everyone".
International law
In international law, it has been used as a legal term describing obligations owed by states towards the community of states as a whole. An erga omnes obligation exists because of the universal and undeniable interest in the perpetuation of critical rights and the prevention of their breach. Consequently, any state has the right to complain of a breach. Examples of erga omnes norms include piracy and genocide. The concept was recognized in the International Court of Justice's decision in the Barcelona Traction case [(Belgium v Spain) (Second Phase) ICJ Rep 1970 3 at paragraph 33]:… an essential distinction should be drawn between the obligations of a State towards the international community as a whole, and those arising vis-à-vis another State in the field of diplomatic protection. By their very nature, the former are the concern of all States. In view of the importance of the rights involved, all States can be held to have a legal interest in their protection; they are obligations erga omnes. [at 34] Such obligations derive, for example, in contemporary international law, from the outlawing of acts of aggression, and of genocide, as also from the principles and rules concerning the basic rights of the human person, including protection from slavery and racial discrimination. Some of the corresponding rights of protection have entered into the body of general international law ... others are conferred by international instruments of a universal or quasi-universal character.
Examples
In its advisory opinion of 9 July 2004, the International Court of Justice found "the right of peoples to self-determination" to be a right erga omnes. The finding referred to article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations.
In its judgment of 20 July 2012 between Belgium and Senegal, the International Court of Justice found that in relation to the Convention against Torture, "any State party to the Convention may invoke the responsibility of another State party with a view to ascertaining the alleged failure to comply with its obligations erga omnes partes".
In its order on provisional measures of 23 January 2020, the International Court of Justice found that The Gambia had prima facie standing in the Rohingya genocide case that it had brought against Myanmar on the basis of the Genocide Convention.
International Law Commission
The UN International Law Commission has codified the erga omnes principle in its draft articles on state responsibility. They allow all states to invoke a state responsibility that another state incurred because of its unlawful actions if "the obligation breached is owed to the international community as a whole". The ILC refers directly in its comments to the article to the erga omnes principle and to the ICJ's acceptance of it in the Barcelona Traction case.
See also
Inter partes
Jus cogens (peremptory norm)
References
Legal doctrines and principles
Latin legal terminology |
33880994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20Walker | Luther Walker | Luther Walker (Q2 1864 – Q1 1903) was an English footballer who played in The Football League for West Bromwich Albion.
Luther Walker signed for West Bromwich Royal in 1880/1882 (NOTE:ENFA and Matthews have different years). He left in the April of the following year and signed for West Bromwich Albion as an amateur and then signed as a professional in August 1885. Luther Walker was an excellent full–back, equally adept with his head and both feet and could kick a ball an astronomical distance. Sadly, injuries and ill–health curtailed his career sooner than he had anticipated. He made his senior debut for Albion against Derby Junction (away)in a second round FA Cup tie in November 1886.
Luther Walker, playing as a full–back, made his League debut on 29 September 1888 at Stoney Lane, the then home of West Bromwich Albion. The visitors were Burnley and the home team won the match 4–3. Luther Walker appeared in 12 of the 22 League matches played by West Bromwich Albion in season 1888–89. Luther Walker, playing as a full–back (12 appearances) played in a West Bromwich Albion defence that kept one clean–sheet and restricted the opposition to one–League–goal–in–a–match on three separate occasions.
In season 1889–90 Walker only made six appearances and did not play in season 1890–91 at all. He left West Bromwich Albion in 1891 having played 35 first–team matches of which 18 were League games. Walker signed for West Bromwich Standard in 1891 but he retired through injury in 1892. Luther Walker died during the first quarter of 1903 at the age 38.
References
1864 births
1903 deaths
English men's footballers
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from West Bromwich |
26780584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancistrosyrinx%20clytotropis | Ancistrosyrinx clytotropis | Ancistrosyrinx clytotropis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cochlespiridae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 8 mm, its diameter 4 mm.
(Original description) The elongate shell has a fusiform shape. It is pale brownish white (dead). The spire is well produced and contains five angulated and convex whorls. The protoconch consists of two whorls, large, glassy, and bulbous, smooth save for indistinct traces of microscopic spirals. The remaining whorls are strongly, angulated and carinated at the periphery. This carina appears on the later whorls as if duplex ; below this carina is a second, smaller one, and two more are obscurely indicated below. The aperture is strongly angled, and the siphonal canal is spout-like and slightly twisted.
Distribution
This species occurs in European waters, found at Vigo Bay, off Cape Mondego at a depth of 1980 m.
References
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1-1295.
External links
clytotropis |
36873780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capela%20de%20Santa%20Cruz%20%28S%C3%A3o%20Paulo%29 | Capela de Santa Cruz (São Paulo) | Capela de Santa Cruz is a church located in São Paulo, Brazil. It was completed in 1895.
References
Roman Catholic churches in São Paulo
Churches completed in 1895 |
5249743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors%20for%20Lefty | Scissors for Lefty | Scissors For Lefty is an indie rock band based in San Francisco, California, USA. The band's first album, Bruno, was released in 2005 by Rough Trade Records (UK).
Biography
Three of the band's members, Bryan Garza, Peter Krimmel and James Krimmel, met in San Luis Obispo while attending college, and later moved to San Francisco. The band consists of two sets of families : Bryan, Robby, Steve and Eric Garza, with Peter and James Krimmel.
Scissors For Lefty has released three full-length albums. The first, Bruno in 2005, was self-produced and released by the band. Underhanded Romance was released by Eenie Meenie Records on June 12, 2007, and on the iTunes Store on May 29, 2007. A 5-song EP, Consumption Junction, was released on October 24, 2008. The third full-length album, Bangs & Lashes, was released on iTunes on October 29, 2014. The video for the title track was released on May 6, 2013.
A local radio station, Live 105, chose the band to play on the main stage of its BFD 2007 festival, along with Bloc Party, Social Distortion, Queens of the Stone Age, Interpol and Kaiser Chiefs. Each year, Live 105 chooses a local band it thinks has a good chance to be successful, and givesit a chance to play to a much bigger audience. BFD was held at the Shoreline Amphitheater on June 9, 2007.
Scissors For Lefty has toured with Arctic Monkeys, The Smashing Pumpkins, Erasure, Fiery Furnaces, Dirty Pretty Things, The Matches, The 1990s, The Hedrons, Juliette and the Licks, Locksley, French Kicks, Fiery Furnaces and Metric.
