text stringlengths 2 3.56k | source stringclasses 726
values |
|---|---|
Menter's Shear Stress Transport turbulence model, or SST, is a widely used and robust two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence model used in Computational Fluid Dynamics. The model combines the k-omega turbulence model and K-epsilon turbulence model such that the k-omega is used in the inner region of the boundary layer ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The valve is connected to the incoming water supply, and is opened and closed by the lever which has the float mounted on the end. When the water level rises, the float rises with it; once it rises to a pre-set level, the mechanism forces the lever to close the valve and shut off the water flow. This is an example of n... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Phonon drag is an increase in the effective mass of conduction electrons or valence holes due to interactions with the crystal lattice in which the electron moves. As an electron moves past atoms in the lattice its charge distorts or polarizes the nearby lattice. This effect leads to a decrease in the electron (or hole... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In NMOS-type devices, the zone beneath the gate oxide is a thin n-type inversion layer on the surface of the p-type semiconductor substrate. It is induced by the oxide electric field from the applied gate voltage VG. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The Mott–Schottky equation relates the capacitance to the applied voltage across a semiconductor-electrolyte junction. 1 C 2 = 2 ϵ ϵ 0 A 2 e N d ( V − V f b − k B T e ) {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{C^{2}}}={\frac {2}{\epsilon \epsilon _{0}A^{2}eN_{d}}}(V-V_{fb}-{\frac {k_{B}T}{e}})} where C {\displaystyle C} is the differ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In comparison, a semiconductor in high injection means that the number of generated carriers is large compared to the background doping density of the material. In this condition minority carrier recombination rates are proportional to the number of carriers squared. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A Schottky barrier, named after Walter H. Schottky, is a potential energy barrier for electrons formed at a metal–semiconductor junction. Schottky barriers have rectifying characteristics, suitable for use as a diode. One of the primary characteristics of a Schottky barrier is the Schottky barrier height, denoted by ΦB... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Indium arsenide, InAs, or indium monoarsenide, is a narrow-bandgap semiconductor composed of indium and arsenic. It has the appearance of grey cubic crystals with a melting point of 942 °C.Indium arsenide is similar in properties to gallium arsenide and is a direct bandgap material, with a bandgap of 0.35 eV at room te... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Industrial electric arc furnace temperatures can reach 1,800 °C (3,300 °F), while laboratory units can exceed 3,000 °C (5,400 °F). In electric arc furnaces, the charged material (the material entered into the furnace for heating, not to be confused with electric charge) is directly exposed to an electric arc, and the c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In solar thermal collectors, a selective surface or selective absorber is a means of increasing its operation temperature and/or efficiency. The selectivity is defined as the ratio of solar radiation absorption (αsol) to thermal infrared radiation emission (εtherm). Selective surfaces take advantage of the differing wa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
SAFE AIR (Simulation of Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions) is an advanced atmospheric pollution dispersion model for calculating concentrations of atmospheric pollutants emitted both continuously or intermittently from point, line, volume and area sources. It adopts an integrated Gaussian puff mo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A Cyclonic Flow Meter is a meter designed to measure the flow rate of a fluid (or gas) within a cylindrical chamber without a differential pressure directly across the rotating member, and without the use of any bearing (such as in a Turbine meter or Paddle wheel). The ring rotates in a "dead end" of the fluid flow, at... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Partial pressure blending at constant temperature is computationally simple, and pressure measurement is relatively inexpensive, but maintaining constant temperature during pressure changes requires significant delays for temperature equalization. Blending by mass fraction is unaffected by temperature variation during ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Uterine inversion is when the uterus turns inside out, usually following childbirth. Symptoms include postpartum bleeding, abdominal pain, a mass in the vagina, and low blood pressure. Rarely inversion may occur not in association with pregnancy.Risk factors include pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tetraethylammonium trichloride (also known as Mioskowski reagent) is a chemical compound with the formula consisting of a tetraethylammonium cation and a trichloride as anion. The trichloride is also known as trichlorine monoanion representing one of the simplest polychlorine anions. Tetraethylammonium trichloride is ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Behentrimonium chloride, also known as docosyltrimethylammonium chloride or BTAC-228, is a yellow waxlike organic compound with chemical formula CH3(CH2)21N(Cl)(CH3)3, used as an antistatic agent and, sometimes, a disinfectant. It is commonly found in cosmetics such as conditioners, hair dye, and mousse, and also in de... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
