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mmlu_aux_3185 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
ecological succession is the process of change in the species that make up an ecological community over time. the process of succession occurs either after the initial colonization of a newly created habitat, or after a disturbance substantially alters a pre - existing habitat. succession that begins in new habitats, uninfluenced by pre - existing communities, is called primary succession, whereas succession that follows disruption of a pre - existing community is called secondary succession. primary succession may happen after a lava flow or the emergence of a new island from the ocean. surtsey, a volcanic island off the southern coast of iceland, is an important example of a place where primary succession has been observed. on the other hand, secondary succession happens after disturbance of a community, such as from a fire, severe windthrow, or logging. succession was among the first theories advanced in ecology. ecological succession was first documented in the indiana dunes of northwest indiana and remains an important ecological topic of study. over time, the understanding of succession has changed from a linear progression to a stable climax state, to a more complex, cyclical model that de - emphasizes the idea of organisms having fixed roles or relationships. history precursors of the idea of ecological succession go back to the beginning of the 19th century. as early as 1742 french naturalist buffon noted that poplars precede oaks and beeches in the natural evolution of a forest. buffon was later forced by the theological committee at the university of paris to recant many of his ideas because they contradicted the biblical narrative of creation. swiss geologist jean - andre deluc and the later french naturalist adolphe dureau de la malle were the first to make use of the word succession concerning the vegetation development after forest clear - cutting. in 1859 henry david thoreau wrote an address called " the succession of forest trees " in which he described succession in an oak - pine forest. " it has long been known to observers that squirrels bury nuts in the ground, but i am not aware that any one has thus accounted for the regular succession of forests. " the austrian botanist anton kerner published a study about the succession of plants in the danube river basin in 1863. ragnar hult's 1885 study on the stages of
tied to natural disturbance events such as fire, flooding, and windstorm. as an example, many shade - intolerant plant species rely on disturbances for successful establishment and to limit competition. without this perpetual thinning, diversity of forest flora can decline, affecting animals dependent on those plants as well. a good example of this role of disturbance is in ponderosa pine ( pinus ponderosa ) forests in the western united states, where surface fires frequently thin existing vegetation allowing for new growth. if fire is suppressed, douglas fir ( pesudotsuga menziesii ), a shade tolerant species, eventually replaces the pines. douglas firs, having dense crowns, severely limit the amount of sunlight reaching the forest floor. without sufficient light new growth is severely limited. as the diversity of surface plants decreases, animal species that rely on them diminish as well. fire, in this case, is important not only to the species directly affected but also to many other organisms whose survival depends on those key plants. diversity is low in harsh environments because of the intolerance of all but opportunistic and highly resistant species to such conditions. the interplay between disturbance and these biological processes seems to account for a major portion of the organization and spatial patterning of natural communities. disturbance variability and species diversity are heavily linked, and as a result require adaptations that help increase plant fitness necessary for survival. relationship to climate change adaptation disturbance in ecosystems can form a way of modeling future ability of ecosystems to adapt to climate change. likewise, adaptation of a species to disturbance may be a predictor of its future ability to survive the current biodiversity crisis. see also environmental disaster ecological succession forest dynamics forest pathology habitat destruction human – wildlife conflict intermediate disturbance hypothesis patch dynamics stressor references external links microdocs : disturbance landscape ecology ecological succession ecology terminology environmental terminology habitat
and water, an increase of 119 million ha since 1990. thus, forest ecological studies are sometimes closely aligned with meteorological and hydrological studies in regional ecosystem or resource planning studies. perhaps more importantly the duff or leaf litter can form a major repository of water storage. when this litter is removed or compacted ( through grazing or human overuse ), erosion and flooding are exacerbated as well as deprivation of dry season water for forest organisms. death and regeneration woody material, often referred to as coarse woody debris, decays relatively slowly in many forests in comparison to most other organic materials, due to a combination of environmental factors and wood chemistry ( see lignin ). trees growing in arid and / or cold environments do so especially slowly. thus, tree trunks and branches can remain on the forest floor for long periods, affecting such things as wildlife habitat, fire behaviour, and tree regeneration processes. some trees leave behind eerie skeletons after death. in reality these deaths are actually very few compared to the amount of tree deaths that go unnoticed. thousands of seedlings can be produced from a single tree but only a few can actually grow to maturity. most of those deaths are caused from competition for light, water, or soil nutrients, this is called natural thinning. singular deaths caused by natural thinning go unnoticed, but many deaths can help form forest ecosystems. there are four stages to forest regrowth after a disturbance, the establishment phase which is rapid increase in seedlings, the thinning phase which happens after a canopy is formed and the seedlings covered by it die, the transition phase which occurs when one tree from the canopy dies and creates a pocket of light giving new seedlings opportunity to grow, and lastly the steady - state phase which happens when the forest has different sizes and ages of trees. see also clear cutting close to nature forestry deforestation and climate change forest ecology and management ( journal ) forest principles intact forest landscapes mountain ecology old - growth forest plant ecology regeneration ( ecology ) references bibliography philip joseph burton. 2003. towards sustainable management of the boreal forest 1039 pages robert w. christopherson. 1996. geosystems : an introduction to physical geography. prentice hall inc. c. michael hogan. 2008. wild turkey : mel
fire ecology is a scientific discipline concerned with the effects of fire on natural ecosystems. many ecosystems, particularly prairie, savanna, chaparral and coniferous forests, have evolved with fire as an essential contributor to habitat vitality and renewal. many plant species in fire - affected environments use fire to germinate, establish, or to reproduce. wildfire suppression not only endangers these species, but also the animals that depend upon them. wildfire suppression campaigns in the united states have historically molded public opinion to believe that wildfires are harmful to nature. ecological research has shown, however, that fire is an integral component in the function and biodiversity of many natural habitats, and that the organisms within these communities have adapted to withstand, and even to exploit, natural wildfire. more generally, fire is now regarded as a'natural disturbance ', similar to flooding, windstorms, and landslides, that has driven the evolution of species and controls the characteristics of ecosystems. fire suppression, in combination with other human - caused environmental changes, may have resulted in unforeseen consequences for natural ecosystems. some large wildfires in the united states have been blamed on years of fire suppression and the continuing expansion of people into fire - adapted ecosystems as well as climate change. land managers are faced with tough questions regarding how to restore a natural fire regime, but allowing wildfires to burn is likely the least expensive and most effective method in many situations. history fire has played a major role in shaping the world's vegetation. the biological process of photosynthesis began to concentrate the atmospheric oxygen needed for combustion during the devonian approximately 350 million years ago. then, approximately 125 million years ago, fire began to influence the habitat of land plants. in the 20th century ecologist charles cooper made a plea for fire as an ecosystem process. fire components a fire regime describes the characteristics of fire and how it interacts with a particular ecosystem. its " severity " is a term that ecologists use to refer to the impact that a fire has on an ecosystem. it is usually studied using tools such as remote sensing which can detect burned area estimates, severity and fire risk associated with an area. ecologists can define this in many ways, but one way is through
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The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Over a period of time, many habitats change with respect to the types of plants and animals that live there. This change is known as succession. Succession occurs because plants and animals cause a change in the environment in which they live. The first weeds and grasses that appear on a bare field, for example, change the environment by shielding the soil from direct sunlight. As these plants spread, the ground becomes cooler and more moist than it was originally. Thus, the environment at the ground surface has been changed. The new surface conditions favor the sprouting of shrubs. As shrubs grow, they kill the grasses by preventing light from reaching them and also enhance the soil. Pine seedlings soon take hold and as they grow, they in turn shade out the shrubs. They are not able to shade out oak and hickory seedlings, however, that have found the forest floor suitable. These seedlings grew into large trees that eventually shade out the pines. It can be inferred from the passage that _ .
A. oak and hickory trees grow taller than pines
B. weeds and grasses prefer cold climate
C. pines and grasses can exist together
D. birds encourage the growth of shrubs
Answer: | [
"oak and hickory trees grow taller than pines",
"weeds and grasses prefer cold climate",
"pines and grasses can exist together",
"birds encourage the growth of shrubs"
] | A | null |
aquarat_38697 | aquarat | <ctx>
change convention ; move xia fa " 1 " two position right. estimate 3rd digit of shang to be 4. multiply new digit of shang 4 with xia fa 1, combined with fang fa to make 964. subtract successively 4 * 9 = 36, 4 * 6 = 24, 4 * 4 = 16 from the shi, leaving 311 double the last digit 4 of fang fa into 8 and merge with fang fa result north song dynasty mathematician jia xian developed an additive multiplicative algorithm for square root extraction, in which he replaced the traditional " doubling " of " fang fa " by adding shang digit to fang fa digit, with same effect. extraction of cubic root jiuzhang suanshu vol iv " shaoguang " provided algorithm for extraction of cubic root. problem 19 : we have a 1860867 cubic chi, what is the length of a side? answer : 123 chi. north song dynasty mathematician jia xian invented a method similar to simplified form of horner scheme for extraction of cubic root. the animation at right shows jia xian's algorithm for solving problem 19 in jiuzhang suanshu vol 4. polynomial equation north song dynasty mathematician jia xian invented horner scheme for solving simple 4th order equation of the form south song dynasty mathematician qin jiushao improved jia xian's horner method to solve polynomial equation up to 10th order. the following is algorithm for solving in his mathematical treatise in nine sections vol 6 problem 2. this equation was arranged bottom up with counting rods on counting board in tabular form algorithm : arrange the coefficients in tabular form, constant at shi, coeffienct of x at shang lian, the coeffiecnt of at yi yu ; align the numbers at unit rank. advance shang lian two ranks advance yi yu three ranks estimate shang = 20 let xia lian = shang * yi yu let fu lian = shang * yi yu merge fu lian with shang lian let fang = shang * shang lian subtract shang * fang from shi add shang * yi yu to xia lian retract xia lian 3 ranks, retract yi yu 4 ranks the second digit of shang is 0
40, y = 24. computations of the aharganas and the numbers of revolutions ahargana is the number of days elapsed since the beginning of the yuga. saturn let u be the value of the ahargana corresponding the residue 24 for saturn. during u days, saturn would have completed ( 36, 641 / 394, 479, 375 ) ×u number of revolutions. since there is a residue of 24, this number would include the fractional number 24 / 394, 479, 375 of revolutions also. hence during the ahargana u, the number of revolutions completed would be which would be an integer. denoting this integer by v, the problem reduces to solving the following linear diophantine equation : kuttaka may be applied to solve this equation. the smallest solution is u = 346, 688, 814 and v = 32, 202. mars let u be the value of the ahargana corresponding the residue 40 for mars. during u days, mars would have completed ( 190, 412 / 131, 493, 125 ) × u number of revolutions. since there is a residue of 40, this number would include the fractional number 40 / 131, 493, 125 of revolutions also. hence during the ahargana u, the number of revolutions completed would be which would be an integer. denoting this integer by v, the problem reduces to solving the following linear diophantine equation :. kuttaka may be applied to solve this equation. the smallest solution is u = 118, 076, 020 and v = 171, 872. references further reading for a comparison of indian and chinese methods for solving linear diophantine equations : for a comparison of the complexity of the aryabhata algorithm with the complexities of euclidean algorithm, chinese remainder theorem and garner's algorithm : for a popular readable account of the kuttaka : for an application of kuttaka in computing full moon days : for a discussion of the computational aspects of aryabhata algorithm : for the interpretation of aryabhata's original formulation of algorithm : for a detailed exposition of the kuttaka algorithm
to the same real number – and there are no other duplicate images. in the decimal system, for example, there is 0. = 1. = 1 ; in the balanced ternary system there is 0. = 1. =. a rational number has an indefinitely repeating sequence of finite length, if the reduced fraction's denominator contains a prime factor that is not a factor of the base. if is the maximal factor of the reduced denominator which is coprime to the base, is the smallest exponent such that divides. it is the multiplicative order of the residue class which is a divisor of the carmichael function which in turn is smaller than. the repeating sequence is preceded by a transient of finite length if the reduced fraction also shares a prime factor with the base. a repeating sequence represents the fraction an irrational number has a representation of infinite length that is not, from any point, an indefinitely repeating sequence of finite length. for example, in duodecimal, = 0. 6, = 0. 4, = 0. 3 and = 0. 2 all terminate ; = 0. repeats with period length 4, in contrast with the equivalent decimal expansion of 0. 2 ; = 0. has period 6 in duodecimal, just as it does in decimal. if is an integer base and is an integer, then for example 1 / 7 in duodecimal : which is 0. base12. 10base12 is 12base10, 102base12 is 144base10, 21base12 is 25base10, a5base12 is 125base10. algorithm for positive bases for a rational ( and base ) there is the following algorithm producing the repetend together with its length : function b _ adic ( b, p, q ) / / b ≥ 2 ; 0 < p < q static digits = " 0123... " ; / / up to the digit with value b – 1 begin s = " " ; / / the string of digits pos = 0 ; / / all places are right to the radix point while not defined ( occurs [ p ] ) do occurs [ p ] = pos ; / / the position of the
; thence comes the english word sine. indeterminate equations a problem of great interest to indian mathematicians since ancient times has been to find integer solutions to diophantine equations that have the form ax + by = c. ( this problem was also studied in ancient chinese mathematics, and its solution is usually referred to as the chinese remainder theorem. ) this is an example from bhaskara's commentary on aryabhatiya : find the number which gives 5 as the remainder when divided by 8, 4 as the remainder when divided by 9, and 1 as the remainder when divided by 7 that is, find n = 8x + 5 = 9y + 4 = 7z + 1. it turns out that the smallest value for n is 85. in general, diophantine equations, such as this, can be notoriously difficult. they were discussed extensively in ancient vedic text sulba sutras, whose more ancient parts might date to 800 bce. aryabhata's method of solving such problems, elaborated by bhaskara in 621 ce, is called the ( कटटक ) method. kuttaka means " pulverizing " or " breaking into small pieces ", and the method involves a recursive algorithm for writing the original factors in smaller numbers. this algorithm became the standard method for solving first - order diophantine equations in indian mathematics, and initially the whole subject of algebra was called kuttaka - ganita or simply kuttaka. algebra in aryabhatiya, aryabhata provided elegant results for the summation of series of squares and cubes : and ( see squared triangular number ) astronomy aryabhata's system of astronomy was called the audayaka system, in which days are reckoned from uday, dawn at lanka or " equator ". some of his later writings on astronomy, which apparently proposed a second model ( or ardha - ratrika, midnight ) are lost but can be partly reconstructed from the discussion in brahmagupta's khandakhadyaka. in some texts, he seems to ascribe the apparent motions of the heavens to the earth's rotation. he may have believed that the planet's orbits
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The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Present ages of Sameer and Anand are in the ratio of 5 : 4 respectively. Three years hence, the ratio of their ages will become 11 : 9 respectively. What is Anand's present age in years?
A. A)12 years
B. B)19 years
C. C)26 years
D. D)24 years
Answer: | [
"A)12 years",
"B)19 years",
"C)26 years",
"D)24 years"
] | D | Explanation:
Let the present ages of Sameer and Anand be 5x years and 4x years respectively.
Then,5x +3/4X+3=11/9
9(5x + 3) = 11(4x + 3)
45x + 27 = 44x + 33
45x - 44x = 33 - 27
x = 6.
Anand's present age = 4x = 24 years.
