id stringlengths 4 18 | dataset stringclasses 9
values | question stringlengths 222 13.9k | options listlengths 2 12 | answer stringclasses 8
values | explanation stringlengths 0 12.8k β |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
medmcqa_8230 | medmcqa | <ctx>
a defect is indicated if a measured value falls below the shaded area. gdx comparative database a comprehensive database is essential for accurate glaucoma detection. in this instrument a database from 540 normal eyes is used. the subjects are multi - ethnic and 18 β 82 years old. the database also contains 262 g... | [
"OCT",
"Fluorescein angiography",
"Slit lamp examination",
"Retcam"
] | D | Retcam has been used to diagnose pediatric retinal disorders. It has a probe which is put over eye which captures the fundus photo. It can also do fluorescein angiography and is used for tele consultation too High Yield Facts *Factors responsible for ROP : Low GA is more impoant than LBW *WHO Vision 2020 program target... |
medmcqa_6271 | medmcqa | <ctx>
a shade or combination of shades for different parts of the restoration, which in turn corresponds to a set of samples containing the porcelain powder. there are two types of porcelain restorations : porcelain fused to metal complete porcelain ceramic restorations can be built on a refractory die, which is a repr... | [
"high fusion expansion",
"high fusion temperature",
"linear coefficient of thermal expansion less than, but close to that of metal",
"linear coefficient of thermal expansion greater than, but close to that of the metal"
] | C | |
mmlu_aux_3780 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
90. 0 m + 15. 0 m = 105 m when wet figure 2. 34 the distance necessary to stop a car varies greatly, depending on road conditions and driver reaction time. shown here are the braking distances for dry and wet pavement, as calculated in this example, for a car initially traveling at 30. 0 m / s. also shown are the... | [
"39m",
"28m",
"70m",
"67m"
] | B | null |
medmcqa_2924 | medmcqa | <ctx>
with infertility and / or recurrent pregnancy loss, as these histories can be associated with parental chromosome aberrations ( such as inversions or translocations ) and other genetic conditions. cardiovascular genetics a rapidly expanding field in genetic counseling is cardiovascular genetics. more than 1 in 20... | [
"Split first heart sound",
"Hypokalemia",
"Soft murmur at left of sternum that varies with inspiration",
"Failure of the central venous pressure (CVP) to rise more than 1 cm H2O with 30-second pressure on the liver (hepato-jugular reflux)"
] | B | Sudden cardiac death is defined as an unexpected death occurring within 1 hour after the beginning of symptoms in a patient who was previously hemodynamically stable. In asymptomatic patients presenting initially with cardiac disease, 20% will die within the first hour of symptoms. Electrolyte imbalance, hypoxia, and c... |
mmlu_aux_4488 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
##astic effects such as the effects of weather, saying that their model " must be regarded to be incomplete " as a result. freckleton says that this is an important omission because stochasticity can provide an alternative mechanism for accelerated deaths in populations. freckleton also argues that the book has a... | [
"Penguins are harder to research when they have young.",
"Tour operators should encourage tourists to avoid Antarctica.",
"Not all penguins behave in the same way.",
"Penguins need better protection from tourists."
] | C | null |
m1_6256 | m1 | <ctx>
our goal is to find a sequence of gates approximating to error, for. by concatenating this sequence of gates with, we get a sequence of gates such that. the key idea is that commutators of elements close to the identity can be approximated " better - than - expected ". specifically, for satisfying and and approxi... | [
"perfect secrecy when used twice.",
"security against differential cryptanalysis.",
"security against linear cryptanalysis.",
"security against exhaustive search."
] | D | An incorrect assertion is that a cipher $C$ perfectly decorrelated at order 2 guarantees that it is secure against all forms of cryptanalysis. This is false because while perfect decorrelation at order 2 indicates that second-order statistical properties are not exploitable, it does not ensure security against higher-o... |
medmcqa_8618 | medmcqa | <ctx>
skipper, j. i., nusbaum, h. c., & small, s. l. ( 2005 ). listening to talking faces : motor cortical activation during speech perception. neuroimage, 25 ( 1 ), 76 β 89. small, s. l., hlustik, p., noll, d. c., genovese, c., & solodkin, a. ( 2002 ). cerebellar hemispheric activation ipsilateral to the paretic hand ... | [
"Class I",
"Class II",
"Class III",
"Class IV"
] | B | Class II articulator:
Articulator which permit horizontal and vertical motion but they do not orient the movement to TMJ with a facebow.
Three types. |
medmcqa_7249 | medmcqa | <ctx>
##ypie und andere spezielle epidemiologische laboratoriumsmethoden. [ german & english ; phage typing and other special epidemiological laboratory methods ]. gustav - fischer - verlag, jena, germany. oclc 14423391 gasser, f. 1974. microbiologie generale, volume 1. bacteries et bacteriophages. [ french ; bacteria ... | [
"Facultative anaerobe",
"Discovered by Robert Koch",
"Gram positive",
"Has thick cell wall"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Facultative anaerobe* M. tuberculosis was discovered by Robert koch.* M. tuberculosis is gram-positive, obligate aerobe, acid-fast, straight or slightly curved rod. Electron microscopy shows thick cell wall.* M. tuberculosis is acid-fast bacillus and resists decolorization by 20% H2SO4. Acid fastness ... |
arc_easy_679 | arc_easy | <ctx>
( magnetosphere ) and deflects the solar wind, but traps some creating the van allen radiation belts that envelop the earth. the aurora are created when solar wind particles are guided by the magnetic flux lines into the earth's polar regions where the lines then descend into the atmosphere. planetary science pla... | [
"gravity.",
"friction.",
"solar energy.",
"centrifugal force."