This definition also precisely related the Celsius scale to the scale of the kelvin, the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, is defined as being exactly 0 K and −273.15 °C. Until 19 May 2019, the temperature of the triple point of water was defined as... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The most commonly occurring vibration frequency of calibrators is 159.2 Hz, which is equivalent to a radian frequency of 1000 rad/s. The vibration displacement, velocity and acceleration of sinusoidal signals are connected with each other through the factor of the radian frequency. Advantageously, at 1000 rad/s the num... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hundreds of factors are involved in the lunitidal interval, especially near the shoreline. However, for those far away enough from the coast, the dominating consideration is the speed of gravity waves, which increases with the water's depth. (It is proportional to the square root of the depth, for the extremely long gr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
This method is fairly accurate for non-condensable gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen. However, condensable gases, such as water vapour, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and pump-oil vapors may be in gaseous form in the low pressure of the vacuum chamber, but will condense when compressed by the McLeod gauge. The result is an ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
: Sect.3 Divers need to be aware of the remaining gas available, so a submersible pressure gauge is fitted to each diving cylinder to indicate the remaining gas pressure, and the cylinder is clearly labelled to indicate the gas mixture. The amount of available gas remaining can be calculated from the cylinder pressure,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, the conductor is a measurement of how far apart a commutative ring and an extension ring are. Most often, the larger ring is a domain integrally closed in its field of fractions, and then the conductor measures the failure of the smaller ring to be integrally closed. The conduct... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Smaller capacity lead-cooled fast reactors (such as SSTAR) can be cooled by natural convection, while larger designs (such as ELSY) use forced circulation in normal power operation, but will employ natural circulation emergency cooling. No operator interference is required, nor pumping of any kind to cool the residual ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The method can also be used to separate fine droplets of liquid from a gaseous stream. A high speed rotating (air)flow is established within a cylindrical or conical container called a cyclone. Air flows in a helical pattern, beginning at the top (wide end) of the cyclone and ending at the bottom (narrow) end before ex... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Roof pitch is the steepness of a roof expressed as a ratio of inch(es) rise per horizontal foot (or their metric equivalent), or as the angle in degrees its surface deviates from the horizontal. A flat roof has a pitch of zero in either instance; all other roofs are pitched. A roof that rises 3 inches per foot, for exa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A roughing pump is any vacuum pump (typically mechanical) used to initially evacuate a vacuum system, as a first stage towards achieving high vacuum or ultra high vacuum. The term "roughing pump" derives from the vacuum range it works in, "rough vacuum", above 1x10−3 torr (0.1 Pa). Pumps that operate in the high vacuum... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chalcanthite (from Ancient Greek χάλκανθον (khálkanthon), from χαλκός (khalkós) 'copper', and ἄνθος (ánthos) 'flower, bloom') is a richly colored blue-green water-soluble sulfate mineral CuSO4·5H2O. It is commonly found in the late-stage oxidation zones of copper deposits. Due to its ready solubility, chalcanthite is m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
It has a relatively high specific gravity of 6.1, imperfect cleavage and is brittle to conchoidal fracture. The luster is sub-metallic to brilliant adamantine. The "chalcotrichite" (from Ancient Greek: χαλκός θρίξ τριχός, "plush copper ore") variety typically shows greatly elongated (parallel to ) capillary or needle l... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The Szyszkowski Equation has been used by Meissner and Michaels to describe the decrease in surface tension of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids, alcohols and esters at varying mole fractions. It describes the exponential decrease of the surface tension at low concentrations reasonably but should be used only at co... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Specific and general catalysis is also found in base catalysed reactions and base Brønsted equation also exists with constant β. The Brønsted equation gives information about a reaction mechanism. Reactions that have low values for proportionality constants α or β are considered to have a transition state closely resem... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A material's half-value layer (HVL), or half-value thickness, is the thickness of the material at which the intensity of radiation entering it is reduced by one half. HVL can also be expressed in terms of air kerma rate (AKR), rather than intensity: the half-value layer is the thickness of specified material that, "att... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