Discography
Albums
Bruno (2005)
Underhanded Romance (2007)
Bangs & Lashes (2014)
EPs
Scissors For Lefty EP (2006)
Consumption Junction EP'' (2008)
Singles
"Ghetto Ways" (2006)
"Mama Your Boys Will Find A Home" b/w "Inevitable Thieves" (2006)
"Not For Keeps" (2012)
References
External links
Scissors For Lefty official web site
Facebook page
Indie rock musical groups from California
Rough Trade Records artists |
43747835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanagawa%20%28surname%29 | Yanagawa (surname) | Yanagawa is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Akira Yanagawa (born 1971), Japanese motorcycle racer
Harumi Yanagawa, Japanese athlete
Heisuke Yanagawa (1879-1945), Japanese general
Kimie Yanagawa (1915-1997), Japanese-American educator
Masaki Yanagawa (born 1987), Japanese footballer
Yanagawa Shigenobu (1787-1932), Japanese painter
Japanese-language surnames |
34074538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20United%20Communist%20Party%20of%20Armenia | Progressive United Communist Party of Armenia | United Communist Party of Armenia (, abbreviated ՀԱՄԿ, Hayastani Arajadimakan Miatsial Komunistakan Kusaktsutyun) is a communist political party in Armenia, established by Vazgen Safaryan.
History
The party is one of the three Communist parties currently authorized in Armenia. However, the party has never had representation in the National Assembly.
Prior to the 2012 Armenian parliamentary election, it was rumored that the party would form a political alliance with the Armenian Communist Party. Although negotiations were held between the two parties, the Armenian Communist Party decided to run alone in the 2012 elections, and the United Communist Party decided not to participate.
The party did not participate in the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election.
Ideology
Party leaders aimed at restoring the wealth and success of Armenia during Soviet times and were in favor of free education, free medical care, and developing the production and industrial sectors of the economy.
See also
Programs of political parties in Armenia
Politics of Armenia
External links
Progressive United Communist Party of Armenia on Facebook
References
Communist parties in Armenia
Political parties in Armenia
Political parties with year of establishment missing |
34547964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%20Aftab-e%20Humeh | Bar Aftab-e Humeh | Bar Aftab-e Humeh (, also Romanized as Bar Āftāb-e Ḩūmeh and Barāftāb-e Homeh) is a village in Chamsangar Rural District, Papi District, Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 93, in 15 families.
References
Populated places in Khorramabad County |
31010533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Pearce | Simon Pearce | Simon Pearce (born 1946 in London) is an Irish-American entrepreneur in glassblowing and pottery, who learned his trade in Italy and Kilkenny, Ireland.
Business development
Pearce located his first US factory, in Quechee, Vermont, in 1981. This site, which is powered hydroelectrically by the Ottauquechee River and is part of the Quechee Historic Mill District, became a showroom, restaurant, and glass-blowing demonstration facility. The New York Times described him as a prominent American designer of glassware and his works have been given as gifts to foreign dignitaries and to presenters at the Academy Awards.
Pearce's company headquarters is in Windsor, Vermont; another manufacturing facility is in Mountain Lake Park, Maryland. His company has several retail outlets in the East of the USA
Personal life and family
As of 2016, Pearce maintained a home in Hartland, Vermont; previously, he resided in Norwich, Vermont. He and his wife, Pia, have four sons. Their youngest son is Kevin Pearce, a snowboarder, who was seriously injured in 2009 while training for the Olympics. Kevin is the subject of the 2013 HBO film The Crash Reel.
Pearce's book, Simon Pearce: Design For Living was published in the fall of 2016.
References
External links
Glassblowers
People from Windsor, Vermont
People from Norwich, Vermont
1946 births
Living people |
19992269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%20Partners | Country Partners | Country Partners is the fourth collaborative studio album by Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn. It was released on June 10, 1974, by MCA Records.
Critical reception
The Billboard review published in the June 22, 1974 issue said, "Tremendous singing partners they are, and joined once more in a collection which will surprise many of their closest fans. A couple of the tunes border on pop, and it's a great change of pace for them. But there's plenty of country and, as usual, excellent material." The review noted "I'm Getting Tired of Losing You", "Sweet Things Remember About You", and the fast-paced "It All Falls Down" as the best cuts on the album. A note to album dealers said, "The cover alone should help make this saleable."
Cashbox published a review in the June 22, 1974 issue saying, "Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty stand as two of the leading singers on the country scene. Both tremendously talented in their own careers, when they make an LP together you can be sure that it is going to be very special. The LP kicks off with their latest chart novelty single entitled "As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone". "Don't Mess Up a Good Thing" is an up-tempo tune that blends these two superb voices together and augments the track with some excellent instrumentation. "Two Lonely People" is a moving
ballad that will at once capture your heart. Also included in this fine LP are "Spiders and Snakes", "Country Bumpkin", and "It All Falls Down"."
Commercial performance
The album peaked at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot Country LP's chart, the duo's second album to top the chart.
The album's only single, "As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone", was released in May 1974 and peaked at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, their fourth consecutive No. 1 single together. In Canada, the single peaked at No. 1 on the RPM Country Singles chart, the duo's third consecutive songs to top the chart. The single peaked at No. 57 on the Kent Music Report in Australia.
Recording
Recording sessions for the album took place on April 23, 24 and 25, 1974, at Bradley's Barn in Mount Juliet, Tennessee. Two songs on the album were recorded during the sessions for 1973's Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man. "As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone" was recorded on March 7, 1973, and "Lifetime Before" was recorded on April 5.
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes and MCA recording session records.