] | A | |
openbookqa_1053 | openbookqa | <ctx>
kiln furniture are devices and implements inside furnaces used during the heating of manufactured individual pieces, such as pottery or other ceramic or metal components. kiln furniture is made of refractory materials, i. e., materials that withstand high temperatures without deformation. kiln furniture can accou... | [
"ionic discharge",
"falling meteors",
"snowmen",
"underground rivers"
] | A | |
arc_easy_1932 | arc_easy | <ctx>
from four students in the autumn of 1969 to 22 students in the autumn of 1978. the ages were between 5 and 19 years of age. there were also chinese employees, usually two, one who helped in cleaning the house and another whose task it was to prepare food. ijas quotes from marjatta raulamo the β working schedule β... | [
"adding sugar to tea",
"pouring milk on cereal",
"spreading jelly on toast",
"sprinkling cheese on eggs"
] | A | |
medmcqa_2885 | medmcqa | <ctx>
lacking : the carcinogens are not all mutagens ( hormones... ) ; the target of carcinogens may be the ecm and not the cell ; an ecm exposed to a carcinogen brought into contact with a non - cancerous tissue will cause cancer of this tissue, but not vice versa ; a cancerous tissue in close contact with a normal ec... | [
"Weightloss is commonest feature",
"Secondaries are most commonly seen in peritoneum & omentum",
"Lymphatic & hematogenous spread are rare",
"Barium meal is diagnostic"
] | A | Answer 'a' i.e. Weightloss is commonest feature Symptoms of gastric cancer Earliest symptom is usually vague postprandial abdominal heaviness Most common symptom is weight loss Other symptoms are: - anorexia - abdominal pain (usually not severe) vomiting may be present and becomes a major feature if pyloric obstruction... |
qasc_577 | qasc | <ctx>
electromethanogenesis is a form of electrofuel production where methane is produced by direct biological conversion of electrical current and carbon dioxide. methane producing technologies garnered interest from the scientific community prior to 2000, but electromethanogenesis did not become a significant area of... | [
"sunlight",
"electricity",
"vehicles",
"chemical energy"
] | B | |
qasc_7724 | qasc | <ctx>
pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, and bats ; water ; wind ; and even plants themselves, when self - pollin... | [
"insects",
"spores",
"horses",
"trees"
] | A | |
m1_6289 | m1 | <ctx>
a be an algorithm for breaking a digital signature scheme in the random oracle model. then x would be the public parameters ( including the public key ) a is attacking, and hi would be the output of the random oracle on its ith distinct input. the forking lemma is of use when it would be possible, given two diffe... | [
"\\ldots a universal forgery attack is possible.",
"\\ldots an existential forgery attack is avoided.",
"\\ldots we can recover the secret key.",
"\\ldots we need to put a stamp on the message."
] | A | In the ElGamal signature scheme, checking that the signature component \( r \) falls within the range \( 0 \leq r < p \) is crucial for maintaining the security of the scheme. If we do not enforce this check, it opens up vulnerabilities.
Let's break down the implications of not checking this condition:
1. **Universal... |
openbookqa_647 | openbookqa | <ctx>
other words, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. in fact, reflection of light may occur whenever light travels from a medium of a given refractive index into a medium with a different refractive index. in the most general case, a certain fraction of the light is reflected from the interface, an... | [
"difficult",
"loud",
"easy",
"long"
] | A | |
aquarat_22688 | aquarat | <ctx>
##0 = d. then Ξ³ an integer and Ξ³ = 1 Ξ³ β€ 0 the value of is. to begin with, we shall simplify matters by concentrating a particular value of and generalise the result at a later stage. we shall use the value. the indicial equation has a root at, and we see from the recurrence relation that when that that denominat... | [
"A)0",
"B)-2",
"C)-25",
"D)-49"
] | D | Easy one -
-25, -24, -23,-22,...... -1,0, 1, 2...., 22, 23
Cancel everyhitng and we're left with - -25 and -24 a = -49.
D is the answer. |
qasc_1029 | qasc | <ctx>
less likely to complete the migration. normally travelling about a day while migrating, the caribou can run at speeds of. young calves can already outrun an olympic sprinter when only 1 day old. during the spring migration, smaller herds will group together to form larger herds of 50, 000 to 500, 000 animals, but... | [
"To keep their body heat.",
"reusing materials",
"If they can no longer get food",
"If they are bored"
] | C | |
aquarat_27678 | aquarat | <ctx>
lottery mathematics is used to calculate probabilities of winning or losing a lottery game. it is based primarily on combinatorics, particularly the twelvefold way and combinations without replacement. choosing 6 from 49 in a typical 6 / 49 game, each player chooses six distinct numbers from a range of 1 - 49. if... | [
"A)12.5%",
"B)83.3%",
"C)80%",
"D)11%"
] | B | Say y=1 and x=6.