Answer: D |
arc_easy_1596 | arc_easy | <ctx>
this article considers the history of zoology since the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by charles darwin in 1859. charles darwin gave new direction to morphology and physiology, by uniting them in a common biological theory : the theory of organic evolution. the result was a reconstruction of the classification of animals upon a genealogical basis, fresh investigation of the development of animals, and early attempts to determine their genetic relationships. the end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. in the early 20th century, the rediscovery of mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics by thomas hunt morgan and his students, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural selection in the " neo - darwinian synthesis ". second half of nineteenth century darwin and the theory of evolution the 1859 publication of darwin's theory in on the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life is often considered the central event in the history of modern zoology. darwin's established credibility as a naturalist, the sober tone of the work, and most of all the sheer strength and volume of evidence presented, allowed origin to succeed where previous evolutionary works such as the anonymous vestiges of creation had failed. most scientists were convinced of evolution and common descent by the end of the 19th century. however, natural selection would not be accepted as the primary mechanism of evolution until well into the 20th century, as most contemporary theories of heredity seemed incompatible with the inheritance of random variation. alfred russel wallace, following on earlier work by de candolle, humboldt and darwin, made major contributions to zoogeography. because of his interest in the transmutation hypothesis, he paid particular attention to the geographical distribution of closely allied species during his field work first in south america and then in the malay archipelago. while in the archipelago he identified the wallace line, which runs through the spice islands dividing the fauna of the archipelago between an asian zone and a new guinea / australian zone. his key question, as to why the fauna of islands with such similar climates should be so different, could only be answered by considering their origin
human evolution and darwin's ideas applied to human evolution. evolution and infectious agents — the origin and evolution of aids and how bacteria acquire pathogenic features creationism and intelligent design — containing the spread of creationism and intelligent design, while improving the public ’ s understanding of evolution throughout the americas and elsewhere. location the world summit on evolution takes place at galapagos academic institute for the arts and sciences ( gaias ), part of the universidad san francisco de quito. gaias was established in 2002 at the capital town of the galapagos province, puerto baquerizo moreno, on the island of san cristobal, one of the largest of the galapagos islands. its 4. 5 hectare campus is the only one located on the historically significant galapagos islands. gaias was founded on the principle that would become a first - rate institution for international students and researchers. the galapagos islands inspired charles darwin to define his evolutionary theory, which revolutionized human understanding in relation to the diversity of species, including humans. his ideas were presented in on the origin of species. the galapagos islands, are important for the scientific studies that have been developed over the centuries after his visit. past and future summits 9 – 12 june 2005 - first world summit on evolution 22 – 26 august 2009 - second world summit on evolution the second world summit on evolution was launched to celebrate charles darwin's 200th birthday. the 2009 summit included the first meeting of the sociedad iberoamericana de biologia evolutiva ( sibe ). sibe led to the establishment of academic and intellectual bonds between the spanish - and portuguese - speaking specialists in evolutionary biology. 1 – 5 june 2013 - third world summit on evolution the summit adopted the theme ‘ why does evolution matter ’. 200 - attendees met, to listen to 12 keynote speakers, 20 oral presentations and 31 posters by faculty, postdocs and graduate and undergraduate students. the summit encompassed five sessions : evolution and society, pre - cellular evolution and the rna world, behavior and environment, genome, and microbes and diseases. usfq and gaias launched officially the lynn margulis center for evolutionary biology and showcased the galapagos science center
of reptiles'that had preceded even the prehistoric mammals. these discoveries captured the public imagination and focused attention on the history of life on earth. most of these geologists held to catastrophism, but charles lyell's influential principles of geology ( 1830 ) popularised hutton's uniformitarianism, a theory that explained the geological past and present on equal terms. evolution and biogeography the most significant evolutionary theory before darwin's was that of jean - baptiste lamarck ; based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics ( an inheritance mechanism that was widely accepted until the 20th century ), it described a chain of development stretching from the lowliest microbe to humans. the british naturalist charles darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of lyell, thomas malthus's writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise, created a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection ; similar evidence led alfred russel wallace to independently reach the same conclusions. the 1859 publication of darwin's theory in on the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life is often considered the central event in the history of modern biology. darwin's established credibility as a naturalist, the sober tone of the work, and most of all the sheer strength and volume of evidence presented, allowed origin to succeed where previous evolutionary works such as the anonymous vestiges of creation had failed. most scientists were convinced of evolution and common descent by the end of the 19th century. however, natural selection would not be accepted as the primary mechanism of evolution until well into the 20th century, as most contemporary theories of heredity seemed incompatible with the inheritance of random variation. wallace, following on earlier work by de candolle, humboldt and darwin, made major contributions to zoogeography. because of his interest in the transmutation hypothesis, he paid particular attention to the geographical distribution of closely allied species during his field work first in south america and then in the malay archipelago. while in the archipelago he identified the wallace line, which runs through the spice islands dividing the fauna of the archipelago between an asian zone and a new guinea / australian zone. his key question, as
##dow and others. the galapagos finches were especially influential in the development of charles darwin's theory of evolution. his contemporary alfred russel wallace also noted these variations and the geographical separations between different forms leading to the study of biogeography. wallace was influenced by the work of philip lutley sclater on the distribution patterns of birds. for darwin, the problem was how species arose from a common ancestor, but he did not attempt to find rules for delineation of species. the species problem was tackled by the ornithologist ernst mayr, who was able to demonstrate that geographical isolation and the accumulation of genetic differences led to the splitting of species. early ornithologists were preoccupied with matters of species identification. only systematics counted as true science and field studies were considered inferior through much of the 19th century. in 1901, robert ridgway wrote in the introduction to the birds of north and middle america that : this early idea that the study of living birds was merely recreation held sway until ecological theories became the predominant focus of ornithological studies. the study of birds in their habitats was particularly advanced in germany with bird ringing stations established as early as 1903. by the 1920s, the journal fur ornithologie included many papers on the behaviour, ecology, anatomy, and physiology, many written by erwin stresemann. stresemann changed the editorial policy of the journal, leading both to a unification of field and laboratory studies and a shift of research from museums to universities. ornithology in the united states continued to be dominated by museum studies of morphological variations, species identities, and geographic distributions, until it was influenced by stresemann's student ernst mayr. in britain, some of the earliest ornithological works that used the word ecology appeared in 1915. the ibis, however, resisted the introduction of these new methods of study, and no paper on ecology appeared until 1943. the work of david lack on population ecology was pioneering. newer quantitative approaches were introduced for the study of ecology and behaviour, and this was not readily accepted. for instance, claud ticehurst wrote : david lack's studies on population ecology sought to find the processes involved in
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The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Darwin's theory that animal species can change over time was inspired by his research on which set of islands?
A. the Philippine Islands
B. the Virgin Islands
C. the Hawaiian Islands
D. the Galapagos Islands
Answer: | [
"the Philippine Islands",
"the Virgin Islands",
"the Hawaiian Islands",
"the Galapagos Islands"
] | D | |
medmcqa_6750 | medmcqa | <ctx>
- 5 ken wiley, laura findley, madison goldrich, tejinder k rakhra - burris, ana stevens, pamela williams, carol j bult, rex chisholm, patricia deverka, geoffrey s ginsburg, eric d green, gail jarvik, george a mensah, erin ramos, mary v relling, dan m roden, robb rowley, gil alterovitz, samuel aronson, lisa bastarache, james j cimino, erin l crowgey, guilherme del fiol, robert r freimuth, mark a hoffman, janina jeff, kevin johnson, kensaku kawamoto, subha madhavan, eneida a mendonca, lucila ohno - machado, siddharth pratap, casey overby taylor, marylyn d ritchie, nephi walton, chunhua weng, teresa zayas - caban, teri a manolio, marc s williams, a research agenda to support the development and implementation of genomics - based clinical informatics tools and resources, journal of the american medical informatics association, volume 29, issue 8, august 2022, pages 1342 – 1349, https : / / doi. org / 10. 1093 / jamia / ocac057 most cited publications locke ae, kahali b, berndt si, justice ae, pers th, day fr, powell c, vedantam s, buchkovich ml, yang j, croteau - chonka dc. genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. nature. 2015 feb ; 518 ( 7538 ) : 197 - 206. according to google scholar, this article has been cited 2914 times wood ar, esko t, yang j, vedantam s, pers th, gustafsson s, chu ay, estrada k, kutalik z, amin n, buchkovich ml. defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. nature genetics. 2014 nov ; 46 ( 11 ) : 1173 - 86. according to google scholar, it has been cited
the measures used in the 2014 america's health rankings are in two subgroups : core measures and supplemental measures. core measures consist of health determinants ( risk factors ), and health outcomes. determinants are actions that affect the population's future health, while outcomes represent what has already occurred through death, disease, or missed days due to illness. there are four groups of determinants : behaviors, community and environment, policy, and clinical care. the measures in these four groups influence a state's health outcomes, and improving the determinants over time will improve outcomes. supplemental measures provide additional perspective on the health in a state. supplemental measures do not factor into a state's overall score and ranking, but they are useful in forming a fuller understanding of the health of a state. core measures behaviors smoking : percentage of adults who are smokers ( smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoke ). data from cdc behavioral risk factor surveillance system ( brfss ) binge drinking : percentage of adults who had four or more ( women ) or five or more ( men ) alcoholic beverages on at least one occasion in the past 30 days. data from cdc brfss. drug deaths : number of deaths due to drug injury of any intent ( unintentional, suicide, homicide, or undetermined ) per 100, 000 people. data from the national vital statistics system. obesity : percentage of adults who are obese with a body mass index ( bmi ) of 30. 0 or higher. data from cdc brfss. physical inactivity : percentage of adults who report doing no physical activity or exercise ( such as running, calisthenics, golf, gardening, or walking ) other than their regular job in the last 30 days. data from cdc brfss. high school graduation : percentage of incoming ninth graders who graduate in four years from a high school with a regular degree. data from the national center for education statistics. community and environment violent crime : the number of murders, rapes, robberies, and aggravated assaults per 100, 000 population. data from fbi. occupational fatalities : number of fatal occupational injuries in construction, manufacturing, trade, transportation, utilities,
the areas of health and medical statistics and statistical methodology, including categorical response models, goodness of fit tests, survival analysis, and geometric probability. in addition, he has given over 120 technical talks / seminars all over the u. s. and in 10 other countries. khamis - roche stature prediction model collaborating with a. f. roche, khamis developed the khamis - roche stature prediction model used in predicting adult stature in white american children without using skeletal age. it was found that the method can predict adult stature with only a slight decrease in accuracy and reliability compared to methods using skeletal age. relatedly, his research validated the variations of the rwt prediction model to estimate adult stature in caucasian americans, recommending the multivariate cubic spline smoothing [ mcs2 ( 1 ) ] method for improved accuracy and reliability. collaborative medical research in collaborative research on bmi and obesity screening in 1996, it was discovered that bmi is an uncertain indicator of obesity, and specific cut - off values of 25 kg / m2 for men and 23 kg / m2 for women were recommended to enhance obesity screening accuracy by considering body composition. as another example, in collaboration with ophthalmologist john bullock et al. in 2011, the cause of the fusarium keratitis epidemic of 2004 - 6 was discovered ; it was also determined that the epidemic could have been declared several months sooner than the actual declaration. two - stage delta - corrected kolmogorov - smirnov test khamis'research has contributed to the increased statistical power of the classic kolmogorov - smirnov test by introducing a delta in the empirical distribution function. the new test maintained test size and increased power by up to ten percentage points. he then determined that the two - stage delta - corrected test was uniformly more powerful than the classical test. multigraph representation of hierarchical loglinear models in collaboration with graph theorist terry mckee, khamis developed a methodology for analyzing and interpreting loglinear models using the generator multigraph. this led to a more facile way of analyzing and interpreting loglinear models. in particular, it enables faster and easier ways of identifying decomposable loglinear models,
based measure of risk of atherosclerosis ) in adulthood. however, in children or adolescents with elevated bmi who reduce their bmi to normal levels, these risks are decreased to a similar level as those with normal bmi in childhood and adulthood. one study showed that children who became obese as early as age 2 were more likely to be obese as adults. according to an article in the new york times all of these health effects are contributing to a shorter lifespan of five years for these obese children. it is the first time in two centuries that the current generation of children in america may have a shorter lifespan than their parents. causes childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. " obesogenic environment " refers to a mixture of environmental factors that are permissive of obesity, especially for those who are genetically predisposed. the greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. this may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. a 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. factors include the increase in use of technology, increase in snacks and portion size of meals, and the decrease in the physical activity of children. a study found kids that use electronic devices 3 or more hours a day had between a 17 - 44 % increased risk of being overweight, or a 10 - 61 % increased risk of obese ( cespedes 2011 ). childhood obesity is common among children from, low - income, african american and hispanic communities. this is mainly because minority children spend less time playing outside the house and staying active. some contributors to childhood obesity is that parents would rather have their children stay inside the home because they fear that gang, drug violence, and other dangers might harm them. genetics childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Obesity indices are -
A. Broca's index
B. Ponderal index
C. Quetelet index
D. Corpulence index
Answer: | [
"Broca's index",
"Ponderal index",
"Quetelet index",
"Corpulence index"
] | A | Body mass index(quetelet&;s index) Ponderal index Broca index Lorentz&;sformula Corpulence index. Among these BMI and Broca index are widely used. BMI is used an index for obesity. Ref- Park&;s textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 24th edition. |
aquarat_2177 | aquarat | <ctx>
this sum by the number of data values, which is 10. the result is :
then 4, and so on, ending with - 5, using counting for loops?
now equal this new number ( which is the next prime ), and repeat from step 3. when the algorithm terminates, the numbers remaining not marked in the list are all the primes below. the main idea here is that every value given to will be prime, because if it were composite it would be marked as a multiple of some other, smaller prime. note that some of the numbers may be marked more than once ( e. g., 15 will be marked both for 3 and 5 ). as a refinement, it is sufficient to mark the numbers in step 3 starting from, as all the smaller multiples of will have already been marked at that point. this means that the algorithm is allowed to terminate in step 4 when is greater than. another refinement is to initially list odd numbers only,, and count in increments of in step 3, thus marking only odd multiples of. this actually appears in the original algorithm. this can be generalized with wheel factorization, forming the initial list only from numbers coprime with the first few primes and not just from odds ( i. e., numbers coprime with 2 ), and counting in the correspondingly adjusted increments so that only such multiples of are generated that are coprime with those small primes, in the first place. example to find all the prime numbers less than or equal to 30, proceed as follows. first, generate a list of integers from 2 to 30 : 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 the first number in the list is 2 ; cross out every 2nd number in the list after 2 by counting up from 2 in increments of 2 ( these will be all the multiples of 2 in the list ) : 2 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 the next number in the list after 2 is 3 ; cross out every 3rd number in the list after 3 by counting up from 3 in increments of 3 ( these will be all the multiples of 3 in the list ) : 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 the
. math. pi * r * 2 7. which expression returns the integer 27? a. 3 * * 3 b.
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
1+2=10
2+3=26
3+4=50 then
4+5=?
A. A)80
B. B)81
C. C)82
D. D)83
Answer: | [
"A)80",
"B)81",
"C)82",
"D)83"
] | C | 1+2=10..... (1+2)^2+1 =10
2+3=26....... (2+3)^2+1=26
3+4=50 then...(3+4)^2+1=50
4+5=82........ (4+5)^2+1=82
ANSWER:C |
mmlu_aux_2687 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
dna profiling ( also called dna fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting ) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ) characteristics. dna analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called dna barcoding. dna profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects'profiles to dna evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime. it is also used in paternity testing, to establish immigration eligibility, and in genealogical and medical research. dna profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture. background starting in the 1980s, scientific advances allowed the use of dna as a material for the identification of an individual. the first patent covering the direct use of dna variation for forensics ( us5593832a ) was filed by jeffrey glassberg in 1983, based upon work he had done while at rockefeller university in the united states in 1981. british geneticist sir alec jeffreys independently developed a process for dna profiling in 1985 while working in the department of genetics at the university of leicester. jefferys discovered that a dna examiner could establish patterns in unknown dna. these patterns were a part of inherited traits that could be used to advance the field of relationship analysis. these discoveries lead to the first use of dna profiling in a criminal case. the process, developed by jeffreys in conjunction with peter gill and dave werrett of the forensic science service ( fss ), was first used forensically in the solving of the murder of two teenagers who had been raped and murdered in narborough, leicestershire in 1983 and 1986. in the murder inquiry, led by detective david baker, the dna contained within blood samples obtained voluntarily from around 5, 000 local men who willingly assisted leicestershire constabulary with the investigation, resulted in the exoneration of richard buckland, an initial suspect who had confessed to one of the crimes, and the subsequent conviction of colin pitchfork on january 2, 1988. pitchfork, a local bakery employee, had coerced his coworker ian kelly to stand in for him when providing a blood sample — kelly then used
##sjointed, and unfocused, and raises issues of privacy and consent that may warrant additional legal protections to be established. privacy issues surrounding dna databases not only means privacy is threatened in collecting and analyzing dna samples, it also exists in protecting and storing this important personal information. as the dna profiles can be stored indefinitely in dna database, it has raised concerns that these dna samples can be used for new and unidentified purposes. with the increase of the users who access the dna database, people are worried about their information being let out or shared inappropriately, for example, their dna profile may be shared with others such as law enforcement agencies or countries without individual consent. the application of dna databases have been expanded into two controversial areas : arrestees and familial searching. an arrestee is a person arrested for a crime and who has not yet been convicted for that offense. currently, 21 states in the united states have passed legislation that allows law enforcement to take dna from an arrestee and enter it into the state's codis dna database to see if that person has a criminal record or can be linked to any unsolved crimes. in familial searching, the dna database is used to look for partial matches that would be expected between close family members. this technology can be used to link crimes to the family members of suspects and thereby help identify a suspect when the perpetrator has no dna sample in the database. furthermore, dna databases could fall into the wrong hands due to data breaches or data sharing. dna collection and human rights in a judgement in december 2008, the european court of human rights ruled that two british men should not have had their dna and fingerprints retained by police saying that retention " could not be regarded as necessary in a democratic society ". the dna fingerprinting pioneer professor sir alec jeffreys condemned uk government plans to keep the genetic details of hundreds of thousands of innocent people in england and wales for up to 12 years. jeffreys said he was " disappointed " with the proposals, which came after a european court ruled that the current policy breaches people's right to privacy. jefferys said " it seems to be as about as minimal a response to the european court of human
##d such that statistically at least two matches ( a 1 in a trillion chance, under ideal conditions ) should have arisen by chance. however, depending on factors such as the number of incomplete profiles and the presence of related individuals, the chance matches might actually be higher. however the official position was that no chance matches have occurred, a position backed up by the fact that the majority of the searches would have been repeated, and that there are not 1 trillion unique dna profiles on file. in july 2009, a lawyer, lorraine elliot, was arrested on accusations of forgery which were quickly proven to be false. a dna sample was taken from her and logged. she was cleared of the accusations a day later and exonerated. however, mrs elliot subsequently lost her job ( even though she was completely innocent of any crime ) when the fact that her dna profile was stored on the national database was discovered during a subsequent work - related security check. in 2010 she was finally able to have her details removed from the database. racial demographics and controversy census data and home office statistics indicated that by 2007 almost 40 % of black men had their dna profile on the database compared to 13 % of asian men and 9 % of white men. in july 2006, the black police association called for an inquiry into why the database held details of 37 % of black men but fewer than 10 % of white men. in november 2006, similar concerns were raised by the sunday telegraph which claimed that three in four young black men were on the dna database. according to the sunday telegraph, an estimated 135, 000 black males aged 15 to 34 would have been added to the dna database by april 2007, equivalent to 77 per cent of the young black male population in england and wales. by contrast, only 22 per cent of young white males, and six per cent of the general population, would be on the database. this figure was confirmed by the british government's own human genetics commission 2009 report on the topic, titled nothing to hide, nothing to fear? balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the national dna database, which said that " the profiles of over three quarters of young black men between the ages of 18 and 35 are recorded. "
a threat to individual civil liberties. personal information included in genetic material, such as markers that identify various genetic diseases, physical and behavioral traits, could be used for discriminatory profiling and its collection may constitute an invasion of privacy. also, dna can be used to establish paternity and whether or not a child is adopted. nowadays, the privacy and security issues of dna database has caused huge attention. some people are afraid that their personal dna information will be let out easily, others may define their dna profiles recording in the databases as a sense of " criminal ", and being falsely accused in a crime can lead to having a " criminal " record for the rest of their lives. uk laws in 2001 and 2003 allowed dna profiles to be taken immediately after a person was arrested and kept in a database even if the suspect was later acquitted. in response to public unease at these provisions, the uk later changed this by passing the protection of freedoms act 2012 which required that those suspects not charged or found not guilty would have their dna data deleted from the database. in european countries which have established a dna database, there are some measures which are being used to protect the privacy of individuals, more specifically, some criteria to help removing the dna profiles from the databases. among the 22 european countries which have been analyzed, most of the countries will record the dna profiles of suspects or those who have committed serious crimes. for some countries ( like belgium and france ) may remove the criminal's profile after 30 – 40 years, because these “ criminal investigation ” database are no longer needed. most of the countries will delete the suspect's profile after they are acquitted... etc. all the countries have a completed legislation to largely avoid the privacy issues which may occur during the use of dna database. public discussion around the introduction of advanced forensic techniques ( such as genetic genealogy using public genealogy databases and dna phenotyping approaches ) has been limited, disjointed, and unfocused, and raises issues of privacy and consent that may warrant additional legal protections to be established. privacy issues surrounding dna databases not only means privacy is threatened in collecting and analyzing dna samples, it also exists in protecting and storing this important personal information. as the
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Your cell phone holds secrets about you. Besides the names and numbers that you've programmed into it, traces of your DNA remain on it, according to a new study. DNA is genetic material that appears in every cell. Like your fingerprint, your DNA is unique to you --- unless you have an identical twin. Scientists today usually analyze DNA in blood,saliva , or hair left behind at the scene of a crime. The results often help detectives identify criminals and their victims. Meghan J. McFadden, a biologist at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, heard about a crime in which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the device. This made her wonder whether traces of DNA remained on cell phones --- even when no blood was involved. To find out, she and a colleague collectedflip-style phones from 10 volunteers. They collected invisible traces of the users from two parts of the phone: the outside, where the user holds it, and the speaker, which is placed at the user's ear. The scientists scrubbed(meaning "cleaned") the phones using a liquid mixture made mostly of alcohol. The aim of washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA. The owners got their phones back for another week. Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated collecting traces on each phone once more. They discovered DNA that belonged to the phone's owner on each of the phones. Surprisingly, DNA showed up even in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were cleaned. That suggests that washing won't remove all traces of evidence from a criminal's cell phone. So cell phones can now be added to the list of clues that can help a crime-scene investigation. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. The reason for collecting the phones from volunteers.