Harold Bradley – bass guitar
Owen Bradley – producer
Ray Edenton – acoustic guitar
Bud Gray – photography
John Hughey – steel guitar
Loretta Lynn – lead vocals
Tommy Markham – drums
Grady Martin – guitar
The Nashville Sounds – background vocals
Bob Moore – bass
Hargus Robbins – piano
Conway Twitty – lead vocals
Charts
Album
Singles
References
1974 albums
Vocal duet albums
Loretta Lynn albums
Conway Twitty albums
Albums produced by Owen Bradley
Decca Records albums |
2206697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Michael%27s%20School | St. Michael's School | St. Michael's School or St. Michael School may refer to:
Australia
St Michael's Collegiate School, Hobart, Tasmania
St Michael's Grammar School, Melbourne
St Michael's Parish School, Ashburton, Victoria
Barbados
The St. Michael School, Saint Michael, Barbados
Canada
Saint Michael Catholic High School (Niagara Falls, Ontario)
St. Michael Catholic Secondary School, Stratford, Ontario
St. Michael's Choir School, Toronto, Ontario
St. Michael's College School, Toronto, Ontario
Saint Michael's School (Simcoe-Walsh), Ontario
St. Michaels University School, Victoria, British Columbia
India
St. Michael's School, Kannur
St. Micheal's L. P. School, Kottapuram
St. Michael's High School, Patna
St. Michael's School, Durgapur
Ireland (Republic of)
St Michael's Loreto Secondary School (Navan)
Japan
St. Michael's International School
Malaysia
St. Michael's Secondary School, Sandakan, Sabah
St. Michael's Institution, Ipoh, Perak
Malta
St. Michael School (Malta), Santa Venera, Malta
New Zealand
St Michael's Church School, Christchurch
Singapore
Saint Michael's School, now St. Joseph's Institution, Singapore
South Africa
St. Michael's School, Bloemfontein, Free State
Sri Lanka
St. Michael's College National School, Batticaloa
United Kingdom
St Michael's School, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, Wales
St Michael and All Angels Catholic Primary School, Barnsley, South Yorkshire
St Michael's Catholic Grammar School, Finchley, London
St Michael's Catholic High School, Watford, Hertfordshire
St Michael's Catholic School, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire
St Michael's Church of England Combined School, Stewkley, Buckinghamshire
St Michael's Church of England High School, Chorley, Lancashire
St Michael's Church of England High School, Crosby, Merseyside
St Michael's Church of England High School, Rowley Regis, West Midlands
St Michael's Church of England Middle School, Colehill, Dorset
St Michael's College, Enniskillen, Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland
St Michael's Grammar School, Lurgan, County Armagh, Northern Ireland
St Michael's Preparatory School, Jersey, Channel Islands
St Michael's Primary School, Winterbourne, Gloucestershire
St Michael's Prep School, Otford, Kent
United States
St. Michael High School, St. Michaels, Arizona
St. Michael's Preparatory School (Silverado, California)
St. Michael Elementary School, Louisville, Kentucky
St. Michael the Archangel High School (East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana) - Shenandoah, Louisiana
St. Michael School (Frostburg, Maryland)
St. Michael-Albertville High School, Minnesota
St. Michael the Archangel Catholic High School, Lee's Summit, Missouri
Saint Michael's School (Cranford, New Jersey)
St. Michael's High School, Santa Fe, New Mexico
St. Michael the Archangel Catholic School - Cary, North Carolina
Saint Michael the Archangel High School (Fredericksburg, Virginia)
See also
St. Michael Academy (disambiguation)
St. Michael's College (disambiguation)
Saint Michael (disambiguation) |
22310516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Marshall%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201964%29 | John Marshall (footballer, born 1964) | John Marshall (born 18 August 1964) is a former professional English footballer, who played over 400 games in the Football League for Fulham.
Marshall signed for Fulham as a schoolboy and played in 411 matches scoring 29 goals in the Football League from 1982 to 1997. After retiring from playing, he went on to become a scout and coach.
As well as working as a coach, Marshall worked with his father-in-law, the former Southampton and Halifax Town player Fred Kemp, in the family business, supplying furniture to offices and schools.
References
External links
Living people
1964 births
Footballers from Balham
English men's footballers
Fulham F.C. players
Fulham F.C. non-playing staff
English Football League players
Men's association football midfielders
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff |
51088308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Secretary | Chief Secretary | Chief Secretary may refer to:
Current posts
Chief Secretary (India), a senior civil servant in the states and union territories of India
Chief Secretary (Pakistan), the highest-ranking civil servant in the provinces and administrative units of Pakistan, including:
Chief Secretary Balochistan
Chief Secretary Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Chief Secretary Punjab
Chief Secretary Sindh
Chief Secretary (Sri Lanka), a senior civil servant in the provinces of Sri Lanka
Chief Secretary for Administration, the head of the Government Secretariat of Hong Kong
Chief Secretary of the Isle of Man, the head of the Isle of Man Civil Service
Chief Secretary of Tobago, the leader of the Tobagonian government
Chief Secretary to the Government, the most senior officer in the Malaysian Civil Service
Chief Secretary to the Treasury, a senior minister in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Chief Secretary of Asanteman, the title of the administrative officer of the Ashanti traditional kingdom in Ghana, held by the father of Joe Appiah
Defunct posts
Chief Secretary (British Empire), civil-servant title in colonies of the British Empire
Chief Secretary, Singapore, a high-ranking government civil position in colonial Singapore
Chief Secretary of New South Wales, an office in the colonial and state administration in New South Wales
Chief Secretary of Victoria, an office in the colonial and state administration in Victoria
Chief Secretary of South Australia, an office in the colonial and state administration in South Australia
Chief Secretary, second name for the former Colonial Secretary of Western Australia
Chief Secretary for Ireland, an office in the British administration in Ireland
See also
Chief Cabinet Secretary
Chief of Staff
General Secretary
Permanent secretary
Private secretary
Provincial Secretary
Principal Private Secretary
Principal Secretary (disambiguation)
Secretary (disambiguation) |
45713468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%20Sings | Korea Sings | Korea Sings () is a South Korean music program. It airs live on KBS 1TV on Sunday at 12:10 beginning November 9, 1980. For South Korean holidays, the show has been hosted overseas. In 2003, the show was hosted in Pyongyang during National Liberation Day of Korea.
History
The show originally started as a program called KBS National Singing Fight () from 1972 to 1977.
Description
According to the official program page, the show is described as "a show of battles of wit and exciting songs between amateur guests who passed the preliminary in their local regions which aims to make people touched, have good memories, and give honest smiles to the audience with things to be proud of the region that are unique to the area."
References
External links
1980 South Korean television series debuts
1980s South Korean television series
1990s South Korean television series
2000s South Korean television series
2010s South Korean television series
Korean-language television shows
South Korean music television shows
Music competitions in South Korea
Korean Broadcasting System original programming
Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
64198929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything%20Matters%20But%20No%20One%20Is%20Listening | Everything Matters But No One Is Listening | Everything Matters But No One Is Listening is the debut studio album by Beach Slang's lead singer James Alex and his side project Quiet Slang. It was released on May 18, 2018 under Polyvinyl Record Co.
Critical reception
Everything Matters But No One Is Listening was met with generally favorable reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 62, based on 5 reviews.
Track listing
Charts
References
2018 albums
Beach Slang albums
Polyvinyl Record Co. albums |
57822019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khengkher%20District%2C%20Bhutan | Khengkher District, Bhutan | Khengkher is one of the most remote villages under the Mongar District, Bhutan. It consists of 27 villages and 424 households. Until 2011 it was three days' walk from three days' hike from Mongar town.
Languages and origin
The common language spoken in Khengkhar is Tshangla which is spoken throughout eastern Bhutan. Tshangla is believed to be part of the Tibeto-Burman language family.
