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on the other side, those who disagree with the inquiry-based philosophy maintain that students must first develop computational skills before they can understand concepts of mathematics. these people would argue that time is better spent practicing skills rather than in investigations inventing alternatives, or justifying more than one correct answer or method. in this view, estimating answers is insufficient and, in fact, is considered to be dependent on strong foundational skills. learning abstract concepts of mathematics is perceived to depend on a solid base of knowledge of the tools of the subject. thus, these people believe that rote learning is an important part of the learning process.
kemeny and kurtz agreed on the need for programming literacy among students outside the traditional stem fields; only 25% of the students at dartmouth took stem-related courses, but some level of mathematics was used in almost every field. moreover, as computers became more important in society, they wondered "how can sensible decisions about computing and its use be made by persons essentially ignorant of it?"
the nctm in recent revisions has made more explicit this need for learning of basic math facts and correct, efficient methods. many new editions of standards-based texts do present standard methods and basic skills. however, the original guidelines continue to draw fire from well-meaning parents and community members, some of whom advocate a return to traditional mathematics. success of a particular text depends not only upon its content, but also on the willingness of a school community to allow new pedagogy and content and to commit to the recommended implementation of the materials.
in order to facilitate learning, pask argued that subject matter should be represented in the form of structures which show what is to be learned. these structures exist in a variety of different levels depending upon the extent of the relationships displayed. the critical method of learning according to conversation theory is "teachback" in which one person teaches another what they have learned.
researchers found that the van hiele levels of american students are low. european researchers have found similar results for european students. many, perhaps most, american students do not achieve the deduction level even after successfully completing a proof-oriented high school geometry course, probably because material is learned by rote, as the van hieles claimed. this appears to be because american high school geometry courses assume students are already at least at level 2, ready to move into level 3, whereas many high school students are still at level 1, or even level 0. see the fixed sequence property above.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
A fallen tree may provide what?
(A) Hope
(B) Happiness
(C) Love
(D) Thriving life
### Answer: | D |
at the university of toronto, she has focussed on developing mechanisms to stop the spread of infectious diseases in hospitals and care homes. mcgeer has studied the impact of influenza on hospital staff. she encouraged people of all ages to receive the universal flu vaccine and supported hospitals in improving their influenza testing. she also contributed to a review of influenza diagnosis among older hospitalized patients on behalf of the canadian immunization research network (cirn) serious outcomes surveillance (sos) network.
barclay graduated with a bachelor of arts (ba) degree in natural sciences from the university of cambridge. for a postgraduate study, she conducted medical research at the common cold unit in salisbury, supervised by david tyrrell and fred brown, for which she was awarded a doctor of philosophy (phd) from the university of reading in 1988: her doctoral thesis was titled "the humoral immune response to rhinovirus infection". at reading, she was involved in human challenge studies with rhinovirus, to study the virus and its interaction with the human body.
mcgeer studies the prevention and management of bacterial and viral infections. her primary areas of research interest are the prevention of healthcare associated infection, the epidemiology of influenza, and adult immunization. she has received research grants from pfizer and seqirus, as well as personal and consulting fees from astrazeneca, glaxosmithkline, janssen, medicago, merck, moderna, and sanofi pasteur.
sorek has suggested that since human viruses like hiv and herpes simplex can cause active and latent infections, they might be using an arbitrium-like system to communicate. in this case, that analogue could be used to suppress infections by making the viruses completely latent. prof. martha clokie, of the university of leicester, has hailed the discovery of viral communication as 'transformative'.
the bacteria r-m system has been proposed as a model for devising human anti-viral gene or genomic vaccines and therapies since the rm system serves an innate defense-role in bacteria by restricting tropism of bacteriophages. research is on reases and zfn that can cleave the dna of various human viruses, including hsv-2, high-risk hpvs and hiv-1, with the ultimate goal of inducing target mutagenesis and aberrations of human-infecting viruses. the human genome already contains remnants of retroviral genomes that have been inactivated and harnessed for self-gain. indeed, the mechanisms for silencing active l1 genomic retroelements by the three prime repair exonuclease 1 (trex1) and excision repair cross complementing 1 (ercc) appear to mimic the action of rm-systems in bacteria, and the non-homologous end-joining (nhej) that follows the use of zfn without a repair template.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Which human body system attacks viruses and bacteria once they have invaded the body?
(A) circulatory
(B) endocrine
(C) digestive
(D) immune
### Answer: | D |
“i decided i needed to get a little bit more knowledge about practical matters and i wanted to become a machinist. while i was going to school i went to another school at night at brooklyn tech where i learned how to operate lathes, machines, read blueprints, and that kind of stuff. i got a job as a machinist after that."
apart from electromagnetics and network theory, other items in the syllabus are particular to electronic engineering courses. electrical engineering courses have other specialisms such as machines, power generation, and distribution. this list does not include the extensive engineering mathematics curriculum that is a prerequisite to a degree.
the school of engineering, design and manufacturing systems (edms) offers courses in engineering and related disciplines. there is a choice of 12 undergraduate and postgraduates courses ranging from bsc motor sports technology to beng mechanical engineering and from msc automotive calibration and control to msc supply chain management.
she completed her diploma in material physics in the year 1987 from georg-august-universität göttingen,germany. the title of her thesis is recrystallization experiments on <111> tensile deformed copper single crystals supervised by prof. p. haasen. she then carried on to do a phd in the same university and the title of her phd thesis is 'in-situ hvem-investigations of the early stages of recrystallization in cu-0.2 at.% mn-single crystals', also supervised by prof. p. haasen.
the school offers special classes or 'shops' to students with an interest in learning a new skill. some of the shops consist of carpentry, electrical trades, and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (hvac). this area is considered the school of construction and technology. each area is like a major at a college.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Which is a source of raw materials?
(A) a power plant
(B) a factory
(C) a shopping mall
(D) an oil field
### Answer: | D |
aft is also part of a multi-institutional research effort to explore the possibility of minimally invasive and nipple sparing breast surgery on patients with breast cancer. along with 8 other institutions, aft leads the washington university school of medicine effort to conduct a randomized controlled trial of mastectomies with and without a robot.
powell held a fellowship at harvard medical school in 1991, becoming an instructor in 1992, and associate professor of radiation oncology in 1998. he then became clinical director of the gillette center for women's cancers, co-leader of the harvard breast cancer research program, and leader of the dna repair/radiation biology program. from 2004 to 2008 he served as professor and head of radiation therapy/radiation oncology at the washington university school of medicine in st. louis.
in 2008, powell moved to new york to join memorial sloan kettering cancer center and become the chair of the department of radiation oncology in memorial hospital with a joint appointment in sloan kettering institute's molecular biology program. he was also appointed to the faculties of the gerstner sloan kettering graduate school of biomedical science and weill cornell graduate school of medical sciences. he also holds the enid a. haupt chair in radiation oncology at the center. his career has centered on understanding dna repair alterations in cancer and how they can be used for the basis of selective cancer therapies. his clinical expertise is in the treatment of breast cancer.
for breast cancer treatment, sgrt increases the patient setup information compared to laser‐based setup (lbs), by using the entire patient skin surface instead of only three skin marks. sgrt also enables clinicians to monitor a patient in real-time to replicate the same position during the ct scan for sarcoma patients.
in the mindact trial, women with breast cancer who are assessed as “high risk” by both mammaprint and clinical-pathologic guidelines are advised to have chemotherapy whereas for women with “low risk” concordance, hormonal therapy alone is recommended. however, discordant cases are randomized to receive either chemotherapy or hormonal therapy based on clinical-pathological risk assessment or mammaprint and the patients are followed. the results of mindact validate mammaprint as an important prognostic and predictive tool in cancer treatment.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Should chest wall irradiation be included after mastectomy and negative node breast cancer?
(A) yes
(B) no
(C) maybe
### Answer: | maybe |
many reactions require heat to increase reaction speed. however, in many situations increased heat can cause the solvent to boil uncontrollably which negatively affects the reaction, and can potentially reduce product yield. to address this issue, reflux condensers can be fitted to reaction glassware. reflux condensers are specially calibrated pieces of glassware that possess two inlets for water to run in and out through the glass against gravity. this flow of water cools any escaping substrate and condenses it back into the reaction flask to continue reacting and ensure that all product is contained. the use of reflux condensers is an important technique within organic syntheses and is utilized in reflux steps, as well as recrystallization steps.
for recrystallization, the product-containing solution is equipped with a condenser and brought to reflux again. reflux is complete when the product-containing solution is clear. once clear, the reaction is taken off heat and allowed to cool which will cause the product to re-precipitate, yielding a purer product.
the technique is partly based on the solubility difference of gas in pure solvents and in solutions. the dissolution of a compound in a pure solvent results in the generation of gas bubbles in the solvent, due to the lowering of gas solubility in the resulting solution, as well as the introduction of gases with the solute. the presence of these gas bubbles increases the compressibility of the solution, thereby lowering the velocity of sound in the solution. this effect can be monitored by means of the frequency change of acoustic resonances that are mechanically produced in the solvent.
the chemistry of 'doctor sweetening' was described in detail by g. wendt and s. diggs in 1924. they also showed that the lead oxide solution brought about oxidation of the mercaptans to the corresponding organic disulfides, which are comparatively odourless. lead oxide (litharge) dissolves in reasonably concentrated solutions of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide owing to formation of a soluble compound, sodium plumbite:
the same principle is at work in the friedel-crafts reaction. here, a strong lewis acid is required to generate either a carbocation from an alkyl halide in the friedel-crafts alkylation reaction or an acylium ion from an acyl halide.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
A chemist observed bubbling and fizzing after adding an acid solution to a white powdery substance in a beaker. Which of the following can be inferred?
(A) The acid boiled when poured into the beaker.
(B) The acid and powder formed a new product.
(C) A physical reaction produced a gas mixture.
(D) A reaction occurred that produced heat.
### Answer: | B |
in an acidic solution, the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than 10 moles per liter. since ph is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydronium ions, acidic solutions thus have a ph of less than 7.
to prepare a solution for use as ph indicator, dissolve 0.10 g in 8.0 cm n/50 (a.k.a. 0.02 normal) naoh and dilute with water to 250 cm. to prepare a solution for use as indicator in volumetric work, dissolve 0.1 g in 100 cm of 50% (v/v) ethanol.
the protons (which are actually hydrated, e.g. as) make the solution acidic; the ph varies from 6.5 to 4.7 as the concentration of mgcl increases from 30% to 70% (weight basis). the protons then react with and dissolve the nearly insoluble oxide or hydroxide, by such reactions as
to determine the concentration of an acid in an aqueous solution, an acid–base titration is commonly performed. a strong base solution with a known concentration, usually naoh or koh, is added to neutralize the acid solution according to the color change of the indicator with the amount of base added. the titration curve of an acid titrated by a base has two axes, with the base volume on the x-axis and the solution's ph value on the y-axis. the ph of the solution always goes up as the base is added to the solution.
a simple buffer solution consists of a solution of an acid and a salt of the conjugate base of the acid. for example, the acid may be acetic acid and the salt may be sodium acetate.the henderson–hasselbalch equation relates the ph of a solution containing a mixture of the two components to the acid dissociation constant, k of the acid, and the concentrations of the species in solution.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
A solution with a pH of 2 can be increased to a pH above 7 by adding
(A) an acid.
(B) water.
(C) a base.
(D) hydrogen.
### Answer: | C |
in this paper elizabeth u.cascio along with economists patricia m. anderson, krisitn f. butcher, and diane whitmore schanzenbach research the relationship between body mass index and education. the paper was written in response to the claims that children gain weight while they are in school due to unhealthy snacks and school lunches. the economists run a regression-discontinuity analysis to compare the weights of children who have spent different number of years in school to determine whether this is the case. the paper suggests that children do not gain more weight as they transition from elementary to secondary because there are certain policies and standards about food that are implemented in schools. the paper also considers that there are unobservable factors that attribute to weight and health that are otherwise unobservable within schools as well. the paper mentions genetics and the nurturing of children being a factor to weight gain and education. the paper finally concludes with the statement that there is not necessarily anything that would cause a child to gain weight during school periods. it is a situational scenario where certain schools lack in the provision of the proper food items they need to serve. the economists claim there needed to be more of a standardized policy to help ensure children are being fed nutritional food.
perrin investigates how pediatricians can make best use of their time during well-child visits to promote health and healthy behaviors. she investigates the role of bmi screening and communication and the relationship between bmi and health. she and colleagues have found severe obesity in children and young adults to be associated with an increased prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, and that increased weight in children is associated with elevated inflammatory markers. perrin developed a toolkit using color-coded bmi charts and found that using these increased parental understanding of bmi charts, especially parents with lower numeracy, as well as impacted short-term dietary and physical activity behavior changes.
the world health organization have recognised that obesity is one of the most serious but preventable public health challenges. adab has worked on obesity prevention programmes since the early 2000s. she has said that childhood obesity is particularly difficult to manage as parents often do not “think children can be overweight,”. in 2016 adab investigated the diets of primary school students, and found that they were consuming four times the daily recommended sugar levels; and that 40% of their sugar intake came from sugary drinks.
in 2020 adab was one of a team of researchers who studied the impact of the daily mile, a physical education intervention for school children, on childhood obesity. the daily mile encourages school students to do 15 minutes of exercise during the school day, and despite there being no evidence of its benefits, has been adopted by 10,500 schools and nurseries around the united kingdom. the body mass index of participating students was measured at the start, after 4 and then again after 12 months. she found that the daily mile had a small positive impact on the body mass index of children who took part, and was particularly cost-effective for girls.
perrin's research considers patient-oriented primary care, childhood obesity and health disparities. in the united states, one in three children is overweight or obese. perrin has developed tools and programs that can prevent and treat obesity. she makes use of both qualitative and quantitative methods to identify causes, correlates, and prevention of obesity, with a particular focus on disadvantaged communities. these include low-income communities who do not have the resources to eat healthily or keep physically active.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Does maternal obesity have an influence on feeding behavior of obese children?
(A) yes
(B) no
(C) maybe
### Answer: | no |
a transit visa is required for gold coast airport, and for cairns airport and sydney airport if staying overnight. transit without a visa through adelaide applies only to passengers departing on the same aircraft unless advance notice is given by the airline. in addition, those who need to leave the transit lounge for any reason must hold a valid australian visa.
some travelers do not need a transit visa (subclass 771) if they depart australia by air within 8 hours of the scheduled time of their arrival, hold confirmed onward booking and documentation necessary to enter the country of their destination and remain in the transit lounge at an airport (i.e. they do not need to clear immigration in order to re-check their luggage).
holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an apec business travel card (abtc) containing the "aus" code on the reverse that it is valid for travel to australia can enter visa-free for business trips for up to 90 days.
in 2021 the terminal building was enlarged to allow more passengers and more luggage. the winter flights from uk has had passengers staying only for the day with hand luggage, but there is a desire to have 200-passenger flights with checked luggage for longer stays.
in 2014, bulgaria, cyprus and romania notified the european commission that they considered that australia required a visa for their nationals. the notification was dismissed in 2015 after australia lifted a transit visa requirement for bulgarians, cypriots and romanians and made some clarifications.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
If you fly from Europe to Australia in December, when you arrive you will most likely want to wear:
(A) heavy coat
(B) mittens
(C) shorts
(D) ski mask
### Answer: | C |
this amount can account for 20 to 30% of total electron transport. it is possible that the reduction of oxygen by free electrons emerging from psi prevents components of the electron transport chain from becoming over-reduced. the water water cycle is not related to photorespiration, as it comprises different reactions and results in no net oxygen consumption.
a powerful research technique is to simultaneously measure chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange to obtain a full picture of the response of plants to their environment. one technique is to simultaneously measure co fixation and psii photochemistry at different light intensities, in non-photorespiratory conditions. a plot of co fixation and psii photochemistry indicates the electron requirement per molecule co fixed. from this estimation, the extent of photorespiration may be estimated. this has been used to explore the significance of photorespiration as a photoprotective mechanism during drought.
recent evidence shows that the necessary electrons which cycle the enzyme from oxidised to reduced form come from ferredoxin. in green tissue, ferredoxin can receive these electrons directly from photosystem i so that nadph need not be involved. however, in the dark, ferredoxin can also be reduced via ferredoxin—nadp(+) reductase, allowing the reaction to proceed in that case. it is therefore more accurate to show the individual steps as follows:
a core set of energy-producing catabolic pathways occur within all living organisms in some form. these pathways transfer the energy released by breakdown of nutrients into atp and other small molecules used for energy (e.g. gtp, nadph, fadh). all cells can perform anaerobic respiration by glycolysis. additionally, most organisms can perform more efficient aerobic respiration through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. additionally plants, algae and cyanobacteria are able to use sunlight to anabolically synthesize compounds from non-living matter by photosynthesis.
in its simplest form, photosynthesis is adding water to co to produce sugars and oxygen, but a complex chemical pathway is involved, facilitated along the way by a range of enzymes and co-enzymes. the enzyme rubisco is responsible for "fixing" co – that is, it attaches it to a carbon-based molecule to form a sugar, which can be used by the plant, releasing an oxygen molecule along the way. however, the enzyme is notoriously inefficient, and just as effectively will also fix oxygen instead of co in a process called photorespiration. this is energetically costly as the plant has to use energy to turn the products of photorespiration back into a form that can react with co.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Which statement about photosynthesis and respiration is true?
(A) Photosynthesis stores energy and respiration releases energy.
(B) Respiration stores energy and photosynthesis releases energy.
