text stringlengths 2 2.33k | source stringclasses 826
values |
|---|---|
haplodiplodontic : haploid and diploid stages alternate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
haplontic : haploid stage is the dominant stage | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
heterosporous : produces two types of spores | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
homosporous : produces one type of spore | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
hornworts : group of non-vascular plants in which stomata appear | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
horsetail : seedless vascular plant characterized by joints | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
lignin : complex polymer impermeable to water | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
liverworts : most primitive group of the non-vascular plants | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
lycophyte : club moss | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
megaphyll : larger leaves with a pattern of branching veins | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
megaspore : female spore | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
microphyll : small size and simple vascular system with a single unbranched vein | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
microspore : male spore | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
mosses : group of bryophytes in which a primitive conductive system appears | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
non-vascular plant : plant that lacks vascular tissue, which is formed of specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
peat moss : Sphagnum | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
peristome : tissue that surrounds the opening of the capsule and allows periodic release of spores | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
phloem : tissue responsible for transport of sugars, proteins, and other solutes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
protonema : tangle of single celled filaments that forms from the haploid spore | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
rhizoids : thin filaments that anchor the plant to the substrate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
seedless vascular plant : plant that does not produce seeds | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
seta : stalk that supports the capsule in mosses | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
sporocyte : diploid cell that produces spores by meiosis | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
sporophyll : leaf modified structurally to bear sporangia | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
sporopollenin : tough polymer surrounding the spore | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
streptophytes : group that includes green algae and land plants | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
strobili : cone-like structures that contain the sporangia | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
tracheophyte : vascular plant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
vascular plant : plant containing a network of cells that conducts water and solutes through the organism | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
vein : bundle of vascular tissue made of xylem and phloem | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
whisk fern : seedless vascular plant that lost roots and leaves by reduction | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
xylem : tissue responsible for long-distance transport of water and nutrients | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/25-key-terms |
Seed plants appeared about one million years ago, during the Carboniferous period. Two major innovationsâseed and pollenâallowed seed plants to reproduce in the absence of water. The gametophytes of seed plants shrank, while the sporophytes became prominent structures and the diploid stage became the longest phase ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-chapter-summary |
Gymnosperms are heterosporous seed plants that produce naked seeds. They appeared in the Paleozoic period and were the dominant plant life during the Mesozoic. Modern-day gymnosperms belong to four phyla. The largest phylum, Coniferophyta, is represented by conifers, the predominant plants at high altitude and latitude... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-chapter-summary |
Angiosperms are the dominant form of plant life in most terrestrial ecosystems, comprising about 90 percent of all plant species. Most crops and ornamental plants are angiosperms. Their success comes from two innovative structures that protect reproduction from variability in the environment: the flower and the fruit. ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-chapter-summary |
The angiosperm life cycle is dominated by the sporophyte stage. Double fertilization is an event unique to angiosperms. One sperm in the pollen fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote, while the other combines with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that develops into a food storage tissue called the en... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-chapter-summary |
Angiosperm diversity is due in part to multiple interactions with animals. Herbivory has favored the development of defense mechanisms in plants, and avoidance of those defense mechanism in animals. Pollination (the transfer of pollen to a carpel) is mainly carried out by wind and animals, and angiosperms have evolved ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-chapter-summary |
Plants play a key role in ecosystems. They are a source of food and medicinal compounds, and provide raw materials for many industries. Rapid deforestation and industrialization, however, threaten plant biodiversity. In turn, this threatens the ecosystem. | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-chapter-summary |
anther : sac-like structure at the tip of the stamen in which pollen grains are produced | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
Anthophyta : phylum to which angiosperms belong | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
barcoding : molecular biology technique in which one or more short gene sequences taken from a well-characterized portion of the genome is used to identify a species | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
basal angiosperms : a group of plants that probably branched off before the separation of monocots and eudicots | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
calyx : whorl of sepals | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
carpel : single unit of the pistil | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
conifer : dominant phylum of gymnosperms with the most variety of trees | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
corolla : collection of petals | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
cotyledon : primitive leaf that develop in the zygote; monocots have one cotyledon, and dicots have two cotyledons | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
crop : cultivated plant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
cycad : gymnosperm that grows in tropical climates and resembles a palm tree; member of the phylum Cycadophyta | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
dicot : (also, eudicot) related group of angiosperms whose embryos possess two cotyledons | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
dioecious : describes a species in which the male and female reproductive organs are carried on separate specimens | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
filament : thin stalk that links the anther to the base of the flower | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
flower : branches specialized for reproduction found in some seed-bearing plants, containing either specialized male or female organs or both male and female organs | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