Livelihood
Khengkher as a community has relatively few landholdings, which has implication for both subsistence and commercial agriculture. The water shortage in the area makes it difficult for farmers there to grow crops even at subsistence level. However, maize, wheat, beans and millet are grown for home consumption. The communities in these area make high-quality altar pieces and wooden masks. Women from Khengkher are known for weaving.
Food
Maize is the stable food. Its often prepared and eaten with rice, ground into flour for dough and sometimes boiled and eaten. Pumpkin, radish and chili are common vegetables grown and eaten in the community.
Life-cycle celebration
People of Khengkher celebrate the Chunyipa losar, or new year, on the first day of the 12th Bhutanese month with local sports, games, feasting and dance. It's a time where whole family gets together. Birth is likewise joyous occasion. Three days after a child is born, an astrologer is consulted to prepare keytsea birth chart indicating the child's astrologically determined tendencies during his or her life. Upon death village astrologer fixes the day for crimination.
Development and social change
The block has two schools, khengkher lower secondary school and Udric community school. It also has one basic health unit. Recently the gewog blockhas constructed farm road.
References
Location map : Mongar District
Geographical location : 27° 6' 0" North, 91° 15' 0" East
Mongar District |
32461902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiedea%20hookeri | Schiedea hookeri | Schiedea hookeri is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names Hooker's schiedea and sprawling schiedea. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Oahu. It is thought to have been extirpated from Haleakalā on Maui. It is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its habitat. It was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States in 1996.
This plant is a shrub growing 30 to 50 centimeters long, taking a creeping, sprawling form or a more clumpy form. The oppositely arranged leaves have thin blades up to 8 centimeters long by 1.5 wide. The inflorescence is a hairy, sticky cluster of flowers with small green or purple sepals and no petals.
This plant is now limited to the Waianae Range on the island of Oahu. There are about 11 populations totalling no more than about 330 individuals. The habitat is dry to moist forest. It is threatened by damage to the habitat by feral goats and pigs and by the invasion of introduced species of plants.
References
External links
USDA Plants Profile
hookeri
Endemic flora of Hawaii |
59611762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie%20Levi | Connie Levi | Constance M. "Connie" Levi (born August 1939) is a Minnesota politician who served as Minnesota House Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987. She was the first woman to serve as majority leader and the first to hold a senior leadership position in the Minnesota Legislature.
Levi was born in 1939, and attended Augustana College and the University of Oregon. She served on the Dellwood city council before being elected to the State House of Representatives in 1979. She served four terms, serving as majority leader during her last term. She did not seek re-election in 1986.
Levi went on to become president of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, and served as an interim chief of staff to Minnesota Gov. Arne Carlson in 1991. She currently serves on the board of a number of index funds for Thrivent Financial and Norstan, Inc.
Connie is married to Arlo Levi, and has two children, Todd and Julie.
References
External links
1939 births
Living people
People from Washington County, Minnesota
Women state legislators in Minnesota
Republican Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians
Augustana College (Illinois) alumni
University of Oregon alumni
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American women |
58734984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas%20Poulis | Kostas Poulis | Kostas Poulis (; 28 October 1928 – 7 December 1986) was a Greek footballer who played as a midfielder. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
Club career
Poulis, from a young age he loved football and AEK Athens, while he often watched training sessions of his favorite team. In 1943, during the occupation of Greece, he signed up for a team from his neighborhood, Treis Asteres and competed in the fields of the surrounding area. In 1945 after the end of the occupation, AEK Athens youth coach Giorgos Daispangos was looking for talent to fill AEK and rebuild a strong team similar to the one that dominated the last three years before the war. In a training session, he saw Poulis doing tricks with the ball and invited him to train with the club, making his dream come true.
At first he was a substitute footballer, but in May 1948 the team played friendly matches in Thessaloniki and in the first game the team's left midfielder Isaggeleas was injured. In the next match against Iraklis, on 3 May Poulis takes his place making his debut in the men's team in a wins 3–0 victory. From that day on, Poulis occupied the position of the left midfielder in the starting eleven. Poulis had a huge career at AEK, where won the 3 Cups, as well as an Athens FCA Championship. In the summer of 1959 he was traded with his teammates Bounas, Teboneras, Valsamis and Kokkinidis to Propontis Chalkida in order for AEK to acquire the goalkeeper, Kimon Dimitriou. The following season he signed for Apollon Athens until 1961 when he ended his career.
International career
Poulis played for Greece in 9 matches, between 1950 and 1953. He was also an international with the military team, with which he also scored a goal.
Personal life
After the end of his career, Poulis was involved in coaching, at the same time he worked at the Water Company. In 1956 he played in the film "The aces of the pitch" (also known as "Sunday Heroes"), together with other important football players of the time, such as Andreas Mouratis, Lakis Petropoulos, Kostas Linoxilakis and Stathis Mantalozis. He died on 7 December 1986 of cancer at the age of 58. On 20 June 2022, his family donated to the then under-construction History museum of AEK Athens in the Agia Sophia Stadium, six medals from his sporting career, a tribute to his life and career since 1954, as well as a series of rare photographs.
Honours
AEK Athens
Greek Cup: 1948–49, 1949–50, 1955–56
Athens FCA Championship: 1950
References
External links
1928 births
1986 deaths
Greece men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Greece
Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Footballers from Athens
Greek men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
AEK Athens F.C. players
Apollon Smyrnis F.C. players |
10818341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20Steckle | Allen Steckle | Allen Chubb Steckle (July 1872 – March 4, 1938) was an American football player and coach. He played tackle for the University of Michigan from 1897 to 1899 and was selected as an All-American in 1898. Steckle served as the head football coach at the Nevada State University—now known as the University of Nevada, Reno—from 1901 to 1903 and Oregon State University, known then as Oregon Agricultural College, from 1904 to 1905, compiling a career head coaching record of 16–14–2. In 1903, his Nevada State Sagebrushers team, drawn from a school with 80 students, defeated the California Golden Bears.
Early years
Steckle was born in July 1872 at Freeman, Michigan. His father, Abraham B. Steckle, was born in Waterloo Township, Ontario, Canada, in 1842, and worked as a farmer. His mother, Sarah (Furtney) Steckle, was also a native of Waterloo Township. His parents were married in December 1867 in Waterloo County, Ontario. At the time of the 1880 United States Census, Steckle was residing with his parents and six siblings in Campbell Township, Michigan.
University of Michigan
Steckle played football for the University of Michigan from 1897 to 1899 and was captain of the 1899 team. In 1898, Steckle was among the first western players to be named to an All-American team after being selected by Walter Camp as his second-team tackle. He helped Michigan win its first Western Conference championship in 1898 and was selected as the best tackle in the West. One newspaper wrote that he was "as good a defensive player as one will find anywhere."