B. The technique of collecting DNA on the phones.
C. The method of removing traces of DNA on the phones.
D. The purpose of washing the cell phones.
Answer: | [
"The reason for collecting the phones from volunteers.",
"The technique of collecting DNA on the phones.",
"The method of removing traces of DNA on the phones.",
"The purpose of washing the cell phones."
] | B | null |
m1_4974 | m1 | <ctx>
and a blue card. then : the card is correct. refers to the second card, while : the red card is correct. refers to the first card. noun phrases within if - then sentences, universally quantified sentences, negations, modality, and subordinated sentences cannot be referred to anaphorically from subsequent sentences, i. e. such noun phrases are not " accessible " from the following text. thus for each of the sentences : if a customer owns a card then he enters it. every customer enters a card. a customer does not enter a card. a customer can enter a card. a clerk believes that a customer enters a card. we cannot refer to a card with : the card is correct. anaphoric references are also possible via personal pronouns : a customer enters a card and a code. if it is valid then simplemat accepts the card. or via variables : a customer enters a card x and a code y. if y is valid then simplemat accepts x. anaphoric references via definite articles and variables can be combined : a customer enters a card x and a code y. if the code y is valid then simplemat accepts the card x. note that proper names like simplemat always refer to the same object. see also gellish natural language processing natural language programming structured english cleartalk, another machine - readable knowledge representation language inform 7, a programming language with english syntax references external links project attempto controlled english knowledge representation natural language parsing natural language processing proof assistants knowledge representation languages
then asked to act out the sentence. adult l2 speakers had fewer act - out errors than native speaking children when the garden - path sentence was presented with referential information, similarly to the adult native speakers that present less act - out errors than both the adult l2 learners and native speaking children. adult l2 speakers and native adult speakers were able to use discourse and referential information to aid in their processing of the garden - path sentences. this ability could be due to the adults ’ developed executive functioning allowing them more cognitive resources, discourse and referential information, to aid in parsing and revision. additionally, the use of discourse and referential information could be due to l1 - transfer because italian and english share the same sentence structure. however, when the garden - path sentences are disambiguated and then presented, the adult l2 speakers had the highest act - out error rate followed by native speaking children and then by adult native speakers. the results of this study indicate that difficulties in parsing revision are more common than originally thought and are not just confined to children or individuals with reduced executive functioning. adults, both native speakers and l2 learners, use discourse and referential information in parsing and sentence processing. but adult l2 learners and native speaking children had similar error rates for garden - path sentences with no reference information, indicating systematic revision failure. see also similar phenomena antanaclasis, a literary trope in which a single word or phrase is repeated, but in two different senses. buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo, complexity and linguistic ambiguity in a grammatical sentence comparative illusion, ungrammatical sentences which often are perceived to be acceptable dangling else, a similarly ambiguous parsing issue in computer - programming. dangling modifier donkey sentence, a sentence that contains a pronoun whose reference is clear to the reader ( it is bound semantically ) but which is much more complex to technically classify. paraprosdokian syntactic ambiguity other backtracking branch predictor list of linguistic example sentences natural language processing transderivational search winograd schema challenge explanatory notes references further reading ferreira, fernanda ; kiel christianson, andrew hollingworth ( january 2001 ).
, phrase or sentence, taken out of context, has more than one interpretation. in " we saw her duck " ( example due to richard nordquist ), the words " her duck " can refer either to the person's bird ( the noun " duck ", modified by the possessive pronoun " her " ), or to a motion she made ( the verb " duck ", the subject of which is the objective pronoun " her ", object of the verb " saw " ). syntactic ambiguity arises when a sentence can have two ( or more ) different meanings because of the structure of the sentence — its syntax. this is often due to a modifying expression, such as a prepositional phrase, the application of which is unclear. " he ate the cookies on the couch ", for example, could mean that he ate those cookies that were on the couch ( as opposed to those that were on the table ), or it could mean that he was sitting on the couch when he ate the cookies. " to get in, you will need an entrance fee of $ 10 or your voucher and your drivers'license. " this could mean that you need either ten dollars or both your voucher and your license. or it could mean that you need your license and you need either ten dollars or a voucher. only rewriting the sentence, or placing appropriate punctuation can resolve a syntactic ambiguity. for the notion of, and theoretic results about, syntactic ambiguity in artificial, formal languages ( such as computer programming languages ), see ambiguous grammar. usually, semantic and syntactic ambiguity go hand in hand. the sentence " we saw her duck " is also syntactically ambiguous. conversely, a sentence like " he ate the cookies on the couch " is also semantically ambiguous. rarely, but occasionally, the different parsings of a syntactically ambiguous phrase result in the same meaning. for example, the command " cook, cook! " can be parsed as " cook ( noun used as vocative ), cook ( imperative verb form )! ", but also as " cook ( imperative verb form ), cook ( noun used as vo
how should it be done, so that it will be done right? " meuu hei zok ras? you go to / toward where? " ？ where are you heading? " na qiras buuen? he when come? " ？ when ( will ) he come? " zaux hloeiras zuen uucok? have how many classifier sick " 有 ？ how many ( people ) are sick? " b. using interrogative accent words these questions require an answer : " yes or no ". ghwaix na bas? is not him accent " 不 ？ it is not him, right? " neix guu meuu hos? this belong to you accent " 的 ？ does this belong to you? " meuu bhaeis lax tax hixhos? you already eat rice accent " ？ did you already eat ( rice )? " ( there are several more words used in the interrogative mood, so please see the section on accented words. ) c. using negation words ( " da " ) meuu kweis hei da? you will go neg? " ？ won't you go? " meuu kweis da? you be willing to neg? " ？ aren't you willing? " meuu kweis laeis hisdhop da? you want see movie neg? " ？ don't you want to see a movie? " gong neix hleny da? stuff this good neg? " 西 ？ isn't this stuff good? " the conjunction word " cuus / cas " can be added before the negative words " da " to express a question, e. g., meuu qieng dheuu cuus da? you want take or not? " ？ do you want to take ( it ) or not? " meuu bhaeis lax cuus da? you already eat or not?
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
For each of the sub-questions of this question (next page), tick/check the corresponding box if the presented sentence is correct
at the corresponding level (for a human). There will be a penalty for wrong boxes ticked/checked.The duke were also presented with a book
commemorated his visit’s mother.
A. lexical
B. syntactic
C. semantic
D. pragmatic
E. none of the above is correct
Answer: | [
"lexical",
"syntactic",
"semantic",
"pragmatic",
"none of the above is correct"
] | A | To determine the correct answer, we need to analyze the sentence: "The duke were also presented with a book commemorated his visit’s mother."
1. **Lexical**: This refers to the choice of words and their meanings. In this case, "the duke were" is incorrect because "duke" is singular and should be paired with "was" instead of "were." Additionally, "commemorated" should be "commemorating" to correctly modify the noun "book." Thus, there are clear lexical errors in word choice.
2. **Syntactic**: This pertains to sentence structure and grammar. While there are syntactical issues (such as the incorrect verb form), the primary issue here is related to word choice.
3. **Semantic**: This deals with meaning. The sentence does not convey a coherent meaning as it stands, but the main error is not in the meaning of individual words.
4. **Pragmatic**: This involves the context and implications of language use. The sentence does not present a pragmatic issue.
5. **None of the above is correct**: This option is incorrect since we have identified a lexical issue.
In summary, the best choice is 'lexical' because the errors primarily stem from incorrect word forms. A corrected version of the sentence would be: "The duke was also presented with a book commemorating his visit’s mother." This illustrates the necessary adjustments clearly. |
m1_5887 | m1 | <ctx>
. otherwise if the expression is a single symbol, replace it with true. otherwise if the expression is a symbol followed by an arbitrary expression e. 2 followed by the same symbol, replace it with the expression < pal e. 2 >. ( in other words, throw away the two identical symbols at the beginning and the end and recurse ). otherwise replace the expression with false. ( the pattern e. 1 always matches ). " the following are three step - by - step execution traces annotated with the sentence numbers applied at each step to produce the next < pal'noon'> ( # 3 ) < pal'oo'> ( # 3 ) < pal > ( # 1 ) true < pal'wow'> ( # 3 ) < pal'o'> ( # 2 ) true < pal'revolver'> ( # 3 ) < pal'evolve'> ( # 3 ) < pal'volv'> ( # 3 ) < pal'ol'> ( # 4 ) false we can now see that the hello world example in fact executes as the sequence of the following expression transformations : seed the machine with the initial expression marked by $ entry : < go > ( apply the sentence in go ) < hello > ( apply the sentence in hello ) < prout'hello world'> ( prout is a built - in that prints and expands to nothing ) ( nothing to apply ; stop ) other examples factorial fact { 0 = 1 ; s. n = < * s. n < fact < - s. n 1 > > > ; } here 0 matches 0 the number and produces 1. on any other symbol which is a number, multiply it with the result of ( fact ( - s. n 1 ) ) note the prefix style of operators. factorial with loops fact { s. n = < loop s. n 1 > ; } ; loop { 0 s. f = s. f ; s. n s. f = < loop < - s. n 1 > < * s. n s. f > > ; } as can be seen s. n acts as the loop counter. equality equal { ( e. 1 ) ( e. 1 )
also be used to prove total correctness, i. e. termination as well as partial correctness. commonly, square brackets are used here instead of curly braces to indicate the different notion of program correctness. in this rule, in addition to maintaining the loop invariant, one also proves termination by way of an expression, called the loop variant, whose value strictly decreases with respect to a well - founded relation on some domain set during each iteration. since is well - founded, a strictly decreasing chain of members of can have only finite length, so cannot keep decreasing forever. ( for example, the usual order is well - founded on positive integers, but neither on the integers nor on positive real numbers ; all these sets are meant in the mathematical, not in the computing sense, they are all infinite in particular. ) given the loop invariant, the condition must imply that is not a minimal element of, for otherwise the body could not decrease any further, i. e. the premise of the rule would be false. ( this is one of various notations for total correctness. ) resuming the first example of the previous section, for a total - correctness proof of the while rule for total correctness can be applied with e. g. being the non - negative integers with the usual order, and the expression being, which then in turn requires to prove informally speaking, we have to prove that the distance decreases in every loop cycle, while it always remains non - negative ; this process can go on only for a finite number of cycles. the previous proof goal can be simplified to, which can be proven as follows : is obtained by the assignment rule, and can be strengthened to by the consequence rule. for the second example of the previous section, of course no expression can be found that is decreased by the empty loop body, hence termination cannot be proved. see also notes references further reading robert d. tennent. specifying software ( a textbook that includes an introduction to hoare logic, written in 2002 ) external links key - hoare is a semi - automatic verification system built on top of the key theorem prover. it features a hoare calculus for a simple while language. j - algo - modul hoare
:'('expr.')'* *'+'shift, and go to state 9 *'-'shift, and go to state 10 *')'shift, and go to state 11 * / private def state7 ( in : stream [ char ], arg1 : int ) : result = in match { case cur # : : tail = > { decrement ( cur match { case'+'= > state9 ( tail, arg1 ) case'-'= > state10 ( tail, arg1 ) case')'= > state11 ( tail, arg1 ) case c = > throw new parseexception ( c ) } ) } case stream ( ) = > throw new parseexception } / * * 0 $ accept : expr $ end. * * $ default accept * / private def state8 ( arg1 : int ) = ( ntexpr ( arg1, stream ( ) ), 1 ) / * * 1 expr : expr'+ '. term * *'('shift, and go to state 1 *'0'shift, and go to state 2 *'1'shift, and go to state 3 * * term go to state 12 * num go to state 6 * / private def state9 ( in : stream [ char ], arg1 : int ) = in match { case cur # : : tail = > { def loop ( tuple : result ) : result = { val ( res, goto ) = tuple if ( goto = = 0 ) { loop ( res match { case ntterm ( v, in ) = > state12 ( in, arg1, v ) case ntnum ( v, in ) = > state6 ( in, v ) case _ = > throw new assertionerror } ) } else ( res, goto - 1 ) } loop ( cur match { case'('= > state1 ( tail ) case'0'= > state2 ( tail ) case'1'= > state3 ( tail ) case c = > throw new parseex
] : we write false as! [ ] ( negation applied to an empty array ). (! [ ] + [ ] ) [ 1 ] : 1 is a number, we can write it as + true. (! [ ] + [ ] ) [ + true ] : since false is! [ ], true is!! [ ]. (! [ ] + [ ] ) [ +!! [ ] ] – which evaluates to " a ". proof : in javascript, alert ( (! [ ] + [ ] ) [ +!! [ ] ] ) does the same as alert ( " a " ). other constructs the function constructor can be used to trigger execution of javascript code contained in a string as if it were native javascript. so, for example, the statement alert ( 1 ) is equivalent to function ( " alert ( 1 ) " ) ( ). the function constructor can be retrieved in jsfuck by accessing the constructor property of a well known function, such as [ ] [ " filter " ] ( array. prototype. filter ) or [ ] [ " flat " ] ( array. prototype. flat ) in modern browsers. and then alert ( 1 ) becomes [ ] [ " flat " ] [ " constructor " ] ( " alert ( 1 ) " ) ( ). character table the characters with the shortest jsfuck expansions are listed below. other utf - 8 characters can be expressed as well but will generate considerably longer code. { | class = " wikitable "! character | | jsfuck | - | style = " text - align : center ; " | + | | ( + ( +! + [ ] + (! + [ ] + [ ] ) [! + [ ] +! + [ ] +! + [ ] ] + [ +! + [ ] ] + [ + [ ] ] + [ + [ ] ] ) + [ ] ) [! + [ ] +! + [ ] ] | - | style = " text - align : center ; " |. | | ( + ( +! + [ ] + [ +! + [ ] ] + (!!
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Tick the \emph{correct} assertion.
A. MD5 is using a compression function based on the Davies-Meyer scheme.
B. The Keccak hash function is based on the Merkle-Damg{\aa}rd construction.
C. Plain CBCMAC is resistant to forgery attacks.
D. GCM is an efficient MAC based on the CBC mode.
Answer: | [
"MD5 is using a compression function based on the Davies-Meyer scheme.",
"The Keccak hash function is based on the Merkle-Damg{\\aa}rd construction.",
"Plain CBCMAC is resistant to forgery attacks.",
"GCM is an efficient MAC based on the CBC mode."
] | A | The correct assertion is: **MD5 is using a compression function based on the Davies-Meyer scheme.**
### Logical Chain of Reasoning:
1. **MD5 and Compression Function**:
- MD5 is a widely used hash function that processes input data in blocks. It employs a specific structure, which includes a compression function that is indeed based on the Davies-Meyer scheme. This scheme is designed to create a secure hash function by using a block cipher and has been foundational in many hash function designs.
2. **Keccak and Merkle-Damgård Construction**:
- Keccak is the algorithm behind the SHA-3 standard and does not use the Merkle-Damgård construction. Instead, Keccak employs a unique sponge construction, which is different from the traditional Merkle-Damgård approach used by earlier hash functions like MD5 and SHA-1. Therefore, this option is incorrect.
3. **Plain CBC-MAC and Forgery Resistance**:
- The CBC-MAC (Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code) is not inherently resistant to all forms of forgery attacks, especially when the same key is used with multiple messages. The security of CBC-MAC can be compromised in certain contexts (e.g., when messages of different lengths are involved), making this assertion incorrect.
4. **GCM and CBC Mode**:
- GCM (Galois/Counter Mode) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers that provides both confidentiality and authentication. It is not based on CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode; rather, it combines counter mode encryption with Galois mode authentication. Thus, this option is also incorrect.