(C) Photosynthesis and respiration are the same process.
(D) Photosynthesis and respiration do not have anything to do with energy.
### Answer: | A |
some kinds of raw beans contain a harmful, tasteless toxin: the lectin phytohaemagglutinin, which must be removed by cooking. red kidney beans are particularly toxic, but other types also pose risks of food poisoning. even small quantities (4 or 5 raw beans) may cause severe stomachache, vomiting, and diarrhea. this risk does not apply to canned beans because they have already been cooked. a recommended method is to boil the beans for at least ten minutes; under-cooked beans may be more toxic than raw beans.
the potential applications of ohmic heating range from cooking, thawing, blanching, peeling, evaporation, extraction, dehydration, and fermentation. these allow for ohmic heating to pasteurize particulate foods for hot filling, pre-heat products prior to canning, and aseptically process ready-to-eat meals and refrigerated foods. prospective examples are outlined in table 2 as this food processing method has not been commercially approved by the fda. since there is currently insufficient data on electrical conductivities for solid foods, it is difficult to prove the high quality and safe process design for ohmic heating. additionally, a successful 12d reduction for c. botulinum prevention has yet to be validated.
cooking beans, without bringing them to a boil, in a slow cooker at a temperature well below boiling may not destroy toxins. a case of poisoning by butter beans used to make falafel was reported; the beans were used instead of traditional broad beans or chickpeas, soaked and ground without boiling, made into patties, and shallow fried.
cooking, whether by electrical or other means, is generally prohibited on shabbat. food may be kept hot when it is cooked before the start of shabbat. there are various laws governing how this food is kept hot and served. often, a blech or crock pot is used for this purpose.
carryover cooking is often used as a finishing step in preparation of foods that are roasted or grilled, and should be accounted for in recipes as it can increase the internal temperature of foods by temperatures between 5 and 25 degrees fahrenheit (3–14°c). the larger and denser the object being heated, the greater the amount of temperature increase due to carryover cooking.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
One way to protect against food poisoning is to
(A) cook food to proper temperatures.
(B) combine different types of food.
(C) store food in glass containers.
(D) defrost meat slowly on the counter.
### Answer: | A |
a typical manufactured glass contains around 15% sodium oxide, 70% silica (silicon dioxide), and 9% lime (calcium oxide). the sodium carbonate "soda" serves as a flux to lower the temperature at which the silica mixture melts. such soda-lime glass has a much lower melting temperature than pure silica and has slightly higher elasticity. these changes arise because the na -based material is somewhat more flexible.
optical glass refers to a quality of glass suitable for the manufacture of optical systems such as optical lenses, prisms or mirrors. unlike window glass or crystal, whose formula is adapted to the desired aesthetic effect, optical glass contains additives designed to modify certain optical or mechanical properties of the glass: refractive index, dispersion, transmittance, thermal expansion and other parameters. lenses produced for optical applications use a wide variety of materials, from silica and conventional borosilicates to elements such as germanium and fluorite, some of which are essential for glass transparency in areas other than the visible spectrum. various elements can be used to form glass, including silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium and arsenic, mostly in oxide form, but also in the form of selenides, sulfides, fluorides and more. these materials give glass its characteristic non-crystalline structure. the addition of materials such as alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals or rare earths can change the physico-chemical properties of the whole to give the glass the qualities suited to its function. some optical glasses use up to twenty different chemical components to obtain the desired optical properties. in addition to optical and mechanical parameters, optical glasses are characterized by their purity and quality, which are essential for their use in precision instruments. defects are quantified and classified according to international standards: bubbles, inclusions, scratches, index defects, coloring, etc.
the following tables summarize most glass families and their composition. each composition has its own particular properties and defects. increasing the index often requires sacrificing transmission in the ultraviolet, and although research since the early days of glassmaking has considerably improved this state of affairs, it is not possible to obtain highly dispersive, low-refractive glasses, or low-dispersive, high-refractive glasses.
the basic materials used to manufacture optical lenses must be particularly pure, as any inclusion or impurity could not only degrade performance but also cause considerable damage to the lens (breakage, darkening, tinting, etc.). for example, the sand used to manufacture silica-based glass must contain an extremely low proportion of ferric oxide (fe o) (10 ppm maximum) and even lower proportions of other oxides and elements (cobalt, copper, nickel, etc.). there are very few geographical sites where the sands are sufficiently pure for these applications.
for both the practical application and scientific study of chalcogenide glasses, glass purity is of utmost importance. varying levels of trace impurities, even at levels of a few parts per million can alter the spectroscopic behavior of a glass. similarly, impurities are a major concern for optical components. impurities in the raw materials and hence in the resulting glass, contribute to the loss of power through an optical component, whether it is in the form of a long glass fiber or an infrared window. these impurities contribute to the optical loss through absorption and scattering as well as serving as nucleation sites for crystallization.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
what does glass cause?
(A) contamination
(B) water vapor
(C) coke
(D) Pollution
(E) chemical changes
(F) oxygen
(G) lowered energy cost
(H) bending light rays
### Answer: | H |
until spring 2018, würsig taught undergraduate and graduate courses in aspects of marine mammalogy, specializing in behavior and behavioral ecology. he has published widely in the popular literature as part of teaching endeavors, such as for the journals natural history and scientific american, and he has been advisor to numerous movies made for television, as well as the imax movie “dolphins” (2000) that was nominated for an academy award, best documentary short subject. he formerly led field courses on marine bird and mammal biology in argentina, mexico, spain, china, new zealand, greece, alaska, and elsewhere, but as professor emeritus does so only occasionally.
upon returning to the philippines after his studies in the united states, villadolid was employed by upca as an instructor where he designed a course of instructions on biology of aquatic fauna and flora, particularly fishes, limnology, phycology and a general fisheries program. his contribution would later be adopted as part of the college of agriculture's wider program.
hering joined the swiss federal institute of aquatic science and technology (eawag) as a research fellow. she coordinated several scientific exchanges and managed international conferences. she co-authored the textbook principles and applications of aquatic chemistry with françois morel in 1993. the book was described by david sedlak as a “a masterpiece that has influenced the way in which water chemistry is taught".
in 2013, magnasco formed the m c collaboration with cetacean researcher diana reiss in order to study marine mammal communication and cognition. their interdisciplinary team is probing dolphin intelligence using an underwater interactive touchpad at the national aquarium (baltimore).
the seaperch is an educational tool and kit that allows elementary, middle, and high-school students to construct a simple, remotely operated underwater vehicle, or remotely operated vehicle (rov), from polyvinyl chloride (pvc) pipe and other readily made materials. the seaperch program is a curriculum designed program that teaches students basic skills in ship and submarine design and encourages students to explore naval architecture and marine and ocean engineering concepts. it was inspired by the 1997 book,build your own underwater robot and other wet projects, by harry bohm and vickie jensen. the massachusetts institute of technology sea grant (mitsg) college program created the seaperch initiative in 2003, and it is sponsored by the office of naval research, as part of the national naval responsibility for naval engineering (nnrne) to find the next generation of naval architects, marine engineers, naval engineers, and ocean engineers.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
an aquatic animal requires not having too much what in water?
(A) warmth
(B) Energy.
(C) energy
(D) fats
(E) algae
(F) matter
(G) harm
(H) sodium
### Answer: | E |
the same is true for the inverse relations. here is a picture of two students working with the "water triangle". given the problem noted above, most students predict the water level on the left side will drop to two units when the water triangle is tilted. when they carry out the experiment and see that the answer is 3 units, this establishes some cognitive dissonance. this is a prime time for the teacher to move the lesson into the second stage of the learning cycle.
hands-on activities are extremely useful in the learning cycle. after making predictions about the height of mr. tall in paper clips, the measuring tools can be introduced and the students can test their strategies. for the student using a constant difference relation, actual measurement will show that mr. tall is actually nine paper clips high and this will set up some cognitive dissonance.
she has explored different methods of teaching physics. for instance, the introductory course on atoms and waves was taught in both a standard format and in a " flipped " style. the flipped classes used videos, multiple choice questions, followed by additional clarification videos. even students in the standard class watched the videos and 85% of the students said they would choose another flipped class.
the trouble with professor einstein is that he knows nothing about my results. he ought to give me credit for knowing that temperature differences would affect the results. he wrote to me in november suggesting this. i am not so simple as to make no allowance for temperature.
in a typical experiment under the fume hood in an unsealed beaker the conductivity of purified water increases typically non linearly from values below 1 μs/cm to values close 3.5 μs/cm at 95 0 c {\displaystyle \mathrm {95^{0}c} }. this temperature dependence has to be taken into account particularly in dilute salt solutions.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Miguel was conducting an experiment. He wrote the following sentences in his notebook: The starting temperature of the water was 10 degrees Celsius. An object weighing 5 grams was placed in the water. The temperature of the water increased to 15 degrees. The object must have been hotter than 10 degrees. In which sentence did Miguel make an inference?
(A) sentence 1
(B) sentence 2
(C) sentence 3
(D) sentence 4
### Answer: | D |
multiple intubation tools are now available with built-in video technology, also known as video laryngoscopy. the glidescope model utilizes a curved laryngoscopic blade with an integrated camera connected to a large external monitor. the mcgrath model has a compact design with a small display directly attached to the laryngoscopic blade. the operator introduces the video laryngoscope through the mouth with a technique similar to direct laryngoscopy. the larynx and vocal cords are visualized via the camera and the operator is able to pass the endotracheal tube through the vocal cords and into the trachea under direct visualization on the video monitor. studies have shown that when compared to direct laryngoscopy, video laryngoscopy resulted in fewer failed intubation attempts, especially in patients with known difficult airways. limitations of video laryngoscopy exist and prevent the exclusive use of this method over direct laryngoscopy. excessive blood and saliva in the airway can cover the camera lens on the video laryngoscope and obscure effective visualization of the anatomy, preventing effective intubation attempts. this is of importance in patients with trauma to their airway, increasing the amount of blood present, and patients taking sialogogues, or drugs that increase the flow of saliva.
tracheal intubation, often simply referred to as intubation, is the placement of a flexible plastic or rubber endotracheal tube (ett) into the trachea to maintain an open airway, allow for effective ventilation, protect the airway from aspiration (when a cuffed ett is used), and to serve as a conduit through which to administer inhaled anesthetics. it is frequently performed in surgery, critically injured, ill or anesthetized patients to facilitate ventilation of the lungs, including mechanical ventilation, and to prevent the possibility of asphyxiation or airway obstruction. the most widely used route is orotracheal intubation, in which an endotracheal tube is passed through the mouth, through the vocal cords, and into the trachea. in a nasotracheal intubation, a nasotracheal tube (ntt) is passed through the nose, through the vocal cords, and into the trachea.
unlike basic airway management, such as the head tilt/chin lift or jaw-thrust maneuver, advanced airway management relies on the use of medical equipment and advanced training in anesthesiology, emergency medicine, or critical care medicine. certain invasive airway management techniques can be performed with visualization of the glottis or "blind" – without direct visualization of the glottis. visualization of the glottis can be accomplished either directly by using a laryngoscope blade or by utilizing newer video technology options.
advanced airway management is a key component in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, anesthesia, emergency medicine, and intensive care medicine. the "a" in the abc mnemonic for dealing with critically ill patients stands for airway management. many airways are straightforward to manage. however, some can be challenging. such difficulties can be predicted to some extent by a physical exam. common methods of assessing difficult airways include a mallampati score, cormack-lehane classification, thyromental distance, degree of mouth opening, neck range of motion, body habitus, and malocclusion (underbite or overbite). a recent cochrane systematic review examines the sensitivity and specificity of the various bedside tests commonly used to predict difficulty in airway management.
classically, tracheal intubation has been performed utilizing direct laryngoscopy to obtain direct visualization of the vocal cords. there are multiple different laryngoscope blade styles, shapes, and lengths from which to choose based on patient anatomy and clinician preference. in north america, the macintosh blade is the most commonly used curved blade while the miller blade is the most common straight blade. many modern laryngoscopes are equipped with a fiberoptic light source to aid in visualization. regardless of blade shape, direct laryngoscopy technique involves passage of the laryngoscope through the mouth and into the back of the throat. manipulation of the neck and lifting of the tongue allows for direct visualization of the larynx and vocal cords by the operator. following visualization, the endotracheal tube can be passed along the blade, through the vocal cords, and into the trachea.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Is oral endotracheal intubation efficacy impaired in the helicopter environment?
(A) yes
(B) no
(C) maybe
### Answer: | yes |
this study is important for understanding gap regenerations and the problems of such a task. “this experiment demonstrated that natural levels of variation in propagule size and predisposal damage by insects translate into significant difference in seedling performance in terms of establishment and early growth. such differences are sufficiently large that they could influence the intensity and outcome of competitive interactions during forest regeneration.”
another terrestrial facilitation cascade includes trees, mistletoe, and birds, where trees are the primary foundation species that facilitates mistletoe, a secondary foundation species, which then facilitates the nesting and feeding of local and migratory birds. this example has been observed in multiple places around the world from pine forests in southeastern spain to semi-arid southeastern zimbabwean savannas. the example is notable because mistletoes can be parasitic and have a negative effect on their tree hosts, which is a reminder that the direction and strength of interactions associated with facilitation cascades can be context-dependent.
simard identified something called a hub tree, or "mother tree". mother trees are the largest trees in forests that act as central hubs for vast below-ground mycorrhizal networks. a mother tree supports seedlings by infecting them with fungi and supplying them with the nutrients they need to grow.
figure 3 shows a right left situation. in its upper third, node x has two child trees with a balance factor of +2. but unlike figure 2, the inner child y of z is higher than its sibling t. this can happen by the insertion of y itself or a height increase of one of its subtrees t or t (with the consequence that they are of different height) or by a height decrease of subtree t. in the latter case, it may also occur that t and t are of the same height.
he formed his hypothesis through observations in queensland, australia. along with jack greening tracey and larry johnson webb, he mapped trees in two rainforests and observed that smaller seedlings tended to occur in single-species clumps. smaller seedlings also exhibited greater mortality, especially when their nearest neighbor was an individual of the same species. this pattern lessened with growth and age until seedlings exhibited similar pattern diversity to adults. to reinforce these observations, connell ran an experiment showing that adult trees have a deleterious effect on smaller trees of the same species. in another experiment, connell found that pre-germination predation was greater on seeds near adults of the same species than those near adults of others. through these observations, connell suggests that each tree species has host-specific enemies that attack it and any of its offspring which are close to the parent. this emphasizes the importance of the role of predation in preventing trees from forming single-species groves, which is probably the only way in which one species of tree could exclude others by interspecies competition.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
When a large oak tree is cut down in a forest, it leaves a gap in the forest canopy which allows smaller trees to quickly grow in the available sunlight. Which interaction is best represented among the smaller trees?
(A) parasitism
(B) mutualism
(C) competition
(D) commensalism
### Answer: | C |
during residency, i recognized that i had dyslexia. and then i realized i had this gift for imaging. radiology is where i belonged. i live in a world of patterns and images and i see things that no one else sees. anomalies jump out at me like a neon sign.
the 1921 journal of educational research contains fernald's foundational study of four boys who learn to spell and read by her kinesthetic method. this method influenced other researchers working at the same time in the field of reading difficulties. notable examples include samuel orton and anna gillingham. the article in the journal of educational research, "the effect of kinaesthetic factors in the development of word recognition in the case of non-readers", outlines five phases of the kinesthetic method. with an emphasis on student choice, focal words are generated by the students during the first stage. each word is introduced by the teacher who writes it on the chalkboard. the student repeats the word while tracing it on the board. when the student is confident that he knows the word, he attempts to write it while saying each syllable. successful word study is followed by phase two where sentences are created in a similar fashion. the third step incorporates a student-selected book where words from specific paragraphs are isolated for reading. in the fourth phase, the student is asked to read whole phrases from the paragraphs. finally, the student is encouraged to do silent reading on his own for the fifth phase. after some time all four boys successfully learned to read well enough to perform at grade level. follow-ups with the participants reflected the maintenance of reading levels and for some avid readers, additional leaps in reading proficiency. though not asserting widespread generalizability, fernald and keller enumerate several findings. one conclusion of interest today describes each student learning by analogy, demonstrating the "ability to pronounce new words if they resemble words he has already learned." this is a compensatory strategy currently used.warren's 1977 dissertation study with children exhibiting mild forms of reading problems demonstrated 147% and 77% superior word recognition and comprehension respectively by fernald tracing compared to orton-gillingham phonics, although o-g was 10% more effective in word decoding.
to save time, some medical schools such as birmingham, england have adopted prosection, where a demonstrator dissects and explains to an audience, in place of dissection by students. this enables students to observe more than one body. improvements in colour images and photography means that an anatomy text is no longer an aid to dissection but rather a central material to learn from. plastic anatomical models are regularly used in anatomy teaching, offering a good substitute to the real thing. use of living models for anatomy demonstration is once again becoming popular within teaching of anatomy. surface landmarks that can be palpated on another individual provide practice for future clinical situations. it is possible to do this on oneself; in the integrated biology course at the university of berkeley, students are encouraged to "introspect" on themselves and link what they are being taught to their own body.
goswami is currently the director of the centre for neuroscience in education at the university of cambridge. the centre utilizes electroencephalogram (eeg) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fnirs) to study the developing brain. some of her current research projects include the neural basis of developmental dyslexia, the neural basis of speech and language impairments, and the neural basis of rhythmic motor behavior.
dcog has also been used to understand learning and communication in clinical settings and to obtain an integrated view of clinical workplace learning. it has been observed how medical actors use and connect gestural practices, along with visual and haptic structures of their own bodies and of artifacts such as technological instruments and computational devices. in so doing they co-construct complex, multimodal representations that go beyond the mental representations usually studied from a cognitive perspective of learning.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Is anorectal endosonography valuable in dyschesia?