Coaching career
Nevada State
From 1901 to 1903, Steckle served as the head football coach at the Nevada State University. In 1903, he was also appointed to the position as the university's Physical Director. In his three seasons as the head coach, he compiled a 6–9–2 record. When Steckle's Nevada Sagebrushers team defeated the California Golden Bears in 1903, it was the cause of a statewide celebration. The entire front page of the Daily Nevada State Journal was given to coverage of the game, and the banner headline read: "CALIFORNIA'S PROUD COLORS LOWERED BY THE DOUGHTY ELEVEN FROM SAGEBRUSHDOM." Steckle's picture appeared on the front page, and the paper praised his efforts in turning Nevada into a football power:
Out of the eighty students of the N.S.U. have been selected eleven young men who were moulded into shape by Dr. Steckle, the best football coach who ever came to the Coast. He made of them the peers of the flower of the California universities.
The victory of a university with only 80 students over the University of California with its 3,000 students was hailed as a historic accomplishment, and "Coach Steckle's brand of 'roughhouse'" play was given much of the credit.
Steckle's star players at Nevada State from 1901 to 1903 were his younger brother, Ivan X. Steckle, who played halfback, and Abe Steckle, who played tackle. Ivan Steckle was reportedly "the hero of all Nevada during the football season of 1903, when in a game with the University of California on the U.C. field, he grabbed the football close to the Nevada goal line and made a wonderful 86-yard run to the California goal line, scoring a touchdown for the Sagebrush players and bringing victory to the team." Ivan left Nevada after the 1903 season to follow his older brother to the University of Michigan Medical School. Ivan died from typhoid fever in 1909, and Steckle accompanied his brother's body to the family's old home in Freeport, Michigan.
In 1919, a Nevada newspaper rated Steckle as the best football coach Nevada ever had and described his accomplishments as follows:
It was under the coaching of Dr. Steckle that Nevada was able to defeat the University of California and play a tie with Stanford as well as bang it over the crack athletic club teams that San Francisco boasted when the great college game was in its hey dey. He was rated at that time as one of the best coaches in the West.
Steckle was also remembered at Nevada for his ability to instill "college spirit" in the school's student body. In 1919, a Nevada newspaper noted that "there was more enthusiasm displayed in college athletics while he was coach than there has been in all the years since he left." As a medical doctor and athletic coach, Steckle was also known for his belief in physical conditioning. He was known to require every athlete to be in perfect physical condition before playing in any intercollegiate or "big" game.
Steckle was also a basketball coach. While at Nevada, he coached the women's basketball team to "a high stage of perfection, being able to take the measure of all the coast college teams."
Oregon State University
After his success with the 1903 Nevada State team, Steckle was offered a higher salary to take over as the football coach at Oregon State University. He served as Oregon State's head coach from 1904 to 1905 and compiled a 10–5 record in those two seasons.
Medical career
After graduating from the University of Michigan in 1899, Steckle enrolled in the Illinois College of Physicians and Surgeons. Steckle's principal profession was as a medical doctor and surgeon. However, he took time out of his medical practice to coach college football for several years.
After the 1905 football season, Steckle decided to quit coaching and focus on his medical practice. At the time of the 1920 United States Census, he was living in Vancouver, Washington with his wife, Margaret (born c. 1887) and two daughters, Catherine J. Steckle and Sarah E. Steckle. His occupation was listed as a physician in general practice. He maintained his medical practice for many years in Battle Ground, Washington. At the time of the 1930 United States Census, Steckle was living in South Battle Ground, Washington, with daughters Catherine J. and S. Elizabeth Steckle, and his sister-in-law, Nesbit Daline. His occupation was listed as a physician and surgeon.
Death
On March 4, 1938, Steckle, 65, was found dead beside his automobile on a side road near his home with "a .38 caliber bullet through his head." Steckle left his home the previous night for a house call and never returned. Several threatening letters were found among Steckle's papers, including one demanding "$2,000 or else."
Head coaching record
References
External links
1872 births
1938 deaths
19th-century players of American football
American football tackles
Deaths by firearm in Washington (state)
Michigan Wolverines football players
Nevada Wolf Pack football coaches
Oregon State Beavers football coaches
People from Barry County, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan |
53696681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notiphila%20caudata | Notiphila caudata | Notiphila caudata is a species of fly in the family Ephydridae. It is found in the Palearctic.
Male arista with 8-10 hairs. Abdomen: tergite IV with 8-16 marginal macrochaetes : Female tegument shining black; chaetotaxy normal. Wing: transverse MA2c slightly angled; 2 subequal costal spines. Length 4-4,25 mm. Found on pond margins and in other humid situations, from May to September.
Distribution
Canada, United States, Europe.
References
External links
Images representing Ephydridae at BOLD
Ephydridae
Insects described in 1813
Taxa named by Carl Fredrik Fallén
Diptera of Europe
Diptera of North America |
6124534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewell%2C%20Midlothian | Rosewell, Midlothian | Rosewell is a former mining village in Midlothian, Scotland, east of Roslin and south-west of Bonnyrigg. The village is in the civil parish of Lasswade and was previously a separate ecclesiastical parish, but has its own Community Council, namely Rosewell and District.
The population of the village is 1,566 (in 2011).
History
The colliery village was established by Archibald Hood, mining engineer and entrepreneur, who developed the Whitehill Colliery from 1856, which was located on the south-western edge of the village.
He began a new shaft at the colliery in 1878, built railways for the mines (branching from the Peebles Railway) and erected well-designed houses for the miners, and also encouraged the establishment of a Co-operative Retail Society.
In 1890 he amalgamated his company with the mining interests of the Marquess of Lothian to form the Lothian Coal Company. The colliery was named after Whitehill House to the east and was also known as Rosewell. On 1 January 1947 the National Coal Board took over the colliery from the Lothian Coal Company, when mines in Britain were nationalised. The colliery had 3 deep shafts and one surface mine. It reached peak production in 1950, but closed in 1961.
Archibald Hood lived at Rosedale in the south of the village, which is now a category C listed building. This is a mid 19th century two storey gabled house which was later used by the Lothian Coal Company as a house for its managers, in particular his son James Archibald Hood.
The Rosewell Institute, in Carnethie Street, was built for the Lothian Coal Company as a miners' institute in 1917. The Institute was built on an impressive scale with finely detailed sandstone features.
Rosewell was served by a railway station lying between Rosewell and Hawthornden. The station opened in 1855 under the name Hawthornden, but was renamed Rosewell and Hawthornden in 1928. It was served by the Peebles Railway, a branch line of the Waverley Line. Services ran from Peebles to Waverley Station in Edinburgh. The station was closed in 1962 but the line remained in use for goods traffic until 1967, although the colliery had already closed by then.