Then y=1 is less than x=6 by (6-1)/6*100=5/6*100=83.3%.
Answer: B. |
qasc_2239 | qasc | <ctx>
is episodic. settled and deliberate anger is a reaction to perceived deliberate harm or unfair treatment by others. this form of anger is episodic. dispositional anger is related more to character traits than to instincts or cognitions. irritability, sullenness, and churlishness are examples of the last form of a... | [
"Harm",
"struck",
"reacts",
"Sleep"
] | A | |
m1_6446 | m1 | <ctx>
y z k e y w o a b c d e r d a b c f g h i j f g h i j k l m n o l m n p s p r s t u t u v x z v w x y z the first letter of the encrypted digraph is in the same row as the first plaintext letter and the same column as the second plaintext letter. it is therefore in the upper - right ciphertext matrix. a b c d e e... | [
"RSA",
"Vernam",
"DES",
"FOX"
] | B | {"answer":["B"],"rationale":"The Vernam cipher achieves perfect secrecy when the key is random, equal in length to the message, and used only once."} |
aquarat_38856 | aquarat | <ctx>
this list contains selected positive numbers in increasing order, including counts of things, dimensionless quantities and probabilities. each number is given a name in the short scale, which is used in english - speaking countries, as well as a name in the long scale, which is used in some of the countries that ... | [
"A)16",
"B)8",
"C)9",
"D)10"
] | A | When you seperate the 40000000000 into factors of 5 and 2 you get - > 10^10 x 2^2 = 5^10 x 2^12
2 to the ^ 8 = 4096 so its4096 x 5^10
that means 5^10 x 5^x must be greater
5^x > 4096
5^1=5
5^2=25
5^3= 125
5^6= 15625 - > so x must be at least 6
5^(10+6)= 5^16
A |
pubmedqa_276 | pubmedqa | <ctx>
( 2004 ). " the superiority of simple alternatives to regression for social science predictions ". journal of educational and behavioral statistics, volume 29 ( 3 ), pages 317 - 331. dawes, r. m., & corrigan, b. ( 1974 ). linear models in decision making. psychological bulletin, volume 81, pages 95 β 106. einhorn... | [
"yes",
"no",
"maybe"
] | A | |
openbookqa_3167 | openbookqa | <ctx>
renovation at the airport. this caused the distance between the lights to change at a distance of 6 meter between each other rather than the usual 3 meter. the approach lights were also not turned on. the inclement weather condition and the unlit condition of the runway would make it harder for the pilots to see ... | [
"ash from a volcano",
"vapor of H2O condensed in the air",
"helium vapor in the air",
"a forest fire nearby"
] | B | |
m1_6083 | m1 | <ctx>
the tonelli β shanks algorithm ( referred to by shanks as the ressol algorithm ) is used in modular arithmetic to solve for r in a congruence of the form r2 β‘ n ( mod p ), where p is a prime : that is, to find a square root of n modulo p. tonelli β shanks cannot be used for composite moduli : finding square roots... | [
"a factoring algorithm.",
"a primality testing algorithm.",
"an algorithm for finding square roots.",
"an algorithm for testing quadratic residuosity."
] | C | The Tonelli algorithm is an algorithm for finding square roots modulo a prime number. Therefore, the correct answer is:
**Answer:** an algorithm for finding square roots.
**Justification:** The Tonelli-Shanks algorithm is specifically designed to compute square roots in modular arithmetic, particularly for odd prime ... |
pubmedqa_329 | pubmedqa | <ctx>
##ctomy ). if the person is not a good candidate for surgical resection due advanced liver disease ( commonly by child - pugh score ), liver transplantation may still be a curative treatment option. provided that the disease has not spread beyond the liver, then liver transplant effectively removes all cancer cel... | [
"yes",
"no",
"maybe"
] | A | |
aquarat_29333 | aquarat | <ctx>
1. 50 km, and the distance traveled was 1. 50 km. discussion distance is a scalar. it has magnitude but no sign to indicate direction. example 2. 4 calculating acceleration : a subway train speeding up suppose the train in figure 2. 18 ( a ) accelerates from rest to 30. 0 km / h in the first 20. 0 s of its motion... | [
"A)16",
"B)18",
"C)24",
"D)40"
] | D | Total time taken = x/40 + 2x/20 hours
= 5x/40 = x/8 hours
Average speed = 5x/(x/8) = 40 kmph
Answer: D |
qasc_713 | qasc | <ctx>
but today the world health organization takes a more broad approach, that the principles of palliative care should be applied as early as possible to any chronic and ultimately fatal illness. palpation β is the process of using one's hands to check the body, especially while perceiving / diagnosing a disease or i... | [
"cells",
"gills",
"HIV",
"skin"
] | D | |
arc_easy_46 | arc_easy | <ctx>
the process of change affecting a broad area of interest and which is also easily communicated. septic sewage β sewage in which anaerobic respiration is taking place characterised by a blackish colour and smell of hydrogen sulphide. septic tank - a type of sedimentation tank in which the sludge is retained long e... | [
"skeletal system",
"nervous system",
"muscular system",
"excretory system"
] | D | |
m1_6061 | m1 | <ctx>
if the polynomial used to define the finite field gf ( 28 ) is, and is the element whose inverse is desired, then performing the algorithm results in the computation described in the following table. let us recall that in fields of order 2n, one has βz = z and z + z = 0 for every element z in the field ). since 1... | [
"$0$",
"$1$",
"$36$",
"$49$"
] | D | To find the inverse of \(28\) in \(\mathbf{Z}_{77}\), we need to determine a number \(x\) such that:
\[
28x \equiv 1 \mod 77
\]
This means we are looking for an \(x\) that, when multiplied by \(28\) and then reduced modulo \(77\), gives \(1\).