(A) yes
(B) no
(C) maybe
### Answer: | yes |
according to the nova institute, hürth, germany, in the future there is no alternative to the increased substantial use of agricultural raw materials. bio-based substances such as biodegradable and durable bio plastics, natural fiber reinforced (bio) plastics (bio composites) and wood-plastic composites (wpc) form an interesting new class of materials thereby.
one of the challenges for the design and use of biodegradable plastics is that biodegradability is a "system property". that is, whether a particular plastic item will biodegrade depends not only on the intrinsic properties of the item, but also on the conditions in the environment in which it ends up. the rate at which plastic biodegrades in a specific ecosystem depends on a wide range of environmental conditions, including temperature and the presence of specific microorganisms.
engineering plastics have gradually replaced traditional engineering materials such as metal, glass or ceramics in many applications. besides equalling or surpassing them in strength, weight, and other properties, engineering plastics are much easier to manufacture, especially in complicated shapes. across all different product types, more than 22 million tonnes of engineering plastics were consumed worldwide in 2020.
the concept of synthetic biodegradable plastics and polymers was first introduced in the 1980s. in 1992, an international meeting was called where leaders in biodegradable polymers met to discuss a definition, standard, and testing protocol for biodegradable polymers. also, oversight organizations such as american society for testing of materials (astm) and the international standards organization (iso) were created. large clothing and grocery store chains have pushed to utilize biodegradable bags in the late 2010s. biodegradable polymers also received notice from various fields in 2012 when professor geoffrey coates of cornell university received the presidential green chemistry challenge award. as of 2013, 5-10% of the plastic market focused on biodegradable polymer derived plastics.
both compostable plastics and biodegradable plastics are materials that break down into their organic constituents; however, composting of some compostable plastics requires strict control of environmental factors, including higher temperatures, pressure and nutrient concentration, as well as specific chemical ratios. these conditions can only be recreated in industrial composting plants, which are few and far between. thus, some plastics that are compostable can degrade only under highly controlled environments. additionally, composting typically takes place in aerobic environments, while biodegradation may take place in anaerobic environments. biologically-based polymers, sourced from non-fossil materials, can decompose naturally in the environment, whereas some plastics products made from biodegradable polymers require the assistance of anaerobic digesters or composting units to break down synthetic material during organic recycling processes.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
If a thing has a good impact on nature, it is most likely
(A) putting plastics in special containers
(B) burning old used tires
(C) putting cigarettes out in ponds
(D) using aerosol air fresheners
### Answer: | A |
the understanding that young children benefit from hands-on learning is more than a century old, going back to the work of maria montessori. however, there are modern developments of the theme. traditional manipulatives are now available on computers as virtual manipulatives, with many offering options not available in the physical world, such as zoom or cross-section of geometric shapes. embodied mathematics, such as studies of numerical cognition or gestures in learning, are growing research topics in mathematics education.
she has explored different methods of teaching physics. for instance, the introductory course on atoms and waves was taught in both a standard format and in a " flipped " style. the flipped classes used videos, multiple choice questions, followed by additional clarification videos. even students in the standard class watched the videos and 85% of the students said they would choose another flipped class.
hooper graduated from melbourne high school in december 1949. he received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering (b. eng.) from the university of melbourne in 1953. he completed his master of engineering (m. eng.) at the university of melbourne, with a 1962 thesis entitled: the characterization of transistors.
obsolescence of technical skills is a serious concern for electronics engineers. membership and participation in technical societies, regular reviews of periodicals in the field, and a habit of continued learning are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency, which is even more crucial in the field of consumer electronics products.
the experimental college offers credit-bearing courses at tufts. these courses tend to involve issues of current importance and/or provide instruction on interdisciplinary subject areas that do not significantly overlap with what is being offered in the traditional departments. they are also intended to be discussion-based and participatory in nature.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
You can scuff your socked feet on a shag carpet and shock a friend because of
(A) electromagnetism
(B) electric youth
(C) bad breeding
(D) gravity
### Answer: | A |
mirrors with curved surfaces can be modeled by ray tracing and using the law of reflection at each point on the surface. for mirrors with parabolic surfaces, parallel rays incident on the mirror produce reflected rays that converge at a common focus. other curved surfaces may also focus light, but with aberrations due to the diverging shape causing the focus to be smeared out in space. in particular, spherical mirrors exhibit spherical aberration. curved mirrors can form images with magnification greater than or less than one, and the image can be upright or inverted. an upright image formed by reflection in a mirror is always virtual, while an inverted image is real and can be projected onto a screen.
hero demonstrated the equality of the angle of incidence and reflection on the grounds that this is the shortest path from the object to the observer. on this basis, he was able to define the fixed relation between an object and its image in a plane mirror. specifically, the image appears to be as far behind the mirror as the object really is in front of the mirror.
light is emitted through the ronchi grating (or a single slit), reflected by the mirror being tested, then passes through the ronchi grating again and is observed by the person doing the test. the observer's eye is placed close to the centre of curvature of the mirror under test looking at the mirror through the grating. the ronchi grating is a short distance (less than 2 cm) closer to the mirror.
refraction is generally accompanied by partial reflection. when waves are refracted from a medium of lower propagation speed (higher refractive index) to a medium of higher propagation speed (lower refractive index)—e.g., from water to air—the angle of refraction (between the outgoing ray and the surface normal) is greater than the angle of incidence (between the incoming ray and the normal). as the angle of incidence approaches a certain threshold, called the critical angle, the angle of refraction approaches 90°, at which the refracted ray becomes parallel to the boundary surface. as the angle of incidence increases beyond the critical angle, the conditions of refraction can no longer be satisfied, so there is no refracted ray, and the partial reflection becomes total. for visible light, the critical angle is about 49° for incidence from water to air, and about 42° for incidence from common glass to air.
whenever a ray of light moves from one medium to another (for example, when light enters a sheet of glass after travelling through air), some portion of the light is reflected from the surface (known as the interface) between the two media. this can be observed when looking through a window, for instance, where a (weak) reflection from the front and back surfaces of the window glass can be seen. the strength of the reflection depends on the ratio of the refractive indices of the two media, as well as the angle of the surface to the beam of light. the exact value can be calculated using the fresnel equations.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Which of the following is the best observation of the refraction of light?
(A) Looking at oneself in a mirror
(B) Looking at a shadow of an object
(C) Viewing an object through an open window
(D) Viewing an object partially in water
### Answer: | D |
born and raised in brooklyn, new york city, john r. cobb attended the staunton military academy in virginia, and enlisted on a merchant ship at the age of 16. he studied english literature at brown university in providence, rhode island and earned a bachelor of arts in literature in 1925. in his senior year at brown he decided on a career in medicine and attended harvard university for one year of post-graduate study in biological sciences. he then attended yale medical school, from which he graduated with an md in 1930. he served a one-year surgical internship and a one-year medical residency in orthopedic surgery at yale – new haven hospital. in 1934 dr. cobb became the gibney orthopedic fellow at the ' hospital for the ruptured and crippled ' in new york city. in 1936 he received a doctor of medical sciences degree from columbia university.
hecht was born in new york city in 1967. he graduated magna cum laude from brown university in 1989 and earned his m.d. with magna cum laude honors at harvard medical school in 1994. his postdoctoral training includes an internship in general surgery at new england deaconess hospital and the harvard combined orthopaedic surgery residency program at massachusetts general hospital, brigham and women's hospital and the beth israel deaconess medical center, which he completed in 1991. he then completed a fellowship at the emory university spine center.
of the 35,476 total active applicants who participated in the national resident matching program in 2016, 75.6% (26,836) were able to find pgy -1 (r-1) matches. out of the total active applicants, 51.27% (18,187) were graduates of conventional us medical schools; 93.8% (17,057) were able to find a match. in comparison, match rates were 80.3% of osteopathic graduates, 53.9% of us citizen international medical school graduates, and 50.5% of non-us citizen international medical schools graduates.
dr. javad parvizi trained in the united kingdom, the united states and switzerland. he earned his medical degree from the university of sheffield, uk in 1991 and then underwent specialist surgical training in newcastle, uk. in 1995, he moved to rochester, us, to the mayo clinic as a research fellow and graduate student. in 1997 he obtained a master of science in orthopaedics from the mayo foundation, mayo clinic, rochester. he then started the residency in orthopaedic surgery at the mayo clinic. after finishing the residency in 2002, he was awarded the hip society-muller foundation fellowship in adult reconstruction to spend additional surgical training at the insalspital hospital at the university of berne, switzerland. in berne, he worked with dr. maurice edmond müller, and professor reinhold ganz to learn joint preservation surgical management of the hip. after his training in bern, he joined the rothman institute in 2003, where he has remained until this date.
stone was born in providence, rhode island in 1955. he was educated at the moses brown school and harvard college, class of 1977, where he led the eliot house crew to row at the henley regatta and played polo. as a cum laude biology graduate, he enrolled in the university of north carolina school of medicine graduating in 1981. he was trained at harvard’s beth israel hospital in internal medicine from 1981–82, then in general surgery at stanford university medical center from 1982–83, and lastly in orthopaedic surgery at the harvard combined orthopaedic residency 1983-1986. he undertook a fellowship in research at the hospital for special surgery in new york under steven arnoczky, d.v.m. and in knee surgery in lake tahoe under richard steadman, m.d., from 1986 -1987.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Does Residency Selection Criteria Predict Performance in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency?
(A) yes
(B) no
(C) maybe
### Answer: | yes |
sunspots themselves, in terms of the magnitude of their radiant-energy deficit, have a weak effect on solar flux. the total effect of sunspots and other magnetic processes in the solar photosphere is an increase of roughly 0.1% in brightness of the sun in comparison with its brightness at the solar-minimum level. this is a difference in total solar irradiance at earth over the sunspot cycle of close to 1.37 w ⋅ m − 2 {\displaystyle 1.37\ \mathrm {w\cdot m^{-2}} }. other magnetic phenomena which correlate with sunspot activity include faculae and the chromospheric network. the combination of these magnetic factors mean that the relationship of sunspot numbers to total solar irradiance (tsi) over the decadal-scale solar cycle, and their relationship for century timescales, need not be the same. the main problem with quantifying the longer-term trends in tsi lies in the stability of the absolute radiometry measurements made from space, which has improved in recent decades but remains a problem. analysis shows that it is possible that tsi was actually higher in the maunder minimum compared to present-day levels, but uncertainties are high, with best estimates in the range ± 0.5 w ⋅ m − 2 {\displaystyle \pm 0.5\ \mathrm {w\cdot m^{-2}} } with a 2 σ {\displaystyle 2\sigma } uncertainty range of ± 1 w ⋅ m − 2 {\displaystyle \pm 1\ \mathrm {w\cdot m^{-2}} }.
the binding energy of helium is the energy source of the sun and of most stars. the sun is composed of 74 percent hydrogen (measured by mass), an element having a nucleus consisting of a single proton. energy is released in the sun when 4 protons combine into a helium nucleus, a process in which two of them are also converted to neutrons.
at the possible relationships between solar activity and meteorological phenomena symposium, goddard space flight center, november 7–8, 1973, charles greely abbot's lifelong work on solar activity provided the foundation for research as a possible driver for earth weather. in addressing the topic, a. j. dessler commented that any increased energy received in earth's troposphere due to increased solar activity is negligible, and that correlations alone do not establish causation. the challenges facing scientists with complex systems like the planet's weather require finding a coupling mechanism. he suggested to continue seeking physical mechanisms.
more recently, the helioseismic and magnetic imager (hmi), on the solar dynamics observatory, employs two michelson interferometers with a polarizer and other tunable elements, to study solar variability and to characterize the sun's interior along with the various components of magnetic activity. hmi takes high-resolution measurements of the longitudinal and vector magnetic field over the entire visible disk thus extending the capabilities of its predecessor, the soho 's mdi instrument (see fig. 9). hmi produces data to determine the interior sources and mechanisms of solar variability and how the physical processes inside the sun are related to surface magnetic field and activity. it also produces data to enable estimates of the coronal magnetic field for studies of variability in the extended solar atmosphere. hmi observations will help establish the relationships between the internal dynamics and magnetic activity in order to understand solar variability and its effects.
although the details of sunspot formation are still a matter of ongoing research, it is widely understood that they are the visible manifestations of magnetic flux tubes in the sun's convective zone projecting through the photosphere within active regions. their characteristic darkening occurs due to this strong magnetic field inhibiting convection in the photosphere. as a result, the energy flux from the sun's interior decreases, and with it, surface temperature, causing the surface area through which the magnetic field passes to look dark against the bright background of photospheric granules.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
What can bring a stronger sun?
(A) Solar energy
(B) sunlight
(C) Heat energy
(D) rain or sun shine
(E) flow of electrons
(F) rays or beams
(G) Energy.
(H) seasons change
### Answer: | H |
in order to precisely determine the amount of clay, sand and silt in a soil, it must be taken to a laboratory for analysis. a strategy known as particle size analysis (psa) is performed, beginning with the pretreatment of the soil in order to remove all other particles such as organic matter that may interfere with the classification. pretreatment must leave the soil as strictly sand, silt and clay particles. pretreatment may consist of processes such as the sieving of the soil to remove larger particles, thus allowing the soil to be dispersed properly. hydrometer tests may then be used to calculate the amounts of sand, silt and clay present. this consists of mixing the pretreated soil with water and then allowing the mixture to settle, making note of the hydrometer reading. sand particles are the largest, and thus will settle the quickest, followed by the silt particles, and lastly the clay particles. the sections are then dried and weighed. the three sections should add up to 100% in order for the test to be considered successful. laser diffraction analysis can also be used as alternative to the sieving and hydrometer methods.
the classification of fine-grained soils, i.e., soils that are finer than sand, is determined primarily by their atterberg limits, not by their grain size. if it is important to determine the grain size distribution of fine-grained soils, the hydrometer test may be performed. in the hydrometer tests, the soil particles are mixed with water and shaken to produce a dilute suspension in a glass cylinder, and then the cylinder is left to sit. a hydrometer is used to measure the density of the suspension as a function of time. clay particles may take several hours to settle past the depth of measurement of the hydrometer. sand particles may take less than a second. stoke's law provides the theoretical basis to calculate the relationship between sedimentation velocity and particle size. astm provides the detailed procedures for performing the hydrometer test.
silts, sands and gravels are classified by their size, and hence they may consist of a variety of minerals. owing to the stability of quartz compared to other rock minerals, quartz is the most common constituent of sand and silt. mica, and feldspar are other common minerals present in sands and silts. the mineral constituents of gravel may be more similar to that of the parent rock.
the soil matrix is the solid phase of soils, and comprise the solid particles that make up soils. soil particles can be classified by their chemical composition (mineralogy) as well as their size. the particle size distribution of a soil, its texture, determines many of the properties of that soil, in particular hydraulic conductivity and water potential, but the mineralogy of those particles can strongly modify those properties. the mineralogy of the finest soil particles, clay, is especially important.
the soil matrix is the solid phase of soils, and comprise the solid particles that make up soils. soil particles can be classified by their chemical composition (mineralogy) as well as their size. the particle size distribution of a soil, its texture, determines many of the properties of that soil, in particular hydraulic conductivity and water potential, but the mineralogy of those particles can strongly modify those properties. the mineralogy of the finest soil particles, clay, is especially important.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
A student adds water and detergent to a cup of soil. The mixture is shaken and allowed to settle. The student observes that silt particles stay suspended long after the other particles form layers at the bottom of the jar. The most likely explanation is that the silt particles are
(A) organic.
(B) dissolving.
(C) less dense.
(D) moving faster.