### Conclusion:
Given these analyses, the assertion that "MD5 is using a compression function based on the Davies-Meyer scheme" is the only correct statement among the provided options. |
arc_challenge_1083 | arc_challenge | <ctx>
photorespiration ( also known as the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle or c2 cycle ) refers to a process in plant metabolism where the enzyme rubisco oxygenates rubp, wasting some of the energy produced by photosynthesis. the desired reaction is the addition of carbon dioxide to rubp ( carboxylation ), a key step in the calvin – benson cycle, but approximately 25 % of reactions by rubisco instead add oxygen to rubp ( oxygenation ), creating a product that cannot be used within the calvin – benson cycle. this process lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis, potentially lowering photosynthetic output by 25 % in plants. photorespiration involves a complex network of enzyme reactions that exchange metabolites between chloroplasts, leaf peroxisomes and mitochondria. the oxygenation reaction of rubisco is a wasteful process because 3 - phosphoglycerate is created at a lower rate and higher metabolic cost compared with rubp carboxylase activity. while photorespiratory carbon cycling results in the formation of g3p eventually, around 25 % of carbon fixed by photorespiration is re - released as and nitrogen, as ammonia. ammonia must then be detoxified at a substantial cost to the cell. photorespiration also incurs a direct cost of one atp and one nad ( p ) h. while it is common to refer to the entire process as photorespiration, technically the term refers only to the metabolic network which acts to rescue the products of the oxygenation reaction ( phosphoglycolate ). photorespiratory reactions addition of molecular oxygen to ribulose - 1, 5 - bisphosphate produces 3 - phosphoglycerate ( pga ) and 2 - phosphoglycolate ( 2pg, or pg ). pga is the normal product of carboxylation, and productively enters the calvin cycle. phosphoglycolate, however, inhibits certain enzymes involved in photosynthetic carbon fixation ( hence is often said to be an'inhibitor of photosynthesis'). it is also relatively difficult
of carbon transfer between the two, until the second year where the douglas fir received carbon from b. payrifera. detection of the isotopes was found in receiver plant shoots, expressing carbon transfer from fungus to plant tissues. the direction carbon resources flow through the mycorrhizal network has been observed to shift seasonally, with carbon flowing toward the parts of the network that need it the most. for example, in a network that includes acer saccharinum ( sugar maple ) and erythronium americanum ( trout lily ), carbon moves to young sugar maple saplings in spring when leaves are unfurling, and shifts to move to the trout lilies in fall when the lilies are developing their roots. a further study with paper birch and douglas fir demonstrated that the flow of carbon shifts direction more than once per season : in spring, newly budding birch receives carbon from green douglas fir, in summer, stressed douglas fir in the forest understory receives carbon from birch in full leaf, and in fall, birch again receives carbon from douglas fir as birch trees shed their leaves and evergreen douglas firs continue photosynthesizing. when the ectomycorrhizal fungus - receiving end of the plant has limited sunlight availability, there was an increase in carbon transfer, indicating a source – sink gradient of carbon among plants and shade surface area regulates carbon transfer. plants sense carbon through a receptor in their guard cells that measure carbon dioxide concentrations in the leaf and environment. carbon information is integrated using proteins known as carbonic anhydrases, in which the plant then responds by utilizing or disregarding the carbon resources from the mycorrhizal networks. one case study follows a cmn shared by a paper birch and douglas fir tree. by using radioactively - labeled carbon - 13 and carbon - 14, researchers found that both tree species were trading carbon – that is to say, carbon was moving from tree to tree in both directions. the rate of carbon transfer varied based on the physiological factors such as total biomass, age, nutrient status, and photosynthetic rate. at the end of the experiment, the douglas fir was found to have a 2 % to 3 % net gain in carbon.
theoretical production ecology tries to quantitatively study the growth of crops. the plant is treated as a kind of biological factory, which processes light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients into harvestable parts. main parameters kept into consideration are temperature, sunlight, standing crop biomass, plant production distribution, nutrient and water supply. modelling modelling is essential in theoretical production ecology. unit of modelling usually is the crop, the assembly of plants per standard surface unit. analysis results for an individual plant are generalised to the standard surface, e. g. the leaf area index is the projected surface area of all crop leaves above a unit area of ground. processes the usual system of describing plant production divides the plant production process into at least five separate processes, which are influenced by several external parameters. two cycles of biochemical reactions constitute the basis of plant production, the light reaction and the dark reaction. in the light reaction, sunlight photons are absorbed by chloroplasts which split water into an electron, proton and oxygen radical which is recombined with another radical and released as molecular oxygen. the recombination of the electron with the proton yields the energy carriers nadh and atp. the rate of this reaction often depends on sunlight intensity, leaf area index, leaf angle and amount of chloroplasts per leaf surface unit. the maximum theoretical gross production rate under optimum growth conditions is approximately 250 kg per hectare per day. the dark reaction or calvin cycle ties atmospheric carbon dioxide and uses nadh and atp to convert it into sucrose. the available nadh and atp, as well as temperature and carbon dioxide levels determine the rate of this reaction. together those two reactions are termed photosynthesis. the rate of photosynthesis is determined by the interaction of a number of factors including temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide. the produced carbohydrates are transported to other plant parts, such as storage organs and converted into secondary products, such as amino acids, lipids, cellulose and other chemicals needed by the plant or used for respiration. lipids, sugars, cellulose and starch can be produced without extra elements. the conversion of carbohydrates into amino acids and nucleic
the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration. in addition, they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil erosion. plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen, biochemicals, and products for people, as well as creating and preserving soil. historically, all living things were classified as either animals or plants and botany covered the study of all organisms not considered animals. botanists examine both the internal functions and processes within plant organelles, cells, tissues, whole plants, plant populations and plant communities. at each of these levels, a botanist may be concerned with the classification ( taxonomy ), phylogeny and evolution, structure ( anatomy and morphology ), or function ( physiology ) of plant life. the strictest definition of " plant " includes only the " land plants " or embryophytes, which include seed plants ( gymnosperms, including the pines, and flowering plants ) and the free - sporing cryptogams including ferns, clubmosses, liverworts, hornworts and mosses. embryophytes are multicellular eukaryotes descended from an ancestor that obtained its energy from sunlight by photosynthesis. they have life cycles with alternating haploid and diploid phases. the sexual haploid phase of embryophytes, known as the gametophyte, nurtures the developing diploid embryo sporophyte within its tissues for at least part of its life, even in the seed plants, where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte. other groups of organisms that were previously studied by botanists include bacteria ( now studied in bacteriology ), fungi ( mycology ) – including lichen - forming fungi ( lichenology ), non - chlorophyte algae ( phycology ), and viruses ( virology ). however, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi ( including lichens ) and photosynthetic protists are usually covered in introductory botany courses. palaeobotanists study ancient
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Cindy learned that trees release gases into to the air during photosynthesis. What gas does a tree release?
A. carbon dioxide
B. hydrogen
C. nitrogen
D. oxygen
Answer: | [
"carbon dioxide",
"hydrogen",
"nitrogen",
"oxygen"
] | D | |
medmcqa_5294 | medmcqa | <ctx>
et al., biphasic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin in bloodstains. plos one 2011. james, stuart h. ; eckert, william g. interpretation of bloodstain evidence at crime scenes, 2nd edition, crc press 1999. neitzel, g. paul ; smith, marc. the fluid dynamics of droplet impact on inclined surfaces with application to forensic blood spatter analysis. washington, dc : office of justice programs, 2017. solomon, berg, martin, & villee. biology, 3rd edition. saunders college publishing, fort worth, 1993. sutton, paulette t., bloodstain pattern interpretation, short course manual, university of tennessee, memphis tn 1998 vennard, john king. elementary fluid mechanics. john wiley & sons, new york, 1982. external links international association of bloodstain pattern analysts ( iabpa ) association for crime scene reconstruction bloodstain pattern analysis terminology – swgstain terminology with examples bloodstain pattern analysis research – database of bpa - related research articles blood forensic disciplines forensic techniques
layouts of clinical laboratories in health institutions vary greatly from one facility to another. for instance, some health facilities have a single laboratory for the microbiology section, while others have a separate lab for each specialty area. the following is an example of a typical breakdown of the responsibilities of each area : microbiology includes culturing of the bacteria in clinical specimens, such as feces, urine, blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid, as well as possible infected tissue. the work here is mainly concerned with cultures, to look for suspected pathogens which, if found, are further identified based on biochemical tests. also, sensitivity testing is carried out to determine whether the pathogen is sensitive or resistant to a suggested medicine. results are reported with the identified organism ( s ) and the type and amount of drug ( s ) that should be prescribed for the patient. parasitology is where specimens are examined for parasites. for example, fecal samples may be examined for evidence of intestinal parasites such as tapeworms or hookworms. virology is concerned with identification of viruses in specimens such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. hematology analyzes whole blood specimens to perform full blood counts, and includes the examination of blood films. other specialized tests include cell counts on various bodily fluids. coagulation testing determines various blood clotting times, coagulation factors, and platelet function. clinical biochemistry commonly performs dozens of different tests on serum or plasma. these tests, mostly automated, includes quantitative testing for a wide array of substances, such as lipids, blood sugar, enzymes, and hormones. toxicology is mainly focused on testing for pharmaceutical and recreational drugs. urine and blood samples are the common specimens. immunology / serology uses the process of antigen - antibody interaction as a diagnostic tool. compatibility of transplanted organs may also be determined with these methods. immunohematology, or blood bank determines blood groups, and performs compatibility testing on donor blood and recipients. it also prepares blood components, derivatives, and products for transfusion. this area determines a patient's blood type and rh status, checks for antibodies to common
antibodies bind to red blood cells that express the corresponding antigen, they cause red blood cells to clump together ( agglutinate ), which can be identified visually. the person's blood group antibodies can also be identified by adding plasma to cells that express the corresponding antigen and observing the agglutination reactions. other serologic methods used in transfusion medicine include crossmatching and the direct and indirect antiglobulin tests. crossmatching is performed before a blood transfusion to ensure that the donor blood is compatible. it involves adding the recipient's plasma to the donor blood cells and observing for agglutination reactions. the direct antiglobulin test is performed to detect if antibodies are bound to red blood cells inside the person's body, which is abnormal and can occur in conditions like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn and transfusion reactions. the indirect antiglobulin test is used to screen for antibodies that could cause transfusion reactions and identify certain blood group antigens. immunology serologic tests can help to diagnose autoimmune disorders by identifying abnormal antibodies directed against a person's own tissues ( autoantibodies ). all people have different immunology graphs. serological surveys a 2016 research paper by metcalf et al., amongst whom were neil ferguson and jeremy farrar, stated that serological surveys are often used by epidemiologists to determine the prevalence of a disease in a population. such surveys are sometimes performed by random, anonymous sampling from samples taken for other medical tests or to assess the prevalence of antibodies of a specific organism or protective titre of antibodies in a population. serological surveys are usually used to quantify the proportion of people or animals in a population positive for a specific antibody or the titre or concentrations of an antibody. these surveys are potentially the most direct and informative technique available to infer the dynamics of a population's susceptibility and level of immunity. the authors proposed a world serology bank ( or serum bank ) and foresaw " associated major methodological developments in serological testing, study design, and quantitative analysis, which could drive a
that resulted in delayed test results and closed testing stations. testing system genetics color ’ s physician - ordered test can be initiated by individuals online, and a sample collection kit is sent in the mail. individuals provide a saliva sample and return the kit in a pre - paid package. color's clia - certified and cap - approved lab analyzes for variants in the breast cancer genes brca1 and brca2, as well as 28 other genes associated with breast, prostate, colon, uterine, stomach, melanoma, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers. the test also identifies variants in 30 genes related to hereditary heart conditions as well as genes that may impact medication response. genetic counseling with board - certified genetic counselors is available for free to all individuals who use color. covid - 19 color ’ s fda emergency use authorization ( eua ) covid - 19 test can be accessed as a part of testing programs initiated by a public health entity, university, employer or other organization. the test is a dry anterior nasal swab, approved for use either in an on - site or at - home setting without the need for a healthcare provider to monitor sample collection, which eases the burden on the healthcare system and reduces testing costs. the company has received an fda eua for the testing assay, which is a nucleic acid amplification method called lamp, or loop - mediated isothermal amplification. this enables processing test results 50 % faster than rt - pcr, the amplification method used at most other labs. lamp relies on a different set of chemical reagents than standard pcr tests, which helps the process avoids supply chain scarcity. research in 2018, color was selected, alongside the broad institute of mit and harvard, and the laboratory for molecular medicine ( lmm ) at partners healthcare, to establish one of three genome centers around the country for the national institutes of health ’ s historic all of us research program. all of us will sequence one million or more people across the us, with the goal of accelerating health research and enabling individualized prevention, treatment, and care. the program has a focus on recruitment from populations that have been historically underrepresented in clinical science
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Following are tests to confirm blood stains except
A. Phenolphthalein test
B. Takayamma test
C. Florence test
D. Teichmann's test
Answer: | [
"Phenolphthalein test",
"Takayamma test",
"Florence test",
"Teichmann's test"
] | C | To find out whether the stain is blood or Not: 1. Catalytic color test Phenolphthalein test Oho-toluidine test Benzedine test 2. Crystal test Hemin crystal test(Teichmann's test) Hemochromogen crystal test(Takayamma test) Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 317 |
mmlu_aux_4156 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
the annual cycle. route of east asian migratory flyaway olango wildlife sanctuary as a refuelling station of migratory birds migration ecology group, lund university, sweden migrate. ou. edu – migration interest group : research applied toward education, usa canadian migration monitoring network ( co - ordinates bird migration monitoring stations across canada ) bird research by science daily - includes several articles on bird migration the nature conservancy's migratory bird program the compasses of birds – a review from the science creative quarterly bbc supergoose – satellite tagging of light - bellied brent geese soaring with fidel – follow the annual migration of ospreys from cape cod to cuba to venezuela bat predation on migrating birds global register of migratory species – features not only birds, but other migratory vertebrates such as fishes ebird. com occurrence maps – occurrence maps of migrations of various species in the united states smithsonian migratory bird center – " fostering greater understanding, appreciation, and protection of the grand phenomenon of bird migration. " the secrets of bird migration : the how, why, and where of flying across the world online databases trektellen. org – live bird migration counts and ringing records from all over the world hawkcount. org – count data and site profiles for over 300 north american hawkwatch sites migraction. net – interactive database with real - time information on bird migration ( france ) bird migration ornithology bird flight birds
##ment, quebec, presses de l'universite laval, 2022, 268 p. book chapters rochefort, l., desrochers, a., graf, m., lavoie, c., poulin, m., price, j., strack, m. et waddington, m. ( 2011 ) northern peatlands. ( chap. 9 ) in wetland habitats of north america : ecology and conservation concerns. ( batzer, d. p. et baldwin, a. h., eds. ) berkeley, ca, etats - unis, university of california press desrochers, a. ( 2009 ) amenagement des habitats de la faune. ( chap. 18 ) in manuel de foresterie, 2e ed. ( ordre des ingenieurs forestiers du quebec, eds. ) quebec, editions multimondes, p. 771 - 798 desrochers, a. et belisle, m. ( 2007 ) edge, patch and landscape effects on chickadee movements. ( chap. 15 ) in ecology and behavior of chickadees and titmice : an integrated approach. ( otter, k. a., eds. ) new york, us, oxford university press, pages 243 - 261 desrochers, a., otter, k. a., belisle, m. et olson, j. r. ( 2007 ) landscape ecology, behavior, and conservation issues. ( chap. synopsis iv ) in ecology and behavior of chickadees and titmice : an integrated approach. ( otter, k. a., eds. ) new york, us, oxford university press, pages 293 - 298 desrochers, a. et van duinen, g. a. ( 2006 ) peatland fauna. ( chap. 5 ) in boreal peatland ecosystems. ( wieder, r. k. et vitt, d. h., eds. ) berlin, germany, springer - verlag, pages 67 – 100 desrochers, a. ( 2003 ) bridging the gap : linking individual bird movement and territory establishment rules with patterns of distribution in fragmented
##bard rock ptarmigan – that are dependent on the scattered plants and fauna as their only food source during the winter. with more frequent rain events, these plants are now spending more time under a thick layer of newly frozen ice, which the herbivores cannot access. a species that benefits from the rising temperatures on svalbard is the migratory pink - footed goose ( anser brachyrhynchus ). the reduction of terrestrial ice cover in spring means that the birds can start nesting earlier and there are more breeding pairs, which results in a higher rate of breeding success. this however has some consequences for the terrestrial vegetation sustainability and the ecosystem balance. with an increasing population of herbivores like the pink - footed goose the competition for primary produced food will increase and affect other herbivorous species and their related predators. terrestrial invasive species being an isolated group of islands, migrating to svalbard is difficult for terrestrial species. the main threat of introducing alien species relates to human activities. people can introduce species intentionally but unintentional introduction is probably more common. a study focusing on the shoes worn by people arriving at svalbard revealed a great number of different species of plants. seeds and bryophytes were analyzed and categorized as belonging to 18 different families and 41 different species. introduced alien species pose a threat of becoming invasive if they are fortunate enough in adapting to the new environment. marine ecology phytoplankton and zooplankton the warming temperature and the resulting effects on the ice cover in the arctic could affect the organisms involved in primary productivity – the phytoplankton and zooplankton. as a result of reduced sea - ice and consequent longer growing season, the yield of phytoplankton may be higher in some areas. primary production has increased in the arctic by around 20 % from 1998 to 2009. however, different trends are observed in different areas as the productivity in some zones has remained unchanged or even decreased. the timing of the bloom as well as species composition has also changed over these years. in the long term this could affect the species that are directly or indirectly dependent on primary productivity, but these affects are difficult to predict. according to some ice cover
guillemard, cruise of the marchesa, 2v. 1 plate in each. harvie - brown, j. a. a vertebrate fauna of sutherland. henderson, george, and hume, allan o ( ctavian ). lahore to yarkand. incidents of the route and natural history of the countries traversed by the expedition of 1870, under t. d. forsyth, esq., c. b. 1873. james, frank linsly. the unknown horn of africa. 1888. keulemans, john gerrard. onze vogels in huis en tuin. keulemans, john gerrard. natural history of the cage - birds. 1871. koslow, piotr kuz'mich, and bianchi v ( alentin ). mongoliia i kam : trudy ekspeditsii imperatorskago russkago geograficheskago obshchestva, sovershennoi v. volume v, 1907. layard, edgar leopold. birds of south africa, revised edn. legge, w ( illiam ) v ( incent ), history of the birds of ceylon. 1880. lilford, thomas littleton powys ( 1833 - 1896 ). coloured figures of the birds of the british islands. london : r. h. porter, 1885 - 1897 macpherson, h. a. birds of cumberland. marshall, c ( harles ) h ( enry ) t ( illson ), and marshall, g ( eorge ) f ( rederick ) l ( eycester ). monograph of the capitonidae. 1870 – 1871. mathews, gregory m ( acalister ). birds of australia ( vols. 1 – 4 ). melliss, john charles. st. helena : a physical, historical, and topographical description of the island, including its geology, fauna, flora, and meteorology. 1875. milne - edwards, alphonse. mission scientifique du cap horn ; mammiferes. 1891. mitchell, f ( rederick ) s ( haw ). the birds of lancashire. 1885
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Experts believe that storms and severe weather in North America and Asia have disrupted bird flight paths across the world and swept huge numbers of bird species towards the British Isles. Birds flying to the other side of the Atlantic or to the Pacific to lay their eggs have been trapped in Britain and Ireland, adding their numbers to native species, and causing great excitement in the bird-watching community. Local birdwatchers have already observed a total of 442 species in the British Isles this year. The highest number ever seen in one year is 445, in 2008. "We only need four more to break our record," said Lee Evans, who runs the British Birding Association. "With three months to go I'm sure we'll do it." Last month an extremely rare Siberian Rubythroat bird was seen in Scotland, sending hundreds of birdwatchers north in the hope of catching a glimpse of this colourful Asian beauty. Another very uncommon bird, the bufflehead duck was cited in Cornwell and caused similar excitement. "I couldn't believe it," said Evans. "The poor thing was completely _ . It must have been blown to England by the storms while trying to fly from Canada to the southern United States for the winter. That's 3000 miles!" Evans said that global warming over the past decade was playing a key role in transforming bird movements across the world. In addition, melting Arctic sea ice may also be opening up bird flight paths over the North Pole, making it easier for birds from the Pacific -- such as the slaty-backed gull and tufted puffin, both of which appeared in London earlier this year -- to reach Britain. Bird-watching is becoming an increasingly popular hobby among all age groups, added Evans. "A fifth of our members are under 18. This is a round-the-year hobby that you can enjoy from the kitchen window or from a car. More and more people are bird-watching, and as a result more and more unexpected species are being spotted in the British Isles." How many more bird species are needed to equal the British bird-watching record?
