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pilus : surface appendage of some prokaryotes used for attachment to surfaces including other prokaryotes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
pseudopeptidoglycan : component of archaea cell walls that is similar to peptidoglycan in morphology but contains different sugars | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
psychrophile : organism that grows at temperatures of -15 °C or lower | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
radioresistant : organism that grows in high levels of radiation | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
resuscitation : process by which prokaryotes that are in the VBNC state return to viability | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
S-layer : surface-layer protein present on the outside of cell walls of archaea and bacteria | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
serotype : strain of bacteria that carries a set of similar antigens on its cell surface, often many in a bacterial species | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
stromatolite : layered sedimentary structure formed by precipitation of minerals by prokaryotes in microbial mats | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
teichoic acid : polymer associated with the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
thermophile : organism that lives at temperatures between 60â80 °C | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
transduction : process by which a bacteriophage moves DNA from one prokaryote to another | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
transformation : process by which a prokaryote takes in DNA found in its environment that is shed by other prokaryotes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state : survival mechanism of bacteria facing environmental stress conditions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
zoonosis : disease that primarily infects animals that is transmitted to humans | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/22-key-terms |
The oldest fossil evidence of eukaryotes is about 2 billion years old. Fossils older than this all appear to be prokaryotes. It is probable that todayâs eukaryotes are descended from an ancestor that had a prokaryotic organization. The last common ancestor of todayâs Eukarya had several characteristics, including c... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-chapter-summary |
Protists are extremely diverse in terms of their biological and ecological characteristics, partly because they are an artificial assemblage of phylogenetically unrelated groups. Protists display highly varied cell structures, several types of reproductive strategies, virtually every possible type of nutrition, and var... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-chapter-summary |
The process of classifying protists into meaningful groups is ongoing, but genetic data in the past 20 years have clarified many relationships that were previously unclear or mistaken. The majority view at present is to order all eukaryotes into six supergroups: Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoeb... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-chapter-summary |
Protists function at several levels of the ecological food web: as primary producers, as direct food sources, and as decomposers. In addition, many protists are parasites of plants and animals that can cause deadly human diseases or destroy valuable crops. | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-chapter-summary |
biological carbon pump : process by which inorganic carbon is fixed by photosynthetic species that then die and fall to the sea floor where they cannot be reached by saprobes and their carbon dioxide consumption cannot be returned to the atmosphere | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
bioluminescence : generation and emission of light by an organism, as in dinoflagellates | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
contractile vacuole : vesicle that fills with water (as it enters the cell by osmosis) and then contracts to squeeze water from the cell; an osmoregulatory vesicle | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
cytoplasmic streaming : movement of cytoplasm into an extended pseudopod such that the entire cell is transported to the site of the pseudopod | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
endosymbiosis : engulfment of one cell within another such that the engulfed cell survives, and both cells benefit; the process responsible for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
endosymbiotic theory : theory that states that eukaryotes may have been a product of one cell engulfing another, one living within another, and evolving over time until the separate cells were no longer recognizable as such | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
hydrogenosome : organelle carried by parabasalids (Excavata) that functions anaerobically and outputs hydrogen gas as a byproduct; likely evolved from mitochondria | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
kinetoplast : mass of DNA carried within the single, oversized mitochondrion, characteristic of kinetoplastids (phylum: Euglenozoa) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
mitosome : nonfunctional organelle carried in the cells of diplomonads (Excavata) that likely evolved from a mitochondrion | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
mixotroph : organism that can obtain nutrition by autotrophic or heterotrophic means, usually facultatively | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
pellicle : outer cell covering composed of interlocking protein strips that function like a flexible coat of armor, preventing cells from being torn or pierced without compromising their range of motion | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
phagolysosome : cellular body formed by the union of a phagosome containing the ingested particle with a lysosome that contains hydrolytic enzymes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
plankton : diverse group of mostly microscopic organisms that drift in marine and freshwater systems and serve as a food source for larger aquatic organisms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
plastid : one of a group of related organelles in plant cells that are involved in the storage of starches, fats, proteins, and pigments | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
raphe : slit in the silica shell of diatoms through which the protist secretes a stream of mucopolysaccharides for locomotion and attachment to substrates | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
test : porous shell of a foram that is built from various organic materials and typically hardened with calcium carbonate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/23-key-terms |
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that appeared on land more than 450 million years ago. They are heterotrophs and contain neither photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll, nor organelles such as chloroplasts. Because fungi feed on decaying and dead matter, they are saprobes. Fungi are important decomposers that releas... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-chapter-summary |
Chytridiomycota (chytrids) are considered the most primitive group of fungi. They are mostly aquatic, and their gametes are the only fungal cells known to have flagella. They reproduce both sexually and asexually; the asexual spores are called zoospores. Zygomycota (conjugated fungi) produce non-septated hyphae with ma... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-chapter-summary |
Fungi have colonized nearly all environments on Earth, but are frequently found in cool, dark, moist places with a supply of decaying material. Fungi are saprobes that decompose organic matter. Many successful mutualistic relationships involve a fungus and another organism. Many fungi establish complex mycorrhizal asso... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-chapter-summary |
Fungi establish parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Fungal diseases can decimate crops and spoil food during storage. Compounds produced by fungi can be toxic to humans and other animals. Mycoses are infections caused by fungi. Superficial mycoses affect the skin, whereas systemic mycoses spread through th... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-chapter-summary |
Fungi are important to everyday human life. Fungi are important decomposers in most ecosystems. Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth of most plants. Fungi, as food, play a role in human nutrition in the form of mushrooms, and also as agents of fermentation in the production of bread, cheeses, alcoholic bevera... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-chapter-summary |
arbuscular mycorrhiza : mycorrhizal association in which the fungal hyphae enter the root cells and form extensive networks | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
Arbuscular mycorrhizae : mycorrhizae commonly involving Glomeromycetes in which the fungal hyphae penetrate the cell walls of the plant root cells (but not the cell membranes) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