To find this \(x\), we can use the Extended Euclidean Algorithm to expres... |
m1_2674 | m1 | <ctx>
" or " bread ", is identified by a numerical sku. the supermarket has a database of transactions where each transaction is a set of skus that were bought together. let the database of transactions consist of following itemsets : we will use apriori to determine the frequent item sets of this database. to do this,... | [
"{1,2,4,5}",
"{1,3,4,5} ",
"{2,3,4,5}",
"{1,2,3,4}"
] | B | To determine which option is not a candidate 4-itemset, we need to understand the concept of candidate itemsets in the context of frequent itemsets. A candidate k-itemset is formed by combining k-1 itemsets that share k-2 items.
Let's analyze the provided frequent 3-itemsets:
1. {1, 2, 3}
2. {1, 2, 4}
3. {1, 2, 5}
4.... |
m1_5898 | m1 | <ctx>
##867. 5158 | | 703289. 4 | | 1. 7766 | | 0. 804543 | | 56. 24 | | 33. 65 | - | 23 | | 8388607 | | 6425917227352 | | 766029. 1187 | | 1345633 | | 1. 7566 | | 0. 807936 | | 57. 19 | | 34. 32 | - | 24 | | 16777215 | | 24906872655990 | | 1484565. 386 | | 2580070 | | 1. 7379 | | 0. 811204 | | 58. 49 | | 34. 43 | - | ... | [
"is a prime number.",
"will always pass Fermat's test for any $0 < b < n$.",
"verifies that $\\forall b$, $\\mathsf{gcd}(b,n)=1$ implies that $b^{n-1} \\equiv 1 \\ \\pmod n $.",
"will be considered as a prime by the Miller-Rabin algorithm."
] | C | To answer the multiple-choice question regarding Carmichael numbers, let's break down each option and understand why option 3 is the correct answer.
### Step 1: Understanding Carmichael Numbers
First, we need to understand what a Carmichael number is. A Carmichael number is a composite number \( n \) that satisfies F... |
medmcqa_7465 | medmcqa | <ctx>
##s ) and stick to the vial glass. stabilisers used for vaccines include sugars ( sucrose, lactose ), sorbitol, amino acids ( glycine, monosodium glutamate ) and proteins ( hydrolysed gelatin ). there have very rarely ( one in twomillion vaccinations ) been cases of allergic reaction to the proteins in gelatin. t... | [
"Measles vaccine",
"DPT",
"Hepatitis B",
"Typhoral"
] | A | Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) occurs while measles vaccine is contaminated or the same vial is used for more than one session on the same day or next day.
Now the question arises, why only measles vaccine causes TSS more commonly and not the other commonly used vaccines? : -
It is due to the absence of preservatives.
Pres... |
qasc_7308 | qasc | <ctx>
translocations which removed all the essential genetic material from a chromosome, permitting its loss without penalty to the organism ( the dislocation hypothesis ) or through fusion. humans have one pair fewer chromosomes than the great apes. human chromosome 2 appears to have resulted from the fusion of two an... | [
"characteristics",
"mitosis",
"sleep",
"alleles"
] | B | |
aquarat_40382 | aquarat | <ctx>
. we have then the average value of the given function over this region is
this equation and entering the known values gives 10. 28 10. 29 10. 30 10. 31 10. 32 10. 33
. 20. 5 Γ Γ Γ Γ 20. 6
checking each number in order. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license )
</ctx>
The... | [
"A)20.5",
"B)18",
"C)19.5",
"D)10.5"
] | D | Exp. Sum of first n natural numbers = n( n+1)/2
So, sum of first 20 natural numbers = 20*21/2 = 210
Required average =210/20 =10.5
Answer:D |
medmcqa_6198 | medmcqa | <ctx>
vertebres, maloine, paris, 1911. external links histology of the eye, edited by william krause, dept. pathology and anatomical science, university of missouri school of medicine eye, brain, and vision β online book β by david hubel kolb, h., fernandez, e., & nelson, r. ( 2003 ). webvision : the neural organizatio... | [
"Most of the layers of retina are absent at foveala",
"The layer of retina in contact with vitreous is retinal pigment epithelium",
"Posterior pole consists of optic nerve head and macula",
"Fovea has a zone where there is no blood supply"
] | B | Layer in contact with vitreous is internal limiting membrane Foveal Avascular Zone- * No blood vessels in this zone * Geometric centre is centre of macula & Fixation point * Impoant landmark in FA * Ora serrata > Foveola: Thinnest pa of retina * Posterior Pole: Macula + Optic nerve head * Optic disc approx: 1.75 mm (H)... |
aquarat_32033 | aquarat | <ctx>
20. 50