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 442.
D. 445.
Answer: | [
"3.",
"4.",
"442.",
"445."
] | A | null |
medmcqa_6934 | medmcqa | <ctx>
the lower extremities ) is a well - established congenital anomaly associated with maternal diabetes mellitus. other causes are presumably involved, as demonstrated by the rare overall incidence of caudal regression syndrome ( 1 : 60, 000 ) compared to diabetes ; however, the condition does have a greatly increased incidence among infants born to mothers with diabetes, estimated at 1 in 350 newborns of mothers with diabetes. the dominant inherited sacral agenesis ( also referred to as currarino syndrome ) is very often correlated with a mutation in the hb9 ( also called hlxb9 ) gene ( shown by sally ann lynch, 1995, nature genetics ). it was previously thought to be related to sirenomelia ( " mermaid syndrome " ) but has now been determined not to be related to this condition. prognosis there are four levels ( or types ) of malformation. the least severe indicates partial deformation ( unilateral ) of the sacrum. the second level indicates a bilateral ( uniform ) deformation. the most severe types involve a total absence of the sacrum. depending on the type of sacral agenesis, bowel or urinary bladder deficiencies may be present. a permanent colostomy may be necessary in the case of imperforate anus. incontinence may also require some type of continence control system ( e. g., self - catheterization ) to be utilized. the condition often impacts the formation of the knees, legs or feet that is sometimes addressed through surgery. for some with tightly webbed, bent knees or knees that are fused straight, disarticulation surgery at the knee may be a viable option to maximize mobility options. before more comprehensive medical treatment was available, full amputation of the legs at the hip was often performed. more recently, the amputation ( actually a disarticulation because no cutting of the bone is involved ) is done at the knee for those who have bent knee positions and webbing between thigh and calf to enable more ease of mobility and better seating. some children with knee disarticulation use prosthetic legs to walk. prosthetics for children without substantial hip and trunk
been put forth. studies have shown an increased incidence in siblings, suggesting a genetic component. at least one study has also shown a predilection in the white population. it has also been reported to be more common in males. however, there is no concrete evidence to suggest a genetic trait and instead, the most favored theory currently supports that fai ( the cam type in particular ) is due to repetitive movements involving the hip ( e. g. squatting ) in young athletes. aggravating activities that are commonly reported include repetitive or prolonged squatting, twisting movements of the hip, like pivoting during athletics, getting in and out of cars, and even sitting for prolonged periods. a combination of these factors may also predispose to a form of fai ; predominantly, a marginal developmental hip abnormality together with environmental factors such as recurrent motion of the legs within a supraphysiologic range. three types of fai are recognized ( see title image ). the first involves an excess of bone along the upper surface of the femoral head, known as a cam deformity ( abbreviation for camshaft, which the shape of the femoral head and neck resembles ). the second is due to an excess of growth of the upper lip of the acetabular cup and is known as a'pincer'deformity. the third is a combination of the two, generally referred to as'mixed.'the most common type seen, approximately 70 % of the time, is the mixed type. a complicating issue is that some of the radiographic findings of fai have also been described in asymptomatic subjects. current literature suggests that the cam type of impingement is associated with the development of hip osteoarthritis. thus far, no correlation has been seen between the pincer type and development of hip osteoarthritis. anatomy the hip joint is classified as a ball and socket joint. this type of synovial joint allows for multidirectional movement and rotation. there are two bones that make up the hip joint and create an articulation between the femur and pelvis. this articulation connects the axial skeleton with the lower
the knee joint during the deep - knee bend. medicine and science in sports. 6 : 73 1974. comparative conditioning analysis. fresno : universal athletic corp, 1974. biomechanical analysis of the knee joint during deep knee bend with heavy load. xxth world congress in sports medicine, congress proceedings, 53 – 60, 1975. principles of ballistic motion in resistance exercise training. track and field quarterly review, 75 : 58 – 61, 1975. neural control of locomotion - a kinetic analysis of the trot in cats. neural control of locomotion. pp. 759 – 762. plenum publishing corp. 1976. computerized dynamic resistive exercise. abstracts of the international congress of physical activity sciences, quebec city, canada, 1976. computerized dynamic resistive exercise. biomechanics of sports and kinanthropometry. the international congress of physical activity sciences, 1977. equipment safety and effectiveness. therapeutics through exercise. pp. 197 – 201. grune & stratton, inc. 1979. biomechanical analysis of ballistic vs. tracking movements in tennis skills. proceedings of a national symposium on the racquet sports, the university of illinois at urbana - champaign, 105 – 123, 1979. computer use for biomechanical analysis, data acquisition, and human - machine interface. proceedings of the thirteenth hawaii international conference on system science, volume iii : 470 – 475, 1980. human movement analysis. applied ergonomics, 11 : 61 – 62, 1980. resistive training. clinics in sports med, 2 : 55 – 69, 1983. biomechanical aspects of olympic sports medicine. clinics in sports medicine. pp. 31 – 36. w. b. sauders company. 1983. resistive training. clinics in sports medicine. pp. 55 – 70. w. b. saunders company. 1983. biofeedback and biomechanics in athletic training. biofeedback and sports science. pp. 107 – 145. plenum publishing corp. 1985. body mechanics. in : injuries to the throwing arm from the proceedings of the national conference sponsored by the u s o c sports medicine council, philadelphia, 3 - 21
pterygium ( plural pterygia or pterygiums ) refers to any wing - like triangular membrane occurring in the neck, eyes, knees, elbows, ankles or digits. the term comes from the greek word pterygion meaning " wing ". types popliteal pterygium syndrome, a congenital condition affecting the face, limbs, or genitalia but named after the wing - like structural anomaly behind the knee pterygium ( eye ) or surfer's eye, a growth on the cornea of the eye pterygium colli or webbed neck, a congenital skin fold of the neck down to the shoulders pterygium inversum unguis or ventral pterygium, adherence of the distal portion of the nailbed to the ventral surface of the nail plate pterygium unguis or dorsal pterygium, scarring between the proximal nail fold and matrix pterygium of the eye a pterygium reduces the vision in several ways : distortion of the corneal optics. this begins usually when the pterygium is greater than 2mm from the corneal edge ( limbus ). disruption of the tear film. the tear film is the first lens in the eye. pterygia are associated with eyelid inflammation, called blepharitis. growth over the corneal centre, which leads to dramatic reduction of vision. induced anterior corneal scarring, which often remains after surgical removal. a pterygium of the eye grows very slowly. usually it takes several years or decades to progress. surgical removal indications for surgery, in order of decreasing importance : growth over the corneal centre. reduced vision due to corneal distortion. documented growth. symptoms of discomfort. cosmesis. surgery is usually performed under local anaesthetic with light sedation as day surgery. the pterygium is stripped carefully off the surface of the eye. if this is all that is done, the pterygium regrows frequently. the technique with the lowest recurrence rate uses an auto graft of conjunctiva from under the eyelid. this is placed over the defect remaining from the removed
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Triple deformity of knee joint is seen in
A. Tuberculosis
B. Trauma
C. Malignant tumour
D. Sarcoidosis
Answer: | [
"Tuberculosis",
"Trauma",
"Malignant tumour",
"Sarcoidosis"
] | A | TB KNEE has two stages. In late stage it shows TRIPLE DEFORMITY- Posterior Subluxation External Rotation Flexion Other condition showing triple deformity of knee-Rheumatoid Ahritis REF : MAHESWARI 9TH ED |
m1_5981 | m1 | <ctx>
the elliptic curve only hash ( ecoh ) algorithm was submitted as a candidate for sha - 3 in the nist hash function competition. however, it was rejected in the beginning of the competition since a second pre - image attack was found. the ecoh is based on the muhash hash algorithm, that has not yet been successfully attacked. however, muhash is too inefficient for practical use and changes had to be made. the main difference is that where muhash applies a random oracle, ecoh applies a padding function. assuming random oracles, finding a collision in muhash implies solving the discrete logarithm problem. muhash is thus a provably secure hash, i. e. we know that finding a collision is at least as hard as some hard known mathematical problem. ecoh does not use random oracles and its security is not strictly directly related to the discrete logarithm problem, yet it is still based on mathematical functions. ecoh is related to the semaev's problem of finding low degree solutions to the summation polynomial equations over binary field, called the summation polynomial problem. an efficient algorithm to solve this problem has not been given so far. although the problem was not proven to be np - hard, it is assumed that such an algorithm does not exist. under certain assumptions, finding a collision in ecoh may be also viewed as an instance of the subset sum problem. besides solving the summation polynomial problem, there exists another way how to find second pre - images and thus collisions, wagner's generalized birthday attack. ecoh is a good example of hash function that is based on mathematical functions ( with the provable security approach ) rather than on classical ad hoc mixing of bits to obtain the hash. the algorithm given, ecoh divides the message into blocks. if the last block is incomplete, it is padded with single 1 and then appropriate number of 0. let furthermore be a function that maps a message block and an integer to an elliptic curve point. then using the mapping, each block is transformed to an elliptic curve point, and these points are added together with two more points. one additional point contains the padding and depends
the signature is bits ( which is some constant times bits, depending on the relative size of and ), and this is the transmission overhead. the computation of the signature at each vertex requires bit operations, where is the in - degree of the vertex. the verification of a signature requires bit operations. proof of security attacker can produce a collision under the hash function. if given points in find and such that and proposition : there is a polynomial time reduction from discrete log on the cyclic group of order on elliptic curves to hash - collision. if, then we get. thus. we claim that and. suppose that, then we would have, but is a point of order ( a prime ) thus. in other words in. this contradicts the assumption that and are distinct pairs in. thus we have that, where the inverse is taken as modulo. if we have r > 2 then we can do one of two things. either we can take and as before and set for > 2 ( in this case the proof reduces to the case when ), or we can take and where are chosen at random from. we get one equation in one unknown ( the discrete log of ). it is quite possible that the equation we get does not involve the unknown. however, this happens with very small probability as we argue next. suppose the algorithm for hash - collision gave us that then as long as, we can solve for the discrete log of q. but the ’ s are unknown to the oracle for hash - collision and so we can interchange the order in which this process occurs. in other words, given, for, not all zero, what is the probability that the ’ s we chose satisfies? it is clear that the latter probability is. thus with high probability we can solve for the discrete log of. we have shown that producing hash collisions in this scheme is difficult. the other method by which an adversary can foil our system is by forging a signature. this scheme for the signature is essentially the aggregate signature version of the boneh - lynn - shacham signature scheme. here it is shown that forging a signature is at least as hard as solving the elliptic curve diffie – hellman problem. the only known way to
in cryptography, the merkle – damgard construction or merkle – damgard hash function is a method of building collision - resistant cryptographic hash functions from collision - resistant one - way compression functions. this construction was used in the design of many popular hash algorithms such as md5, sha - 1 and sha - 2. the merkle – damgard construction was described in ralph merkle's ph. d. thesis in 1979. ralph merkle and ivan damgard independently proved that the structure is sound : that is, if an appropriate padding scheme is used and the compression function is collision - resistant, then the hash function will also be collision - resistant. the merkle – damgard hash function first applies an md - compliant padding function to create an input whose size is a multiple of a fixed number ( e. g. 512 or 1024 ) — this is because compression functions cannot handle inputs of arbitrary size. the hash function then breaks the result into blocks of fixed size, and processes them one at a time with the compression function, each time combining a block of the input with the output of the previous round. in order to make the construction secure, merkle and damgard proposed that messages be padded with a padding that encodes the length of the original message. this is called length padding or merkle – damgard strengthening. in the diagram, the one - way compression function is denoted by f, and transforms two fixed length inputs to an output of the same size as one of the inputs. the algorithm starts with an initial value, the initialization vector ( iv ). the iv is a fixed value ( algorithm or implementation specific ). for each message block, the compression ( or compacting ) function f takes the result so far, combines it with the message block, and produces an intermediate result. the last block is padded with zeros as needed and bits representing the length of the entire message are appended. ( see below for a detailed length padding example. ) to harden the hash further, the last result is then sometimes fed through a finalisation function. the finalisation function can have several purposes such as compressing a bigger internal state ( the last result ) into a smaller output
between 1 and add the corresponding columns of the matrices to obtain a binary string a length output : hash of size we can now use the merkle – damgard construction to generalize the compression function to accept inputs of arbitrary lengths. example of the compression situation and initialization : hash a message using matrix h that is separated into sub - blocks,,. algorithm : we split the input into parts of length and we get,,. we convert each into an integer and get,,. from the first sub - matrix, we pick the column 2, from the second sub - matrix the column 1 and from the third sub - matrix the column 4. we add the chosen columns and obtain the result. security proof of fsb the merkle – damgard construction is proven to base its security only on the security of the used compression function. so we only need to show that the compression function is secure. a cryptographic hash function needs to be secure in three different aspects : pre - image resistance : given a hash h it should be hard to find a message m such that hash ( m ) = h second pre - image resistance : given a message m1 it should be hard to find a message m2 such that hash ( m1 ) = hash ( m2 ) collision resistance : it should be hard to find two different messages m1 and m2 such that hash ( m1 ) = hash ( m2 ) note that if an adversary can find a second pre - image, then it can certainly find a collision. this means that if we can prove our system to be collision resistant, it will certainly be second - pre - image resistant. usually in cryptography hard means something like “ almost certainly beyond the reach of any adversary who must be prevented from breaking the system ”. we will however need a more exact meaning of the word hard. we will take hard to mean “ the runtime of any algorithm that finds a collision or pre - image will depend exponentially on size of the hash value ”. this means that by relatively small additions to the hash size, we can quickly reach high security. pre - image resistance and regular syndrome decoding ( rsd ) as said before, the security of fsb depends on a problem called regular syndrome decoding ( rsd
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Let $H$ be a hash function based on the Merkle-Damg{\aa}rd construction. The Merkle-Damg{\aa}rd theorem says that \dots
A. \dots $H$ is collision-resistant when the compression function is collision-resistant.
B. \dots the compression function is collision-resistant when $H$ is collision-resistant.
C. \dots $H$ is collision-resistant.
D. \dots $H$ is not collision-resistant.
Answer: | [
"\\dots $H$ is collision-resistant when the compression function is collision-resistant.",
"\\dots the compression function is collision-resistant when $H$ is collision-resistant.",
"\\dots $H$ is collision-resistant.",
"\\dots $H$ is not collision-resistant."
] | A | To determine the correct answer to the question about the Merkle-Damgård theorem, let's analyze the options step-by-step.
### Understanding the Merkle-Damgård Construction
1. **Definition**: The Merkle-Damgård construction is a method for building a hash function from a one-way compression function. The construction processes input data in fixed-size blocks, iteratively applying the compression function and updating the internal state.
2. **Collision Resistance**: Collision resistance means it is computationally infeasible to find two distinct inputs that hash to the same output.
### Analyzing the Options
Now, let's evaluate each of the answer options based on what we know about the Merkle-Damgård construction.
1. **Option 1**: "⦠$H$ is collision-resistant when the compression function is collision-resistant."
- This statement is consistent with the Merkle-Damgård theorem. It asserts that if the underlying compression function behaves well (i.e., is collision-resistant), then the overall hash function constructed using this method will also be collision-resistant. This is a fundamental result of the theorem.
2. **Option 2**: "⦠the compression function is collision-resistant when $H$ is collision-resistant."
- This statement is incorrect as it reverses the implication. While $H$ being collision-resistant suggests that the compression function should be robust, it does not guarantee that the compression function is collision-resistant if $H$ is. Thus, this option does not reflect the essence of the theorem.
3. **Option 3**: "⦠$H$ is collision-resistant."
- While this could be true under the right conditions, the statement is incomplete. It does not specify the necessary condition regarding the compression function. Hence, it does not capture the theorem accurately.
4. **Option 4**: "⦠$H$ is not collision-resistant."
