text stringlengths 2 2.33k | source stringclasses 826
values |
|---|---|
C supports the imperative and structured/procedural programmingparadigms and allows for conditional and iterative statements as well as functions, which can leveragerecursion. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Program development steps in C require designing algorithms, developing programs that implement algorithms, and compiling, linking, and executing programs. All of these steps may be performed within a C development environment, which is a suite of tools that a programmer uses to create software. It must include a text ... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
A development environment may be an assemblage of separate command-line programs, or an IDE, which is a development environment bundled into a single app. There are a multitude of C development environments, and many of them are free to use. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Compiling C programs involves converting C into assembly language, which can itself be translated into machine code. This process is performed by using a combination tools known respectively as a C compiler, assembler, and linker. The GCC compiler is an open-source C compiler developed by the GNU project, it include gc... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Linking is the process of combining the .o files that result from separate C modules into one deliverable library or executable program. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
A library is a file that contains the object code of compiled functions. There are several variations of libraries (static, dynamic, shared) and ways of linking them (load-time, run-time). | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Version control tools manage the files created in programming, facilitating collaboration, backups, and undoing errors. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Multicore computers are commonplace. Most consumer mobile devices, computers, and video game consoles have between two and eight cores. As time goes on, the number of cores in computers tends to increase. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Parallel computing does not happen automatically. Rather, a programmer must deliberately write a program in a parallel manner in order for it to use multiple cores. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
A variety of models of parallel programming exist, including shared memory, threads, and message passing. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
OpenMP is a library for writing parallel code using the message-passing model. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
One strategy for parallel computing is to have a parent thread, which creates and controls child threads. The child threads work in parallel. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Low-level and middle-level programming will continue to be important as society increasingly relies on low-powered computing devices and IoT. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Middle-level languages including C are ideal for developing firmware and kernels. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Rust is a relatively new middle-level language that is gaining traction. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Arduino is an embedded computer platform. Arduino firmware can be written in C. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
Raspberry Pi kernels can be developed in C. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/4-summary |
abstraction : removal of unimportant elements of a program or computer code that distract from its process | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
addressing mode : location in the memory that contains the required data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) : unit code or unique binary number | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
arithmetic logic unit (ALU) : piece of hardware inside the CPU that performs computations and logical operations such as comparisons | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
assembler : takes the assembly program that takes I/O that contains the equivalent of an assembly program | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
assembly language : low-level language that is designed to be computer friendly | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
bit : binary digit made up of 1 or 0 | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
block : group of pages in flash memory | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
bus : data pathway | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
byte : 8 bits | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
cache hit : data found in the cache needed by the processor | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
cache memory : memory that allows for high-speed retrieval of data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
cache miss : when the cache is empty so it does not have the needed data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
capacitor : very small electrical component that stores an electric charge | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
complex instruction set computer (CISC) : complex architecture structure that assists in executing such operations as mathematical computations and memory storage | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
disk : storage mechanism for data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
dual in-line memory module (DIMM) : small memory board that contains several memory banks | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
dynamic library : collection of libraries that may be linked during execution or while the program is running | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
dynamic random access memory (DRAM) : consists of a large number of capacitors | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
executable : program stored inside a computer | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
flag : tells a program if a condition has been met | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
flash memory : type of nonvolatile storage that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed is called | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
floating point number (also, real number) : one with a decimal point in the middle | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
hard disk drive (HDD) : stores data on rotating platter, has a very large capacity, and uses a small motor to rotate platters to get the data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
heap : stores dynamically allocated data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
heterogeneous : design feature where CPUs are different in speed, power, or efficiency | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
high-level language (HLL) : most evolved method by which a human can direct a computer on how to perform tasks and applications | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
hit rate : number, usually a percentage, of times the cache was used to retrieve data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
homogeneous : when CPUs are copies of each other in design | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
IEEE 754 : standard format used by computers that support floating points with very few exceptions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
input/output (I/O) : interface that helps the CPU talk to other I/O devices such as a keyboard or mouse | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
instruction set architecture (ISA) : set of instructions recognized by each processor family | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
label : variable name that we give to an assembly instruction | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
library : collection of files, functions, or scripts that are cited within a programâs code | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