It is an odd function, as (−n)3 = −(n3).The volume of a geometric cube is the cube of its side length, giving rise to the name. The inverse operation that consists of finding a number whose cube is n is called extracting the cube root of n. It determines the side of the cube of a given volume. It is also n raised to th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A unit cube, more formally a cube of side 1, is a cube whose sides are 1 unit long. The volume of a 3-dimensional unit cube is 1 cubic unit, and its total surface area is 6 square units. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Abrams' law (also called Abrams' water-cement ratio law) is a concept in civil engineering. The law states the strength of a concrete mix is inversely related to the mass ratio of water to cement. As the water content increases, the strength of concrete decreases. Abrams’ law is a special case of a general rule formula... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mortar is a workable paste which hardens to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units, to fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, spread the weight of them evenly, and sometimes to add decorative colors or patterns to masonry walls. In its broadest sense, mortar includes pitch, asph... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The Grms value is typically used to express the overall energy of a particular random vibration event and is a statistical value used in mechanical engineering for structural design and analysis purposes. While the term power spectral density (PSD) is commonly used to specify a random vibration event, ASD is more appro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Risk measures, such as core damage frequency and large early release frequency (LERF), determine the risk criteria for such changes. This risk analysis allows decision making of any changes within a nuclear power plant in accordance with legislation, safety margins, and performance strategies. A 2003 study commissioned... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Knudsen diffusion occurs when the particle interacts with the pore walls more than it does with other particles due to the large free path and narrow pores. Constrictivity, on the other hand, depends on the influence of the pore walls on the fluid filling the pores. There are a number of empirical formulas used to esti... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A plate column (or tray column) is a chemical equipment used to carry out unit operations where it is necessary to transfer mass between a liquid phase and a gas phase. In other words, it is a particular gas-liquid contactor. The peculiarity of this gas-liquid contactor is that the gas comes in contact with liquid thro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Distillation Design is a book which provides complete coverage of the design of industrial distillation columns for the petroleum refining, chemical and petrochemical plants, natural gas processing, pharmaceutical, food and alcohol distilling industries. It has been a classical chemical engineering textbook since it wa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
It can be shown that the impurity profile of the mother liquors, at moderate recycle levels (i.e. when x>1), quickly reaches a steady state according to (1 − xn +1)/(1 − x), where n is the number of times the process is operated and x is the fraction of mother liquors recycled (Fig. 1). The aforementioned approach is i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A rotary dryer is a type of industrial dryer used to reduce or minimize the moisture content of the material it is handling by bringing it into contact with a heated gas. The dryer is made up of a rotating cylinder ("drum" or "shell"), a drive mechanism, and a support structure (commonly concrete posts or a steel frame... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Industrial dryers are used to efficiently process large quantities of bulk materials that need reduced moisture levels. Depending on the amount and the makeup of material needing to be dried, industrial dryers come in many different models constructed specifically for the type and quantity of material to be processed. ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In fluid dynamics, the Schmidt number (denoted Sc) of a fluid is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) and mass diffusivity, and it is used to characterize fluid flows in which there are simultaneous momentum and mass diffusion convection processes. It was named after... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The walls vary in size, a few being upwards of 12 feet (3.7 m) high, and are so broad that they present the appearance of embankments. Weak parts of the defence are strengthened by double or triple walls, and occasionally vast lines of ramparts, composed of large blocks of unhewn and unvitrified stones, envelop the vit... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Rolling cone motion is the rolling motion generated by a cone rolling over another cone. In rolling cone motion, at least one of the cones is convex, while the other cone may be either convex, or concave, or a flat surface (a flat surface can be regarded as a special case of a cone whose apex angle equals π {\displayst... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Seventeen isotopes are known; the most stable is 258Md with half-life 51 days; however, the shorter-lived 256Md (half-life 1.17 hours) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale. Mendelevium was discovered by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles in 1955, the method still used... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The device uses the interaction of gamma radiation with matter to measure density, either through direct transmission or the "backscatter" method. The device determines the density of material by counting the number of photons emitted by a radioactive source (cesium-137) that are read by the detector tubes in the gauge... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Neutron radiation with energies of 40 keV to greater than 35 MeV has a dose measurement range from 20 mrem to 25 rem. In diagnostic imaging, the increased sensitivity of the OSL dosimeter makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers.To carry out OSL dating, mine... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The r-process therefore must occur in locations where there exists a high density of free neutrons. Early studies theorized that 1024 free neutrons per cm3 would be required, for temperatures about 1 GK, in order to match the waiting points, at which no more neutrons can be captured, with the mass numbers of the abunda... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The strontium unit is a unit used to measure the amount of radioactivity from strontium-90, a radionuclide found in nuclear fallout, in a subject's body. Since the human body absorbs strontium as if it were calcium, incorporating it into the skeleton, its presence is very common. One strontium unit is equal to one pico... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Strontium-89 is an artificial radioisotope used in treatment of bone cancer; this application utilizes its chemical similarity to calcium, which allows it to substitute calcium in bone structures. In circumstances where cancer patients have widespread and painful bony metastases, the administration of 89Sr results in t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
When PAOs grow they not only consume phosphorus for cellular components but also accumulate large quantities of polyphosphate within their cells. Thus, the phosphorus fraction of phosphorus accumulating biomass is 5-7%. In mixed bacterial cultures the phosphorus content will be maximal 3 - 4 % on total organic mass. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The sample is continuously irradiated with a beam of neutrons. The constituent elements of the sample absorb some of these neutrons and emit prompt gamma rays which are measured with a gamma ray spectrometer. The energies of these gamma rays identify the neutron-capturing elements, while the intensities of the peaks at... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The Coulomb barrier, named after Coulomb's law, which is in turn named after physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, is the energy barrier due to electrostatic interaction that two nuclei need to overcome so they can get close enough to undergo a nuclear reaction. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
As a linear and symmetric molecule, it has D∞h symmetry, with a nitrogen–nitrogen bond length averaging 1.8115 Å. The first excited electronic state, A2Σu, is 4.56 eV above the ground state.The cyclic form was identified in 2003 by N. Hansen and A. M. Wodtke using ultraviolet photolysis of chlorine azide. Although the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
These are medium voltage circuits, usually 600–35000 V. From the transformer, power goes to the busbar that can split the distribution power off in multiple directions. The bus distributes power to distribution lines, which fan out to customers.Urban distribution is mainly underground, sometimes in common utility ducts... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The content of 42Ar (half-life 33 years) in the Earth's atmosphere is lower than 6×10−21 parts per part of 36, 38, 40Ar. Many endeavors require argon depleted in the cosmogenic isotopes, known as depleted argon. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Similarly, the ratio of the three isotopes 36Ar:38Ar:40Ar in the atmospheres of the outer planets is measured to be 8400:1600:1.In the Earth's atmosphere, radioactive 39Ar (half-life 268(8) years) is made by cosmic ray activity, primarily from 40Ar. In the subsurface environment, it is also produced through neutron cap... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
High-voltage transformer fire barriers, also known as transformer firewalls, transformer ballistic firewalls, or transformer blast walls, are outdoor countermeasures against a fire or exposion involving a single transformer from damaging adjacent transformers. These barriers compartmentalize transformer fires and explo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
and +/- 600 kV d.c. IEC 60896 Stationary lead-acid batteries IEC 60897 Methods for the determination of the lightning breakdown voltage of insulating liquids IEC 60898 Electrical accessories – Circuit-breakers for overcurrent protection for household and similar installations IEC TS 60899 Sampling rate and source encod... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In contrast to graphite intercalation compounds it is a covalent graphite compound. Carbon is stable in a fluorine atmosphere up to about 400 °C, but between 420-600 °C a reaction takes place to give substoichiometric carbon monofluoride, CF0.68 appearing dark grey. With increasing temperature and fluorine pressure sto... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
As with all aircraft, hot air balloons cannot fly beyond the atmosphere. The envelope does not have to be sealed at the bottom, since the air inside the envelope is at about the same pressure as the surrounding air. In modern sport balloons the envelope is generally made from nylon fabric, and the inlet of the balloon ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
ASTM A992 steel is a structural steel alloy often used in the US for steel wide-flange and I beams. Like other carbon steels, the density of ASTM A992 steel is approximately 7850 kg/m3 (0.2836 lb/in3). ASTM A992 steel has the following minimum mechanical properties, according to ASTM specification A992/A992M. Tensile y... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The acoustic pressure in a cylindrical duct can be expressed as the superposition of duct modes: p = ∑ α i ϕ i {\displaystyle p=\sum \alpha _{i}\phi _{i}} where α i {\displaystyle \alpha _{i}} is the participation factor or modal amplitude and ϕ i {\displaystyle \phi _{i}} is the mode shape. The duct mode shape are ana... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Maltose phosphorylase (MP) is a dimeric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of maltose and inorganic phosphate into beta-D-glucose-1-phosphate and glucose. It consists of three structural domains. The C-terminal domain forms a two layered jelly roll motif. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glycogen phosphorylase is one of the phosphorylase enzymes (EC 2.4.1.1). Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. Glycogen phosphorylase is also studied as a model protein regulated by both reversib... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In particle physics, a rho meson is a short-lived hadronic particle that is an isospin triplet whose three states are denoted as ρ+, ρ0 and ρ−. Along with pions and omega mesons, the rho meson carries the nuclear force within the atomic nucleus. After the pions and kaons, the rho mesons are the lightest strongly intera... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The test measures: pile length, or depth to anomalies pile head stiffness pile shaft mobility, which is dependent on pile section and concrete propertiesThe software also produces computer simulations and impedance profiles of the test result, to analyse in detail any intermediate pile shaft responses. The TDR test req... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
When complete its designed height will be 954 ft (291 m). Wasted rock from the coal mining process is used as the dam filler. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Drag forces on the roof and sides. These destabilizing forces are resisted essentially by the weight of the building and in this regard, the foundations contribute significantly to this weight. The foundations are regarded as the building's anchors. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In spite of the fact that the rotational components may significantly affect the seismic behavior of structures, their influence is not currently considered in most modern design codes, which the main reasons of this ignorance may be attributed to: (1) lack of sufficient recorded data on the rotational accelerations; (... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The mercury-in-glass or mercury thermometer is a type of thermometer that was invented by physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam (1714). It consists of a bulb containing mercury attached to a glass tube of narrow diameter; the volume of mercury in the tube is much less than the volume in the bulb. The volume ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The SI unit of speed is the metre per second (m/s), but the most common unit of speed in everyday usage is the kilometre per hour (km/h) or, in the US and the UK, miles per hour (mph). For air and marine travel, the knot is commonly used. The fastest possible speed at which energy or information can travel, according t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In optics, the numerical aperture (NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light. By incorporating index of refraction in its definition, NA has the property that it is constant for a beam as it goes from one material to another,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Optical units are dimensionless units of length used in optical microscopy. They are used to express distances in terms of the numerical aperture of the system and the wavelength of the light used for observation. Using these units allows comparison of the properties of different microscopes. For example, the diameter ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The lumen (symbol: lm) is the unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total quantity of visible light emitted by a source per unit of time, in the International System of Units (SI). Luminous flux differs from power (radiant flux) in that radiant flux includes all electromagnetic waves emitted, while luminous flux is w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than other types of electric lighting. Less than 5% of the energy they consume is converted into visible light; the rest is lost as heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb for 120 V operation is 16 lumens per watt (lm/W), compared with 60 lm/W for a compact ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Since the voltage is directly proportional to the incoming radiation, it can be directly related to the irradiation power (see section 2.1). Unlike photodiodes, thermopile sensors can be used for a broad spectrum of wavelengths ranging from UV to MIR (depending on the characteristics of the absorption coating at differ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
If one or both of these end mirrors are replaced with a diffraction grating, the structure is then known as a DBR laser (distributed Bragg reflector). These longitudinal diffraction-grating mirrors reflect the light back in the cavity, very much like a multi-layer mirror coating. The diffraction-grating mirrors tend to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gap loss is a type of signal strength loss that occurs in fiber optic transmission when the signal is transferred from one section of fiber or cable to another.The three basic types of gap loss are angular misalignment loss, lateral offset loss, and longitudinal displacement loss. The losses tend to be proportional to ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
As an example, two fibers coupled end-to-end may not be precisely aligned, with the result that the two cores overlap somewhat. Light exiting the source fiber at a portion of its core that is not aligned with the core of the receiving fiber will not (in general) be coupled into the second fiber. While some such light w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
An air separation plant separates atmospheric air into its primary components, typically nitrogen and oxygen, and sometimes also argon and other rare inert gases. The most common method for air separation is fractional distillation. Cryogenic air separation units (ASUs) are built to provide nitrogen or oxygen and often... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