that case, the reasoning in steps 6 and 7 was entirely correct if envelope a happened to contain any of the amounts 2, 4,... 512 : switching envelopes would give an expected ( average ) gain of 25 %. if envelope a happened to contain the amount 1, then the expected gain is actually 100 %. but if it happen... | [
"A)22",
"B)28",
"C)15",
"D)199"
] | C | Total members in the group = 7
Average amount = Rs. 20
Total amount with them = 7 * 20 = Rs. 140
One number has Rs. 50. So, the amount with remaining 6 people = 140 - 50 = Rs. 90
The average amount with them = 90/6 = Rs. 15.Answer: C |
m1_3895 | m1 | <ctx>
" by " concave ". every real - valued affine function, that is, each function of the form is simultaneously convex and concave. every norm is a convex function, by the triangle inequality and positive homogeneity. the spectral radius of a nonnegative matrix is a convex function of its diagonal elements. see also ... | [
"True",
"False"
] | B | False, if g is not non-decreasing. |
m1_5685 | m1 | <ctx>
rewrite this sum as using the substitution, which doesn't affect the range of the sum. since, we can then writeusing these two expressions for, and multiplying through by givessince is invertible modulo q, and the legendre symbols are either Β±1, we can then conclude that proof using algebraic number theory the pr... | [
"46",
"35",
"21",
"65"
] | B | To determine which of the elements belongs to \(\mathbb{Z}_{78}^*\), we need to check if each element is coprime to 78. An element \(a\) is in \(\mathbb{Z}_{78}^*\) if and only if \(\gcd(a, 78) = 1\).
First, we find the prime factorization of 78:
\[
78 = 2 \times 3 \times 13
\]
Now we will check each option for copri... |
medmcqa_5398 | medmcqa | <ctx>
them to infested plants. furthermore, only then did they display resistance to the herbivore, showing that the plants were able to transfer defensive infochemicals via the mycorrhizal network. many insect herbivores are drawn to their food by vocs. when the plant is consumed, however, the composition of the vocs ... | [
"Dipyridamole",
"Diltiazem",
"Propanolol",
"Verapamil"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Dipyridamole o There are two types of vessels in coronary circulaton ? 1. Larger conducting aeries which run epicardially and send perforating branches. 2. Smaller resistance aerioles - These are perforating branches of conducting aeries. These aerioles supply blood to endocardium. o During ischemia, ... |
mmlu_aux_1878 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
. = 93, 000, 000 mi. since the time it takes for earth to orbit the sun is 1 year, we use earth years for units of time. then, substituting 1 year for the period of earth and 1 a. u. for the average distance to the sun, kepler β s third law can be written as for any planet in the solar system, where is the period... | [
"the time for the earth to turn round.",
"the time the earth travels one thousand miles.",
"one circle the earth goes round the sun.",
"the journey of the earth."
] | C | null |
aquarat_33598 | aquarat | <ctx>
your other path. 18. you drive in a straight line in a direction east of north. ( a ) find the distances you would have to drive straight east and then straight north to arrive at the same point. ( this determination is equivalent to find the components of the displacement along the east and north directions. ) (... | [
"A)34",
"B)40",
"C)25",
"D)88"
] | C | We have: l = 20 ft and lb = 50 sq. ft.
So, b = 2.5 ft.
Length of fencing = (l + 2b) = (20 + 5) ft = 25 ft.
ANSWER:C |
arc_challenge_589 | arc_challenge | <ctx>
1975, fundamentals of chemistry, 3rd ed., academic press, new york, p. 453, brinkley sr 1945, introductory general chemistry, 3rd ed., macmillan, new york brown tl, lemay he, bursten be, murphy cj & woodward p 2009, chemistry : the central science, 11th ed., pearson education, new jersey, burakowski t & wierzchon... | [
"Is everyone wearing goggles?",
"Who will get the minerals from the shelf?",
"What is the purpose of this investigation?",
"Has someone volunteered to make drawings of the breaks?"
] | A | |
aquarat_8478 | aquarat | <ctx>
make reasoned and balanced judgements relating to a range of data on a specific unseen case study. section b : candidates are required to answer two structured essay questions from a choice of four. internal assessment candidates will need to complete 30 hours of practical work throughout the course. each of the ... | [
"A)13",
"B)10",
"C)9",
"D)8"
] | D | # of people times the # of hours:
4*4 = 16 --> 4 lawyers do 16worksin 4 hours.