Schools
Rosewell has two primary schools, namely Rosewell Primary School and St Matthew's (Catholic) Primary School. The village is in the catchment area for Lasswade High School, and St David's Catholic High School.
Transport
Rosewell is served by Lothian Buses. Service 46 runs every 30 minutes and serves Bonnyrigg, Dalkeith, Danderhall, the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Newcraighall and Musselburgh. Since 2023, unlike the predecessor service 49, it no longer runs into central Edinburgh. The X31 serves Rosewell early mornings (to Edinburgh) and evenings (from Edinburgh).
For walkers the Penicuik–Dalkeith Walkway passes close by.
Churches
The village has two churches, Rosewell Parish Church (Church of Scotland) and St Matthew's Roman Catholic Church.
Rosewell Parish Church was built 1871-72 and opened for worship in 1874, when Rosewell became a separate ecclesiastical parish. The population of this new quoad sacra parish was recorded as 1,394 in 1881. In 2008 Rosewell Parish Church was formally re-united with Lasswade Church, forming Lasswade and Rosewell Parish Church (with a single minister and Kirk Session, although retaining both places of worship).
Whitehill House
Situated half a mile south-east of the village, the category A-listed Whitehill House is a large Tudor-Jacobean revival house designed by David Bryce and William Burn, built 1844 as a home for Wardlaw Ramsay, proprietor of the nearby Whitehill Colliery. The house was later acquired by the engineer Archibald Hood.
In World War I it was used as a Red Cross hospital. Until the late 1990s, Whitehill House was run by nuns of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul as St. Joseph's Hospital for children with learning disabilities. St. Joseph's also provided care for adults with learning disabilities.
It was visited by Pope John Paul II when he visited Scotland in 1982.
Since the hospital closed, the charity St Joseph's Services continues to support people with learning disabilities in houses across Midlothian. They have their headquarters in Carnethie Street, Rosewell.
Whitehill House is now privately owned and has a 20-hole (18 holes plus 2 bonus holes) golf course in its grounds. A number of exclusive houses have also been built in the grounds.
Football
Whitehill Welfare play their home matches at Ferguson Park, Rosewell. They currently play in the East of Scotland First Division. Heart of Midlothian B are playing their Lowland League matches at Ferguson Park for the 2022-23 season.
Born in Rosewell, Tom Wilson played for Whitehill in the 1950s before joining Falkirk and then having a successful career in English professional football.
Sources
General Reference
Scotland National Tourist Board entry
Citations
External links
Vision of Britain - History of Rosewell in Midlothian
Villages in Midlothian |
12786778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicization | Historicization | Historicization (becoming history) is commonly referred to the transition of an item from an object of current events to an object of historical interest or to the process of gradual change in perception and interpretation of an object or idea over time.
The principle of historicization is a fundamental part of the aesthetic developed by the German modernist theatre practitioner Bertolt Brecht.
In his poem "Speech to Danish working-class actors on the art of observation", Brecht offers a vivid portrait of the attitude he suggested an actor should cultivate:
Imagine all that is going on around you, all those struggles
Picturing them just like historical incidents
For this is how you should go on to portray them on the stage:
The fight for a job, sweet and bitter conversations
Between the man and his woman, arguments about books
Resignation and revolt, attempt and failure
All these you will go on to portray as historical incidents.
(Even what is happening here, at this moment, with us, is something you
Can regard as a picture in this way).
For the actor, "historicization" constitutes a fundamental interpretative attitude (what Brecht calls a "grund-gestus").
Notes
See also
Periodization
References
Brecht, Bertolt. 1964. Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic. Ed. and trans. John Willett. British edition. London: Methuen. . USA edition. New York: Hill and Wang. .
Brecht, Bertolt. 2000. Poems: 1913–1956. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Poetry, Prose Ser. London: Methuen. .
Bertolt Brecht theories and techniques |
57155151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfeldy%20Village | Aberfeldy Village | Aberfeldy Village is an urban village in a part of Poplar that was once part of Bromley in London, England, which is in the process of being redeveloped in a joint venture between Poplar HARCA and Willmott Dixon. It was known as the Aberfeldy Estate, a housing estate but has expanded into a new urban village. It is sometimes referred to as Aberfeldy New Village in planning documents.
History
Redevelopment
The area was originally developed with small terraced houses from 1864 to 1885, first by David Mclntosh, who named several streets after places in Scotland, and from 1873 by the chemist turned developer John Abbott.
The site of the estate was located on what was the northern boundary of the Import Dock, famous for the importing of exotic goods during the 18th and 19th century. However it was heavily bombed during the Second World War and subsequently redeveloped into the Aberfeldy Estate.
It was built in various phases starting in the 1930s and continued after the surrounding area suffered wartime damage, being completed in the late 1970s. The estate and surrounding area suffered from severe social disadvantage with high levels of unemployment, low incomes, poor health and anti-social behaviour problems.
Poplar HARCA took over the running of the estate following its transfer into their ownership in two tranches, one in 1998 and another in 2007, as part of the council's Housing Choice programme. It has owned and managed the estate since the transfers. In July 2012, Poplar HARCA and Willmott Dixon obtained planning permission for a joint redevelopment of the Aberfeldy Estate.
The plans included the demolition of 297 housing units (211 units at social rent and the rest leasehold) and their replacement with 1,100 new homes (of which 170 will be for social rent, with 20 for intermediate rent and nearly 1,000 for market rent) and improved amenities to be provided over twelve years.
Geography
Aberfeldy Village is situated on a triangular site bounded by the A12, A13 East India Dock Road and Abbott Road. It has in excess of 1,000 new homes and an energy centre, retail, community and health amenities, with public and green spaces.
The new homes are arranged around this linear green space in medium rise, high density buildings ranging from four to ten storeys. Lower, more domestic scale buildings sit adjacent to the neighbouring estate, whilst higher buildings along the A13 provide a degree of protection to this urban edge.
Occupancy
The rental homes in the new development zone of Aberfeldy Village was at almost at full occupancy by residents in July 2016, who have an average income of £39,000 p.a. and an average age of 28.
Culture
Bow Arts Studios has two studios, called the Aberfeldy Street Studios, which are converted out of two street front shops on Aberfeldy Street; the studios are designed to provide affordable working space for artists, designer makers or a public facing arts group.
Education
The Culloden Primary Academy is a primary school located to the west of Aberfeldy Street on Dee Street and governed by the Paradigm Trust.
Transport
Aberfeldy Village is connected to central London via East India DLR station that serves Bank as well as Tower Gateway stations. It is also close to Canning Town Underground station served by Jubilee line as well as the DLR. Aberfeldy Village is connected to London Buses routes 309 on Aberfeldy Street and Blair Street and 115, N15, N550, N551 on East India Dock Road and D8 on the A12 Blackwall Tunnel Northern Approach.