- This option is false. The theorem states that if the compression function is collision-resistant, then $H$ will be collision-resistant. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
### Conclusion
Based on the evaluation of each option, the correct choice is clearly:
**Correct Option**: **1**: "⦠$H$ is collision-resistant when the compression function is collision-resistant."
This option accurately represents the relationship defined by the Merkle-Damgård theorem regarding collision resistance in hash functions derived from a secure compression function. |
arc_challenge_529 | arc_challenge | <ctx>
sensitivity to order in the environment. given a free choice of activity, the children showed more interest in practical activities and montessori's materials than in toys provided for them and were surprisingly unmotivated by sweets and other rewards. over time, she saw a spontaneous self - discipline emerge. based on her observations, montessori implemented a number of practices that became hallmarks of her educational philosophy and method. she replaced the heavy furniture with child - sized tables and chairs light enough for the children to move, and placed child - sized materials on low, accessible shelves. she expanded the range of practical activities such as sweeping and personal care to include a wide variety of exercises for the care of the environment and the self, including flower arranging, hand washing, gymnastics, care of pets, and cooking. she also included large open - air sections in the classroom encouraging children to come and go as they please in the room's different areas and lessons. in her book she outlines a typical winter's day of lessons, starting at 09 : 00 am and finishing at 04 : 00 pm : 9 – 10. entrance. greeting. inspection as to personal cleanliness. exercises of practical life ; helping one another to take off and put on the aprons. going over the room to see that everything is dusted and in order. language : conversation period : children give an account of the events of the day before. religious exercises. 10 – 11. intellectual exercises. objective lessons interrupted by short rest periods. nomenclature, sense exercises. 11 – 11 : 30. simple gymnastics : ordinary movements done gracefully, normal position of the body, walking, marching in line, salutations, movements for attention, placing of objects gracefully. 11 : 30 – 12. luncheon : short prayer. 12 – 1. free games. 1 – 2. directed games, if possible, in the open air. during this period the older children in turn go through with the exercises of practical life, cleaning the room, dusting, putting the material in order. general inspection for cleanliness : conversation. 2 – 3. manual work. clay modelling, design, etc. 3 – 4. collective gymnastics and songs, if possible in the open air. exercises to
the core curriculum includes language arts, mythology, history, geography, geology, algebra, geometry, mineralogy, biology, astronomy, physics, chemistry, and nutrition. the school day generally begins with a one - and - a - half to two - hour, cognitively oriented academic lesson, or " main lesson ", that focuses on a single theme over one month's time. this typically begins with introductory activities that may include singing, instrumental music, and recitations of poetry, generally including a verse written by rudolf steiner for the start of a school day. there is little reliance on standardized textbooks. waldorf elementary education allows for individual variations in the pace of learning, based upon the expectation that a child will grasp a concept or achieve a skill when he or she is ready. cooperation takes priority over competition. this approach also extends to physical education ; competitive team sports are not introduced until upper grades. each class remains together as a cohort throughout all elementary, developing as a quasi - familial social group. in elementary years, a core teacher teaches primary academic subjects. a central role of this teacher is to provide a supportive role model both through personal example and through stories drawn from a variety of cultures, educating by exercising " creative, loving authority ". class teachers are normally expected to teach a cohort for several years, a practice known as looping. starting in first grade, specialized teachers teach many subjects, including music, crafts, movement, and two foreign languages from complementary language families ( in english - speaking countries these are typically german and either spanish or french ). while class teachers serve a valuable role as personal mentors, establishing " lasting relationships with pupils ", ullrich documented problems when the same teacher continues into middle school. noting that there is a danger of any authority figure limiting students enthusiasm for inquiry and autonomy, he cited a number of schools where the class teacher accompanies the class for six years only, after which specialist teachers play a greater role. four temperaments steiner considered children's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral development to be interlinked. when students in a waldorf school are grouped, it is generally not by a focus on academic abilities. instead, steiner adapted the pseudoscient
grade students take physical setting : earth science, and take the regents as their final exam. as freshmen, students typically take living environment ( biology ), then physical setting : chemistry and physical setting : physics are taken during sophomore and junior year respectively. students interested in pursuing a career in science or medicine frequently take ap biology or ap environmental science as a junior or senior. ap courses include ap physics b, ap environmental science, ap biology, and ap chemistry. the latter has the reputation of being the hardest course offered at pelham, and therefore is only given every other year. the health studies course is required to graduate and is normally offered to sophomores. however, this semester course may be taken at any point. the science research department is a four - year elective program situated in the school's biotechnology laboratory. it allows students with a declared interest in science to conduct original research alongside of researchers at college, university, hospital, and medical school laboratories. the courses include introduction to science research, which introduces students to the research experience with the basic skills necessary to conduct research experiments. science instrumentation and problem solving is the next course in the sequence. this teaches students how to adequately prepare reagents, perform sterilization exercises, run and maintain a biotechnology laboratory. students also are instructed in various molecular biology techniques, such as dna amplification via polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme analysis, and bacterial culture, identification, and transformation. in the summer before 11th grade, research students find a mentor to work with on an original research experiment. this is carried throughout most of the junior year with the students working on paper to present their findings. this is subsequently entered into the siemens - westinghouse and / or intel science talent search, as well as other science competitions. students have previously been named semifinalists and region finalists, winning college scholarship money. teacher steven beltecas has played a critical role in improving the school's performances at these competitions. the world language department prepares students for a life in a contemporary society where globalization brings many different cultures and languages together. modern foreign languages include french, spanish, and italian i ii and iii. there are also honors / ap courses in french and spanish. spanish and italian have a syracuse university
solve problems through practical applications and exercises. the questions can be about livestock farming, crop management, environmental management, chemical laboratory, microbiological laboratory, business studies, agriculture machinery technology, and rural development. the second part is the oral test where you can choose from the following subjects : german, applied mathematics, crop management, livestock farming, genetic engineering, history, spanish, environmental management, rural development, and religion. after passing the exam, there is a mass and the students celebrate their successful completion of the matura together. projects there are many projects organized by students or teachers to increase the abilities of organization and teamwork. through these projects the students have a chance to accrue experiences relating to social skills, learning, motivating and organizing a team, acting as a team leader, or simply recognizing the importance of workers in our society. company planning the students have to think about a business idea and start a fictional company. thereafter, they interact with other fictional companies in austria. junior company in order to gain more practical experience, the students can also decide to found a " junior company ", instead of a mock one. enmt ( energy management ) gbt ( genetic engineering and biotechnology ) this is also an elective. first, students have a course to get the basics of genetic engineering and biotechnology. then, one can continue with different projects. pma ( project management ) in general, one thinks of a project, which has to be turned into reality in one school year. in 2012, for instance, the schoolyard was redesigned by students. impact every year some students join a course to learn about new agricultural methods or animals. this project lasts about 3 weeks and takes place in different european countries. facilities the hlfs - ursprung has many different outdoor and indoor facilities and its own farm where the students learn practical skills. gym the gym was built in 1993. laboratories the school has three labs. there is one microbiology lab and two chemistry labs. in these labs, the students practice their theoretical knowledge in chemistry and microbiological processes. stables there are two stables, an old one, which was built before the school started, and a new one which was built in 2003. the new stable is
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Mrs. Tucker gives her class samples of different soil types. Which action best helps Tanisha identify each soil type?
A. smelling it
B. touching it
C. weighing it
D. measuring it
Answer: | [
"smelling it",
"touching it",
"weighing it",
"measuring it"
] | B | |
qasc_4062 | qasc | <ctx>
a flood is an overflow of water ( or rarely other fluids ) that submerges land that is usually dry. in the sense of " flowing water ", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and public health. human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding, for example land use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands, changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees, and larger environmental issues such as climate change and sea level rise. in particular climate change's increased rainfall and extreme weather events increases the severity of other causes for flooding, resulting in more intense floods and increased flood risk. flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries, or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood. while the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unless they flood property or drown domestic animals. floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers. while riverine flood damage can be eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, people have traditionally lived and worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and industry. flooding can lead to secondary consequences in addition to damage to property, such as long - term displacement of residents and creating increased spread of waterborne diseases and vector - bourne disesases transmitted by mosquitos. types areal floods can happen on flat or low - lying areas when water is supplied by rainfall or snowmelt more rapidly than it can either infiltrate or run off. the excess accumulates in place, sometimes to hazardous depths. surface soil can become
a flood is an overflow or accumulation of an expanse of water that submerges land. flood ( s ), the flood, flooded or flooding may also refer to : computing flood fill, an algorithm that determines the area connected to a given node in a multi - dimensional array flooding ( computer networking ) internet relay chat flood, a form of denial - of - service attack mac flooding, a technique employed to compromise the security of network switches network flood, a denial - of - service attack on a network film and television the flood ( 1927 film ), a german silent film the flood ( 1931 film ), american film directed by james tinling the flood ( 1958 film ), a czech film the flood ( 1962 film ), an american television film narrated by laurence harvey the flood ( 1963 film ), children's adventure film written by jean scott rogers flood!, a 1976 american television film the flood : who will save our children? a 1993 american film based on real events. the flood ( 1994 film ), a french - russian film flood ( 2007 film ), a 2007 disaster film flood ( 2017 film ), a 2017 canadian animated short film by amanda strong the flood ( 2010 film ) or mabul, an israeli film the flood ( 2019 film ), a british drama film directed by anthony woodley the flood ( 2020 film ), an australian drama film directed by victoria wharfe mcintyre " flooded " ( buffy the vampire slayer ), an episode of buffy the vampire slayer " flood " ( the young ones ), an episode of the young ones " the flood " ( mad men ), an episode of mad men the flood, a fictional viral doctor who villain literature the flood ( al - faydan ), a 1975 short story collection by haidar haidar flood ( baxter novel ), a 2008 novel by stephen baxter halo : the flood, a 2003 novel by william c. dietz flood ( doyle novel ), a 2002 novel by richard doyle the flood ( novel ), a 1986 novel by ian rankin the flood ( novella ), an 1880 novella by emile zola the flood, a 2004 novel by maggie gee flood, a 2002 novel by james heneghan floods, a 2000 volume of poetry by maurice riordan flood,
severe flooding occurred during the 2011 monsoon season in thailand. the flooding began at the end of july triggered by the landfall of tropical storm nock - ten. these floods soon spread through the provinces of northern, northeastern, and central thailand along the mekong and chao phraya river basins. in october floodwaters reached the mouth of the chao phraya and inundated parts of the capital city of bangkok. flooding persisted in some areas until mid - january 2012, and resulted in a total of 815 deaths ( with three missing ) and 13. 6 million people affected. sixty - five of thailand's 76 provinces were declared flood disaster zones, and over of farmland was damaged. the disaster has been described as " the worst flooding yet in terms of... water and people affected. " the world bank has estimated 1, 425 trillion baht ( us $ 46. 5 billion ) in economic damages and losses due to flooding, as of 1 december 2011. most of this was due to the manufacturing industry, as seven major industrial estates were inundated in water as much as deep during the floods. disruptions to manufacturing supply chains affected regional automobile production and caused a global shortage of hard disk drives which lasted throughout 2012. the world bank's estimate for this disaster means it ranks as the world's fourth costliest disaster as of 2011 surpassed only by the 2011 tohoku earthquake and tsunami in japan, great hanshin earthquake in 1995, and hurricane katrina in 2005. a 2015 study suggests increasing odds for potential flooding similar to the 2011 flood intensity to occur in the future. thailand's southern provinces also saw seasonal flash - flooding towards the end of the year, although these were not as destructive as the floods in the more northerly provinces. background various regions of thailand are prone to seasonal flash - flooding due to their tropical climate. the floods often occur in the north and spread down the chao phraya river through the central plains, in the northeast along the chi and mun rivers flowing into the mekong, or in the coastal hillsides of the east and south. remnants of tropical storms that strike vietnam or the peninsular south commonly increase precipitation, resulting in further risk of flooding. drainage control systems, including several dams, irrigation
. the following table shows the flow rates of some of the waterways measured on november 2, 1968, flow rates that for the gauging stations listed in 2002 still represented the highest figure in the available time series. the 1968 event was not an isolated one, and numerous other flood waves have caused flood events in the biella area over time. among the most notable ones in the last century are : may 1923 : a flood of the cervo river caused severe damage in piedicavallo and rosazza ; november 1951 : widespread flooding throughout the biella area and particularly in the cervo valley ; october and november 1976 : numerous disruptions caused in particular by the flooding of olobbia, elvo, oremo and quargnasca ; september 1981 : flooding in the upper cervo valley with damage caused mostly by the minor hydrographic network ; april 1986 : a large landslide blocked the former ss 232 near valle mosso ; september 1993 : after 36 hours of bad weather, a flood of the cervo river caused the bypass bridge to collapse. there were no casualties thanks to a roadman who noticed the impending disaster and had the bridge closed half an hour before the collapse. june 2002 : heavy rainfall caused landslides and overflowing in the western biella basins ; the most serious damage occurred in the upper cervo valley, while in the oropa basin a landslide destroyed a long section of the access road to the rosazza tunnel. october 2020 : the flood event mainly affected the strona di mosso valley and sessera valley, with very heavy damage especially to the road system. lakes in the hilly and mountainous part of the biellese region there are numerous lakes, generally of small to medium size with the exception of lake viverone. the latter, with a surface area of almost 6 km², is in fact the third largest lake in piedmont and is an important tourist hub with numerous accommodation and recreational facilities located on its shores. the lake is located on the border with the province of turin ( in fact, about 1 / 6 of its surface area falls within the municipality of azeglio ) ; a public boat line connects the main towns along the coast. lakes in the biella region can
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The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
what is caused by flooding?