ascocarp : fruiting body of ascomycetes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
Ascomycota : (also, sac fungi) phylum of fungi that store spores in a sac called ascus | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
basidiocarp : fruiting body that protrudes from the ground and bears the basidia | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
Basidiomycota : (also, club fungi) phylum of fungi that produce club-shaped structures (basidia) that contain spores | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
basidium : club-shaped fruiting body of basidiomycetes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
Chytridiomycota : (also, chytrids) primitive phylum of fungi that live in water and produce gametes with flagella | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
coenocytic hypha : single hypha that lacks septa and contains many nuclei | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
commensalism : symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits while the other member is not affected | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
Deuteromycota : former form phylum of fungi that do not have a known sexual reproductive cycle (presently members of two phyla: Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
ectomycorrhiza : mycorrhizal fungi that surround the roots with a mantle and have a Hartig net that extends into the roots between cells | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
Ectomycorrhizae : mycorrhizae in which the fungal hyphae do not penetrate the root cells of the plant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
faculative anaerobes : organisms that can perform both aerobic and anaerobic respiration and can survive in oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environment | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
Glomeromycota : phylum of fungi that form symbiotic relationships with the roots of trees | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
haustoria : modified hyphae on many parasitic fungi that penetrate the tissues of their hosts, release digestive enzymes, and/or absorb nutrients from the host | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
heterothallic : describes when only one mating type is present in an individual mycelium | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
homothallic : describes when both mating types are present in mycelium | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
hypha : fungal filament composed of one or more cells | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
karyogamy : fusion of nuclei | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
lichen : close association of a fungus with a photosynthetic alga or bacterium that benefits both partners | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
mold : tangle of visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
mycelium : mass of fungal hyphae | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
mycetismus : ingestion of toxins in poisonous mushrooms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
mycology : scientific study of fungi | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
mycorrhiza : mutualistic association between fungi and vascular plant roots | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
mycorrhizae : a mutualistic relationship between a plant and a fungus. Mycorrhizae are connections between fungal hyphae, which provide soil minerals to the plant, and plant roots, which provide carbohydrates to the fungus | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
mycosis : fungal infection | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
mycotoxicosis : poisoning by a fungal toxin released in food | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
obligate aerobes : organisms, such as humans, that must perform aerobic respiration to survive | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
obligate anaerobes : organisms that only perform anaerobic respiration and often cannot survive in the presence of oxygen | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
parasitism : symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits at the expense of the other | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
plasmogamy : fusion of cytoplasm | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
saprobe : organism that derives nutrients from decaying organic matter; also saprophyte | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
septa : cell wall division between hyphae | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
soredia : clusters of algal cells and mycelia that allow lichens to propagate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
sporangium : reproductive sac that contains spores | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
spore : a haploid cell that can undergo mitosis to form a multicellular, haploid individua | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
thallus : vegetative body of a fungus | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
yeast : general term used to describe unicellular fungi | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
Zygomycota : (also, conjugated fungi) phylum of fungi that form a zygote contained in a zygospore | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
zygospore : structure with thick cell wall that contains the zygote in zygomycetes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/24-key-terms |
Land plants acquired traits that made it possible to colonize land and survive out of the water. All land plants share the following characteristics: alternation of generations, with the haploid plant called a gametophyte, and the diploid plant called a sporophyte; protection of the embryo, formation of haploid spores ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-chapter-summary |
Green algae share more traits with land plants than other algae, according to structure and DNA analysis. Charales form sporopollenin and precursors of lignin, phragmoplasts, and have flagellated sperm. They do not exhibit alternation of generations. | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-chapter-summary |
Seedless nonvascular plants are small, having the gametophyte as the dominant stage of the lifecycle. Without a vascular system and roots, they absorb water and nutrients on all their exposed surfaces. Collectively known as bryophytes, the three main groups include the liverworts, the hornworts, and the mosses. Liverwo... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-chapter-summary |
Vascular systems consist of xylem tissue, which transports water and minerals, and phloem tissue, which transports sugars and proteins. With the development of the vascular system, there appeared leaves to act as large photosynthetic organs, and roots to access water from the ground. Small uncomplicated leaves are micr... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-chapter-summary |
The seedless vascular plants include club mosses, which are the most primitive; whisk ferns, which lost leaves and roots by reductive evolution; and horsetails and ferns. Ferns are the most advanced group of seedless vascular plants. They are distinguished by large leaves called fronds and small sporangia-containing st... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-chapter-summary |
Mosses play an essential role in the balance of the ecosystems; they are pioneering species that colonize bare or devastated environments and make it possible for a succession to occur. They contribute to the enrichment of the soil and provide shelter and nutrients for animals in hostile environments. Mosses and ferns ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-chapter-summary |
adventitious : describes an organ that grows in an unusual place, such as a roots growing from the side of a stem | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
antheridium : male gametangium | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
archegonium : female gametangium | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
capsule : case of the sporangium in mosses | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
charophyte : other term for green algae; considered the closest relative of land plants | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
club mosses : earliest group of seedless vascular plants | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
diplontic : diploid stage is the dominant stage | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
embryophyte : other name for land plant; embryo is protected and nourished by the sporophyte | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
extant : still-living species | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
extinct : no longer existing species | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
fern : seedless vascular plant that produces large fronds; the most advanced group of seedless vascular plants | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
gametangium : structure on the gametophyte in which gametes are produced | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
gemma : (plural, gemmae) leaf fragment that spreads for asexual reproduction | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
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