### Answer: | C |
there are several places in the east where the water roars, everything from big rivers like the delaware river to creeks that dive over large waterfalls, many exceeding 30 feet (9.1 m). in fact, there used to be more of them but over time some of these have been dammed or altered; the upper portions of the mississippi river near st. paul minnesota, for example, used to have very large rapids and several waterfalls. the mississippi, the divide between east and west itself, used to be a much more wild and turbulent river with more violent spots in its drainage area past cairo illinois with the des moines rapids and the sauk rapids being either larger than today or undammed.
crossey also investigates the age of the grand canyon, through studies of its rock layers and their composition. thermal histories of apatite rock samples suggest that the colorado river is made up of multiple segments that were formed at different times, the youngest of them around six million years ago. the study and dating of fossils has led the researchers to redefine the tonto group formation to include the sixtymile formation. this work suggests a younger age for the tonto group than previously thought, possibly 508 to 497 million years, and a recalibration of the cambrian timescale. key extinctions during the cambrian period may have occurred more quickly than previously believed.
downcutting and canyon widening continue today as the process of erosion continues to try to reduce the topography to sea level. in 1998 a flash flood temporarily increased the virgin river's flow rate from 200 to 4,500 ft /s (6 to 125 m /s). geologists estimate that the virgin river can cut another thousand feet (300 m) before it loses the ability to transport sediment to the colorado river to the south. however, additional uplift will probably increase this figure.
crossey has spent years studying the relationships between geology and hydrology in the grand canyon region, identifying hydrologic boundaries and tracking the flow of groundwater between its aquifers. she models the movement, mixing, and quality of water through the region and has raised concerns about the many demands on the canyon's water supply.
in the western united states, the more noted rivers, such as the grand canyon have much greater water volume and therefore require a different set of paddling skills. western rafters also navigate many small, low volume rivers, some with much steeper descents than eastern rivers; however, since the mountains are newer in the west, the hazard from undercut rocks, a problem in the east, is replaced by more frequent log jams precipitated by logging activities near the rivers.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
A mighty river flows through an area for millennia. Afterwards, it can be noted that where there once were shallow rivers, there are now
(A) massive canyons
(B) large bricks
(C) old socks
(D) small creeks
### Answer: | A |
while a senior lecturer in biology at melbourne state college in the 1970s, kinnear wrote computer programmes to help teach genetics through simulations of animal breeding. to further her understanding of the underlying mathematics of her programmes, she applied for the graduate diploma of computer simulation at swinburne university of technology, and was initially refused entry until she demonstrated her prior mathematical experience. she persuaded a friend and professor of biology marjory martin to join her in the classes, and the two became the only two women in the class. they went on to write an award-winning series of textbooks together, the nature of biology series. kinnear's education programmes for genetics include catlab, birdbreed and heredity dog.
mendel furthermore determined to explore the outcome of crossing two plants that were hybrids for a single trait. this investigation aimed to determinate the inheritance patterns of two characteristics simultaneously and to verify the hypothesis that the inheritance of one trait would remain independent of the other. termed a dihybrid cross or “two-gene test cross”, this experiment was grounded in the principle of segregation. when conducting a dihybrid test cross, two dominant phenotypic characteristics are selected and crossed with parents displaying double recessive traits. the phenotypic characteristics of the f1 generation are then analyzed. in such a test cross, if the individual being tested is heterozygous, a phenotypic ratio of 1:1:1:1 is typically observed.
after retiring, beadle undertook a remarkable experiment in maize genetics. in several laboratories he grew a series of teosinte /maize crosses. then he crossed these progeny with each other. he looked for the rate of appearance of parent phenotypes among this second generation. the vast majority of these plants were intermediate between maize and teosinte in their features, but about 1 in 500 of the plants were identical to either the parent maize or the parent teosinte. using the mathematics of mendelian genetics, he calculated that this showed a difference between maize and teosinte of about 5 or 6 genetic loci. this demonstration was so compelling that most scientists now agree that teosinte is the wild progenitor of maize.
multi-meme, hyper-heuristic and meta-lamarckian ma are referred to as second generation ma exhibiting the principles of memetic transmission and selection in their design. in multi-meme ma, the memetic material is encoded as part of the genotype. subsequently, the decoded meme of each respective individual/ chromosome is then used to perform a local refinement. the memetic material is then transmitted through a simple inheritance mechanism from parent to offspring(s). on the other hand, in hyper-heuristic and meta-lamarckian ma, the poolof candidate memes considered will compete, based on their past merits in generating local improvements through a reward mechanism, deciding on which meme to be selected to proceed for future local refinements. memes with a higher reward have a greater chance of continuing to be used. for a review on second generation ma; i.e., ma considering multiple individual learning methods within an evolutionary system, the reader is referred to.
ongom, patrick o. and g. ejeta. 2018. mating design and genetic structure of a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (magic) population of sorghum (sorghum bicolor (l.) moench). g3 genes/genomes/genet. 8(1):331-341.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
crossing two living things with what will cause their offspring to have it?
(A) genetic diversity
(B) density
(C) animals with backbones
(D) volume
(E) haploid plants
(F) gravity
(G) hydrogen and oxygen
(H) white eye color
### Answer: | H |
she earned her bachelor's degree in chemistry from the massachusetts institute of technology in 1969, and brought one of her budgies there with her. she subsequently earned a master's degree in chemistry in 1971 at harvard university, followed by a doctorate in chemical physics in 1976 at harvard. during her doctoral program, she saw an episode of the pbs tv series nova about animals and language, which influenced her to focus on that instead of chemistry.
in a much more complicated application, marine animal researchers use data fusion to combine animal tracking data with bathymetric, meteorological, sea surface temperature (sst) and animal habitat data to examine and understand habitat utilization and animal behavior in reaction to external forces such as weather or water temperature. each of these data sets exhibit a different spatial grid and sampling rate so a simple combination would likely create erroneous assumptions and taint the results of the analysis. but through the use of data fusion, all data and attributes are brought together into a single view in which a more complete picture of the environment is created. this enables scientists to identify key locations and times and form new insights into the interactions between the environment and animal behaviors.
in 1978, tamás székely commenced his studies at kossuth university (now the university of debrecen), hungary, and successfully obtained a diploma in teaching biology and chemistry. from 1983 to 1986, he dedicated himself to his ph.d. training at kossuth university, concentrating on the temporal patterns of niche structure in forest passerine birds. the foundational conceptual framework he developed during these years was significantly shaped by prof. zoltán varga's integrative research approach, emphasizing the critical importance of phylogeny in comprehending core patterns in ecology.
harris earned her bachelor's degree in wildlife science at virginia tech. she was recruited by lisa schabenburger, who continued to serve as her mentor throughout her early career. after virginia tech, harris earned her master's degree at the university of montana. at montana, harris investigated the demography of ungulates. she moved to north carolina state university as a graduate student, where she studied the biogeography of carnivores and parasites. in 2010 harris was appointed an emerging leader at the philadelphia zoo. after earning her doctorate, harris joined the university of california, berkeley, where she was awarded both an national science foundation postdoctoral fellowship and president's postdoctoral fellowship. at berkeley harris worked as a community ecologist, where she studied trophic cascades in west africa.
shaw's dissertation (titled modeling motives of movement) was written with the intention of examining migration as an adaptive practice in organisms, and attempting to gain an understanding of the conditions favoring migration, spanning taxonomic boundaries. shaw continues this same type of research at the university of minnesota. shaw researches what ecological factors drive changes in dispersal, and how changes in dispersal affect ecological aspects. in addition to ecological factors, shaw has researched how environmental changes affect selective pressures of migration.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
What needs to be lacking for a creature to change habitat?
(A) warmth
(B) inedible plants
(C) wind
(D) oxygen
(E) nektar
(F) food
(G) O2
(H) dirt
### Answer: | F |
between the 1910s and early 1920s, the focus of s. s. nametkin’s attention was on general theoretical problems of organic chemistry. from the second half of the 1920s, scientific and practical issues related to the chemistry of oil were put at the forefront. since 1927, he was the first in russia to teach a systematic course in petroleum chemistry, on the basis of which the two-volume monograph “petroleum chemistry” (1932-1935) was written. nametkin studied the composition and properties of oil and gas from various fields of the country, developed approaches to solving the problems of petrochemical synthesis, in particular the oxidation of paraffin into alcohols and aldehydes and the production of detergents. he also conducted work in the field of the synthesis of aroma compounds and growth stimulants.
production of gasoline is achieved by distillation of crude oil. the desirable liquid is separated from the crude oil in refineries. crude oil is extracted from the ground in several processes, the most commonly seen may be beam pumps. to create gasoline, petroleum must first be removed from crude oil.
the process was further developed by two mit engineers, warren k. lewis and edwin r. gilliland, under contract to standard oil of new jersey, now exxonmobil. they developed the process into fluid catalytic cracking, which solved the problem of having to shut down the process to burn the coke off the catalyst by using a continuously circulating fluidized catalyst made of a fine zeolite powder. this process is still in widespread use, especially in the us where gasoline is in high demand compared to other refined products.
tar pits are pools of asphalt. however, at the beginning of their formation, they were not always sticky and dense. the pools were composed of crude oil that originated below earth's surface. crude oil is a mixture of heteroatom compounds, hydrocarbons, metals, and inorganic compounds. heteroatom compounds are organic molecules that contain elements that are not carbon or hydrogen, while hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen. crude oil is less viscous than asphalt because it contains a higher percentage of light hydrocarbons. light hydrocarbons include the following alkanes: methane, ethane, propane, and butane. these molecules have very low molecular weights. crude oils may also contain some inorganic impurities, such as co, h s, n, and o. at the surface, these light molecules may evaporate out of the crude oil, leaving behind the heavier, stickier molecules. asphalt, or bitumen, usually contains hydrocarbon molecule chains with 50+ carbon atoms. the longer the hydrocarbon chain, the more viscous it becomes, and the boiling point increases.
in 1977 wu joined mobil, where she worked on polymer synthesis, catalysis and zeolite chemistry. she developed new strategies to produce ethylene from methanol at high yields. a few years later, she switched her focus to synthetic oils. these fluids were used in automotive engine oil, reducing wear and helping fuel economy. she started working on polyalpha-olefin (paos), which were used in synthetic lubricants. the paos had no undesirable side chains, and had more desirable properties as a lubricant. her efforts were recognized by the american chemical society, who named her their 2007 industrial chemist of the year. she was the first woman to be made a senior scientific advisor at exxonmobil.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
What forms petroleum over time?
(A) Organic compounds
(B) dead dreams
(C) a solute
(D) a hydraulic system
(E) dead organisms
(F) ice
(G) rocks
(H) hydrogen and oxygen
### Answer: | E |
heliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the astronomical model in which the earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationary sun at the center of the solar system. the word comes from the greek (ἥλιος helios "sun" and κέντρον kentron "center").
at the possible relationships between solar activity and meteorological phenomena symposium, goddard space flight center, november 7–8, 1973, charles greely abbot's lifelong work on solar activity provided the foundation for research as a possible driver for earth weather. in addressing the topic, a. j. dessler commented that any increased energy received in earth's troposphere due to increased solar activity is negligible, and that correlations alone do not establish causation. the challenges facing scientists with complex systems like the planet's weather require finding a coupling mechanism. he suggested to continue seeking physical mechanisms.
marvel has also studied practical limitations in renewable energy as a postdoctoral scholar at the carnegie institution for science. at the 2017 ted conference, following computer theorist danny hillis 's talk proposing geoengineering strategies to mitigate global warming, marvel was brought on stage to share why she believes geoengineering may cause more harm than good in the long run.
the daily rotation of the earth (more precisely: within a sidereal day of 23.93447 hours) around its axis of rotation causes everybody on earth to experience a centrifugal force that points away perpendicularly from the earth's axis, i.e. diagonally to the earth's surface, depending on the degree of latitude. the centrifugal force contains a component tangential to the surface of the earth away from the pole; this component is called the polfluchtkraft, or pole-flight force.
the technique exploits the earth 's gravitational field and tidal forces to keep the spacecraft aligned along the desired orientation. the gravity of the earth decreases according to the inverse-square law, and by extending the long axis perpendicular to the orbit, the "lower" part of the orbiting structure will be more attracted to the earth. the effect is that the satellite will tend to align its axis of minimum moment of inertia vertically.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
The Earth being tilted on its axis causes solar energy to drive what?
(A) systems of prejudice
(B) heat production
(C) heat is produced
(D) motor boats
(E) produce light
(F) games
(G) Earth's weather system
(H) rays or beams
### Answer: | G |
researchers found that the van hiele levels of american students are low. european researchers have found similar results for european students. many, perhaps most, american students do not achieve the deduction level even after successfully completing a proof-oriented high school geometry course, probably because material is learned by rote, as the van hieles claimed. this appears to be because american high school geometry courses assume students are already at least at level 2, ready to move into level 3, whereas many high school students are still at level 1, or even level 0. see the fixed sequence property above.
in his paper shelby attempted to answer this particular question. after reconsidering the normal kind of education in those days with the trivium and quadrivium, shelby suggested, that it appears, that medieval master masons didn't receive their geometrical knowledge from formal schooling but from oral tradition. this tradition, however, disappeared at the close of the gothic building in europe in the 14th century with the dying of the oral tradition in general. instead little books on the technical aspects of building emerged in the late middle ages. also medieval scholars had an interest in practical geometry, and shared their thoughts on this topic in numerous treatises.
on the other side, those who disagree with the inquiry-based philosophy maintain that students must first develop computational skills before they can understand concepts of mathematics. these people would argue that time is better spent practicing skills rather than in investigations inventing alternatives, or justifying more than one correct answer or method. in this view, estimating answers is insufficient and, in fact, is considered to be dependent on strong foundational skills. learning abstract concepts of mathematics is perceived to depend on a solid base of knowledge of the tools of the subject. thus, these people believe that rote learning is an important part of the learning process.
the mathematics section contains 50 multiple-choice questions that assess cumulative knowledge of the mathematics traditionally taught in elementary and high school and, sometimes, in college. these questions come from three broad categories: arithmetic, algebra, and measurement and geometry. none of the questions strictly tests computation, but computational skills are required throughout the test.
level 3. deduction: students at this level understand the meaning of deduction. the object of thought is deductive reasoning (simple proofs), which the student learns to combine to form a system of formal proofs (euclidean geometry). learners can construct geometric proofs at a secondary school level and understand their meaning. they understand the role of undefined terms, definitions, axioms and theorems in euclidean geometry. however, students at this level believe that axioms and definitions are fixed, rather than arbitrary, so they cannot yet conceive of non-euclidean geometry. geometric ideas are still understood as objects in the euclidean plane.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
A cypress tree's stout roots splitting asphalt is an example of
(A) cookie elves
(B) compacting
(C) weathering
(D) beer
### Answer: | C |
in food, proteins are essential for growth and survival, and requirements vary depending upon a person's age and physiology (e.g., pregnancy). protein is commonly obtained from animal sources: eggs, milk, and meat. nuts, grains and legumes provide vegetable sources of protein, and protein combining of vegetable sources is used to achieve complete protein nutritional quotas from vegetables.
in this paper elizabeth u.cascio along with economists patricia m. anderson, krisitn f. butcher, and diane whitmore schanzenbach research the relationship between body mass index and education. the paper was written in response to the claims that children gain weight while they are in school due to unhealthy snacks and school lunches. the economists run a regression-discontinuity analysis to compare the weights of children who have spent different number of years in school to determine whether this is the case. the paper suggests that children do not gain more weight as they transition from elementary to secondary because there are certain policies and standards about food that are implemented in schools. the paper also considers that there are unobservable factors that attribute to weight and health that are otherwise unobservable within schools as well. the paper mentions genetics and the nurturing of children being a factor to weight gain and education. the paper finally concludes with the statement that there is not necessarily anything that would cause a child to gain weight during school periods. it is a situational scenario where certain schools lack in the provision of the proper food items they need to serve. the economists claim there needed to be more of a standardized policy to help ensure children are being fed nutritional food.
polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas) are essential for maintaining biofunctions in mammalians like humans since humans cannot synthesize these essential fatty acids, they must be taken up from different food sources like fish oil and liver. oleaginous microorganism are also potential source for such fatty acids. on an industrial scale fermentative production can be done by submerged (smf) or solid state fermentation (ssf).
means of creating complex proteins, mineral shells of mollusks and crustaceans, etc., evolved naturally, not all of them dependent on photosynthesis and a food chain from the sun via chlorophyll. since more than one such pathway exists to creating complex molecules, even extremely specific ones such as proteins edible to fish, the likelihood of humans being able to design an entirely new one is considered to be near certainty in the long run, and possible within a generation.
food is the integral part of newar culture. different kind of foods are prepared for different occasions, considering the climate and nutritional needs for body. newars are renowned for their sumptuous feasting. dishes served during feasts and festivals have symbolic significance.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Humans need food to grow and survive. Food that is not used immediately by the body for energy is
(A) stored for future use
(B) converted to water for energy
(C) used to remove wastes from cells
(D) transformed into oxygen for survival
### Answer: | A |
on the current format of scientific writing, davis had opined, "a scientific paper is an unusual art form. it has to be as compact as possible, while giving the reader all the information needed to repeat the experiments. because the literature is vast, the format of a paper is standardized so the reader can quickly find the parts that interest him; readers skim most of the papers that they look at, except those very close to their interests. the aim is efficient, impersonal transmission of the essentials, rather than a narrative account of the steps along the way."
a number of research studies have combined other types of analysis with sna in the study of cscl. this can be referred to as a multi-method approach or data triangulation, which will lead to an increase of evaluation reliability in cscl studies.
notetaking serves both a process and product function. but, traditional notetaking is dependent on attendance, criterion knowledge, and attention. often, students may be inefficient note takers by recording incomplete, verbatim notes. distributing instructor's notes increases academic performance. guided notes aims to improve notetaking behavior by ensuring complete and accurate notes.
coaches have been aware, consciously or unconsciously, of these needs for accuracy of feedback and have been using simple data gathering systems for decades. more recently, sports scientists have been using notational analysis systems to answer fundamental questions about game play and performance in sport.
the growth of online learning since the 1990s, particularly in higher education, has contributed to the advancement of learning analytics as student data can be captured and made available for analysis. when learners use an lms, social media, or similar online tools, their clicks, navigation patterns, time on task, social networks, information flow, and concept development through discussions can be tracked. the rapid development of massive open online courses (moocs) offers additional data for researchers to evaluate teaching and learning in online environments.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
What is the primary reason for providing detailed, accurate records from scientific investigations?