References
Districts of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Areas of London
Places formerly in Middlesex
Housing estates in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets |
3458587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27%20Socialist%20Movement%20%28Argentina%29 | Workers' Socialist Movement (Argentina) | The Workers' Socialist Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Socialista de los Trabajadores, MST) is a Trotskyist political party in Argentina. The MST was founded in 1992 as a split from another Trotskyist group, the Movement Towards Socialism (see Nahuel Moreno). The MST is active on a number of college campuses, including the University of Buenos Aires. The party in 2006 has suffered a crisis which led to a split. The minority founded a new organization, named Socialist Left.
References
External links
Official web site
1992 establishments in Argentina
Communist parties in Argentina
Political parties established in 1992
Trotskyist organisations in Argentina
Workers' Left Front |
67765501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Albert%20Clinton | Frederick Albert Clinton | Frederick Albert Clinton (March 1, 1834 - September 21, 1890) was a delegate to the 1868 South Carolina Constitutional Convention, state legislator, trial justice, and militia officer. He represented Lancaster County, South Carolina in the South Carolina Senate from 1868 to 1877. He was a Republican.
Before the American Civil War he was owned by Ervin (or Irvin) Clinton, a lawyer. In November 1870, P. B. Tompkins contested his election.
Isom Caleb Clinton, his older brother, was a bishop who assisted in founding the Mount Carmel A.M.E. Zion Church in Lancaster County. The Lancaster Ledger ran an obituary for him. Frederick Albert Clinton is buried in the graveyard on the church and campground's north side.
See also
African-American officeholders during and following the Reconstruction era
References
1834 births
1890 deaths
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American slaves
Republican Party South Carolina state senators
African-American state legislators in South Carolina
African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era |
64722104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latroya%20Pina | Latroya Pina | Latroya Pina (born 2 June 1996) is a Cape Verdean swimmer.
In 2019, she represented Cape Verde at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea. She competed in the women's 50 metre freestyle and women's 100 metre freestyle events. In both events she did not advance to compete in the semi-finals.
LaTroya (along with her brother Troy and sister Jayla) lived in Massachusetts, where she was discovered by the Cape Verdean athletics association and asked to join the country's first Olympic swim team. The three siblings are dual citizens of the United States and Cape Verde.
LaTroya graduated from Seekonk High School in Massachusetts and attends Howard University in Washington, D.C., where she holds a number of college swim records.
In 2018, Pina was named to the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) President's Honor Roll and was selected to the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) Commissioner's All-Academic Team twice (2018 & 2019). Pina is working toward a Master's in biology at Howard.
References
Living people
1996 births
Cape Verdean female swimmers
Cape Verdean female freestyle swimmers
American people of Cape Verdean descent
People from Seekonk, Massachusetts
Howard Bison athletes |
2001990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta%20%28software%29 | Rosetta (software) | Rosetta is a dynamic binary translator developed by Apple Inc. for macOS, an application compatibility layer between different instruction set architectures. It enables a transition to newer hardware, by automatically translating software. The name is a reference to the Rosetta Stone, the artifact which enabled translation of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
The first version of Rosetta, introduced in 2006 in Mac OS X Tiger, was part of the Mac transition from PowerPC processors to Intel processors, allowing PowerPC applications to run on Intel-based Macs. Support for Rosetta was dropped with the release of Mac OS X Lion (10.7) in 2011.
Rosetta 2, introduced in 2020 as a component of macOS Big Sur, is part of the Mac transition from Intel processors to Apple silicon, allowing Intel applications to run on Apple silicon Macs.
Background
Macintosh has used CPUs with several different instruction set architectures: the Motorola 68000 series, PowerPC, Intel x86, and ARM64 in Apple silicon. Each instruction set architecture is incompatible with its predecessor, necessitating a transition plan based on a software layer to emulate the previous instruction set on the succeeding one.
With the launch of Power Macintosh, the Mac 68K emulator is part of System 7.1.2 and later. This emulator uses PowerPC features and is embedded at the lowest levels of the operating system, integrated with the Mac OS nanokernel. This means that the nanokernel is able to intercept PowerPC interrupts, translate them to 68k interrupts (then doing a mixed mode switch, if necessary), and then execute 68k code to handle the interrupts. This allows 68k and PowerPC code to be interspersed within the same fat binary.
Rosetta
Apple launched Rosetta in 2006 upon the Mac transition to Intel processors from PowerPC. It was embedded in Mac OS X v10.4.4 "Tiger", the version that was released with the first Intel-based Macs, and allows many PowerPC applications to run on Intel-based Mac computers without modification. Rosetta is based on QuickTransit technology. It has no user interface, and launches as needed with no notification of the user, which led Apple to describe it as "the most amazing software you'll never see". Rosetta is optionally installable in Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard". Rosetta is neither included nor supported in Mac OS X Lion (10.7) or later, which therefore cannot run PowerPC applications.
Because of the greater architectural differences between Intel and PowerPC processors, Rosetta operates at a higher level than the 68000 emulator does, as a user-level program that can only intercept and emulate user-level code. It translates G3, G4, and AltiVec instructions, but not G5 instructions. Although most commercial software for PowerPC-based Macs was compatible with these requirements (G4 systems were still widely used at the time), any applications that relied on G5-specific instructions had to be modified by their developers to work on Rosetta-supported Intel-based Macs. Apple advised that applications with heavy user interaction but low computational needs (such as word processors) would be best suited to use with Rosetta, and applications with high computational needs (such as games, AutoCAD, or Photoshop) would not.
Rosetta also does not support the following:
The Classic environment, and thus any non-Carbon application built for Mac OS 9 or earlier
Code that inserts preferences into the System Preferences pane
Applications that require precise exception handling
Screen savers
Kernel extensions and applications that depend on them
Bundled Java applications or Java applications with JNI libraries that cannot be translated
Java applets in Rosetta-translated applications, meaning that a native Intel web browser application, rather than a legacy PowerPC version, must be used to load Java applets
Rosetta 2
In 2020, Apple announced Rosetta 2 would be bundled with macOS Big Sur, to aid in the Mac transition to Apple silicon. The software permits many applications compiled exclusively for execution on x86-64-based processors to be translated for execution on Apple silicon.
To install Rosetta 2 on an Apple silicon Mac there are two ways to do it: either by using the Terminal to install the program directly, or by trying to open an application compiled for x86, which will open an installation window.