3*8/3 = 24/3 = 8 --> 3 assistants do 8 worksin 8/3 hours (2/3*5= 10/3)
So, since the amount of work the assistants do is half the work the lawyers do, the time will be double, soANS D |
m1_5695 | m1 | <ctx>
hash. the nist specification for a secret salt suggests using a password - based key derivation function ( pbkdf ) with an approved pseudorandom function such as hmac with sha - 3 as the hash function of the hmac. the nist recommendation is also to perform at least 1000 iterations of the pbkdf, and a further mini... | [
"It protects against online attacks.",
"It avoids multi-target bruteforce attacks from the database.",
"It avoids single-target exhaustive search attacks from the database.",
"It makes the protocol more spicy."
] | B | When evaluating the advantages of using a salt in a password authentication protocol, we can compare the three relevant options: "It protects against online attacks," "It avoids multi-target bruteforce attacks from the database," and "It avoids single-target exhaustive search attacks from the database." The first optio... |
arc_easy_1601 | arc_easy | <ctx>
12. 7 molecular transport phenomena : diffusion, osmosis, and related processes 62. you can smell perfume very shortly after opening the bottle. to show that it is not reaching your nose by diffusion, calculate the average distance a perfume molecule moves in one second in air, given its diffusion constant to be.... | [
"At 25Β°C, they have more mass.",
"At 25Β°C, they are moving faster.",
"At 25Β°C, they have less kinetic energy.",
"At 25Β°C, they are decreasing in volume."
] | B | |
arc_easy_1688 | arc_easy | <ctx>
a solar cell or photovoltaic cell ( pv cell ) is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by means of the photovoltaic effect. it is a form of photoelectric cell, a device whose electrical characteristics ( such as current, voltage, or resistance ) vary when exposed to ligh... | [
"battery.",
"photocell.",
"photo generator.",
"photovoltaic cell."
] | D | |
m1_1179 | m1 | <ctx>
in machine learning, the vanishing gradient problem is encountered when training artificial neural networks with gradient - based learning methods and backpropagation. in such methods, during each iteration of training each of the neural networks weights receives an update proportional to the partial derivative o... | [
"True",
"False"
] | B | The statement is **False**.
### Explanation:
1. **Backpropagation Overview**:
- The backpropagation algorithm is a widely used method for training neural networks by minimizing the error between predicted and actual outputs through gradient descent.
2. **Single Hidden Layer**:
- While it is true that a neura... |
aquarat_15786 | aquarat | <ctx>
system in portland, oregon. it is operated by motivate, with nike, inc. as the title sponsor. at launch, the system had 100 stations and 1, 000 bicycles serving the city's central and eastside neighbourhoods, with hopes to expand outward. bike share technology has evolved over the course of decades, and developme... | [
"A)b=9,t=1",
"B)b=7,t=3",
"C)b=6,t=2",
"D)b=2,t=5"
] | A | Let b be the number of bicycles and let t be the number of tricycles.
Set up the equations
b+t=10............(1)
2b+3t=21............(2)
Rearrange equation (1) and substitute into equation (2)
2b+30-3b=21
-b=-9
b=9
Calculate the number of tricycles t
t=10βb
=10β9
=1
There are 1 tricycles and 9 bicycles.
Answer is A. |
aquarat_27493 | aquarat | <ctx>
the answer should also have three significant figures. the answer 30. 0 km / hr does indeed have three significant figures, so this is appropriate. note that the significant figures in the conversion factor are not relevant because an hour is defined to be 60 minutes, so the precision of the conversion factor is ... | [
"A)220",
"B)200",
"C)210",
"D)225"
] | B | B
225 * T = 1 km => T = 1/225 km/h
V*(T+2/3600) = 1
V (1/225 + 2/3600) = 1 => V = 200 km/h |
m1_6141 | m1 | <ctx>
makes the rest of that line a comment example : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * program : bookings * * * * author : joe byte, 07 - jul - 2007 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * report bookings. * read flight bookings ... | [
"Morse alphabet is a cipher",
"Morse alphabet is a code",
"Morse alphabet preserves confidentiality",
"Morse alphabet preserves authenticity"
] | B | **Reasoning:**
- **Option A: Morse alphabet is a cipher.** This is incorrect. A cipher transforms plaintext into ciphertext, while Morse code represents letters and numbers with sequences of dots and dashes, functioning as a code rather than a cipher.
- **Option B: Morse alphabet is a code.** This is correct. Mors... |
m1_1216 | m1 | <ctx>
consider a regression problem using the square error as a loss : where is the discrepancy or error. consider the network on a single training case :. thus, the input and are 1 and 1 respectively and the correct output, is 0. now if the relation is plotted between the network's output on the horizontal axis and th... | [
"Because we use exactly the same scheme.",
"Because it is almost impossible to train a network with 10 layers without a supercomputer.",
"Because I should have used more layers.",
"Because I should have used only one layer."
] | A | The correct option is **1. Because we use exactly the same scheme.**
### Detailed Explanation:
In this scenario, both you and your neighbor are tackling a regression task with a square loss function, which is commonly used in linear regression. Your neighbor uses a traditional linear regression model based on least s... |
aquarat_32953 | aquarat | <ctx>
2. 3 β’ time, velocity, and speed 45 figure 2. 11 position vs. time, velocity vs. time, and speed vs. time on a trip. note that the velocity for the return trip is negative. making connections : take - home investigation β getting a sense of speed if you have spent much time driving, you probably have a good sense... | [
"A)30 mph",
"B)32 mph",
"C)35 mph",
"D)37 mph"
] | C | The time to complete the first 30 miles was (30 miles / 60 mph) = (1/2) hours.