(A) to make reports longer
(B) so results can be published
(C) to demonstrate professionalism
(D) so experiments can be replicated
### Answer: | D |
typically found on twigs or buried wood, the fungus is known to be a vigorous decomposer of lignin and cellulose in leaf litter. mycena polygramma is a saprobic fungus and is one of many fungi that contribute to plant litter decomposition in forest ecosystems through nutrient recycling and humus formation in soil. it is a lignocellulose decomposer of larch litter, and can break down both lignin and carbohydrates, although it has a preference for carbohydrates. in an experiment testing the ability of several litter-decomposing fungi to remove lignin from leaves of the perennial grass miscanthus sinensis, under pure culture conditions, m. polygramma showed limited ability to cause the mass loss of lignin.
decomposition and nutrient cycling are fundamental to ecosystem biomass production. most natural ecosystems are nitrogen (n) limited and biomass production is closely correlated with n turnover. typically external input of nutrients is very low and efficient recycling of nutrients maintains productivity. decomposition of plant litter accounts for the majority of nutrients recycled through ecosystems (figure 3). rates of plant litter decomposition are highly dependent on litter quality; high concentration of phenolic compounds, especially lignin, in plant litter has a retarding effect on litter decomposition. more complex c compounds are decomposed more slowly and may take many years to completely breakdown. decomposition is typically described with exponential decay and has been related to the mineral concentrations, especially manganese, in the leaf litter.
in the ecosystem, different substrates are attacked at different rates by consortia of organisms from different kingdoms. aspergillus and other moulds play an important role in these consortia because they are adept at recycling starches, hemicelluloses, celluloses, pectins and other sugar polymers. some aspergilli are capable of degrading more refractory compounds such as fats, oils, chitin, and keratin. maximum decomposition occurs when there is sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus and other essential inorganic nutrients. fungi also provide food for many soil organisms.
though the terms "compostable, "bioplastics", and " oxo-degradative plastics " are often used in place of "biodegradable plastics", these terms are not synonymous. the waste management infrastructure currently recycles regular plastic waste, incinerates it, or places it in a landfill. mixing biodegradable plastics into the regular waste infrastructure poses some dangers to the environment. thus, it is crucial to identify how to correctly decompose alternative plastic materials.
all materials not removed from the system during harvesting are categorized as wastes including uneaten feed, excreta, chemicals and therapeutics, dead and moribund fish, escaped fish and pathogens. settling basins in the field are simple ponds dug downstream of the farm to optimally remove suspended solids effectively, produce clarified effluent, and accumulate and thicken sludge to minimal volume. if impairment occurs in any of these functions, this might have a great impact on pond performance, which could lead to damaging the effectiveness of the process.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Decomposers are organisms that eat and break down dead plant and animal material. Which organism is a decomposer?
(A) algae
(B) moss
(C) bacteria
(D) fish
### Answer: | C |
in the bootcamp round, the first challenge is to have the contestants perform basic skills such as filleting a fish, peeling shrimp, etc. during that time, the judges will observe their techniques. the second challenge requires the contestants to create a dish using a prepared staple ingredient. the judges can advance them to the gallery round or eliminate them, taking their aprons, based on their cooking techniques and the taste of their dishes.
butane torches are frequently employed as kitchen gadgets to caramelize sugar in cooking, such as when making crème brûlée. they may be marketed as kitchen torches, cooking torches, or culinary torches. use of the butane torch in the kitchen is not limited to caramelizing sugar; it can be used to melt or brown toppings on casseroles or soups, to melt cheese, and to roast or char vegetables such as peppers.
cook continued teaching, including developing a new course in oil well logging methods (electric resistivity, self-potential, gamma-ray, neutron, sonic velocity, etc.), which he taught to about 20 geophysics seniors. he also tried to invent a gravity gradiometer for rock-density logging, however his first model using mercury and oil columns in glass tubes, showed the obvious fact that any rotation is equivalent to a gravity gradient, and a stabilized mounting is required. so cook had to give up on this for an indefinite time.
to maintain his 'second profession' of teaching, cook taught math in night school at the san antonio college for two years, including trig, analytical geometry and calculus. the college wanted him to continue teaching there, but he felt it was at the cost of his research.
as an illustration, the act of cooking usually requires the following: a cook, the food being cooked, a container to hold the food while it is being cooked, and a heating instrument. within framenet, this act is represented by a frame named apply_heat, and its components (cook, food, container, and heating_instrument), are referred to as frame elements (fes). the apply_heat frame also lists a number of words that represent it, known as lexical units (lus), like fry, bake, boil, and broil.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
What does a stove generate for cooking?
(A) ice
(B) scorching temperatures
(C) cold
(D) freezing
### Answer: | B |
peleg is interested in the communication of honey bees, which can aid the conservation of pollinating insects. she uncovered how swarms of honey bees communicate through scenting to create scent "maps" so that the swarm can locate the queen bee. peleg demonstrated that honey bees collaborate in clusters to respond to mechanical forces when the swarm is shaken, and that honey bees collaborate to create air ventilation in congested nest cavities. this work was also covered in the popular media, including abc news, discover magazine, and forbes.
ancestors to modern honeybees most likely performed excitatory movements to encourage other nest-mates to forage. these excitatory movements include shaking, zig-zagging, buzzing and crashing into nestmates. similar behavior is observed in other hymenoptera including stingless bees, wasps, bumblebees and ants.
in line with recent work in swarm intelligence research involving optimization algorithms inspired by the behavior of social insects (including bees, ants and termites), and vertebrates such as fish and birds, there has recently been research on using bee waggle dance behavior for efficient fault-tolerant routing. from the abstract of wedde, farooq, and zhang (2004):
her contribution to our understanding of conflict resolution in the social insects combines multiple approaches: by bringing together behavioural experiments, the analysis of chemical recognition cues, and genetic methods, sundström's work has provided numerous new insights into the complex dynamics of the ant colony. for example, she demonstrated that the number of times an ant queen has mated changes the social conditions in the colony, resulting in worker manipulation of the sex ratio. these findings demonstrate support for the predictions of inclusive fitness theory.
devries discovered the substrate-borne calls produced by caterpillars that form symbioses with ants in the butterfly families riodinidae and lycaenidae. in these symbioses, ants provide protection against arthropod predators in exchange for food secretions. devries demonstrated experimentally that the calls produced by singing caterpillars function to enhance caterpillar-ant symbioses in concert with caterpillar glands that produce food and chemical secretions. he also has shown that singing caterpillars occur widely throughout the world. his studies were the first to show that acoustical calls of one insect species can evolve to attract unrelated species in the context of symbiotic associations, fitting into a field of biological science termed bioacoustics. documentation and examination of interactions between organisms of different species integrate the fields of natural history, ecology, and evolution.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
How do ants communicate?
(A) With their voice
(B) Chemical energy
(C) mechanical waves
(D) With their eyes
(E) during the day
(F) With their movements
(G) With their hormones
(H) electrically
### Answer: | G |
mathematics education has been a topic of debate among academics, parents, as well as educators. majorities agree that mathematics is crucial, but there has been many divergent opinions on what kind of mathematics should be taught and whether relevance to the "real world" or rigor should be emphasized. another source of contention is the decentralized nature of american education, making it difficult to introduce standard curriculum implemented nationwide, despite the benefits of such a program as seen from the experience of other countries, such as italy. in the early 2020s, the decision by some educators to include the topics of race and sexuality into the mathematical curriculum has also met with stiff resistance.
researchers found that the van hiele levels of american students are low. european researchers have found similar results for european students. many, perhaps most, american students do not achieve the deduction level even after successfully completing a proof-oriented high school geometry course, probably because material is learned by rote, as the van hieles claimed. this appears to be because american high school geometry courses assume students are already at least at level 2, ready to move into level 3, whereas many high school students are still at level 1, or even level 0. see the fixed sequence property above.
acknowledging the importance of both language and visuals in communication and meaning making, shipka (2005) further advocates for a multimodal, task-based framework in which students are encouraged to use diverse modes and materials—print texts, digital media, videotaped performances, old photographs—and any combinations of them in composing their digital/multimodal texts. meanwhile, students are provided with opportunities to deliver, receive, and circulate their digital products. in so doing, students can understand how systems of delivery, reception, and circulation interrelate with the production of their work.
the experimental college offers credit-bearing courses at tufts. these courses tend to involve issues of current importance and/or provide instruction on interdisciplinary subject areas that do not significantly overlap with what is being offered in the traditional departments. they are also intended to be discussion-based and participatory in nature.
the course lasts one year, divided into three eight-week terms. there are a wide variety of lectures on both pure and applied maths, mostly concentrated in the first two terms. the third term is primarily for examinations (and revision for said examinations) which, together with the option of writing a part iii essay (introduced in the 1970s, a miniature thesis, often in the form of a literature review), determine one's final grade entirely.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Marshmallows plus ____ technically make a different substance.
(A) steak
(B) cookies
(C) chocolate
(D) fire
### Answer: | D |
interocular transfer is shown to be a catalyst in the process of rehabilitation in patients suffering from amblyopia (lazy eye). the use of virtual reality games strengthens the interocular transfer between the two eyes of an amblyopic patient, leading to an enhanced visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis in the amblyopic patient. this occurs because the amblyopic eye and fellow eye share the same neural pathways. thus, when the fellow eye is stimulated through exposure to the vr game, it creates new connections, and strengthens the connects in this pathways. this leads to eventual improvements in vision in the amblyopic eye.
held later studied vision in babies. the infants were shown diagonal and horizontal or vertical lines to study astigmatism. he found that infant astigmatism, if given optical correction, does not show neural loss. because many eye exams for children at that time were superficial until the child went to school, children would develop preventable vision disorders. he presented his findings and method for testing visual acuity in babies at a vision symposium sponsored by the national research council of the national academy of sciences. held's test involved a baby being shown two patches of light in a dark room. because babies look at the light with the most edges, there would be one blank light and one with alternating black and white bars. the bars would become thinner until the infant stopped showing a looking preference, indicating it could no longer see the difference. this test was simple and accurate enough for vision testing to become a routine check in clinics for the first time. it was accurate enough to test infants from two weeks to one year of age.
the visual experience on the development of binocularity in the visual cortex. stereoscopic vision is absent in people with amblyopia and strabismus. when iot of the tilt aftereffect was investigated for binocularity, it was found that normal subjects have a high degree of interocular transfer, while strabismic subjects have very little.
visual vergence training (also referred to as orthoptic exercises or vision therapy) aims to improve the physiological condition of binocular vision with eye movement exercises, including e.g. frequent dynamic vergence changes between near and far vision. the effectiveness has been confirmed both in terms of alleviation of visual symptoms and in better physiological conditions, e.g. the prism-fd curves became more flat. the physiological effect of visual vergence training has also been confirmed for other vergence functions.
movshon has contributed to understanding how visual information is processed in visual cortex, including computations for visual motion, and visual texture. movshon has also contributed to understanding visual cortical development, its modification by visual experience, and its relation to the development of visual behavior, including the clinical visual disorder of amblyopia.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Does the treatment of amblyopia normalise subfoveal choroidal thickness in amblyopic children?
(A) yes
(B) no
(C) maybe
### Answer: | no |
one of the biggest food challenges astronauts face is menu fatigue. if the overall food intake declines, astronauts are at risk of nutritional deficiency, loss of bone and muscle mass, and lethargy. in 2013, the nasa human research program funded a project called " hi-seas," an acronym for “hawaii space exploration analog and simulation,” to determine the best way to keep astronauts well nourished during multiple-year missions to mars or the moon.
prior to the four-month mission, which began in march 2013, the crew participated in a two-week training session. once the mission began the crew was not allowed to have any communication with the outside world, except for limited e-mail, and simulated space suits were required if they stepped outside the module. during the mission they tested new forms of food and food preparation strategies for deep-space travel. sierra-sastre also researched pre-market anti-microbial fabrics and how long they lasted, which is important given the limited water availability on a space mission. members of the crew were given items such as shirts, bedsheets, and socks, and were asked to fill out surveys rating qualitative factors like odor, comfort, and appearance. samples were also taken from the fabrics after use to measure the microbial growth. research teams from johnson space center also provided exercise and sleep clothing for testing during the mission, in preparation for an international space station technology demonstration in 2014.
transfer of liquid propellants in microgravity is complicated by the uncertain distribution of liquid and gasses within a tank. propellant settling at an in-space depot is thus more challenging than in even a slight gravity field. ula plans to use the dmsp -18 mission to flight-test centrifugal propellant settling as a cryogenic fuel management technique that might be used in future propellant depots. the proposed simple depot ptsd mission would use several techniques to achieve adequate settling for propellant transfer.
from a medical perspective, long duration space flight also has physiological impacts on astronauts. accelerated bone decalcification, similar to osteopenia and osteoporosis on earth, is just one such condition. another serious concern is the effects of space travel upon the kidneys. current estimates of these effects upon the kidneys indicates that unless some kind of effective additional remedial technology against kidney damage is employed, astronauts who have been exposed to micro-gravity, reduced gravity, and galactic radiation for 3 years or so on a mars mission may have to return to earth while attached to dialysis machines. the study of the potential effects of space travel is useful not only for advancing methods of the safe habitation of space, and the travel through space, but also in uncovering ways to more effectively treat closely related terrestrial ailments.
there are a number of design issues with propellant depots, as well as several tasks that have not, to date, been tested in space for on-orbit servicing missions. the design issues include propellant settling and transfer, propellant usage for attitude control and reboost, the maturity of the refrigeration equipment/cryocoolers, and the power and mass required for reduced or zero boiloff depots with refrigeration.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Why is some food dehydrated for astronauts to eat in space?
(A) to make the food less messy to eat
(B) to preserve the food for extended flights
(C) to increase the food's nutritional content
(D) to keep the food from floating off the plate
### Answer: | B |
stays are offered on 1-day outdoor, 2-day and 3-day programs. this program includes nature classes: red (end of august to mid-october), white (in winter) and green (end of april until the end of the school calendar).
the course lasts one year, divided into three eight-week terms. there are a wide variety of lectures on both pure and applied maths, mostly concentrated in the first two terms. the third term is primarily for examinations (and revision for said examinations) which, together with the option of writing a part iii essay (introduced in the 1970s, a miniature thesis, often in the form of a literature review), determine one's final grade entirely.
after completion of the dual education, e.g., a baker is allowed to call himself a bakery journeyman (bäckergeselle). after the apprenticeship the journeyman can enter the master's school (meisterschule) and continue his education at evening courses for 3–4 years or full-time for about one year. the graduation from the master's school leads to the title of a master craftsman (meister) of his profession, so e.g., a bakery master is entitled as bäckermeister. a master is officially entered in the local trade register, the craftspeople's roll (handwerksrolle). a master craftsman is allowed to employ and to train new apprentices. in some mostly safety-related professions, e.g., that of electricians only a master is allowed to found his own company.
anneli knew from her experience as teacher, that students learn new material easily when they are able to connect to their past experiences or the outside world. she looked at the mandated syllabi from 6th-8th grade new york middle schools for “integrated math sequences” and she found that because so many topics covered, there was little time for students to connect mathematics outside of the classroom before they were tested.
the precise skills and theory taught on german apprenticeships are strictly regulated. the employer is responsible for the entire education programme coordinated by the german chamber of commerce. apprentices obtain a special apprenticeship contract until the end of the education programme. during the programme it is not allowed to assign the apprentice to regular employment and he is well protected from abrupt dismissal until the programme ends. the defined content and skill set of the apprentice profession must be fully provided and taught by the employer. the time taken is also regulated. each profession takes a different time, usually between 24 and 36 months.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
You can work longer when
(A) Autumn changes to Winter
(B) spring changes to summer
(C) tree leaves start falling
(D) the first snow starts falling
### Answer: | B |
the pbl students score higher than the students in traditional courses because of their learning competencies, problem solving, self-assessment techniques, data gathering, behavioral science etc. it is because they are better at activating prior knowledge, and they learn in a context resembling their future context and elaborate more on the information presented which helps in better understanding and retention of knowledge. in medical education, pbl cases can incorporate dialogue between patients and physicians, demonstrate the narrative character of the medical encounter, and examine the political economic contributors to disease production. pbl can serve as a platform for a discursive practices approach to culture that emphasizes the emergent, participant-constructed qualities of social phenomena while also acknowledging large-scale social forces.
despite the valuable and distinctive experience of the si, it has been neglected by medical educators and researchers as an area needing development and standardization. at an organizational level, the si currently lacks the clearly defined curricular goals and rigorous evaluation methodologies found in the third-year clerkship. nevertheless, it is unclear to what extent individual medical schools have addressed the unique educational needs of the si. in an attempt to clarify the structure and requirements of internal medicine si programs throughout the united states, a survey study was undertaken.
in 2002, uc berkeley – ucsf joint medical program (jmp), an accredited five year master of science/medical doctorate program housed at university of california, berkeley school of public health, began offering a 100% case based curriculum to their students in their pre-clerkship years. the curriculum integrates the basic and preclinical sciences while fostering an understanding of the biological, social, and moral contexts of human health and disease. the students spend their last two clerkship years at university of california, san francisco.
several medical schools have incorporated problem-based learning into their curricula following the lead of mcmaster university medical school, using real patient cases to teach students how to think like a clinician. more than eighty percent of medical schools in the united states now have some form of problem-based learning in their programs. research of 10 years of data from the university of missouri school of medicine indicates that pbl has a positive effect on the students' competency as physicians after graduation.
the standard undergraduate medicine course is a five-year programme leading to an mbchb (medicinae baccalaureus chirurgiae baccalaureus) degree. the course is divided into four phases. the structure of phase 1 (first year) follows the general medical council's guidelines and focuses on the structure and function of the human body. phase 2a (second year) starts with a six-week research project followed by training in procedural clinical skills in simulation. in phase 2b (first half of third year), students undertake a three-week introduction to basic clinical skills and a 12-week longitudinal integrated clinical placement in one of the sheffield's teaching hospitals. phase 3 (second half of third year and fourth year) is clinically based. phase 4 (final year) consists of a series of lectures and two longitudinal integrated placements in a different hospital and clinical area from phase 2b. the school also runs a four-year graduate entry medicine mbchb programme for graduates with a life sciences degree. students on this course bypass phase 1 of the five-year programme.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Global Longitudinal Pathway: has medical education curriculum influenced medical students' skills and attitudes toward culturally diverse populations?