In addition to the just-in-time (JIT) translation support, Rosetta 2 offers ahead-of-time compilation (AOT), with the x86-64 code fully translated, just once, when an application without a universal binary is installed on an Apple silicon Mac.
Rosetta 2's performance has been praised greatly. In some benchmarks, x86-64-only programs performed better under Rosetta 2 on a Mac with an Apple M1 SOC than natively on a Mac with an Intel x86-64 processor. One of the key reasons why Rosetta 2 provides such a high level of translation efficiency is the support of x86-64 memory ordering in the Apple M1 SOC. The SOC also has dedicated instructions for computing x86 flags.
Although Rosetta 2 works for most software, some software doesn't work at all or is reported to be "sluggish".
Similar to the first version, Rosetta 2 does not normally require user intervention. When a user attempts to launch an x86-64-only application for the first time, macOS prompts them to install Rosetta 2 if it is not already available. Subsequent launches of x86-64 programs will execute via translation automatically. An option also exists to force a universal binary to run as x86-64 code through Rosetta 2, even on an ARM-based machine.
Since macOS Ventura, users running virtual machines with Linux as a guest operating system can make use of Rosetta 2 to run x86-64 code compiled for Linux, within the virtual machine. Rosetta 2 works as a runtime binary, which is required to be installed on the guest operating system. There have been instances of developers installing this runtime binary on third-party hardware, provided that it includes a CPU that supports at least the ARMv8.2-A instruction set; the memory ordering will be different from native x86. Some developers have noted that it might violate macOS's licensing agreements, since the runtime is bundled within Apple's Virtualization framework.
See also
– combined 68k/PPC applications that run natively on both processors
Universal binary – combined PPC/Intel applications that run natively on both processors
Universal 2 binary – combined Intel/ARM applications that run natively on both processors
References
External links
Does it ARM? Rosetta 2 compatibility index
MacOS-only software made by Apple Inc.
MacOS emulation software
MacOS
PowerPC emulators
x86 emulators
Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester |
8278092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuliya%20Lyakhova | Yuliya Lyakhova | Yuliya Lyakhova (born 8 July 1977) is a retired Russian high jumper.
Her personal best jump is 1.99 metres, achieved in September 1997 at the IAAF Grand Prix Final in Fukuoka.
Achievements
External links
1977 births
Living people
Russian female high jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Russia
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games |
17823751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Know%20UR%20Girlfriend%20Hates%20Me | I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me | "I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" is an electropop song performed by Norwegian recording artist Annie. It was released on 14 July 2008 as the lead single from her second studio album, Don't Stop (2009). However, the song is not featured on the standard track listing of the album but is available on the special edition bonus disc.
Background
Annie wrote "I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" with producer Richard X and songwriter Hannah Robinson, the two of whom had written "Chewing Gum" and "Me Plus One" from Annie's debut album Anniemal (2004). They wrote the music first, inspired by Prince's 1986 funk song "Kiss".
Annie described how the lyrics were based on a friend of hers, "who was really a beautiful girl, always surrounded by loads of guys." Her friend spent time with a guy and was confronted by his girlfriend for it. Annie called the problems between the two "ridiculous, but also funny." After her friend kept telling her about the situation, Annie decided to write a song about it. The lyrics describe a girlfriend who is going berserk and "needs to calm down." Annie's persona, however, hints that the girlfriend probably should be worried.
The Song was used in 2 episodes of Waterloo Road, screened on 18 February 2009 and 25 February 2009.
Critical reception
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" received positive reviews from pop music critics. Pitchfork Media's Marc Hogan described the song as a "slinky electro-pop" and compared it to English dance group Saint Etienne. Cam Lindsay of Exclaim.ca called the song a "brilliant slice of pop" with "delicious" lyrics. In a review for Digital Spy, Nick Levine described the song as "sweet, scrumptious electropop" and compared it to her song "Chewing Gum", a "nearly-hit from a few years back".
Pitchfork Media placed "I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" at number 58 on their 100 Best Tracks of 2008 list, while Planet Sound named it the eighth best single of 2008.
Music video
The music video for "I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" was directed by Sarah Chatfield. The video features Annie performing in a studio in front of various colourful backgrounds. It begins with Annie in a black dress singing into a microphone with several female dancers dancing behind her. She is then shown dressed in pink, purple, blue and yellow singing in front of multi-coloured backgrounds. The video version of the song uses the original version of the song, featuring a different introduction to the single version.
Track listings
12" promo single
(ANNIE12PRO1; Released 7 July 2008)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Original Edit)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Feel The Moog Remix)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Get Shakes Remix)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (FDZ Remix)
Promo CDr – Remixes
(ANNIECDPRO2; Released 7 July 2008)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Original Edit) – 3:11
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Get Shakes Remix) – 5:46
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Section Remix) – 5:31
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (FDZ Remix) – 4:11
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Timo Remix) – 6:31
Promo CDr
(ANNIECDPRO3; Released July 14, 2008)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Original Edit)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Get Shakes)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Section)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (FDZ)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Timo)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Soulseekerz Dirty Vocal)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Soulseekerz Club)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Soulseekerz Radio)
Digital download
(Released 27 June 2008)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" – 3:09
B-side bundle
(Released 13 July 2008)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" – 3:09
"Danny, Danny" – 3:03
Digital download – Remixes
(Released 13 July 2008)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Feel the Moog remix) – 4:44
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Get Shakes remix) – 5:47
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Deadly Weapons remix) – 5:30
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Feadz remix) – 4:10
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Timo remix) – 6:31
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Soul Seekerz club mix) – 8:39
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Soul Seekerz radio edit) – 3:16
E-single
(Released 13 July 2008)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" – 3:09
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Feel the Moog remix) – 4:44
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Get Shakes remix) – 5:47
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Deadly Weapons remix) – 5:30
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Feadz remix) – 4:10
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Timo remix) – 6:31
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Soul Seekerz club mix) – 8:39
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Soul Seekerz radio edit) – 3:16
7" single
(1779587; Released 14 July 2008; limited edition)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" – 3:09
"Danny, Danny" – 3:03
CD single
(1779586; Released 14 July 2008)
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" – 3:09
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Feel the Moog remix) – 4:44
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Get Shakes remix) – 5:47
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Deadly Weapons remix) – 5:30
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Feadz remix) – 4:10
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Timo remix) – 6:31
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" (Soul Seekerz club mix) – 8:39
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" music video
Charts
"I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me" managed to peak at No.54 in the UK, making this her lowest charting physical single to date. It did better in Spain, where the song has peaked at No.10.
References
2008 singles
Annie (singer) songs
Song recordings produced by Richard X
Songs written by Hannah Robinson
Songs written by Richard X
Songs written by Annie (singer)
2008 songs
Island Records singles |
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