The time to complete the whole trip was (100 miles / 40 mph) = (5/2) hours.
The time to complete the last 70 miles was (5/2) - (1/2) = (2) hours.
The average speed in the last 70 miles was (70 miles / 2 hours) = 35 mph.
The answer is C. |
medmcqa_6369 | medmcqa | <ctx>
, oral biofilm is transformed from the soft, easily removable form into a hard substance known as calculus. commonly known as'tartar ', calculus provides a base for new layers of plaque biofilm to settle on and builds up over time. calculus cannot be removed by brushing or flossing. plaque build up and bone loss ... | [
"It is also called as felon",
"It is a painless condition",
"It may lead to necrosis of finger pulp",
"It is infection of small compartments in the pulp formed by vertical septa"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., It is a painless condition Felon/Whitlowo Fingertip pulp is divided into numerous small compartments by vertical septa that stabilize the pad. Infection occurring within these compartments can lead to abscess formation, edema, and rapid development of increased pressure in a closed space. This increas... |
aquarat_13158 | aquarat | <ctx>
##2322972552204068806061829535529820731640151 rsa - 360 rsa - 360 has 360 decimal digits ( 1, 194 bits ), and has not been factored so far. rsa - 360 = 2186820202343172631466406372285792654649158564828384065217121866374227745448 7764963889680817334211643637752157994969516984539482486678141304751672197524 00523505... | [
"A)12",
"B)24",
"C)36",
"D)38"
] | B | Let the ten's digit be x.
Then, unit's digit = x + 2.
Number = 10x + (x + 2) = 11x + 2.
Sum of digits = x + (x + 2) = 2x + 2.
(11x + 2)(2x + 2) = 144
22x2 + 26x - 140 = 0
11x2 + 13x - 70 = 0
(x - 2)(11x + 35) = 0
x = 2.
Hence, required number = 11x + 2 = 24.
Option B |
aquarat_6912 | aquarat | <ctx>
percentiles are represented by the ends of the whiskers, and hatch - marks across the whiskers mark the 9th and 91st percentiles. bowley β s seven - figure summary arthur bowley used a set of non - parametric statistics, called a " seven - figure summary ", including the extremes, deciles, and quartiles, along wi... | [
"A)I, II, III",
"B)I, III, II",
"C)II, I, III",
"D)I, III, II"
] | D | out of three given sets,
I has all numbers same, so it has zero standard deviation hence it is Least
only answer choices C and E have I in least position.
Out of I ans III
III has consecutive numbers , hence all are closedly spaced hence std deviation will be less
while in II,numbers are spread widely hence std deviati... |
m1_6358 | m1 | <ctx>
with c99 support : # include < assert. h > int f ( void ) { int x = 5 ; x = x + 1 ; assert ( x > 1 ) ; } several modern programming languages include checked assertions β statements that are checked at runtime or sometimes statically. if an assertion evaluates to false at runtime, an assertion failure results, wh... | [
"$NP\\subseteq IP$.",
"$P\\subseteq IP$.",
"$PSPACE=IP$.",
"$NP = \\text{co-}NP$."
] | D | The correct answer is:
- $NP = \text{co-}NP$.
This statement is considered an open problem in computer science, meaning that it has not yet been proven true or false. The relationship between NP and co-NP is significant because, if proven true, it would have profound implications for computational complexity and our ... |
medmcqa_8951 | medmcqa | <ctx>
both gingivitis and periodontitis is the microbial plaque that adheres to the tooth surfaces, there are many other modifying factors. a very strong risk factor is one's genetic susceptibility. several conditions and diseases, including down syndrome, diabetes, and other diseases that affect one's resistance to in... | [
"Menstruating teenagers who have multiple sex partners",
"IUD users",
"Women with monogamous partner who had vasectomy",
"Previous history of acute PID"
] | C | |
mmlu_aux_3220 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
of a black hole is its event horizon, a theoretical demarcation between events and their causal relationships. alternatively, using a set of infalling coordinates in general relativity, one can conceptualize the event horizon as the region beyond which space is infalling faster than the speed of light. ( although... | [
"Hawking has now studied black holes for more than 40 years.",
"During the course of the black hole's forming the enormous weight of the star's center moves into the outer layers.",
"Almost nothing can escape from the gravitational pull of the black hole.",
"Scientists have been thinking the black hole contai... | C | null |
medmcqa_5311 | medmcqa | <ctx>
##s, travels along the ureters to the bladder. it does this through regular contractions called peristalsis. clinical significance ureteral stones a kidney stone can move from the kidney and become lodged inside the ureter, which can block the flow of urine, as well as cause a sharp cramp in the back, side, or lo... | [
"Achondroplasia",
"Psoriatic ahritis",
"Osteopetrosis",
"Ankylosing spondylitis"
] | D | Trolly track sign : The Central radiodense line on frontal radiographs is related to ossification of supraspinous and interspinous ligaments. In addition, there are two more lateral veical linear lines, which represent ossification of the apophyseal joint capsules. The three veical ossified lines together make up the t... |
