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Charged particles are measured by bending these particles in a circle by a magnetic field. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
Particles are measured using calorimeters that absorb the particles. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
The Standard Model describes interactions between particles through the strong nuclear, electromagnetic, and weak nuclear forces. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
Particle interactions are represented by Feynman diagrams. A Feynman diagram represents interactions between particles on a space-time graph. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
Electromagnetic forces act over a long range, but strong and weak forces act over a short range. These forces are transmitted between particles by sending and receiving bosons. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
Grand unified theories seek an understanding of the universe in terms of just one force. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
The universe is expanding like a balloonâevery point is receding from every other point. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
Distant galaxies move away from us at a velocity proportional to its distance. This rate is measured to be approximately 70 km/s/Mpc. Thus, the farther galaxies are from us, the greater their speeds. These ârecessional velocitiesâ can be measure using the Doppler shift of light. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
According to current cosmological models, the universe began with the Big Bang approximately 13.7 billion years ago. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
The early universe was hot and dense. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
The universe is isotropic and expanding. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
Cosmic background radiation is evidence for the Big Bang. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
The vast portion of the mass and energy of the universe is not well understood. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/11-summary |
adversarial attack : sample input (e.g., an image) that is designed to cause a system to behave problematically | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
algorithm : sequence of precise instructions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
artificial intelligence (AI) : development of computer functions to perform tasks, such as visual perception and decision-making processes, that usually are performed by human intelligence | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
big data : very large datasets that arenât easily processed using spreadsheets | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
computational science : application of computing concepts and technologies to advance scientific research and practical applications of science knowledge | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
computer program : algorithms that can be run on a computer | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
computer science (CS) : study of the phenomena surrounding computers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
computing : all phenomena related to computers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
data science : interdisciplinary field that applies computing toward managing data and extracting information from data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
hardware : physical, real-world materials that enable computation | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
human-computer interaction (HCI) : subfield of computer science that emphasizes the social aspects of computation | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
image recognition : problem of identifying objects in an image | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
information science : interdisciplinary field studying information technologies and systems as they relate to people, organizations, and societies | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
memory : means of addressing information in a computer by storing it in consistent locations | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
network : various technological devices that are connected and share information | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
neural network : AI algorithm architecture that emphasizes connections between artificial âneuronsâ whose behavior and values change in response to stimulus or input | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
processor : computerâs âbrain,â that follows instructions from algorithms and processes data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
programming language : language consisting of symbols and instructions that can be interpreted by a computer | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
social determination of technology : belief that technologies are inherently neutral, and that it is the people who use a technology who ultimately make it âgoodâ or âbadâ | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
software : algorithmic principles that determine how results are computed | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
software engineering : subfield of computer science that emphasizes how problems can be solved with computers as well as the practices and processes that can help people design more effective software solutions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
spreadsheet : data-centric programming environment where data is organized into cells in a table | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
storage : hardware and physical components of a computer that permanently house a computerâs data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
technological fix : idea that technologies can solve social problems, but now often used to critique blind faith in technological solutions to human problems | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
theoretical computer science : mathematical processes behind software | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
Turing-complete : fundamental model for computing results and every computer has the ability to run any algorithm | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
vacuum tube : physical device that works like a light bulb used as memory in early digital computers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-key-terms |
Computer science is pervasive in our daily lives, business and industry, scientific research and development, and social change. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
Computer science (CS) is the study of computing, which includes all phenomena related to computers, such as the Internet. With foundations in engineering and mathematics, computer science focuses on studying algorithms, which are instructions that enable computing. This includes computer hardware and software and the w... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
People have used computer science to advance many more diverse goals beyond making war or making money. Computing was imagined as: a new medium for helping people learn everything; a new technology that could enable anti-racism; a means of enabling global development for peoples across the world. Yet these visions and ... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
By contributing tools and resources to handle tasks and improve operations, computer science enables many other fields and areas of research or development. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
Data science is an interdisciplinary field that applies computing to managing data and extracting information from data. Many millions of people engage in data science work by using spreadsheets. Still, data science also often emphasizes larger-scale problems involving big data that are hard to manage using spreadsheet... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
Computational science refers to applying computing concepts and technologies to advance scientific research and practical applications of science knowledge. Computer scienceâs emphasis on creating things can help other sciences by, for example, contributing new models or simulations that can enable the discovery of n... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
Information science is an interdisciplinary field studying information technologies and systems as they relate to people, organizations, and societies. As computing is now so central to information management and information exchange, information science has significant overlap with computer science. Still, it tends to... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
Today, computer science is an interdisciplinary field that contributes to all other fields. Effective computational solutions to research or business problems require combining domain-specific knowledge with computer science concepts from a combination of areas. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
Computer science is shaping the future of society. There are three ways in which computer science can shape the future of society: developing foundational technologies, evaluating negative consequences of technologies, and designing technologies for social good. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
As one example of developing foundational technologies, computer scienceâs rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies (and the current trend around neural networks) has enabled many new applications like image recognition. These developments often do not occur in isolation: the popular use of neural ne... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
