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p-type semiconductor : doped semiconductor that conducts holes | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
polyatomic molecule : molecule formed of more than one atom | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
repulsion constant : experimental parameter associated with a repulsive force between ions brought so close together that the exclusion principle is important | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
reverse bias configuration : diode configuration that results in low current | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
rotational energy level : energy level associated with the rotational energy of a molecule | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
selection rule : rule that limits the possible transitions from one quantum state to another | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
semiconductor : solid with a relatively small energy gap between the lowest completely filled band and the next available unfilled band | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
simple cubic : basic crystal structure in which each ion is located at the nodes of a three-dimensional grid | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
type I superconductor : superconducting element, such as aluminum or mercury | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
type II superconductor : superconducting compound or alloy, such as a transition metal or an actinide series element | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
valence band : highest energy band that is filled in the energy structure of a crystal | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
van der Waals bond : bond formed by the attraction of two electrically polarized molecules | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
vibrational energy level : energy level associated with the vibrational energy of a molecule | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-key-terms |
Molecules form by two main types of bonds: the ionic bond and the covalent bond. An ionic bond transfers an electron from one atom to another, and a covalent bond shares the electrons. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The energy change associated with ionic bonding depends on three main processes: the ionization of an electron from one atom, the acceptance of the electron by the second atom, and the Coulomb attraction of the resulting ions. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Covalent bonds involve space-symmetric wave functions. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Atoms use a linear combination of wave functions in bonding with other molecules (hybridization). | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Molecules possess vibrational and rotational energy. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Energy differences between adjacent vibrational energy levels are larger than those between rotational energy levels. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Separation between peaks in an absorption spectrum is inversely related to the moment of inertia. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Transitions between vibrational and rotational energy levels follow selection rules. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Packing structures of common ionic salts include FCC and BCC. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The density of a crystal is inversely related to the equilibrium constant. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The dissociation energy of a salt is large when the equilibrium separation distance is small. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The densities and equilibrium radii for common salts (FCC) are nearly the same. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Metals conduct electricity, and electricity is composed of large numbers of randomly colliding and approximately free electrons. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The allowed energy states of an electron are quantized. This quantization appears in the form of very large electron energies, even atT=0KT=0K. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The allowed energies of free electrons in a metal depend on electron mass and on the electron number density of the metal. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The density of states of an electron in a metal increases with energy, because there are more ways for an electron to fill a high-energy state than a low-energy state. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Pauliâs exclusion principle states that only two electrons (spin up and spin down) can occupy the same energy level. Therefore, in filling these energy levels (lowest to highest atT=0K),T=0K),the last and largest energy level to be occupied is called the Fermi energy. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The energy levels of an electron in a crystal can be determined by solving Schrödingerâs equation for a periodic potential and by studying changes to the electron energy structure as atoms are pushed together from a distance. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The energy structure of a crystal is characterized by continuous energy bands and energy gaps. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The ability of a solid to conduct electricity relies on the energy structure of the solid. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The energy structure of a semiconductor can be altered by substituting one type of atom with another (doping). | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Semiconductorn-type doping creates and fills new energy levels just below the conduction band. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Semiconductorp-type doping creates new energy levels just above the valence band. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
The Hall effect can be used to determine charge, drift velocity, and charge carrier number density of a semiconductor. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
A diode is produced by ann-pjunction. A diode allows current to move in just one direction. In forward biased configuration of a diode, the current increases exponentially with the voltage. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
A transistor is produced by ann-p-njunction. A transistor is an electric valve that controls the current in a circuit. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
A transistor is a critical component in audio amplifiers, computers, and many other devices. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
A superconductor is characterized by two features: the conduction of electrons with zero electrical resistance and the repelling of magnetic field lines. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
A minimum temperature is required for superconductivity to occur. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
A strong magnetic field destroys superconductivity. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