A. landslides
B. desert
C. sunlight
D. drought
Answer: | [
"landslides",
"desert",
"sunlight",
"drought"
] | A | |
openbookqa_212 | openbookqa | <ctx>
through experiences and development of personal abilities instead of through commercially provided consumption experiences. many of the key traits of voluntary simplification have been exhibited in a less extreme, but more widespread way, through the phenomenon of " downshifting. " downshifting involves a change of lifestyle and consumption patterns that exchange a relatively highly paid / lower stress but more rewarding, and shifting to a lower level of material consumption but a higher level of quality of life and personal satisfaction. sustainable consumption choices all types of consumption are not equally important in terms of their sustainability impacts. the european environmental impact of product project provides a rigorous analysis of research into the environmental impact of products consumed by households. the project's input / output - based methodology assesses 255 domestic product types against a wide range of environmental impacts. it concludes that 70 – 80 % of total impacts relate to food and drink consumption ; housing ( including domestic energy use ) ; and transport ( including commuting, leisure, and holiday travel ). ideally, all aspects of our consumption behaviors and production systems will become oriented toward sustainability, but initially significant progress would be achieved through the following : sustainable food and drink consumption choices — consumption level that are more conducive to health ; a reduced consumption of meat products due to their contribution to climate change ; choosing organically produced and locally sourced, seasoned produce ; and greater composting of biodegradable food waste sustainable housing consumption choices — more emphasis on purchasing homes constructed using sustainable materials and choosing and creating homes with high levels of insulation and energy efficiency. this also involves energy usage within the home based on sustainable energy source, and the avoidance of energy waste while living in the home ( e. g. through energy - efficient refrigerators and energy saving bulbs ). sustainable travel behavior — reducing the amount of travel ( e. g. through home - working or teleconference service ) or finding alternative transport means for journeys, such as cycling for leisure rather than driving. seeking tourism offerings that try to protect the global and local environment and also the cultures within tourism destinations. sustainable choices and motivational imbalance individuals may experience motivational imbalance in which they believe a particular choice has positive personal outcomes but is subject to disapproval by important or that the
the energy required to grow food as well as the quantity of chemicals utilized during production. a wastewater treatment system and a rainwater collection system are just a couple of the environmentally - friendly amenities the village has to offer. with the aid of these characteristics, the town is able to use less water and discharge less pollutants into the environment. the village is able to lessen its environmental effect and set an example for other communities by utilizing renewable energy sources, natural building materials, organic farming methods, and eco - friendly features. economic impacts of huangbaiyu ecovillage huangbaiyu ecovillage as a model of sustainable living, has benefited the neighborhood's economy. although the village was intended to be self - sufficient and have a minimal impact on the environment, it has also benefited the local economy. by using locals for both the construction of the village and the upkeep and management of the many renewable energy sources, the community has helped to create jobs in the neighborhood. restaurants, cafes, and gift shops, among other regional companies, now have more chances, thanks to the village. additionally, the village has drawn visitors from all over the world, which has benefited the local economy. numerous foreign dignitaries have visited the village, and it has appeared in a number of documentaries, both of which have raised awareness of the place. furthermore, the village has served as an example for nearby sustainable communities like the green village. this project has brought in more money to the region and helped to add more jobs. local government support of huangbaiyu ecovillage in china's liaoning province, the local government has given huangbaiyu ecovillage substantial backing. the village was intended to be self - sufficient and to have little impact on the environment, and the local government has taken action to help achieve this objective. the village's construction and the installation of renewable energy sources were both financially supported by the local government. the hamlet has grown more accessible and self - sufficient thanks to this funding. additionally, the village's organic farming practices and use of natural building materials have received support from the regional government. the village's rainwater collection system and sewage treatment system are both supported by the government. the village's efforts to
##2 they will choose to travel by plane. 27 % of young people claim they will travel to a faraway destination. more specifically, people under the age of 30 are more likely to consider climate implications of vacation spots and air travel. home energy and landscaping reducing home energy use through measures such as insulation, better energy efficiency of appliances, cool roofs, heat reflective paints, lowering water heater temperature, and improving heating and cooling efficiency can significantly reduce an individual's carbon footprint. after home insulation and ventilation has been checked, replacing a failed gas boiler with a heat pump can be considered, especially in climates where both heating and cooling are required. in addition, the choice of energy used to heat, cool, and power homes makes a difference in the carbon footprint of individual homes. many energy suppliers in various countries worldwide have options to purchase part or pure " green energy " ( usually electricity but occasionally also gas ). these methods of energy production emit almost no greenhouse gases once they are up and running. installing rooftop solar, both on a household and community scale, also drastically reduces household emissions, and at scale could be a major contributor to greenhouse gas abatement. low energy products and consumption labels, such as energy star in the us, can be seen on many household appliances, home electronics, office equipment, heating and cooling equipment, windows, residential light fixtures, and other products. energy star is a program in the u. s. that promotes energy efficiency. when buying air conditioning the choice of coolant is important. carbon emission labels describe the carbon dioxide emissions created as a by - product of manufacturing, transporting, or disposing of a consumer product. environmental product declarations ( epd ) " present transparent, verified and comparable information about the life - cycle environmental impact of products. " these labels may help consumers choose lower energy products. converting appliances such as stoves, water heaters and furnaces from gas to electric reduces emissions of and methane. landscape and gardens plants process carbon dioxide to make organic molecules like cellulose, sugars, starches, plant proteins, and oils. perennials keep a large proportion of those organic molecules for as long as they live, not releasing them until microorganisms decompose
e. g. respiratory diseases, cancer ) increases in radiative forcing and global warming decreased agricultural productivity due to ozone deposition ecosystem acidification and eutrophication. technology impacts the applications of technology often result in unavoidable and unexpected environmental impacts, which according to the i = pat equation is measured as resource use or pollution generated per unit gdp. environmental impacts caused by the application of technology are often perceived as unavoidable for several reasons. first, given that the purpose of many technologies is to exploit, control, or otherwise " improve " upon nature for the perceived benefit of humanity while at the same time, the myriad of processes in nature have been optimized and are continually adjusted by evolution, any disturbance of these natural processes by technology is likely to result in negative environmental consequences. second, the conservation of mass principle and the first law of thermodynamics ( i. e., conservation of energy ) dictate that whenever material resources or energy are moved around or manipulated by technology, environmental consequences are inescapable. third, according to the second law of thermodynamics, order can be increased within a system ( such as the human economy ) only by increasing disorder or entropy outside the system ( i. e., the environment ). thus, technologies can create " order " in the human economy ( i. e., order as manifested in buildings, factories, transportation networks, communication systems, etc. ) only at the expense of increasing " disorder " in the environment. according to several studies, increased entropy is likely to correlate to negative environmental impacts. mining industry the environmental impact of mining includes erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes. in some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to increase the available room for the storage of the created debris and soil. even though plants need some heavy metals for their growth, excess of these metals is usually toxic to them. plants that are polluted with heavy metals usually depict reduced growth, yield and performance. pollution by heavy metals decreases the soil organic matter composition resulting in a decline in soil nutrients which then leads to a decline
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The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
To positively affect the environment
A. cut down trees and shrubs
B. drive a gas guzzling car
C. use Styrofoam plates and cups
D. cultivate dogwoods and oaks
Answer: | [
"cut down trees and shrubs",
"drive a gas guzzling car",
"use Styrofoam plates and cups",
"cultivate dogwoods and oaks"
] | D | |
arc_easy_1039 | arc_easy | <ctx>
osteoblasts ( from the greek combining forms for " bone ", οστεο -, osteo - and βλαστανω, blastano " germinate " ) are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone. however, in the process of bone formation, osteoblasts function in groups of connected cells. individual cells cannot make bone. a group of organized osteoblasts together with the bone made by a unit of cells is usually called the osteon. osteoblasts are specialized, terminally differentiated products of mesenchymal stem cells. they synthesize dense, crosslinked collagen and specialized proteins in much smaller quantities, including osteocalcin and osteopontin, which compose the organic matrix of bone. in organized groups of disconnected cells, osteoblasts produce hydroxyapatite, the bone mineral, that is deposited in a highly regulated manner, into the organic matrix forming a strong and dense mineralized tissue, the mineralized matrix. the mineralized skeleton is the main support for the bodies of air breathing vertebrates. it is also an important store of minerals for physiological homeostasis including both acid - base balance and calcium or phosphate maintenance. bone structure the skeleton is a large organ that is formed and degraded throughout life in the air - breathing vertebrates. the skeleton, often referred to as the skeletal system, is important both as a supporting structure and for maintenance of calcium, phosphate, and acid - base status in the whole organism. the functional part of bone, the bone matrix, is entirely extracellular. the bone matrix consists of protein and mineral. the protein forms the organic matrix. it is synthesized and then the mineral is added. the vast majority of the organic matrix is collagen, which provides tensile strength. the matrix is mineralized by deposition of hydroxyapatite ( alternative name, hydroxylapatite ). this mineral is hard, and provides compressive strength. thus, the collagen and mineral together are a composite material with excellent tensile and compressive strength, which can bend under a strain and recover its shape without
a bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have complex internal and external structures. they are lightweight yet strong and hard and serve multiple functions. bone tissue ( osseous tissue ), which is also called bone in the uncountable sense of that word, is hard tissue, a type of specialised connective tissue. it has a honeycomb - like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity. bone tissue is made up of different types of bone cells. osteoblasts and osteocytes are involved in the formation and mineralisation of bone ; osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue. modified ( flattened ) osteoblasts become the lining cells that form a protective layer on the bone surface. the mineralised matrix of bone tissue has an organic component of mainly collagen called ossein and an inorganic component of bone mineral made up of various salts. bone tissue is mineralized tissue of two types, cortical bone and cancellous bone. other types of tissue found in bones include bone marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage. in the human body at birth, there are approximately 300 bones present ; many of these fuse together during development, leaving a total of 206 separate bones in the adult, not counting numerous small sesamoid bones. the largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh - bone, and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear. the greek word for bone is οστεον ( " osteon " ), hence the many terms that use it as a prefix — such as osteopathy. in anatomical terminology, including the terminologia anatomica international standard, the word for a bone is os ( for example, os breve, os longum, os sesamoideum ). structure bone is not uniformly solid, but consists of a flexible matrix
osteopathy. in anatomical terminology, including the terminologia anatomica international standard, the word for a bone is os ( for example, os breve, os longum, os sesamoideum ). structure bone is not uniformly solid, but consists of a flexible matrix ( about 30 % ) and bound minerals ( about 70 % ) which are intricately woven and endlessly remodeled by a group of specialized bone cells. their unique composition and design allows bones to be relatively hard and strong, while remaining lightweight. bone matrix is 90 to 95 % composed of elastic collagen fibers, also known as ossein, and the remainder is ground substance. the elasticity of collagen improves fracture resistance. the matrix is hardened by the binding of inorganic mineral salt, calcium phosphate, in a chemical arrangement known as bone mineral, a form of calcium apatite. it is the mineralization that gives bones rigidity. bone is actively constructed and remodeled throughout life by special bone cells known as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. within any single bone, the tissue is woven into two main patterns, known as cortical and cancellous bone, each with a different appearance and characteristics. cortex the hard outer layer of bones is composed of cortical bone, which is also called compact bone as it is much denser than cancellous bone. it forms the hard exterior ( cortex ) of bones. the cortical bone gives bone its smooth, white, and solid appearance, and accounts for 80 % of the total bone mass of an adult human skeleton. it facilitates bone's main functions — to support the whole body, to protect organs, to provide levers for movement, and to store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. it consists of multiple microscopic columns, each called an osteon or haversian system. each column is multiple layers of osteoblasts and osteocytes around a central canal called the haversian canal. volkmann's canals at right angles connect the osteons together. the columns are metabolically active, and as bone is reabsorbed and created the nature and location of the cells within the osteon
( 1990 ) distinguish three cell types from osteoblast to mature osteocyte : type i preosteocyte ( osteoblastic osteocyte ), type ii preosteocyte ( osteoid osteocyte ), and type iii preosteocyte ( partially surrounded by mineral matrix ). the embedded " osteoid - osteocyte " must do two functions simultaneously : regulate mineralization and form connective dendritic processes, which requires cleavage of collagen and other matrix molecules. the transformation from motile osteoblast to entrapped osteocyte takes about three days, and during this time, the cell produces a volume of extracellular matrix three times its own cellular volume, which results in 70 % volume reduction in the mature osteocyte cell body compared to the original osteoblast volume. the cell undergoes a dramatic transformation from a polygonal shape to a cell that extends dendrites toward the mineralizing front, followed by dendrites that extend to either the vascular space or bone surface. as the osteoblast transitions to an osteocyte, alkaline phosphatase is reduced, and casein kinase ii is elevated, as is osteocalcin. osteocytes appear to be enriched in proteins that are resistant to hypoxia, which appears to be due to their embedded location and restricted oxygen supply. oxygen tension may regulate the differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes, and osteocyte hypoxia may play a role in disuse - mediated bone resorption. function although osteocytes are relatively inert cells, they are capable of molecular synthesis and modification, as well as transmission of signals over long distances, in a way similar to the nervous system. they are the most common cell type in bone ( 31, 900 per cubic millimeter in bovine bone to 93, 200 per cubic millimeter in rat bone ). most of the receptor activities that play an important role in bone function are present in the mature osteocyte. osteocytes are an important regulator of bone mass. osteocytes contain
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
What are the two main jobs of the skeletal system?
A. support and protect the body
B. digest food and carry messages for the body
C. get rid of wastes and defend the body from disease
D. sense changes in the environment and carry food through the body
Answer: | [
"support and protect the body",
"digest food and carry messages for the body",
"get rid of wastes and defend the body from disease",
"sense changes in the environment and carry food through the body"
] | A | |
openbookqa_302 | openbookqa | <ctx>
##enophases were consistently recorded over the 58 years from 1891 to 1948, and a further 14 phenophases were recorded for the 20 years between 1929 and 1948. the returns were summarised each year in the quarterly journal of the rms as the phenological reports. jeffree ( 1960 ) summarised the 58 years of data, which show that flowering dates could be as many as 21 days early and as many as 34 days late, with extreme earliness greatest in summer - flowering species, and extreme lateness in spring - flowering species. in all 25 species, the timings of all phenological events are significantly related to temperature, indicating that phenological events are likely to get earlier as climate warms. the phenological reports ended suddenly in 1948 after 58 years, and britain remained without a national recording scheme for almost 50 years, just at a time when climate change was becoming evident. during this period, individual dedicated observers made important contributions. the naturalist and author richard fitter recorded the first flowering date ( ffd ) of 557 species of british flowering plants in oxfordshire between about 1954 and 1990. writing in science in 2002, richard fitter and his son alistair fitter found that " the average ffd of 385 british plant species has advanced by 4. 5 days during the past decade compared with the previous four decades. " they note that ffd is sensitive to temperature, as is generally agreed, that " 150 to 200 species may be flowering on average 15 days earlier in britain now than in the very recent past " and that these earlier ffds will have " profound ecosystem and evolutionary consequences ". in scotland, david grisenthwaite meticulously recorded the dates he mowed his lawn since 1984. his first cut of the year was 13 days earlier in 2004 than in 1984, and his last cut was 17 days later, providing evidence for an earlier onset of spring and a warmer climate in general. national recording was resumed by tim sparks in 1998 and, from 2000, has been led by citizen science project nature's calendar, run by the woodland trust and the centre for ecology and hydrology. latest research shows that oak bud burst has advanced more than 11 days since the 19th century and that
chemicals and insecticides as well as pharmaceuticals. geography nanchang is located in inland southeastern china, south of the yangtze river and is situated on the right bank of the gan river just below its confluence with the jin river and some southwest of its discharge into poyang lake. climate nanchang has a monsoon - influenced humid subtropical climate ( koppen cfa ) with four distinct seasons. winters are short and cool with occasional frosts ; it begins somewhat sunny and dry but becomes progressively wetter and more overcast. spring begins especially gloomy, and from april to june, each month has more than of rainfall. summer is long and humid, with amongst the highest temperatures of any chinese provincial capital, and with the sun shining close to 60 percent of the time in july and august, is the sunniest time of year. autumn is warm to mild with the lowest rainfall levels of the year. the monthly 24 - hour average temperature ranges from in january to in july, while the annual mean is. annual precipitation stands at around ; with monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27 percent in march to 56 percent in august, the city receives 1, 809 hours of sunshine annually in average. extremes since 1951 have ranged from on 29 december 1991 to on 23 july 1961. demographics as of the 2020 chinese census, nanchang had a population of 6, 255, 007, of which 5, 382, 162 lived in built - up ( urbanized ) area consisting of 6 urban districts plus nanchang county largely being urbanized. 37 ethnic groups were counted amongst its prefecture divisions. administration honggutan new district ( ) is an economic management area and not a formal administrative division. economy nanchang is a regional hub for agricultural production in jiangxi province with its grain yield being 16. 146 million tons in 2000. products such as rice and oranges are economic staples. the ford motor company has a plant in nanchang, assembling the ford transit van as part of the jiangling motor joint venture. much of its industry revolves around aircraft manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, metallurgy, electro - mechanics, textile, chemical engineering, traditional chinese medicine, pharmaceuticals and others. nanchang has a rapid economic development and ranks 15th among the fastest growing 20 cities in
diurnal variations, but the modifying effect of the sea restricts the range to less than that in most other parts of the united kingdom. january is the coldest month, with mean minimum temperatures between 1 °c ( 34 °f ) and 2 °c ( 36 °f ). july and august are the warmest, with mean daily maxima around 21 °c ( 70 °f ). in general, december is the dullest month and june the sunniest. the south - west of england enjoys a favoured location, particularly in summer, when the azores high extends its influence north - eastwards towards the uk. cumulus cloud often forms inland, especially near hills, and reduces exposure to sunshine. the average annual sunshine is about 1, 600 hours. rainfall tends to be associated with atlantic depressions or with convection. in summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds, and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. average rainfall is around 800 – 900 mm ( 31 – 35 in ). about 8 – 15 days of snowfall is typical. november to march have the highest mean wind speeds, with june to august having the lightest ; the prevailing wind direction is from the south - west. a combination of the rainfall and geology leads to an estimated average daily runoff from springs and boreholes of some 330, 000 m3 ( 72 million imperial gallons ). bristol waterworks company ( now bristol water ) recognised the value of this resource and between 1846 and 1853 created a series of tunnels, pipes, and aqueducts called the " line of works ", which still carry approximately 18, 200 m3 ( 4 million imperial gallons ) of water a day to barrow gurney reservoirs for filtration and then on to bristol and the surrounding areas. this collection and conveyance of water from the chewton mendip and east and west harptree areas is accomplished by the effect of gravity on the runoff. water from the mendips is also collected in cheddar reservoir, which was constructed in the 1930s and takes water from the springs in cheddar gorge. ecology the area hosts three semi - natural habitats of national importance : ash – maple woodland ( fraxinus spp. and acer
. national recording was resumed by tim sparks in 1998 and, from 2000, has been led by citizen science project nature's calendar, run by the woodland trust and the centre for ecology and hydrology. latest research shows that oak bud burst has advanced more than 11 days since the 19th century and that resident and migrant birds are unable to keep up with this change. continental europe in europe, phenological networks are operated in several countries, e. g. germany's national meteorological service operates a very dense network with approx. 1200 observers, the majority of them on a voluntary basis. the pan european phenology ( pep ) project is a database that collects phenological data from european countries. currently 32 european meteorological services and project partners from across europe have joined and supplied data. in geneva, switzerland, the opening of the first leaf of an official chestnut tree ( a horse chestnut ) has been observed and recorded since 1818, thus forming the oldest set of records of phenological events in switzerland. this task is conducted by the secretary of the grand council of geneva ( the local parliament ), and the opening of the first leaf is announced publicly as indicating the beginning of the spring. data show a trend during the 20th century towards an opening that happens earlier and earlier. other countries there is a usa national phenology network in which both professional scientists and lay recorders participate. many other countries such as canada ( alberta plantwatch and saskatchewan plantwatch ), china and australia also have phenological programs. in eastern north america, almanacs are traditionally used for information on action phenology ( in agriculture ), taking into account the astronomical positions at the time. william felker has studied phenology in ohio, us, since 1973 and now publishes " poor will's almanack ", a phenological almanac for farmers ( not to be confused with a late 18th - century almanac by the same name ). in the amazon rainforests of south america, the timing of leaf production and abscission has been linked to rhythms in gross primary production at several sites. early in their lifespan, leaves reach a peak in their capacity for photosynthesis, and in tropical evergreen forests of some regions of