fruit : thickened tissue derived from ovary wall that protects the embryo after fertilization and facilitates seed dispersal | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
gingkophyte : gymnosperm with one extant species, theGingko biloba: a tree with fan-shaped leaves | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
gnetophyte : gymnosperm shrub with varied morphological features that produces vessel elements in its woody tissues; the phylum includes the generaEphedra, GnetumandWelwitschia | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
gymnosperm : seed plant with naked seeds (seeds exposed on modified leaves or in cones) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
gynoecium : (also, carpel) structure that constitute the female reproductive organ | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
heirloom seed : seed from a plant that was grown historically, but has not been used in modern agriculture on a large scale | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
herbaceous : grass-like plant noticeable by the absence of woody tissue | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
herbivory : consumption of plants by insects and other animals | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
integument : layer of sporophyte tissue that surrounds the megasporangium, and later, the embryo | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
megasporocyte : megaspore mother cell; larger spore that germinates into a female gametophyte in a heterosporous plant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
microsporocyte : smaller spore that produces a male gametophyte in a heterosporous plant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
monocot : related group of angiosperms that produce embryos with one cotyledon and pollen with a single ridge | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
monoecious : describes a species in which the male and female reproductive organs are on the same plant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
nectar : liquid rich in sugars produced by flowers to attract animal pollinators | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
ovary : chamber that contains and protects the ovule or female megasporangium | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
ovulate cone : cone containing two ovules per scale | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
ovule : female gametophyte | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
perianth : part of the plant consisting of the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
petal : modified leaf interior to the sepals; colorful petals attract animal pollinators | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
pistil : fused group of carpels | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
pollen grain : structure containing the male gametophyte of the plant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
pollen tube : extension from the pollen grain that delivers sperm to the egg cell | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
pollination : transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
progymnosperm : transitional group of plants that resembled conifers because they produced wood, yet still reproduced like ferns | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
seed : structure containing the embryo, storage tissue and protective coat | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
sepal : modified leaf that encloses the bud; outermost structure of a flower | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
spermatophyte : seed plant; from the Greeksperm(seed) andphyte(plant) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
stamen : structure that contains the male reproductive organs | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
stigma : uppermost structure of the carpel where pollen is deposited | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
strobilus : plant structure with a tight arrangement of sporophylls around a central stalk, as seen in cones or flowers; the male strobilus produces pollen, and the female strobilus produces eggs | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
style : long, thin structure that links the stigma to the ovary | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/26-key-terms |
Animals constitute an incredibly diverse kingdom of organisms. Although animals range in complexity from simple sea sponges to human beings, most members of the animal kingdom share certain features. Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that ingest their food and usually develop into motile cr... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-chapter-summary |
Organisms in the animal kingdom are classified based on their body morphology and development. True animals are divided into those with radial versus bilateral symmetry. Generally, the simpler and often non-motile animals display radial symmetry. Animals with radial symmetry are also generally characterized by the deve... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-chapter-summary |
Scientists are interested in the evolutionary history of animals and the evolutionary relationships among them. There are three main sources of data that scientists use to create phylogenetic evolutionary tree diagrams that illustrate such relationships: morphological information (which includes developmental morpholog... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-chapter-summary |
The most rapid diversification and evolution of animal species in all of history occurred during the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic Era, a phenomenon known as the Cambrian explosion. Until recently, scientists believed that there were only very few tiny and simplistic animal species in existence before this period. H... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-chapter-summary |
The remainder of the Paleozoic Era is marked by the growing appearance of new classes, families, and species, and the early colonization of land by certain marine animals. The evolutionary history of animals is also marked by numerous major extinction events, each of which wiped out a majority of extant species. Some s... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-chapter-summary |
acoelomate : animal without a body cavity | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
bilateral symmetry : type of symmetry in which there is only one plane of symmetry, so the left and right halves of an animal are mirror images | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
blastopore : indentation formed during gastrulation, evident in the gastrula stage | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
blastula : 16â32 cell stage of development of an animal embryo | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
body plan : morphology or constant shape of an organism | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
Cambrian explosion : time during the Cambrian period (542â488 million years ago) when most of the animal phyla in existence today evolved | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
cleavage : cell division of a fertilized egg (zygote) to form a multicellular embryo | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
coelom : lined body cavity | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
Cryogenian period : geologic period (850â630 million years ago) characterized by a very cold global climate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
determinate cleavage : developmental tissue fate of each embryonic cell is already determined | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
deuterostome : blastopore develops into the anus, with the second opening developing into the mouth | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/27-key-terms |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.