As one example of evaluating negative consequences, computer science considers the philosophical and practical limitations of neural networks. Research into adversarial attacks can enable computer scientists to develop more robust neural networks that are safer and more effective. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
As one example of designing technologies for social good, computer science contributes to the research, development, mass production, delivery, and logistics of modern medicine from beginning to end. Yet applications for social good are often embedded in broader social and political dynamics that computer science has d... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/1-summary |
abstraction : simplified representation of complex systems or phenomena | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
application architecture : subset of the enterprise solution architecture; includes a process to architect and design the application architecture as well as the actual application architecture model, which represents the content of the application architecture | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
architectural pattern : reusable solution to a recurring problem in software architecture design | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
architecture model : represents the content of the application architecture | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
architecture scope : extent and boundaries within which architectural considerations, decisions, and solutions apply | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
automation : using a program or computer application to perform repetitive tasks or calculations | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
big data analytics : process of examining, processing, and extracting valuable insights from large datasets | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
blockchain : secure and transparent way of recording transactions; uses a chain of blocks, each storing a list of transactions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
blueprint : detailed plan or design that outlines the structure, components, and specifications of a building, product, system, or process | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
business logic layer : holds the business logic for the business solution or application | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
business model : framework that outlines how a business creates, delivers, and captures value | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
business process hierarchy : organizes a companyâs activities from broad, general processes down to specific tasks, making it easier to manage and improve how the business operates | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
computational thinking : problem-solving and cognitive process rooted in principles derived from computer science that involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts and devising systematic approaches to solve them | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
data architecture model : conceptual framework that outlines how an organization structures, organizes, and manages its data assets | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
data management layer : responsible for interacting with persistent storage systems like databases and various data processing mechanisms | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
data modeling : collaborative process wherein IT and business stakeholders establish a shared understanding of essential business terms, known as entities, which typically end up being represented as tables that contain data in a relational database management system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
debugging : finding and fixing of issues in code | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
decomposition : solving of a complex problem by breaking it up into smaller, more manageable tasks | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
design component : reusable element within a larger system that serves a specific purpose | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
EA domain : represents business, data, application, and technology architectures | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
elementary business process (EBP) : fundamental and indivisible activity within a business that is not further subdivided into smaller processes | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
entity model : represents the various objects or concepts and their relationships within a system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
Ethereum platform : open-source blockchain platform that enables the creation and execution of smart contracts and decentralized applications | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
flowchart : method for showing the flow and direction of decisions in a visual way using a diagram | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
function : set of commands that can be repeatedly executed | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
heuristic : form of a pattern that is well-known and considered a rule of thumb | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
hybrid cloud application : combines the benefits of both private and public clouds, allowing organizations to optimize their infrastructure based on specific requirements | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
Internet of Things (IoT) : network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, enabling them to collect and exchange data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
machine learning : developing algorithms that enable computers to learn from data and make decisions without programming | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
microservices : way of building software by breaking it into small, independent pieces; each piece, or service, does a specific job and works on its own | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
Microsoft Azure : comprehensive cloud computing platform provided by Microsoft | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
migrating legacy business solutions : upgrading or replacing old systems with newer, more efficient ones | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
Model-View-Controller (MVC) : software architectural pattern commonly used in the design of interactive applications, providing a systematic way to organize and structure code | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
monolithic structure : system or application architecture where all the components are tightly integrated into a single unit | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
presentation layer : userâs touchpoint, handling the user interface (UI) and delivering the user experience (UX), which encapsulates the overall feel and interaction a person has with a system or service | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
process map : displays the order of chosen processes from the process hierarchies, highlighting their connection to the roles responsible for executing them | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
pseudocode : outline of the logic of algorithms using a combination of language and high-level programming concepts | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
recursion : programming and mathematical concept where a function calls itself during its execution | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
smart contract : automated agreement written in code that runs on blockchain technology | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
solution architecture : structural design that is meant to address the needs of prospective solution users | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
solutions continuum : strategy where existing solutions, components, or patterns are leveraged and adapted for use in different contexts | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
system architecture : deals with application and data, and how they are related to each other and what business process they support together | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
technical architecture : includes the software and hardware capabilities to fully enable application and data services | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
user experience (UX) : overall experience that a person has when interacting with a product, service, or system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
Web 2.0 : second generation of the World Wide Web when we shift from static web pages to dynamic content | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
Web 3.0 : third generation of the World Wide Web and represents a vision for the future of the Internet characterized by advanced technologies | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
web application (web app) : software application that is accessed and interacted with through a web browser over the Internet | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
web application framework : built-in support for architectural patterns that make it easy to extend the framework and use plug-ins to implement commercial-grade websites in a reasonable amount of time | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/2-key-terms |
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