{\displaystyle \omega _{r}=0,\quad \omega _{\theta }=0,\quad \omega _{z}={\begin{cases}2\Omega &r\leq a,\\0&r>a\end{cases}}.} At all points inside the core of the Rankine vortex, the vorticity is uniform at twice the angular velocity of the core; whereas vorticity is zero at all points outside the core because the flow... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The velocity components ( v r , v θ , v z ) {\displaystyle (v_{r},v_{\theta },v_{z})} of the Rankine vortex, expressed in terms of the cylindrical-coordinate system ( r , θ , z ) {\displaystyle (r,\theta ,z)} are given by v r = 0 , v θ ( r ) = Γ 2 π { r / a 2 r ≤ a , 1 / r r > a , v z = 0 {\displaystyle v_{r}=0,\quad v... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The centre of the submerged part of the hull acts as an upward force on the vertical centreline, and so these two forces have to be balanced with the sea at the waterline of the ship when it is at rest. By looking at the various weights, distributions and contributing factors that may effect its buoyancy, remedies can ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In chemical thermodynamics, activity (symbol a) is a measure of the "effective concentration" of a species in a mixture, in the sense that the species' chemical potential depends on the activity of a real solution in the same way that it would depend on concentration for an ideal solution. The term "activity" in this s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Dimethyl sulfate (DMS) is a chemical compound with formula (CH3O)2SO2. As the diester of methanol and sulfuric acid, its formula is often written as (CH3)2SO4 or Me2SO4, where CH3 or Me is methyl. Me2SO4 is mainly used as a methylating agent in organic synthesis. Me2SO4 is a colourless oily liquid with a slight onion-l... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
For example, 10% oleum can also be expressed as H2SO4·0.13611SO3, 1.13611SO3·H2O or 102.25% sulfuric acid. The conversion between % acid and % oleum is: % acid = 100 + 18/80 × % oleum For x = 1 and y = 2 the empirical formula H2S2O7 for disulfuric (pyrosulfuric) acid is obtained. Pure disulfuric acid is a solid at room... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In electrochemistry, overpotential is the potential difference (voltage) between a half-reaction's thermodynamically-determined reduction potential and the potential at which the redox event is experimentally observed. The term is directly related to a cell's voltage efficiency. In an electrolytic cell the existence of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Historically, the anode of a galvanic cell was also known as the zincode because it was usually composed of zinc. : pg. 209, 214 | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
As originally defined by Étienne-Louis Malus in 1811, the plane of polarization coincided (although this was not known at the time) with the plane containing the direction of propagation and the magnetic vector. In modern literature, the term plane of polarization, if it is used at all, is likely to mean the plane cont... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
{\displaystyle \rho (r)={\rho _{0} \over 4\pi }\left({r \over r_{0}}\right)^{-2}\left(1+{r \over r_{0}}\right)^{-2}.} In this equation, ρ 0 {\displaystyle \rho _{0}} and r 0 {\displaystyle r_{0}} are parameters that can be varied to fit the observed density. Jaffe described how he arrived at his model: was derived heu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The basic idea of the proof is to explicitly construct a negatively curved metric inside each horoball neighborhood that matches the metric near the horospherical boundary. This construction, using cylindrical coordinates, works when the filling slope is greater than 2π. See Bleiler & Hodgson (1996) for complete detail... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A pure homopolar motor (PHM) is an electric motor not requiring brushes, electronics, or semiconductor parts to convert direct current into torque. In other words, this homopolar motor only requires a theoretical homogeneous or actual (constantly or cyclically) homogenized magnetic field and direct current, similarly t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In mathematics, the vector flow refers to a set of closely related concepts of the flow determined by a vector field. These appear in a number of different contexts, including differential topology, Riemannian geometry and Lie group theory. These related concepts are explored in a spectrum of articles: exponential map ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In electromagnetism, a magnetic dipole is the limit of either a closed loop of electric current or a pair of poles as the size of the source is reduced to zero while keeping the magnetic moment constant. It is a magnetic analogue of the electric dipole, but the analogy is not perfect. In particular, a true magnetic mon... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In radio communication, a ground dipole, also referred to as an earth dipole antenna, transmission line antenna, and in technical literature as a horizontal electric dipole (HED), is a huge, specialized type of radio antenna that radiates extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves. It is the only type of trans... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System, the post-perihelion orbital period (epoch 2050) is estimated to be roughly 107000 years. Dust and gas production suggests the comet nucleus is roughly 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) in diameter, while based on the absolute nuclear magnitude and a geometric albedo of 0.04 t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
It currently has a perihelion of 1.2 AU (outside the orbit of Earth) and an aphelion of 5.6 AU (past the orbit of Jupiter). It passed within 0.04 AU (6.0 million km; 16 LD) of Earth in June 1927, and 0.1 AU (15 million km) in 1939; but it will not come as close in the 21st century. A close approach to Jupiter in July 2... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.