text stringlengths 2 2.33k | source stringclasses 826
values |
|---|---|
assembly language : low-level language in which every statement corresponds directly to a machine instruction | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
BASIC : early high-level programming language | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
binary code : program in the native format that is understood by a CPU, which is a long series of 0s and 1s | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
C : middle-level language that has been in wide use since the 1970s | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
C++ : middle-level object-oriented language based upon C | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
central processing unit (CPU) : computer chip capable of executing machine code programs | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
child thread : thread that is started by the parent thread, and only runs for a limited period in a parallel section | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
Church-Turing Thesis : scientific theory stating that an algorithm can be converted from any reasonable computational model to another | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
Clang : open-source C compiler developed by the LLVM project | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
code relocation : merges separate code and data sections into single sections (one for code and one for data) | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
compiler : (also:interpreter) program that translates source code from a middle-level or high-level language into something a computer can read | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
computational model : system for defining what an algorithm does and how to run it | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
concurrent programming : situation where multiple programs or tasks are running at the same time, regardless of whether they are using multiple processors or sharing one processor | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
core : individual processor built into a CPU chip | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
declarative programming : paradigm in which code dictates a desired outcome without specifying how that outcome is achieved | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
device driver : piece of code that is responsible for connecting to a hardware component such as a video card or keyboard | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
distributed computing : specific form of parallel programming where processors are working together in parallel, but the processors are in multiple connected computers, not a single computer | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
executable and linkable format (ELF) : standard binary format for object code | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
external reference : symbol that is used in a module, but not defined in that module, so is expected to be defined in some other module | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
firmware : very low-level code that communicates directly with hardware, providing a convenient interface for other software | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
freed memory : memory that is given back to be reused when a value is no longer needed | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
functional programming : paradigm in which algorithms are written as mathematical functions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
GCC : open-source C compiler developed by the GNU Project | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
Git : widely-used version control system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
GitHub : website that allows free storage of public git repositories | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
GOTO : non-structured operation that instructs a computer to jump to an entirely different part of the program | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
graphics processing unit (GPU) : massively-parallel processor that supplements a CPU; GPUs were originally designed for rendering real-time graphics in video games | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
hardware model : design for a how a specific physical computer executes algorithms | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
high-level programming language : programming language that operates at a high level of abstraction, meaning that low-level details such as the management of memory are automated | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
imperative programming : paradigm in which the programmer writes a series of steps that must be followed in order | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
instruction set architecture (ISA) : type of hardware model that defines a list of operations that a CPU can execute | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
integrated development environment (IDE) : program with a graphical user interface that includes a text editor, compiler, and other tools, all in one application | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
interpreter : (also:compiler) program that translates source code from a middle-level or high-level language into something a computer can read | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
invalid pointer : pointer that does not hold a valid location | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
kernel : core part of an operating system that is responsible for managing and interfacing with hardware components | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
Lambda calculus : abstract computational model defined by Alonzo Church that inspired the functional programming paradigm | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
level of abstraction : degree to which a computational model, programming language, or piece of software relates to computer hardware | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
library : file that contains object code for functions and global variables that are intended to be reused | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
linker : program that performs linking | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
linking : process of collecting and combining various pieces of object code into a single program file that can be loaded into memory and executed | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
Linux : open-source operating system kernel that is Unix-compatible | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
load time linking : when dynamic linking happens at the same time a program executable is first run | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
low-level programming language : programming language that operates at a low level of abstraction, meaning that code is similar to machine code | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
machine code : sequence of binary digits (bits) that can be understood and executed directly by a computer | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
memory leak : occurs when some memory is allocated but never freed | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
memory management : process of allocating and freeing memory | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
message passing : parallel programming approach where separate processes communicate only by sending messages, not sharing memory | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
Message Passing Interface (MPI) : message-passing interface that was first developed in the 1990s | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
middle-level programming language : programming language that is somewhat abstracted above low-level, but not as much as a high-level programming language; allows direct hardware access | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
modularity : property of code that allows it to be divided into a small, reusable piece | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