loader : puts the executable into memory and arranges its content in a specific way to make it ready for execution by the processor | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
locality : when a processor repeatedly visits the same memory locales | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
logic gate : main building block that forms the processor | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
memory hierarchy : arrangement of storage available on a computer system usually in the form of a triangle | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
microarchitecture : architecture, or design, of the processor or microprocessor | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
NAND gate : type of logic gate used to store bits in flash memory | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
neuromorphic computer : nontraditional computer built to act like a simplified version of the brain | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
object code : designates output of the assembler | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
oneâs complement : obtained by flipping each 1 in the original binary number to 0 and each 0 to 1 | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
operand : value used as an input for an operator | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
operating system (OS) : only piece of software that can directly access the hardware | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
pipelining : technique where each piece of the process does the work needed by the following piece | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
processor : another name for the CPU | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
program counter (PC) : register that keeps track of instructions to be executed | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
pseudo-assembly : assembly instruction that does not have a counterpart in the machine code | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
random access memory (RAM) : allows the process to access any part of the memory in any order | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
reduced instruction set computer (RISC) : simple instructions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
refresh cycle : regular operation that DRAM memory does by adding charges to memory cells in order to lose the data stored as charges | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
register : memory unit that functions at a very high speed | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
register file : group of registers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
scheduling : when the OS manages which program to use with what part of the hardware at any given time | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
signed integer : integer that can be negative or positive (sign of + or â) | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
simultaneous multithreading (SMT) : when two or more programs execute on the processor at the same time | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
solid-state drive (SSD) : stores data on a chip and is two to three orders of magnitude faster than HDD | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
spatial locality : idea that if a program accesses data in a consecutive manner, it gets better performance | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
spatial parallelism : type of parallelism capability | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
stack : used to store local variables | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
static random access memory (SRAM) : keeps data in the computerâs memory as long as the machine is powered on | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
superscalar capability : execution unit that allows several instructions to be executed at the same time using spatial parallelism | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
temporal locality : reuses cached data to get better performance | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
temporal parallelism : allows for different pipeline phases to work on different instructions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
transistor : lets an electric current pass (on state) or blocks it (off state) | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
translation layer : circuitry that controls the flash memory | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
twoâs complement : oneâs complement with 1 added | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
unsigned integer : non-negative integer that starts from 0 | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
vector instructions : another set of instructions and another set of registers for floating points | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
virtual memory : technique the OS uses to isolate different programs from each other so they do not overwrite each otherâs data or corrupt each otherâs files | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-key-terms |
The main components of a computer system include the processor, the main memory, the disk, and I/O devices. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
The components interact to execute computer programs efficiently. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
Applications are written in high-level languages that use a program to translate the language into the machine-level programs that computers understand. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
This computer system organization is mostly the same in your tablet or smartphone as it is in the huge systems running services like Facebook or Google. They just differ as it comes to how powerful each piece is, how many CPUs are there, the size of the memory and disk, and so on. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
The levels from problem definition to assembly language are related to the computer science field. People studying computer science explore how to solve a problem using an algorithm, how to translate this algorithm into a programming language, then how to translate this programming language into a language that compute... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
Computer processors operate at various levels of abstraction going from the digital logic level up to the microarchitecture level and the machine language level. The highest level of abstraction for application programs is that obtained by writing programs in a high-level language. Using a compiler makes it possible to... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
The operating system (OS) is the only piece of software that can directly access the hardware of a computer. All other programs must interface with the OS to have it achieve a specific task in a secure fashion by scheduling the corresponding process. The OS stores data and programs on disk in an organized way, using a ... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
Upcoming computer designs call for new computing abstractions that will deviate from the traditional binary logic. For example, quantum computing uses qubits and neuromorphic computing uses hardware neurons. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
The most frequently used data items are stored inside a computer. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
An integer is a number that does not have a floating point; 7 is an integer but 3.14 is not. Integers are divided into two categories: signed and unsigned. Signed integers can be positive, negative, or 0. Unsigned integers are 0 or positive; therefore, they do not need a sign because they will never be negative. This i... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
Real numbers, known as floating point numbers, are the numbers that represent fractions. Integers cannot represent numbers like 3.14 or â1.25. This is the role of floating point numbers. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
Characters and symbols on your keyboard are represented inside the computer as 1s and 0s. Every character has its own code. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/5-summary |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.