(A) yes
(B) no
(C) maybe
### Answer: | yes |
hands-on activities are extremely useful in the learning cycle. after making predictions about the height of mr. tall in paper clips, the measuring tools can be introduced and the students can test their strategies. for the student using a constant difference relation, actual measurement will show that mr. tall is actually nine paper clips high and this will set up some cognitive dissonance.
modern learning materials, both computer and physical, accommodate learners through the use of multiple representation, such as graphs, pictures, words, animations, symbols, and sounds. for example, recent research suggests that sign language isn't only a means of speaking for those who are deaf, but also a visual approach to communication and learning, appealing to many others students and particularly helping with mathematics.
many forms of scaffolding have been implemented in problem-based learning to reduce the cognitive load of learners. these are most useful to enable decreasing ("fading") the amount of guidance during problem solving. a gradual fading of guidance helps learners to slowly transit from studying examples to solving problems. in this case backwards fading was found to be quite effective and assisting in decreasing the cognitive load on learners.
both practitioners and researchers focus on children's memory, mnemonic devices, and computer-assisted techniques such as spaces repetition. there is an ongoing discussion of relationships between memory, procedural fluency with algorithms, and conceptual understanding of elementary mathematics. sharing songs, rhymes, visuals and other mnemonics is popular in teacher social networks.
carnegie learning curriculum is an example of emphasis on multiple representations and use of computer tools. more specifically, carnegie learning focuses the student not only on solving the real life scenarios presented in the text, but also promotes literacy through sentence writing and explanations of student thinking. in conjunction with the scenario based text carnegie learning provides a web based tutoring program called the "cognitive tutor" which uses data collected from each question a student answers to direct the student to areas where they need more help.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
the ability to store what can be used for keeping warm
(A) lipids
(B) fats
(C) knowledge
(D) water
(E) energy
(F) fur
(G) data
(H) heat
### Answer: | H |
in hydrology, a current in a stream or other water body is the flow of water influenced by gravity as the water moves downhill to reduce its potential energy. the current varies spatially as well as temporally within the stream, dependent upon the flow volume of water, stream gradient, and channel geometry. in tidal zones, the current and streams may reverse on the flood tide before resuming on the ebb tide. the term upstream refers to the direction towards the source of the stream, i.e. against the direction of flow. likewise, the term downstream or downriver describes the direction towards the mouth of the stream or river, in which the current flows. the term "left bank" and "right bank" refers to banks as seen from the direction of flow.
in the western united states, the more noted rivers, such as the grand canyon have much greater water volume and therefore require a different set of paddling skills. western rafters also navigate many small, low volume rivers, some with much steeper descents than eastern rivers; however, since the mountains are newer in the west, the hazard from undercut rocks, a problem in the east, is replaced by more frequent log jams precipitated by logging activities near the rivers.
because of the rough and random pattern of a riverbed, waves are often not perpendicular to the river's current. this makes them challenging for boaters, since a strong sideways or diagonal (also called a "lateral") wave can throw the craft off if the craft hits sideways or at an angle. the safest move for a whitewater boater approaching a lateral is to "square up" or turn the boat such that it hits the wave along the boat's longest axis, reducing the chance of the boat flipping or capsizing. this is often counterintuitive because it requires turning the boat such that it is no longer parallel to the current.
another major whitewater feature is a sieve, which is a narrow, empty space through which water flows between two obstructions, usually rocks. similar to strainers, water is forced through the sieve, resulting in higher velocity flow, which forces water up and creates turbulence.
a boulder or ledge in the middle of a river or near the side can obstruct the flow of the river, and can also create a "pillow"; when water flows backwards upstream of the obstruction, or a "pour over" (over the boulder); and "hydraulics" or "holes" where the river flows back on itself—perhaps back under the drop—often with fearful results for those caught in its grasp. (holes, or hydraulics, are so-called because their foamy, aerated water provides less buoyancy and can feel like an actual hole in the river surface.) if the flow passes next to the obstruction, an eddy may form behind the obstruction; although eddies are typically sheltered areas where boaters can stop to rest, scout, or leave the main current, they may be swirling and whirlpool-like. as with hydraulics (which pull downward rather than to the side and are essentially eddies turned at a 90° angle), the power of eddies increases with the flow rate.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
If a creek is headed to the west and a stone is tossed in and sinks, but a leaf also drops in and stays on top of the water, what will likely happen?
(A) the leaf heads west
(B) the stone will burn
(C) the stone floats up
(D) the leaf heads north
### Answer: | A |
both models differentiate between physical and verbal-social aspects of well-determined activities (2 middle rows, 6 traits), and consider the traits related to the mental, intellectual aspects of activities (3 top traits of the fet model) as traits regulating behaviour in probabilistic, complex situations. such differentiation is in line with the neuroanatomic localization of control over motor coordination (via parietal cortex), verbal functions (via left temporal cortex) and mental functions (via frontal cortex).
this theory explains human psychological functioning as the product of the dynamic combination of schemes (the brain's "software" – information/action bearing processes, embodied by cell assemblies or networks) and "hidden hardware" operators of the brain. hidden operators acting on schemes generate thoughts, actions, and learning. they are brain-resource mechanisms that regulate functioning of (and can change) schemes. piaget left these resources unexplained and often referred to them as principles like "regulations", "accommodation", and "equilibration". operators intervene in all neuropsychological processes that are emergent and not automatized or overlearned. they include m -operator (mental-attention capacity, which explains the innate-developmental basis of working memory); i -operator (inhibition mechanism causing attentional interruption); l -operator (i.e., logical- structural learning capability); c -learning (content-learning capability); f -operator (i.e., the neo-gestaltist "field effects", or "minimum principle", or "s-r compatibility"); etc. table 1 shows different operators of the tco and some of their key brain regions.
different parts of the neural processing assert more or less control at different times. for something to reach consciousness is akin to becoming famous, in that it must leave behind consequences by which it is remembered. to put it another way, consciousness is the property of having enough influence to affect what the mouth will say and the hands will do. which inputs are "edited" into our drafts is not an exogenous act of supervision, but part of the self-organizing functioning of the network, and at the same level as the circuitry that conveys information bottom-up.
an artificial brain is software and hardware with cognitive abilities similar to those of the animal or human brain. research investigating "artificial brains" and brain emulation plays three important roles in science: an ongoing attempt by neuroscientists to understand how the human brain works, known as cognitive neuroscience.
after starting as a research scientist at google, dean was appointed as a consulting professor at stanford and began teaching a course with the title computational models of the neocortex. during the next fifteen years he invited top neuroscientists from all over the world to give talks and advise students working on class projects. several of the classes resulted in papers coauthored by students that led to research projects at google.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Which is the most accurate statement?
(A) a phone's brain controls its body
(B) a rock's brain controls its body
(C) a sloth's brain controls its body
(D) a bacteria's brain controls its body
### Answer: | C |
until recently, the only reliable ways to determine if the fetus has a chromosomal abnormality was to have an invasive test such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, but such tests carry a risk of causing a miscarriage estimated variously as ranging between 1% or 0.06%. based on maternal age, some countries offer invasive testing to women over 35; others to the oldest 5% of pregnant women. most women, especially those with a low chance of having a child with down syndrome, may wish to avoid the risk to the fetus and the discomfort of invasive testing. in 2011, sequenom announced the launch of maternit21, a non-invasive blood test with a high level of accuracy in detecting down syndrome (and a handful of other chromosomal abnormalities). as of 2015, there are five commercial versions of this screen (called cell-free fetal dna screening) available in the united states.
his diagnostic techniques have become widely accepted and are routinely used by prospective parents, especially couples with a history of genetic abnormalities or where the woman is over the age of 35, when the risk of genetically related disorders is higher. as the tests could be performed up to six weeks earlier than amniocentesis, which uses a technique called chorionic villus sampling, the prospective parents were often more comfortable considering an abortion if any major abnormalities or risk factors were discovered. in addition, by allowing parents to select an embryo without known genetic disorders, they also had the potential of saving the lives of siblings that already had similar disorders and diseases.
landspítali offers pre-natal screening for chromosomal anomalies. there are reports that the high rate of pregnancy termination in response to positive results has led to the near-eradication of people with down syndrome in iceland. but this is also explained as misinterpretation of statistics on a very small number of births, and explained that a more accurate difference is only about 10% less down, compared to other european countries.
yury verlinsky, a russian-american medical researcher who specialized in embryo and cellular genetics (genetic cytology), developed prenatal diagnosis testing methods to determine genetic and chromosomal disorders a month and a half earlier than standard amniocentesis. the techniques are now used by many pregnant women and prospective parents, especially couples who have a history of genetic abnormalities or where the woman is over the age of 35 (when the risk of genetically related disorders is higher). in addition, by allowing parents to select an embryo without genetic disorders, they have the potential of saving the lives of siblings that already had similar disorders and diseases using cells from the disease free offspring.
she was one of the first sociologists to look seriously at childbirth, resulting in her dissertation and first book, in labor. she moved on to study issues in prenatal diagnosis, and the consequences of the newly developing technologies of amniocentesis and other genetic testing in pregnancy for the women involved, resulting in the tentative pregnancy.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Is the probability of prenatal diagnosis or termination of pregnancy different for fetuses with congenital anomalies conceived following assisted reproductive techniques?
(A) yes
(B) no
(C) maybe
### Answer: | no |
russula virescens has a limited capacity to bioaccumulate the micronutrients iron, copper, and zinc from the soil. the concentration of these trace metals is slightly higher in the caps than the stipes. a 300-gram (11 oz) meal of fresh mushroom caps would supply 16% of the recommended daily allowance (rda) of copper for an adult male or female (ages 19–50); 16% or 7.3% of the rda of iron for an adult male or female, respectively; and 16–22% of the adult rda of zinc. the mushroom is a poor bioaccumulator of the toxic heavy metals arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel.
a citizen science project investigated the consensus between the labelling of dried, commercially sold mushrooms and the dna barcoding results from these mushrooms. all samples were found to be correctly labelled. however, an obstacle was the unreliability of its reference databases in terms of the level of identification, as the two databases (genbank and unite) used for its sequence comparison gave different identification results in some of the samples.
kiers's economic interpretation of nutrient exchange is not universally accepted. others have noted that this perspective anthropomorphizes fungi in a way that may not accurately capture the true dynamics of the system. by assuming that each organism acts to further its own personal gain, the theory neglects the possibility that plants and fungi may exist in a fully collaborative relationship with well-aligned interests.
fruit bodies have caps that are initially convex, later becoming broadly convex to more or less flat, with a diameter of 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in). the cap surface is dry to slightly sticky, with a texture ranging from smooth to somewhat felt-like. its color is purplish brown to grayish brown to reddish brown; young specimens are often covered with a fine whitish bloom (a delicate, powdery coating). the flesh is whitish, and slowly stains gray-brown when it is cut or injured. it has no distinctive odor, and a mild to slightly bitter taste. on the cap underside, the pore surface is dark chocolate brown to purple brown, and stains dark brown where bruised. the nearly circular pores number up to 3 per millimeter, and the tubes are 0.9–2.2 cm (0.4–0.9 in) deep. the solid stipe measures 4.5–9 cm (1.8–3.5 in) long by 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) thick. its color is similar to that of the cap, and it has a scurfy surface from a dense coating of purplish to purple-brown scabers.
recently, isotopic studies have been used to investigate relative trading between ectomycorrhizal fungi and plant hosts and to assess the relative importance of exploration type on nutrient trading ability. n values are elevated in ectomycorrhizal fungi and depleted in fungal hosts, as a result of nutrient trading. fungal species with exploration types producing greater amounts of extraradical mycelium are known to accumulate greater amounts n in both root tips and fruit bodies, a phenomenon partially attributed to higher levels of n cycling within these species.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Which of the following best describes a role of mushrooms in ecosystems?
(A) capturing energy from sunlight
(B) consuming living plant material
(C) taking energy from animal hosts
(D) breaking down dead plant material
### Answer: | D |
methyl cellulose can be employed as a mild glue which can be washed away with water. this may be used in the fixing of delicate pieces of art as well as in book conservation to loosen and clean off old glue from spines and bookboards.
once it is removed from the animal, the skin is temporarily preserved, either by drying or liberal application of salt, until it can be processed. the skin is then immersed in water for 48 hours, which cleans and rehydrates it. this step also removes the non-collagenous materials, like hyaluronic acid, dermaten sulphate and plasma proteins. the skin is then soaked in a lime or alkali solution, known as the liming process. in the 19th century, chemicals were added to speed up the liming process, which resulted in weaker parchments. these added compounds sometimes reacted to produce gypsum, giving the parchment a characteristic gray hue. the skin is then stretched in suspension on a frame, constricting it as it dries. this ensures even contraction across the entire parchment which ensures that it will remain flat when dried. after being prepared, parchment is sometimes coated so that it is more receptive to pigment and ink. historical coatings, which include chalk, egg whites and matte paint, must be taken into consideration as a meaningful part of the preservation and conservation plan.
paper towels absorb liquid through capillary action, allowing a fluid to be transferred from a surface to the towel. the small pores of a sponge act as small capillaries, causing it to absorb a large amount of fluid. some textile fabrics are said to use capillary action to "wick" sweat away from the skin. these are often referred to as wicking fabrics, after the capillary properties of candle and lamp wicks.
the molten solder gives a 'pasty' behaviour, owing to its eutectic properties and can be worked for some time before it hardens. shaping was done with either a ' moleskin ', a heat-resistant pad of cotton cloth, covered with tallow, or else a wooden stick, also greased with tallow.
the manufacturing process, which removes the skin's natural fats and oils, means that parchment is more reactive to moisture and relative humidity than other skin-based material. after being stretched, parchment has an inherent desire to revert to its original animal shape, especially if left unrestrained or exposed to repeated changes in relative humidity.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
A wet towel will dry when it is left in the Sun. Which process occurs to make this happen?
(A) melting
(B) boiling
(C) condensation
(D) evaporation
### Answer: | D |
in another study using eye-movement patterns to investigate how experts view art, participants were shown realistic and abstract works of art under two conditions: one asking them to free scan the works, and the other asking them to memorize them. participants' eye movements were tracked as they either looked at the images or tried to memorize them, and their recall for the memorized images was recorded. the researchers found no differences in the fixation frequency or time between picture types for experts and nonexperts. however, across sessions, the non-experts had more short fixations while free scanning the works, and fewer long fixations while trying to memorize; experts followed the opposite pattern. there was no significant difference in the recall of the images across groups, except experts recalled abstract images better that non-experts, and more pictorial details. these results show that people with arts expertise view repeated images less than non-experts, and can recall more details about images they have previously seen.
selective image blurring is very commonly used in photography and video to establish the impression of depth. this can act as a monocular cue even when all other cues are removed. it may contribute to depth perception in natural retinal images, because the depth of focus of the human eye is limited. in addition, there are several depth estimation algorithms based on defocus and blurring. some jumping spiders are known to use image defocus to judge depth.
to investigate if experts and non-experts experience art differently even in their eye movements, researchers used an eye tracking device to see if there are any differences in the way they look at works of art. after viewing each work, participants rated their liking and emotional reactions to the works. some works were presented with auditory information about that work, half of which were neutral facts and the other half were emotional statements about the work. they found that non-experts rated the least abstract works more preferably, while abstraction level did not matter to the experts. across both groups, the eye paths showed more fixations within more abstract work, but each fixation was shorter in time than those within less abstract work. expertise influences how participants thought about works, but did not influence at all how they physically viewed them.
the reflective property states that if a parabola can reflect light, then light that enters it travelling parallel to the axis of symmetry is reflected toward the focus. this is derived from geometrical optics, based on the assumption that light travels in rays.
hero demonstrated the equality of the angle of incidence and reflection on the grounds that this is the shortest path from the object to the observer. on this basis, he was able to define the fixed relation between an object and its image in a plane mirror. specifically, the image appears to be as far behind the mirror as the object really is in front of the mirror.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
What is the result of an object reflecting light toward the eye?