pubmedqa_864 | pubmedqa | <ctx>
feeling of chest pain. the decision to perform surgery is informed by studies of cabg's efficacy in different patient subgroups, based on the lesions'anatomy or how well the heart is functioning. these results are compared with that of other strategies, most importantly percutaneous coronary intervention ( pci ).... | [
"yes",
"no",
"maybe"
] | B | |
medmcqa_1258 | medmcqa | <ctx>
the human in the theory, and particularly to human emotion. a separate approach stems in part from needs theories of psychology which in part started with abraham maslow ( 1968 ). representative of these are the human - scale development approach developed by manfred max - neef in the mid - to - late 1980s which ... | [
"Human povey index",
"Human development index",
"Physical quality of life index",
"Development deprivation index"
] | A | The Human Povey Index (HPI) was considered to better reflect the extent of deprivation to the HDI. In 2010 it was supplanted by the UN&;s Multidimensional Povey Index. |
medmcqa_4750 | medmcqa | <ctx>
hormones, such as melatonin and glucocorticoids. his group has documented that animals, including humans, monitor day length ( photoperiod ) to engage seasonally appropriate adaptations in anticipation of harsh winter conditions. they proposed that photoperiodic information, mediated by melatonin, also influenced... | [
"Thermoregulatory centre to shift to new level",
"Resetting of skin temperature",
"Both of the above",
"None of the above"
] | A | Thermoregulatory centre to shift to new level |
m1_6720 | m1 | <ctx>
exponent e relatively prime to Ξ» ( n ) = ( p β 1 ) ( q β 1 ). the sender encrypts the message m as me mod n. the sender sends n, e, and me mod n to the receiver. the receiver picks a random x modulo n and sends x2 mod n to the sender. note that gcd ( x, n ) = 1 with overwhelming probability, which ensures that th... | [
"False",
"True"
] | B | The answer is True. In RSA encryption, the public exponent \( e \) must be coprime to \( \phi(n) \), where \( n = p \times q \) and \( \phi(n) = (p-1)(q-1) \). For \( p = 53 \) and \( q = 61 \), we calculate \( n = 53 \times 61 = 3233 \) and \( \phi(n) = (53-1)(61-1) = 52 \times 60 = 3120 \). The number \( 7 \) is copr... |
aquarat_32641 | aquarat | <ctx>
suppose we have two processes β process p1 with execution time 3 and process p2 with execution time 2. the arrival time for both process p1 and process p2 is t0. the system will start with process p1 at t0 and finish at t3 and process p2 will start at time t3 to time t5, as shown in figure 6. 22. the wait time fo... | [
"A)4",
"B)5",
"C)6",
"D)7"
] | B | 2/4 + (2 + x)/14 = 1 => x = 5 days
Answer: B |
medmcqa_4263 | medmcqa | <ctx>
pterygium ( plural pterygia or pterygiums ) refers to any wing - like triangular membrane occurring in the neck, eyes, knees, elbows, ankles or digits. the term comes from the greek word pterygion meaning " wing ". types popliteal pterygium syndrome, a congenital condition affecting the face, limbs, or genitalia ... | [
"Damage to edinger-westphal nucleus",
"Damage to motor pa of facial nerve",
"Damage to sympathetic nerve supply",
"Damage to lacrimal nerve"
] | C | Ans. Damage to sympathetic nerve supply |
medmcqa_5262 | medmcqa | <ctx>
is not readily apparent under normal optics. defects and disease there is evidence to believe that certain defects of any components of the elastic matrix may impair and alter the structural appearance of elastic and collagen fibers. cutis laxa and williams syndrome have elastic matrix defects that have been dire... | [
"Ochronosis",
"Tyrosinemia",
"Albinism",
"Tyrosinosis"
] | A | Ochronosis is the bluish black discoloration of ceain tissues, such as the ear cailage and the ocular tissue, seen with alkaptonuria. Alkaptonuria is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase. This deficiency results in accumulation and deposition of homogentisic ac... |
mmlu_aux_8102 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
liquids and gases. it has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics ( the study of air and other gases in motion ) and hydrodynamics ( the study of liquids in motion ). fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of pet... | [
"pool water is usually cooler than ocean water",
"pool waves carry more turbulence than ocean waves",
"pool water has less mass and density than saltwater",
"saltwater has less mass and density than pool water"
] | C | null |
aquarat_31824 | aquarat | <ctx>
##0 = d. then Ξ³ an integer and Ξ³ = 1 Ξ³ β€ 0 the value of is. to begin with, we shall simplify matters by concentrating a particular value of and generalise the result at a later stage. we shall use the value. the indicial equation has a root at, and we see from the recurrence relation that when that that denominat... | [
"A)3",
"B)4",
"C)5",
"D)6"
] | B | Since the integers are consecutive, we can write each as the previous integer +1. For example, b = a+1, and c = b+1. We can also reverse this: a+1 = b, and b+1 = c.
Since ab = d+1, we can also write this ab = e.
Since a+b = e-1, then a+b = ab-1.
Find the pair of consecutive integers whose sum is one less than its produ... |
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