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
In a decade spring occurs
A. three times
B. twelve times
C. ten times
D. twice
Answer: | [
"three times",
"twelve times",
"ten times",
"twice"
] | C | |
medmcqa_1429 | medmcqa | <ctx>
. stem cells, on the other hand, have the ability to divide for indefinite periods and to give rise to specialized cells. they are best described in the context of normal human development. development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism. in the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical cells. in humans, approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these cells begin to specialize, forming a hollow sphere of cells, called a blastocyst. the blastocyst has an outer layer of cells, and inside this hollow sphere, there is a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass. the cells of the inner cell mass go on to form virtually all of the tissues of the human body. although the cells of the inner cell mass can form virtually every type of cell found in the human body, they cannot form an organism. these cells are referred to as pluripotent. pluripotent stem cells undergo further specialization into multipotent progenitor cells that then give rise to functional cells. examples of stem and progenitor cells include : radial glial cells ( embryonic neural stem cells ) that give rise to excitatory neurons in the fetal brain through the process of neurogenesis. hematopoietic stem cells ( adult stem cells ) from the bone marrow that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. mesenchymal stem cells ( adult stem cells ) from the bone marrow that give rise to stromal cells, fat cells, and types of bone cells epithelial stem cells ( progenitor cells ) that give rise to the various types of skin cells muscle satellite cells ( progenitor cells ) that contribute to differentiated muscle tissue. a pathway that is guided by the cell adhesion molecules consisting of four amino acids, arginine, glycine, asparagine, and serine, is created as the cellular blastomere differentiates from the single - layered blastula to the three primary layers of germ cells in mammals, namely the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoder
probability of double - hit mutant generation corresponds to purely symmetric division of scs with a large proliferation rate of border stem cells along with a small, but non - zero, proliferation rate of central stem cells. stem cell niches harboring continuously dividing cells, such as those located at the base of the intestinal gland, are maintained at small population size. this presents a challenge to the maintenance of multicellular tissues, as small populations of asexually dividing individuals will accumulate deleterious mutations through genetic drift and succumb to mutational meltdown. mathematical modeling of the intestinal gland reveals that the small population size within the stem cell niche minimizes the probability of carcinogenesis occurring anywhere, at the expense of gradually accumulated deleterious mutations throughout organismal lifetime — a process that contributes to tissue degradation and aging. therefore, the population size of the stem cell niche represents an evolutionary trade - off between the probability of cancer formation and the rate of aging. examples germline germline stem cells ( gscs ) are found in organisms that continuously produce sperm and eggs until they are sterile. these specialized stem cells reside in the gsc niche, the initial site for gamete production, which is composed of the gscs, somatic stem cells, and other somatic cells. in particular, the gsc niche is well studied in the genetic model organism drosophila melanogaster and has provided an extensive understanding of the molecular basis of stem cell regulation. gsc niche in drosophila ovaries in drosophila melanogaster, the gsc niche resides in the anterior - most region of each ovariole, known as the germarium. the gsc niche consists of necessary somatic cells - terminal filament cells, cap cells, escort cells, and other stem cells which function to maintain the gscs. the gsc niche holds on average 2 – 3 gscs, which are directly attached to somatic cap cells and escort stem cells, which send maintenance signals directly to the gscs. gscs are easily identified through histological staining against vasa protein ( to identify germ cells ) and 1b1 protein ( to outline cell structures and a germline specific fu
the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. in contrast to mitosis, meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of dna replication followed by two divisions. homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division ( meiosis i ), and sister chromatids are separated in the second division ( meiosis ii ). both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle. both are believed to be present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. prokaryotes ( i. e., archaea and bacteria ) can also undergo cell division ( or binary fission ). unlike the processes of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes, binary fission takes in prokaryotes takes place without the formation of a spindle apparatus on the cell. before binary fission, dna in the bacterium is tightly coiled. after it has uncoiled and duplicated, it is pulled to the separate poles of the bacterium as it increases the size to prepare for splitting. growth of a new cell wall begins to separate the bacterium ( triggered by ftsz polymerization and " z - ring " formation ) the new cell wall ( septum ) fully develops, resulting in the complete split of the bacterium. the new daughter cells have tightly coiled dna rods, ribosomes, and plasmids. genetics inheritance genetics is the scientific study of inheritance. mendelian inheritance, specifically, is the process by which genes and traits are passed on from parents to offspring. it has several principles. the first is that genetic characteristics, alleles, are discrete and have alternate forms ( e. g., purple vs. white or tall vs. dwarf ), each inherited from one of two parents. based on the law of dominance and uniformity, which states that some alleles are dominant while others are recessive ; an organism with at least one dominant allele will display the phenotype of that dominant allele. during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate, so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. heterozygotic individuals produce gametes with an equal frequency
inhibitors and shh. when expressed during early development, bmp's are responsible for the differentiation of epidermal cells from the ventral ectoderm. inhibitors of bmps, such as nog and chrd, promote differentiation of ectoderm cells into prospective neural tissue on the dorsal side. if any of these genes are improperly regulated, then proper formation and differentiation will not occur. bmp also plays a very important role in the patterning that occurs after the formation of the neural tube. due to the graded response the cells of the neural tube have to bmp and shh signaling, these pathways are in competition to determine the fate of preneural cells. bmp promotes dorsal differentiation of pre - neural cells into sensory neurons and shh promotes ventral differentiation into motor neurons. there are many other genes that help to determine neural fate and proper development include, reln, sox9, wnt, notch and delta coding genes, hox, and various cadherin coding genes like cdh1 and cdh2. some recent research has shown that the level of gene expression changes drastically in the brain at different periods throughout the life cycle. for example, during prenatal development the amount of mrna in the brain ( an indicator of gene expression ) is exceptionally high, and drops to a significantly lower level not long after birth. the only other point of the life cycle during which expression is this high is during the mid - to late - life period, during 50 – 70 years of age. while the increased expression during the prenatal period can be explained by the rapid growth and formation of the brain tissue, the reason behind the surge of late - life expression remains a topic of ongoing research. current research neurogenetics is a field that is rapidly expanding and growing. the current areas of research are very diverse in their focuses. one area deals with molecular processes and the function of certain proteins, often in conjunction with cell signaling and neurotransmitter release, cell development and repair, or neuronal plasticity. behavioral and cognitive areas of research continue to expand in an effort to pinpoint contributing genetic factors. as a result of the expanding neurogenetics field a better
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The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Why fetal cells continue to divide but terminally differentiated adult cells do not divide -
A. There are many cyclin inhibitors which prevent cell to enter into S phase in adult
B. Phosphatase absent in fetal cells
C. Proteinase is absent in fetus
D. Absence of CD kinase
Answer: | [
"There are many cyclin inhibitors which prevent cell to enter into S phase in adult",
"Phosphatase absent in fetal cells",
"Proteinase is absent in fetus",
"Absence of CD kinase"
] | A | A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein is a protein which inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase. Several function as tumor suppressor genes. Cell cycle progression is negatively controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors (called CDIs, CKIs or CDKIs). CDIs are involved in cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. |
medmcqa_3016 | medmcqa | <ctx>
falls during the rainy season ( october to april ). while water resources are quite abundant in sumatra, kalimantan, sulawesi, maluku and irian, water shortages occur during the dry season in parts of java, bali and the lesser sunda islands. in particular in java, the dry season flows are inadequate to meet the demand, leading to irrigation shortages. irrigation accounts for 93 % of water use. the total storage capacity amounts to only 5 – 6 % of the river flows. construction of reservoirs is constrained by lack of good reservoir sites, high density of population at possible reservoir sites and expected short reservoir lifetimes due to siltation. groundwater potential in indonesia is very limited. however, much of the eastern islands depend on groundwater because of surface water scarcity. groundwater overexploitation occurs in heavily populated coastal areas of java, including in jakarta and semarang. in jakarta, it has caused seawater intrusion up to from the coast and land subsidence at a rate of 2 – 34 cm / year in east jakarta. in semarang, land subsidence occurs at a rate of 9 cm / year. water utilities abstract water from rivers and lakes ( 60 % ), springs ( 25 % ) and groundwater ( 15 % ). for example, the main water source for jakarta is the jatiluhur dam on the citarum river southeast of the city. for those who are self - supplied or receive water from community - based organizations, shallow groundwater and springs are by far the main sources of water on most islands. on sumatra and irian, however, rainwater harvesting is also an important water source. pollution domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and mismanaged solid waste are polluting surface and groundwater, especially in java. indonesia ranks among the worst countries in asia in sewerage and sanitation coverage. few indonesian cities possess even minimal sanitation systems. the absence of an established sanitation network forces many households to rely upon private septic tanks or to dispose of their waste directly into rivers and canals. the commonality of the latter practice, together with the prevalence of polluted shallow wells used for drinking water supply in urban areas, has led to repeated epidemics of gas
surface water is water located on top of land, forming terrestrial ( surrounding by land on all sides ) waterbodies, and may also be referred to as blue water, opposed to the seawater and waterbodies like the ocean. the vast majority of surface water is produced by precipitation. as the climate warms in the spring, snowmelt runs off towards nearby streams and rivers contributing towards a large portion of human drinking water. levels of surface water lessen as a result of evaporation as well as water moving into the ground becoming ground - water. alongside being used for drinking water, surface water is also used for irrigation, wastewater treatment, livestock, industrial uses, hydropower, and recreation. for usgs water - use reports, surface water is considered freshwater when it contains less than 1, 000 milligrams per liter ( mg / l ) of dissolved solids. there are three major types of surface water. permanent ( perennial ) surface waters are present year round, and includes lakes, rivers and wetlands ( marshes and swamps ). semi - permanent ( ephemeral ) surface water refers to bodies of water that are only present at certain times of the year including seasonally dry channels such as creeks, lagoons and waterholes. human - made surface water is water that can be continued by infrastructures that humans have assembled. this would be dammed artificial lakes, canals and artificial ponds ( e. g. garden ponds ) or swamps. the surface water held by dams can be used for renewable energy in the form of hydropower. hydropower is the forcing of surface water sourced from rivers and streams to produce energy. measurement surface water can be measured as annual runoff. this includes the amount of rain and snowmelt drainage left after the uptake of nature, evaporation from land, and transpiration from vegetation. in areas such as california, the california water science center records the flow of surface water and annual runoff by utilizing a network of approximately 500 stream gages collecting real time data from all across the state. this then contributes to the 8, 000 stream gage stations that are overseen by the usgs national stream gage record. this in turn has provided to date records and documents of water data over the years.
( 6 ) ; the supply reservoir, which is physically closest to the compressor, is also called a wet tank because the majority of oil and water from the compressor gather here. a second, downstream reservoir is called the service reservoir, and forms the primary source for brake operation. the supply and service reservoirs are sized to allow several service brake applications if the compressor fails or the engine stops. from the service reservoir, compressed air is then distributed via a four - way protection valve ( 5 ) into the primary reservoir ( rear brake reservoir ) and the secondary reservoir ( front / trailer - brake reservoir ), a parking - brake reservoir, and an auxiliary air supply distribution point. the supply system also includes various check, pressure limiting, drain and safety valves. control system the control system is further divided into two service brake - circuits, the parking brake - circuit, and the trailer brake - circuit. the dual - service brake circuits are further split into front - and rear - wheel circuits which receive compressed air from their individual supply reservoirs for added safety in case of an air leak. the service brakes are applied by means of a brake pedal air valve ( 9 ) which regulates both circuits. depressing the brake pedal allows compressed air stored in the respective supply reservoirs to enter each service brake chamber ( 10 ) and ( 12 ), causing the service brakes to actuate. releasing the brake pedal disconnects the supply reservoirs ; a brake return spring forces the service brakes to release, and the compressed air that was used to actuate the service brakes is exhausted to the atmosphere. repeated application of the service brakes will deplete the air reservoir pressure, prompting the governor to load the compressor again. relay valve ( s ) are used to improve brake response with long lines. routing the lines for the rear and trailer service brakes through the brake pedal air valve could result in unacceptably slow actuation, so these brakes are plumbed directly to the service reservoir through a local relay valve ( 11 ) and the line from the brake pedal air valve is used to actuate the relay valve instead of the service brakes. similarly, quick - release valve ( s ) are located close to their respective brakes and allow the air to be exhausted more quickly when the brakes are released.
1996 estimated that world reserves are adequate for at least 50 years. a similar prediction for platinum use in fuel cells notes that the metal could be easily recycled. phosphorus phosphorus supplies are essential to farming and depletion of reserves is estimated at somewhere from 60 to 130 years. individual countries supplies vary widely ; without a recycling initiative america's supply is estimated around 30 years. phosphorus supplies affect total agricultural output which in turn limits alternative fuels such as biodiesel and ethanol. peak water hubbert's original analysis did not apply to renewable resources. however over - exploitation often results in a hubbert peak nonetheless. a modified hubbert curve applies to any resource that can be harvested faster than it can be replaced. for example, a reserve such as the ogallala aquifer can be mined at a rate that far exceeds replenishment. this turns much of the world's underground water and lakes into finite resources with peak usage debates similar to oil. these debates usually center around agriculture and suburban water usage but generation of electricity from nuclear energy or coal and tar sands mining mentioned above is also water resource intensive. the term fossil water is sometimes used to describe aquifers whose water is not being recharged. renewable resources fisheries : at least one researcher has attempted to perform hubbert linearization ( hubbert curve ) on the whaling industry, as well as charting the transparently dependent price of caviar on sturgeon depletion. another example is the cod of the north sea. the comparison of the cases of fisheries and of mineral extraction tells us that the human pressure on the environment is causing a wide range of resources to go through a depletion cycle which follows a hubbert curve. sustainability gaps sustainability measurements and indicators are part of an ever - evolving and changing process and has various gaps to be filled to achieve an integrated framework and model. the following are some of the breaks in continuity : global indicators - due to differences in social, economical, and environmental conditions of countries, each country has its own indicators and indexes to measure sustainability, which can lead to improper and varying interpretation at the global level. hence, there common indexes and measuring parameters would allow comparisons among countries. in agriculture, comparable indicators are already in use
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The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Man is the only reservoir for
A. Salmonella
B. Campylobacter jejuni
C. E. histolytica
D. Y. enterocolitica
Answer: | [
"Salmonella",
"Campylobacter jejuni",
"E. histolytica",
"Y. enterocolitica"
] | C | Entamoeba histolytica is predominantly found in primates (including humans) and occasionally in dogs, cats, cattle and pigs.
The parasite has a worldwide distribution and is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries.
Salmonella - The most common are animal reservoirs are chickens, turkeys, pigs, and cows; dozens of other domestic and wild animals also harbor these organisms.
Campylobacter jejuni - C. jejuni is carried by most of these animal reservoirs and is the predominant species isolated from chickens and cattle.
Y. Enterocolitica - dogs, sheep, wild rodents, and environmental water may also be a reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains.
Ref : http://parasite.org.au/para-site/text/entamoeba-text.html#:~:text=Host%20range%3A%20Entamoeba%20histolytica%20is,in%20tropical%20and%20subtropical%20countries |
aquarat_964 | aquarat | <ctx>
##2261917482286102 x4 - 13392499389128176685 x3 + 16875252458877684989 x2 + 3759900174855208738 x1 - 46769930553931905995 which has a root of 12574411168418005980468 modulo rsa - 130. rsa - 140 rsa - 140 has 140 decimal digits ( 463 bits ), and was factored on february 2, 1999, by a team led by herman te riele and composed of stefania cavallar, bruce dodson, arjen k. lenstra, paul leyland, walter lioen, peter l. montgomery, brian murphy and paul zimmermann. the value and factorization are as follows : rsa - 140 = rsa - 140 = 3398717423028438554530123627613875835633986495969597423490929302771479 × 6264200187401285096151654948264442219302037178623509019111660653946049 the factorization was found using the number field sieve algorithm and an estimated 2000 mips - years of computing time. rsa - 150 rsa - 150 has 150 decimal digits ( 496 bits ), and was withdrawn from the challenge by rsa security. rsa - 150 was eventually factored into two 75 - digit primes by aoki et al. in 2004 using the general number field sieve ( gnfs ), years after bigger rsa numbers that were still part of the challenge had been solved. the value and factorization are as follows : rsa - 150 = rsa - 150 = 348009867102283695483970451047593424831012817350385456889559637548278410717 × 4456
all the digits have been used, write " 00 " ) and write them to the right of the remainder from the previous step ( on the first step, there will be no remainder ). in other words, multiply the remainder by 100 and add the two digits. this will be the current value c. find p, y and x, as follows : let p be the part of the root found so far, ignoring any decimal point. ( for the first step, p = 0. ) determine the greatest digit x such that. we will use a new variable y = x ( 20p + x ). note : 20p + x is simply twice p, with the digit x appended to the right. note : x can be found by guessing what c / ( 20 · p ) is and doing a trial calculation of y, then adjusting x upward or downward as necessary. place the digit as the next digit of the root, i. e., above the two digits of the square you just brought down. thus the next p will be the old p times 10 plus x. subtract y from c to form a new remainder. if the remainder is zero and there are no more digits to bring down, then the algorithm has terminated. otherwise go back to step 1 for another iteration. examples find the square root of 152. 2756. 1 2. 3 4 / \ / 01 52. 27 56 01 1 * 1 < = 1 < 2 * 2 x = 1 01 y = x * x = 1 * 1 = 1 00 52 22 * 2 < = 52 < 23 * 3 x = 2 00 44 y = ( 20 + x ) * x = 22 * 2 = 44 08 27 243 * 3 < = 827 < 244 * 4 x = 3 07 29 y = ( 240 + x ) * x = 243 * 3 = 729 98 56 2464 * 4 < = 9856 < 2465 * 5 x = 4 98 56 y = ( 2460 + x ) * x = 2464 * 4 = 9856 00 00 algorithm terminates : answer = 12. 34 binary numeral system ( base 2 ) this section uses the formalism from the digit - by - digit calculation
##662855699269624207451365738384255497823390996283918 3287667419172988072221996532403300258906083211160744508191024837057033 rsa - 460 rsa - 460 has 460 decimal digits ( 1, 526 bits ), and has not been factored so far. rsa - 460 = 1786856020404004433262103789212844585886400086993882955081051578507634807524 1464078819812169681394445771476334608488687746254318292828603396149562623036 3564554675355258128655971003201417831521222464468666642766044146641933788836 8932452217321354860484353296131403821175862890998598653858373835628654351880 4806362231643082386848731052350115776715521149453708868428108303016983133390 0416365515466857004900847501644808076825638918266848964153626486460448430073 4909 rsa - 1536 rsa - 1536 has 463 decimal digits ( 1, 536 bits ), and has not been factored so far. $ 150, 000 was previously offered for successful factorization. rsa - 1536 = 1847699703211741474306835620200164403018
##0 = d. then γ an integer and γ = 1 γ ≤ 0 the value of is. to begin with, we shall simplify matters by concentrating a particular value of and generalise the result at a later stage. we shall use the value. the indicial equation has a root at, and we see from the recurrence relation that when that that denominator has a factor which vanishes when. in this case, a solution can be obtained by putting where is a constant. with this substitution, the coefficients of vanish when and. the factor of in the denominator of the recurrence relation cancels with that of the numerator when. hence, our solution takes the form if we start the summation at rather than we see that the result ( as we have written it ) generalises easily. for, with then obviously, if, then. the expression for we have just given looks a little inelegant since we have a multiplicative constant apart from the usual arbitrary multiplicative constant. later, we shall see that we can recast things in such a way that this extra constant never appears the other root to the indicial equation is, but this gives us ( apart from a multiplicative constant ) the same result as found using. this means we must take the partial derivative ( w. r. t. ) of the usual trial solution in order to find a second independent solution. if we define the linear operator as then since in our case, ( we insist that. ) taking the partial derivative w. r. t, note that we must evaluate the partial derivative at ( and not at the other root ). otherwise the right hand side is non - zero in the above, and we do not have a solution of. the factor is not cancelled for and. this part of the second independent solution is now we can turn our attention to the terms where the factor cancels. first after this, the recurrence relations give us so, if we have we need the partial derivatives similarly, we can write and it becomes clear that for here, is the th partial sum of the harmonic series, and by definition and. putting these together, for the case we
</ctx>
The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM.
Find the value of
(10)150÷(10)146
A. A)10
B. B)100
C. C)1000
D. D)10000
Answer: | [
"A)10",
"B)100",
"C)1000",
"D)10000"
] | D | Explanation:
=(10)150/(10)146=10(4)=10000
Option D |
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