(A) Being blurred
(B) Being Seen
(C) Blindness
(D) Glare
### Answer: | B |
for the last 30 years, horses have been described as being incapable of demonstrating social learning (baer et al. 1983.; baker and crawford 1986; clarke et al. 1996; lindberg et al. 1999) because the social complexity of horses was underestimated and the experimental designs were therefore not suitably constructed. in several studies this was taken into account, and for the first time horses did show social learning. this has important implications for other species in which social learning has similarly not been shown. the experimental design for these species should now be reconsidered and new experiments conducted in which the social aspects of the species are taken into account.
abe's first project was training farm animals to appear in feed advertisements for general mills. bailey and breland went on to train "more animals and different species of animals than any other animal trainers" of their time, including animals of the land (cats, cattle, chickens, dogs, goats, pigs, rabbits, raccoons, rats, and sheep), the air (ducks, parrots, and ravens), and the sea (dolphins and whales). at their busiest, they trained "more than 1,000 animals at a given time". in training animals for recreational facilities such as marineland of florida, parrot jungle, seaworld, and six flags, they created the very first dolphin and bird shows, a form of program now considered traditional entertainment fare. most major theme parks' animal programs can be traced back to the couple's pioneering work. they also established the first coin-operated animal shows. the buck bunny commercial featured their trained rabbits for a coast federal savings television ad that ran for twenty years and which still holds the record for longest running tv commercial advertisement. they trained animals for many other venues including circuses, motion pictures, museums, stores, and zoos.
most measures of g in humans, including most iq tests, rely heavily on language and verbal ability, and so they cannot be directly applied to non-human animals. several alternative measures have been developed to study intelligence in animals, relying on the observation of animals in natural situations or on behavioral tasks in experimental settings. the tasks focus on such things as innovation and problem solving, response to novelty, habit reversal and inhibition, and social learning and culture. a comprehensive assessment often includes a battery of tests involving several sorts of behavior.
tim pennings, a mathematics professor at hope college, has found that dogs are somehow able to calculate the optimal path to a ball thrown in the water. while playing fetch with his welsh corgi, he noticed that the dog ran along the beach for a certain distance before jumping into the water. because the dog is faster on land, this technique minimizes the total retrieval time. he showed that the dog is able to calculate the optimal point to jump into the water, a problem pennings must resort to calculus to solve.
once in a distant land there lived a race of engineers. they have all their physical needs provided by the machines they have invented. one of the engineers decide that he will create an "intelligent machine" that is much more ingenious than the more machines, in that it can actually sense, learn, and adapt to its environment as an intelligent animal.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
What usually happens to animals when humans need new to grow more corn?
(A) animals become magical
(B) animals forced out
(C) animals gain habitat
(D) animals are happy
### Answer: | B |
cooks received a bachelor of science and master of science degrees from the university of natal in south africa in 1961 and 1963, respectively. he received a ph.d. from the university of natal in 1965 and a second ph.d. from cambridge university in 1967, where he worked with peter sykes. he then did post-doctoral work at cambridge with dudley williams.
cook graduated cum laude from lawrence university in 1975 from a customized program that included physics and urban planning. after completing his bachelor's degree, cook took a position as a lead systems analysis at control data corporation, working with finite element analysis programs such as ansys and nastran on the cdc star-100, and managing teams of programmers and support analysts.
magnanti received an undergraduate degree in chemical engineering from syracuse university college of engineering and computer science (1967) and master's degrees in both statistics (1969) and mathematics (1971) from stanford university, where he also received his doctorate in operations research (1972). his dissertation, independence systems and combinatorial optimization, was supervised by george dantzig.
as the daughter of two scientists, she had early access to the fields of computer science and engineering. under the guidance of her parents, breazeal earned a b.sc in electrical and computer engineering from the university of california, santa barbara, in 1989; her m.s. in 1993; and her sc.d. in 2000 in electrical engineering and computer science, both from mit. after watching a nasa robot, she decided to switch her focus to social robotics.
benjamin s. cook received the bachelor of science degree from rose-hulman institute of technology, the master of science degree from king abdullah university of science and technology, and the doctor of philosophy degree in electrical engineering and materials science from georgia institute of technology.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
The family cooked most of their food using a stove and
(A) electricity
(B) luck
(C) ice
(D) magic
### Answer: | A |
gates was inspired by the documentary the undersea world of jacques cousteau. she studied biology at newcastle university where she earned a bachelor of science degree in 1984. she fell in love with corals during a diving trip to the west indies. in 1985 she moved to the west indies to study corals. she completed her phd at newcastle university in 1989 on seawater temperature and algal - cnidarian symbiosis. during her postgraduate work in jamaica, she was exposed to the bleaching response of coral resulting from rising temperatures.
grottoli was an undergraduate at mcgill university. she was a graduate student at the university of houston, where she studied reef coral skeletons with gerard wellington. during her graduate studies, she went on a field trip to hawaii with paul jokiel, and became inspired to learn more about coral reefs. she moved to the university of california, irvine, where she worked as a postdoctoral fellow with ellen druffel.
on 9 may 1951 she received a degree in chemistry and pharmacy. that same year she became assistant chair of botany in the school of chemistry and pharmacy of the university of chile. in 1958 she was “professor extraordinarius”, and assistant of hugo gunckel in the instituto pedagógico in the section of the cryptogamic plants and finally chair professor in the faculty chemical and pharmaceutical sciences the 1985. she studied seaweed, she concurred with his father to the marine biology station at montemar. with authorization of the dean of pharmacy, she went twice a week national museum of natural history of santiago. on behalf of humberto fuenzalida, she reorganized the botanical section for cryptogamy. with a scholarship of unesco she studied plant ecology in mexico, in the polytechnical school with specialists of montpellier and of the san luis of potosí. later she concurs to the botanical garden of the central university of caracas.
marhaver is passionate about science communication and has done two ted talks (2015 and 2017) on corals and coral reef restoration. her work has been by npr, bbc, the atlantic and popular science. as of october 2019, marhaver has a google scholar h-index of 10.
marhaver received a bachelor of sciences (b.s.) in applied biology from georgia institute of technology. marhaver received a doctor of philosophy (ph.d.) in marine biology from the center for marine biodiversity and conservation at scripps institution of oceanography. marhaver was a nsf postdoctoral research fellow studying coral ecology and reproduction at the carmabi (caribbean research and management of biodiversity) marine research station.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Coral gets some help with algae for their
(A) love
(B) dating advice
(C) happiness
(D) vibrance
### Answer: | D |
simtest is a computerized adaptive test (cat) of foreign language ability designed and developed at the universitat autònoma de barcelona in catalonia, spain. it classifies examinees according to 6 levels of proficiency as defined in the council of europe document: “a common european framework of reference for languages (cefr): learning, teaching, assessment”. simtest has been developed for both placement and certification purposes. version 1 was available in local for windows and current version is available on-line. it consists of 4 component tests that may be used - according to the testing context or institutional requirements - to test knowledge of vocabulary, grammar and language functions in addition to reading and listening comprehension. the only non-cat component consists of a series of 4 c-tests. an initial estimation of the level of language proficiency detected by the c-tests may be used as an entry point to the cat components. multiple choice items are presented on a cat administration based on an algorithm described by henning (1987).
this is a part of source code implemented in java. in the paper, learnrate = 0.1, neglearnrate = 0.075, mutprob = 0.02, and mutshift = 0.05 is used. n = 100 and iter_count = 1000 is enough for a small problem.
simtest has been developed for both placement and certification purposes. version 1 was available in local for windows and current version is available on-line. it consists of 4 component tests that may be used - according to the testing context or institutional requirements - to test knowledge of vocabulary, grammar and language functions in addition to reading and listening comprehension. the only non-cat component consists of a series of 4 c-tests (a cloze procedure developed in the 1980s at gerhard-mercator-universität duisburg in germany - based on theories of language redundancy relating to gestalt theory). an initial estimation of the level of language proficiency detected by the c-tests may be used as an entry point to the cat components. multiple choice items are presented on a cat administration based on an algorithm described by henning (1987).
holling, bertling, and zeuch used probability theory to automatically generate mathematical word problems with expected difficulties. they achieved a rasch model fit and item difficulties could be explained by the linear logistic test model (lltm), as well as by the random-effects lltm. holling, blank, kuchenbäcker, and kuhn made a similar study with statistical word problems but without using aig. arendasy and his colleagues presented studies on automatically generated algebra word problems and examined how a quality control framework of aig can affect the measurement quality of items.
in 1989 the national council for teachers of mathematics (nctm) produced the curriculum and evaluation standards for school mathematics. widespread adoption of the new standards notwithstanding, the pedagogical practice changed little in the united states during the 1990s. in fact, mathematics education became a hotly debated subject in the 1990s and early 2000s. this debate pitted mathematicians (like uc berkeley mathematician hung-hsi wu) and parents, many of whom with substantial knowledge of mathematics (such as the institute for advanced study physicist chiara r. nappi), who opposed the nctm's reforms against educational professionals, who wanted to emphasized what they called "conceptual understanding." in many cases, however, educational professionals did not understand mathematics as well as their critics. this became apparent with the publication of the book knowing and teaching elementary mathematics (1999) by liping ma. the author gave evidence that even though most chinese teachers had only 11 or 12 years of formal education, they understood basic mathematics better than did their u.s. counterparts, many of whom were working on their master's degrees.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Estimation of basal metabolic rate in Chinese: are the current prediction equations applicable?
(A) yes
(B) no
(C) maybe
### Answer: | yes |
newton-smith's undergraduate degree from queen's university was in mathematics and philosophy, in 1966. he took an ma from cornell university in philosophy, in 1968, and a dphil in philosophy from balliol college, oxford, in 1974. his working life before retirement was mainly as a fellow of balliol.
part iii of the mathematical tripos (officially master of mathematics/master of advanced study) is a one-year master's -level taught course in mathematics offered at the faculty of mathematics, university of cambridge. it is regarded as one of the most difficult and intensive mathematics courses in the world. roughly one third of the students take the course as a continuation at cambridge after finishing the parts ia, ib, and ii of the mathematical tripos resulting in an integrated master's (m.math), whilst the remaining two thirds are external students who take the course as a one-year master's (m.a.st).
in 1972, coppersmith obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics at the massachusetts institute of technology, and a masters and ph.d. in mathematics from harvard university in 1975 and 1977 respectively. he was a putnam fellow each year from 1968–1971, becoming the first four-time putnam fellow in history. in 1998, he started ponder this, an online monthly column on mathematical puzzles and problems. in october 2005, the column was taken over by james shearer. around that same time, he left ibm and began working at the ida center for communications research, princeton.
blair studied at harvard university, the university of cambridge and princeton university. at princeton, she was the second graduate student of anthony grafton. she defended a dissertation entitled 'restaging jean bodin: the universae naturae theatrum (1596) in its cultural context' in 1990, which became the basis of her 1997 book.
on the other side, those who disagree with the inquiry-based philosophy maintain that students must first develop computational skills before they can understand concepts of mathematics. these people would argue that time is better spent practicing skills rather than in investigations inventing alternatives, or justifying more than one correct answer or method. in this view, estimating answers is insufficient and, in fact, is considered to be dependent on strong foundational skills. learning abstract concepts of mathematics is perceived to depend on a solid base of knowledge of the tools of the subject. thus, these people believe that rote learning is an important part of the learning process.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
If a fox shuffles off the mortal coil, then that fox
(A) is a burden
(B) ceases to exist
(C) is missing
(D) is pregnant
### Answer: | B |
among the three major types of rock, fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rock. unlike most igneous and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks form at temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remnants. often these fossils may only be visible under magnification.
sedimentary rocks contain important information about the history of the earth. they contain fossils, the preserved remains of ancient plants and animals. coal is considered a type of sedimentary rock. the composition of sediments provides us with clues as to the original rock. differences between successive layers indicate changes to the environment over time. sedimentary rocks can contain fossils because, unlike most igneous and metamorphic rocks, they form at temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remains.
fossils can be both the direct remains or imprints of organisms and their skeletons. most commonly preserved are the harder parts of organisms such as bones, shells, and the woody tissue of plants. soft tissue has a much smaller chance of being fossilized, and the preservation of soft tissue of animals older than 40 million years is very rare. imprints of organisms made while they were still alive are called trace fossils, examples of which are burrows, footprints, etc.
one of the most famous mudrock formations is the burgess shale in western canada, which formed during the cambrian. at this site, soft bodied creatures were preserved, some in whole, by the activity of mud in a sea. solid skeletons are, generally, the only remnants of ancient life preserved; however, the burgess shale includes hard body parts such as bones, skeletons, teeth, and also soft body parts such as muscles, gills, and digestive systems. the burgess shale is one of the most significant fossil locations on earth, preserving innumerable specimens of 500 million year old species, and its preservation is due to the protection of mudrock.
fossils are well preserved in mudrock formations, because the fine-grained rock protects the fossils from erosion, dissolution, and other processes of erosion. fossils are particularly important for recording past environments. paleontologists can look at a specific area and determine salinity, water depth, water temperature, water turbidity, and sedimentation rates with the aid of type and abundance of fossils in mudrock
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
The fossils that are found in the oldest layers of sedimentary rock were formed which types of organisms?
(A) only organisms that lived in the sea
(B) only organisms that lived on land
(C) only organisms that lived in the air
(D) organisms that lived on the land, in the sea and in the air
### Answer: | A |
rock mass rating presents some difficulties when applied to rock slopes, since the parameter that take into account the influence of the discontinuities orientation is introduced in detail for dam foundations and tunnels but not for slopes. to address this issue, romana defined slope mass rating scheme that is based on the original bieniawski's parameters but including a rigorous definition of the parameters considering the effect of the orientation of discontinuities.
the granulites are very closely allied to the gneisses, as they consist of nearly the same minerals, but they are finer-grained, have usually less perfect foliation, are more frequently garnetiferous, and have some special features of microscopic structure. in the rocks of this group the minerals, as seen in a microscopic slide, occur as small rounded grains forming a closely fitted mosaic. the individual crystals never have perfect form, and indeed traces of it are rare. in some granulites they interlock, with irregular borders; in others they have been drawn out and flattened into tapering lenticles by crushing. in most cases they are somewhat rounded with smaller grains between the larger. this is especially true of the quartz and feldspar which are the predominant minerals; mica always appears as flat scales (irregular or rounded but not hexagonal). both muscovite and biotite may be present and vary considerably in abundance; very commonly they have their flat sides parallel and give the rock a rudimentary schistosity, and they may be aggregated into bands in which case the granulites are indistinguishable from certain varieties of gneiss. the garnets are very generally larger than the above-mentioned ingredients, and easily visible with the eye as pink spots on the broken surfaces of the rock. they usually are filled with enclosed grains of the other minerals.
traditional structural orientations can only be assessed on reachable exposed rock mass manually. conventionally, engineering geologists investigated rock discontinuities studies with only a limited number at a time. the discontinuities may not represent the whole outcrop. thus, the traditional rock plane orientation measurement may contain bias.
as previously mentioned maria luisa crawford first attended bryn mawr college in pennsylvania, where she took a geology class as an option but realized she really enjoyed it, so she eventually switched her major to geology. in 1960, crawford graduated with a bachelor of arts degree in geology from bryn mawr college. in 1960–1961, she did a fulbright fellowship at the university of oslo in norway before she began her graduate studies. while in norway, she also worked for a museum and helped with mineralogical studies. crawford enjoyed graduate school mostly because she was able to learn and focus on metamorphic petrology. in 1965 she received her doctorate from the university of california, berkeley. shortly after, she became a geology professor at bryn mawr college and in 1985–1992 and was named the william r. kenan jr. eminent professor of geology.
hurst graduated from skidmore college in 1997 and from yale university in 2009 with a ph.d. in anthropology. she teaches at skidmore college. her research is focused on art and iconography, with a focus on maya murals and olmec rock art. she has studied the art and architecture of bonampak, copan, holmul, oxtotitlan, palenque, piedras negras, san bartolo, and xultun.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
What is the consistency of the Himalayan rocks?
(A) crust
(B) Loose
(C) simple
(D) cold
(E) loose soil
(F) Smooth
(G) liquid
(H) Brittle
### Answer: | H |
the mitochondria contains its own set of dna used to produce proteins found in the electron transport chain. the mitochondrial dna only codes for about thirteen proteins that are used in processing mitochondrial transcripts, ribosomal proteins, ribosomal rna, transfer rna, and protein subunits found in the protein complexes of the electron transport chain.
chloroplast dna (cpdna) is the dna located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. the existence of chloroplast dna was identified biochemically in 1959, and confirmed by electron microscopy in 1962. the discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes and performs protein synthesis revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. the first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986, nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) by sugiura and colleagues and marchantia polymorpha (liverwort) by ozeki et al. since then, a great number of chloroplast dnas from various species have been sequenced.
chloroplast dna (cpdna) is the dna located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. the existence of chloroplast dna was identified biochemically in 1959, and confirmed by electron microscopy in 1962. the discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes and performs protein synthesis revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. the first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986, nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) by sugiura and colleagues and marchantia polymorpha (liverwort) by ozeki et al. since then, a great number of chloroplast dnas from various species have been sequenced.
description: in this paper the structure of dna was proposed. it consisted of a double helix with a phosphate backbone, unlike linus pauling and r.b. corey's double helix where the backbone consisted of the bases. they conclude with the sly remark: "it has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material."
the mt-atp6 gene provides information for making a protein that is essential for normal mitochondrial function. the human mt-atp6 gene, located in mitochondrial dna, is 681 base pairs in length. an unusual feature of mt-atp6 is the 46- nucleotide gene overlap of its first codons with the end of the mt-atp8 gene. with respect to the mt-atp6 reading frame (+3), the mt-atp8 gene ends in the +1 reading frame with a tag stop codon.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
DNA is found where in a cell?