multicore : CPU chip that contains more than one core | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
object : a program value that has both data, or variables, and procedures that work together to represent a specific human concept | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
object-oriented programming : paradigm in which code is organized into objects, where each object has both data and procedures | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
OpenMP : library for parallel programming in the SMP model | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
operating system : software that provides a platform for applications and manages hardware components | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
operator : fundamental programming operation that combines values | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
parallel computer : multiple-processor system that supports parallel programming | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
parallel computing : practice of making productive use of parallel computers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
parallel programming : computer programming technique that provides for executing code in parallel on multiple processors | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
parent thread : thread that runs from the program beginning through the end, and starts and manages child threads | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
pointer : variable that holds the memory address of another variable and points to that variable | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
procedural programming : paradigm in which code is organized into procedures | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
procedure : function in the context of programming | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
programming language paradigm : philosophy and approach for organizing code | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
programming model : design for humans to read and write | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
Random Access Machine : abstract computational model used to analyze the efficiency of algorithms | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
repository : container for files and related information stored in a version control tool | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
runtime linking : when linking occurs after a program has already started running | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
Rust : a relatively new middle-level programming language created by the Mozilla Foundation in the 2010s | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
segmentation fault : occurs if the subscript is very far out of range | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
semantic error : when code compiles and runs, but does not behave as it should | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
shared library : library file that can be shared by multiple programs at the same time | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
shared memory : programming model in which processes/tasks share a common address space, which they read and write to asynchronously | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
socket : Internet connection between two computers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
source code : text of a program written in a programming language | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
static library : simple kind of library that that copies the contents of object files into a single file called an âarchiveâ | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
structured programming : paradigm in which control flow is always controlled with conditionals (âifâ) or loops (âwhileâ) and never GOTO | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
symbol : identifier for a function or global variable | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
symbol resolution : during the symbol resolution step, the linker associates each symbol reference with exactly one symbol definition | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
symbol table : array of structures in which each entry includes name, size, and location of symbol | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) : model in which there are multiple parallel processors that are practically identical | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
systems software : programs that provide infrastructure and platforms that other programs rely upon | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
thread : light-weight parallel execution path that shares memory with other threads | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
Unix : operating system that has been used widely, primarily in servers and software development since the 1970s | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
version control : tools that are used to store and improve multiple versions of project files and support team collaboration, and the ability to revert to an earlier versions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
Visual C++ : proprietary-license C and C++ compiler developed by Microsoft | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-key-terms |
A computational model defines what an algorithm or program does. There are hardware models, programming language models, and abstract models. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Low-level programming means writing machine code that can be understood by a CPU directly, or something very near to that. It is laborious but yields very fast code. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Middle-level programming is a compromise that is reasonably efficient and more convenient than low-level programming. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
High-level programming is more abstract and intuitive for humans. It is less labor-intensive, but high-level code can be slower than low-level code. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Programming language paradigms are approaches for organizing source code. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
In the imperative paradigm, code orders the CPU to execute specific actions. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
In the declarative paradigm, the programmer declares the outcome that they need. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
In the functional paradigm, the programmer defines mathematical functions to evaluate. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
In structured programming, the flow of execution is specified with explicit syntax elements (âif-then-else,â âforâ loop, âwhileâ loop) and never GOTO. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
In procedural programming, a program is divided into procedures. Each procedure performs one specific task and has a descriptive name. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
In object-oriented programming, the basic building block is an object. An object combines data and procedures that together represent a human concept. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
The Cprogramming languageis the most prominent example of a low-level language. Programs written in C typically execute as fast as assembly language and allow programmers to directly manipulate machine features such as memory via the use of pointers. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
The C programming language is used by most of the system software we depend on today (e.g., operating systems, compilers, interpreters, and device drivers) because of its efficient execution, portability, and modularity. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
The C data model supports the creation of a variety of basic types including integers and floating point numbers, as well as pointers. C also provides type constructors used to create collections using thearray,struct, andunionkeywords. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.