Superconductivity can be explain in terms of Cooper pairs. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/9-summary |
A = Z + N A = Z + N | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
r = r 0 A 1 / 3 r = r 0 A 1 / 3 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
Î m = Z m p + ( A â Z ) m n â m nuc Î m = Z m p + ( A â Z ) m n â m nuc | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
E = ( Î m ) c 2 E = ( Î m ) c 2 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
B E N = E b A B E N = E b A | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
â d N d t = λ N â d N d t = λ N | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
N = N 0 e â λ t N = N 0 e â λ t | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
λ = 0.693 T 1 / 2 λ = 0.693 T 1 / 2 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
T â = 1 λ T â = 1 λ | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
A = A 0 e â λ t A = A 0 e â λ t | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
ln A = â λ t + ln A 0 ln A = â λ t + ln A 0 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
Z A X â Z â 2 A â 4 X + 2 4 H e Z A X â Z â 2 A â 4 X + 2 4 H e | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
Z A X â Z + 1 A X + â1 0 e + v â Z A X â Z + 1 A X + â1 0 e + v â | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
Z A X â Z â 1 A X + + 1 0 e + v Z A X â Z â 1 A X + + 1 0 e + v | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
Z A X * â Z A X + γ Z A X * â Z A X + γ | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-equations |
activity : magnitude of the decay rate for radioactive nuclides | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
alpha (α) rays : one of the types of rays emitted from the nucleus of an atom as alpha particles | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
alpha decay : radioactive nuclear decay associated with the emission of an alpha particle | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
antielectrons : another term for positrons | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
antineutrino : antiparticle of an electronâs neutrino inβâβâdecay | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
atomic mass : total mass of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in a single atom | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
atomic mass unit : unit used to express the mass of an individual nucleus, where1u=1.66054Ã10â27kg1u=1.66054Ã10â27kg | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
atomic nucleus : tightly packed group of nucleons at the center of an atom | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
atomic number : number of protons in a nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
becquerel (Bq) : SI unit for the decay rate of a radioactive material, equal to 1 decay/second | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
beta (ββ) rays : one of the types of rays emitted from the nucleus of an atom as beta particles | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
beta decay : radioactive nuclear decay associated with the emission of a beta particle | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
binding energy (BE) : energy needed to break a nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
binding energy per nucleon (BEN) : energy need to remove a nucleon from a nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
breeder reactor : reactor that is designed to make plutonium | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
carbon-14 dating : method to determine the age of formerly living tissue using the ratio14C/12C14C/12C | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
chart of the nuclides : graph comprising stable and unstable nuclei | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
critical mass : minimum mass required of a given nuclide in order for self-sustained fission to occur | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
criticality : condition in which a chain reaction easily becomes self-sustaining | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
curie (Ci) : unit of decay rate, or the activity of 1 g of226Ra226Ra, equal to3.70Ã1010Bq3.70Ã1010Bq | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
daughter nucleus : nucleus produced by the decay of a parent nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
decay : process by which an individual atomic nucleus of an unstable atom loses mass and energy by emitting ionizing particles | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
decay constant : quantity that is inversely proportional to the half-life and that is used in equation for number of nuclei as a function of time | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
decay series : series of nuclear decays ending in a stable nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
fission : splitting of a nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
gamma (γγ) rays : one of the types of rays emitted from the nucleus of an atom as gamma particles | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
gamma decay : radioactive nuclear decay associated with the emission of gamma radiation | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
half-life : time for half of the original nuclei to decay (or half of the original nuclei remain) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
high dose : dose of radiation greater than 1 Sv (100 rem) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
isotopes : nuclei having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
lifetime : average time that a nucleus exists before decaying | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
liquid drop model : model of nucleus (only to understand some of its features) in which nucleons in a nucleus act like atoms in a drop | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
low dose : dose of radiation less than 100 mSv (10 rem) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
mass defect : difference between the mass of a nucleus and the total mass of its constituent nucleons | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
mass number : number of nucleons in a nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
moderate dose : dose of radiation from 0.1 Sv to 1 Sv (10 to 100 rem) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
neutrino : subatomic elementary particle which has no net electric charge | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
neutron number : number of neutrons in a nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
nuclear fusion : process of combining lighter nuclei to make heavier nuclei | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
nuclear fusion reactor : nuclear reactor that uses the fusion chain to produce energy | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
nucleons : protons and neutrons found inside the nucleus of an atom | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/10-key-terms |
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