(A) mitochondria
(B) complex
(C) alveoli
(D) membrane
(E) plants
(F) infected
(G) cytoplasm
(H) nucleus
### Answer: | H |
the technique exploits the earth 's gravitational field and tidal forces to keep the spacecraft aligned along the desired orientation. the gravity of the earth decreases according to the inverse-square law, and by extending the long axis perpendicular to the orbit, the "lower" part of the orbiting structure will be more attracted to the earth. the effect is that the satellite will tend to align its axis of minimum moment of inertia vertically.
consequently, perturbations may lead to the resonance between the orbital inclination and eccentricity, known as kozai resonance. near-circular, highly inclined orbits can thus become very eccentric in exchange for lower inclination. for example, such a mechanism can produce sungrazing comets, because a large eccentricity with a constant semimajor axis results in a small perihelion.
the restrictions on departure windows arise because low earth orbits are susceptible to significant perturbations; even over short periods they are subject to nodal regression and, less importantly, precession of perigee. equatorial depots are more stable but also more difficult to reach.
thus, if the energy e is negative (bound orbits), the eccentricity is less than one and the orbit is an ellipse. conversely, if the energy is positive (unbound orbits, also called "scattered orbits"), the eccentricity is greater than one and the orbit is a hyperbola. finally, if the energy is exactly zero, the eccentricity is one and the orbit is a parabola. in all cases, the direction of a lies along the symmetry axis of the conic section and points from the center of force toward the periapsis, the point of closest approach.
to see this unstable behavior more quantitatively, consider the equations of motion for a fluid element mass in circular motion with an angular velocity Ω. {\displaystyle \omega \.} in general Ω {\displaystyle \omega } will be a function of the distance from the rotation axis r , {\displaystyle r\,} and we assume that the orbital radius is r = r 0. {\displaystyle r=r_{0}\.} the centripetal acceleration required to keep the mass in orbit is − r Ω 2 (r) {\displaystyle -r\omega ^{2}(r)}; the minus sign indicates a direction toward the center. if this force is gravity from a point mass at the center, then the centripetal acceleration is simply − g m / r 2, {\displaystyle -gm/r^{2},} where g {\displaystyle g} is the gravitational constant and m {\displaystyle m} is the central mass.let us now consider small departures from the circular motion of the orbiting mass element caused by some perturbing force. we transform variables into a rotating frame moving with the orbiting mass element at angular velocity Ω (r 0) = Ω 0 , {\displaystyle \omega (r_{0})=\omega _{0}\,} with origin located at the unperturbed, orbiting location of the mass element. as usual when working in a rotating frame, we need to add to the equations of motion a coriolis force − 2 Ω 0 × v {\displaystyle -2{\boldsymbol {\omega }}_{0}\times {\boldsymbol {v}}} plus a centrifugal force r Ω 0 2. {\displaystyle r\omega _{0}^{2}\.} the velocity v {\displaystyle v} is the velocity as measured in the rotating frame. furthermore, we restrict our attention to a small neighborhood near r 0 , {\displaystyle r_{0}\,} say r 0 + x , {\displaystyle r_{0}+x\,} with x {\displaystyle x} much smaller than r 0. {\displaystyle r_{0}\.} then the sum of the centrifugal and centripetal forces is
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
What causes orbits?
(A) pulling down
(B) sunlight
(C) planetary pull
(D) solar flares
### Answer: | C |
tim pennings, a mathematics professor at hope college, has found that dogs are somehow able to calculate the optimal path to a ball thrown in the water. while playing fetch with his welsh corgi, he noticed that the dog ran along the beach for a certain distance before jumping into the water. because the dog is faster on land, this technique minimizes the total retrieval time. he showed that the dog is able to calculate the optimal point to jump into the water, a problem pennings must resort to calculus to solve.
after graduating he went to the university of cambridge and established the companion animal research group there in 1985. he moved to the university of pennsylvania in 1993 and teaches there currently. while at the university of pennsylvania he was part of creating c-barq, the first standardized dog behavioral assessment survey.
the school offers associate, bachelor and master's degree programs and follows a unique model where students enrolled in the university train assistance dogs with the goal of placing the dogs with people with emotional and physical disabilities. the school offers classes on all aspects of dogs, from genetics to behavior, nutrition and dogs in popular culture. as part of the curriculum, students also train dogs at local animal shelters, helping those shelters place those dogs in their forever homes. the bergin university dogs, which are bred on site, start being trained at 3 to 4 weeks old and are worked with for up to two years to learn 106 different commands. after graduation, dogs may be placed to work with paraplegic or quadriplegic people or others with emotional or physical disabilities. these people join a waitlist to obtain a dog for a fee of $2,750. the cost to train a dog at bergin university is upwards of $25,000. in 2013, the university awarded cesar millan an honorary degree in canine science.
dogterom was born 20 november 1967 in utrecht, the netherlands. in 1990, she graduated from the university of groningen with a degree in theoretical physics. two years later, the fulbright program granted her a fellowship. though she found a phd position at the university of paris-sud, she followed her mentor (stanislas leibler) move to princeton university, where dogterom first began to work with biology via collaboration with their biology faculty. in 1994, she graduated cum laude with a doctorate from the university of paris-sud, with a thesis on "physical aspects of microtubule growth and mitotic spindle formation," and worked as a postdoc at bell labs in the united states. in 1997, she became a project leader at fom institute amolf, a physics and biophysics research institute, becoming head of department from 2003 to 2013.
stubbe's parents were teachers, and that is why she thought teaching is what she originally wanted to do as a career. stubbe had a pet dog named dr. mcenzyme stubbe. the dog was a part of the research group and had its own email address and picture on the group's website.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
When a dog adjusts its temperature
(A) it pants
(B) it finds water
(C) it sweats
(D) it shirts
### Answer: | A |
a soda blaster is a self-contained system that includes a blast generator, high pressure compressed air, moisture decontamination system, blast hose, and a blast nozzle. the blasting material consists of formulated sodium bicarbonate (also known as baking soda). blasting soda is an extremely friable material that undergoes micro fragmentation on impact, literally exploding away surface materials without damage to the substrate. since sodium bicarbonate is much softer than the silicon carbide or aluminium oxide used in sandblasting, the blast nozzle used for soda blasting applications can be made of soft metals such as brass or steel. the pressures used are very low compared to those used in sandblasting, e.g., 20psi as opposed to 120psi.
carbonic acid is one of the most common acid additives that are widely added in soft drinks. during the manufacturing process, co is usually pressurized to dissolve in these drinks to generate carbonic acid. carbonic acid is very unstable and tends to decompose into water and co at room temperature and pressure. therefore, when bottles or cans of these kinds of soft drinks are opened, the soft drinks fizz and effervesce as co bubbles come out.
soda blasting is a mild form of abrasive blasting in which sodium bicarbonate particles are blasted against a surface using compressed air. it has a much milder abrasive effect than sandblasting. an early use was in the conservation-restoration of the statue of liberty in the 1980s.
in 2007, four food technology students in the netherlands invented a powdered alcohol product called "booz2go". they claimed that when mixed with water, the powder would produce a bubbly, lime-colored and lime -flavored drink, with 3% alcohol. when put into commercial production, it was expected to sell for €1.50 (approx. us$ 1.60) for a 20 gram sachet.
soda blasting is a mild form of abrasive blasting in which sodium bicarbonate particles are blasted against a surface using compressed air. it has a much milder abrasive effect than sandblasting. an early use was in the conservation-restoration of the statue of liberty in the 1980s. soda blasting is a non-destructive method for many applications in cleaning, paint and varnish stripping, automotive restoration, industrial equipment maintenance, rust removal, graffiti removal, molecular steel passivation against rust, oil removal by saponification and translocation, masonry cleaning and restoration, soot remediation, boat hull cleaning and for food processing facilities and equipment and tooth cleaning at the dental laboratory.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Pedro shook a can of soda. When the soda was opened, foam and soda burst from the can. Which statement best explains what happened?
(A) A new substance was formed.
(B) The gas pressure was released from the can.
(C) The sugar in the soda turned into a gas.
(D) The can absorbed heat from the air.
### Answer: | B |
the down jacket, known more commonly in the fashion industry as a puffer jacket or simply puffer, is a quilted coat which is insulated with either duck or goose feathers. air pockets created by the bulk of the feathers allow for the retention of warm air.
the down jacket, known more commonly in the fashion industry as a puffer jacket or simply puffer, is a quilted coat which is insulated with either duck or goose feathers. air pockets created by the bulk of the feathers allow for the retention of warm air.
warmth: in woollen garments, air pockets are created between the fibers that reduce the rate of heat transfer. this property combined with lanolin (a hydrophobic grease present in wool fibers) allowing wool to keep you warm when wet. yak wool is rich in myristic acid, a type of hydrophobic fatty acid. independently conducted tests on yak down suggest that it is warmer than merino wool. nonetheless, claims vary on how much warmer it is with values ranging between 10 and 40 percent.
louis newburgh is widely recognized among thermal physiologists primarily due to his role as the editor of "physiology of heat regulation and the science of clothing". from a physiological perspective, the purpose of clothing is to shield the body from extreme temperatures, whether they be hot or cold. the role of clothing in affecting the wearer's comfort can be described as the connection between the body and the surroundings. when engaged in outdoor activities, the individual's comfort level is influenced by various environmental factors, such as air temperature, humidity, solar radiation, atmospheric and ground thermal radiation. the wearer's posture, metabolic rate, sweating rate, and bodily processes such as moisture absorption, sweat evaporation, and heat loss through conduction and convection via blood, are among additional factors that also play a role in determining the individual's comfort level.
in birds with webbed feet, retia mirabilia in the legs and feet transfer heat from the outgoing (hot) blood in the arteries to the incoming (cold) blood in the veins. the effect of this biological heat exchanger is that the internal temperature of the feet is much closer to the ambient temperature, thus reducing heat loss. penguins also have them in the flippers and nasal passages.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
The purpose of bird feathers, especially down, is to
(A) retain body temps
(B) contain moisture
(C) move air around
(D) help with flight
### Answer: | A |
hands-on activities are extremely useful in the learning cycle. after making predictions about the height of mr. tall in paper clips, the measuring tools can be introduced and the students can test their strategies. for the student using a constant difference relation, actual measurement will show that mr. tall is actually nine paper clips high and this will set up some cognitive dissonance.
luke and freebody assert that no one of these resources is sufficient by itself but that each is essential. further, the resources are not meant to indicate a sequence of instruction. different resources should be present in instruction in varying amounts, depending upon the needs of the students. luke has also stated that critical competence, far from being an upper level topic, can begin to be developed in year one of education and before.
in the ninth and tenth grades both english and math are taught at an advanced level; in the 11th grade the students decide for themselves individually in which direction they would like to continue their advanced studies. because this program is the most general, it's likely to be replaced in the future with a more specialized program. one possibility would be a course focused on financial education under the direction of the hungarian national bank.
often, 3-2 programs advertise that students get a more robust education. traditional engineering majors cannot take as many classes in the humanities because they follow strict course sequences to graduate on time. 3-2 students get the technical training at the partner school as well as a myriad of quintessential liberal arts courses at their home institution.
the levels are discontinuous, as defined in the properties above, but researchers have debated as to just how discrete the levels actually are. studies have found that many children reason at multiple levels, or intermediate levels, which appears to be in contradiction to the theory. children also advance through the levels at different rates for different concepts, depending on their exposure to the subject. they may therefore reason at one level for certain shapes, but at another level for other shapes.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Many consumers feed at more than one what?
(A) ground level
(B) kinetic energy
(C) major threat to health
(D) level of sound
(E) eat plants or other animal
(F) level on the pyramid
(G) level of height
(H) Inches or fractions of inches.
### Answer: | F |
consider the electron (mass m) and proton (mass m) in the hydrogen atom. they orbit each other about a common centre of mass, a two body problem. to analyze the motion of the electron, a one-body problem, the reduced mass replaces the electron mass
the definitive mass measurement has been made by the babar experiment, which reported a mass of 2 286.46 mev/ c with a small uncertainty. to put this in context, it is more than twice as heavy as a proton. the excess mass is easily explained by the large constituent mass of the charm quark, which by itself is more than that of the proton.
these bosons are among the heavyweights of the elementary particles. with masses of 80.4 gev/ c and 91.2 gev/ c, respectively, the w and z bosons are almost 80 times as massive as the proton – heavier, even, than entire iron atoms.
the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the sum of the individual masses of the free constituent protons and neutrons. the difference in mass can be calculated by the einstein equation, e = mc, where e is the nuclear binding energy, c is the speed of light, and m is the difference in mass. this 'missing mass' is known as the mass defect, and represents the energy that was released when the nucleus was formed.
the hydrogen nucleus contains just one proton. its isotope deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, contains a proton and a neutron. helium contains two protons and two neutrons, and carbon, nitrogen and oxygen – six, seven and eight of each particle, respectively. however, a helium nucleus weighs less than the sum of the weights of the two heavy hydrogen nuclei which combine to make it. the same is true for carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. for example, the carbon nucleus is slightly lighter than three helium nuclei, which can combine to make a carbon nucleus. this difference is known as the mass defect.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
Where is most of the mass of the atom located?
(A) in the protons
(B) in the nucleus
(C) in the neutrons
(D) in the electrons
### Answer: | B |
the traditional method of applying the carbon to the surface of the iron involved packing the iron in a mixture of carbon-rich material such as ground bone and charcoal or a combination of leather, hooves, salt and urine, all inside a well-sealed box (the "case"). this carburizing package is then heated to a high temperature—but still under the melting point of the iron—and left at that temperature for a length of time. the longer the package is held at the high temperature, the deeper the carbon will diffuse into the surface. different depths of hardening are desirable for different purposes: sharp tools need deep hardening to allow grinding and resharpening without exposing the soft core, while machine parts like gears might need only shallow hardening for increased wear resistance.
there are many design criteria which vary according to the type of disc and the required filtering capacity. the typical filter for extracting iron contains 12 ceramic filtering plates of the filtering elements (discs), which have a diameter of about 2705 mm, making the total filter surface 120 m. this filter is most suited to filter feed slurries with high solid concentrations (5-20% w/w) and particles ranging in size from 1–700 μm. the area of the filters available in the ceramic filter is up to 45 m, making them useful for metal and mineral concentrate processing.
iron powder has several uses; for example production of magnetic alloys and certain types of steels. iron powder is formed as a whole from several other iron particles. the particle sizes vary anywhere from 20-200 μm. the iron properties differ depending on the production method and history of a specific iron powder. there are three types of iron powder classifications: reduced iron powder, atomized powder, and electrolytic iron powder. each type is used in various applications depending on their properties. there is very little difference in the visual appearances of reduced iron powder and atomized iron powder.
the oldest flux used for forge welding was fine silica sand. the iron or steel would be heated in a reducing environment within the coals of the forge. devoid of oxygen, the metal forms a layer of iron-oxide called wüstite on its surface. when the metal is hot enough, but below the welding temperature, the smith sprinkles some sand onto the metal. the silicon in the sand reacts with the wustite to form fayalite, which melts just below the welding temperature. this produced a very effective flux which helped to make a strong weld.
in late seventies and eighties, biswas and coworkers made important contributions towards characterization of mineral separation systems using xrd, sem with x-ray microanalysis, epma, tem and several spectroscopic techniques (ir, nmr, mossbauer, etc.). the systems studied included fine grained alumina-rich indian iron ore, zn-containing flotation tails, zawar ancient siliceous slag and retorts, and ferromanganese nodules from the indian ocean and their synthetic analogues, chalcopyrite, and synthetic tungsten minerals. biswas participated in several important international conferences such as international mineral processing congresses (cannes, 1963; prague, 1970; cagliari, 1975; warsaw, 1979) and international symposium on surfactants, gainesville, florida, 1990.
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
During science class, students combined 1 kg of iron filings with 1 kg of sand to create a mixture. Which of the following methods would be best for separating the iron filings from the sand?
(A) Stir the mixture into hot water to dissolve the sand.
(B) Strain the mixture through a paper filter to collect the sand.
(C) Drag a magnet through the mixture to attract the iron filings.
(D) Shake the mixture to cause the iron filings to settle to the bottom.
### Answer: | C |
fish school search (fss), proposed by bastos filho and lima neto in 2008 is, in its basic version, an unimodal optimization algorithm inspired on the collective behavior of fish schools. the mechanisms of feeding and coordinated movement were used as inspiration to create the search operators. the core idea is to make the fishes “swim” toward the positive gradient in order to “eat” and “gain weight”. collectively, the heavier fishes have more influence on the search process as a whole, what makes the barycenter of the fish school moves toward better places in the search space over the iterations.
in this 2,200 square-foot virtual undersea world, visitors used interactive stations located in front of a giant projection display to design their own virtual fish, and then release it into the simulated fishtank. once in the tank, the fish behaved according to the behavioral rules chosen during its design, with surprising results. together with a set of interactive stations, the exhibit, created in conjunction with the mit media lab and nearlife, inc., aimed to reveal how simple behavioral rules lead to distinctive emergent behavior in complex systems such as traffic flows and city demographic distributions.
fish school search (fss), proposed by bastos filho and lima neto in 2008 is, in its basic version, an unimodal optimization algorithm inspired on the collective behavior of fish schools. the mechanisms of feeding and coordinated movement were used as inspiration to create the search operators. the core idea is to make the fishes “swim” toward the positive gradient in order to “eat” and “gain weight”. collectively, the heavier fishes have more influence on the search process as a whole, what makes the barycenter of the fish school moves toward better places in the search space over the iterations. the fss uses the following principles: simple computations in all individuals
this operator is used in order to regulate the exploration/exploitation ability of the school during the search process. first of all, the barycenter b {\displaystyle b} of the school is calculated based on the position x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} and the weight w i {\displaystyle w_{i}} of each fish:
in 2013, magnasco formed the m c collaboration with cetacean researcher diana reiss in order to study marine mammal communication and cognition. their interdisciplinary team is probing dolphin intelligence using an underwater interactive touchpad at the national aquarium (baltimore).
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.
When a mirror is placed by a fish bowl with a beta fish swimming inside, the beta fish sees what appears to be another fish. This occurs because of
(A) absorption.
(B) refraction.
(C) reflection.
(D) diffraction.
### Answer: | C |
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