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runtime error : exception that is serious enough that it cannot or should not be handled by the software | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
rvalue : right-hand operand in an expression | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
scope : defines both the visibility of variables to locations in the code and the physical lifetime of variables | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
scripting language : characterized by placing a list of code statements into a file, referred to as a script | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
selection : making a decision on which path of execution to follow | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
semantic analysis : compilation step that discovers the meaning of the code | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
sentinel : expression that sets the condition at the entry or exit of a loop for continued iteration | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
separate compilation : situation where pieces of the program can be compiled and independently built | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
sequential execution : executing statements in the order in which they appear | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
server-side script : script that runs on a server in a web designerâs domain | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
shared data : data available to multiple program locations and/or scopes | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
shell scripting : stringing together a group of commands to perform tasks on the user interfaces of various operating systems | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
short circuiting : when HLL expressions that use the logical operators do not need the second operand evaluated for results to be known | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
single inheritance : methodology used by most modern OOP HLLs in which classes and objects can only inherit from one parent | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
stack frame : structure representing a function and its parts that is placed on the call stack | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
stack overflow : condition in which the call stack has run out of memory in which to expand | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
starvation : condition of a process when a process must wait to enter a critical section, but the other processes monopolize the section, and the waiting process does not get processor time | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
state : data that are remembered over time | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
static linker : produces an executable object file by completing its tasks prior to the program running | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
string : data type representing a sequence of characters | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
strongly typed : language in which a variable may only contain one of the languageâs defined data types for its entire existence | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
Structured Query Language (SQL) : most widely used language to specify a query that a database system can process to store or retrieve data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
subclass : child class in an inheritance relationship | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
superclass : parent class in an inheritance relationship | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
syntax analysis : front-end compilation process usually referred to as parsing or reading the code to make sure it conforms with the syntax rules of the language | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
ternary operator : acts on three operands | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
thread of control : thread the processor is controlling, which is actually executing at the time | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
tokens : front-end compilation product that are sequences of compiler recognizable atomic symbols which make it much easier for the next steps to recognize them | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
top-tested loop : when a condition for further loop iteration is set at the entrance to the code block | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
truth table : chart that shows what the resulting value would be given every combination of values of operands in an expression using a logical operator | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
type cast : operation that coerces an assignment of a possibly incompatible data type to a variable | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
unary operator : acts on one operand | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
user interface (UI) : point at which human users interact with a computer, website or application | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
variable : gives a name to a memory location that is used in any HLL to hold a value | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
variable declaration : consists of a statement which specifies the variable name and data type | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
void : a keyword in many HLLs that denotes a null value stored in a variable or that a function returns no value | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
weakly typed : when a variable may at different times hold values of any of the language data types | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
writability : measures how easily an HLL can be used to create and modify programs | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-key-terms |
HLLs give us the ability to make use of abstraction to build algorithms in a close-to-English representation. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
There are criteria that are used for selecting the proper HLL for the required tasks. These can include scalability, cost, flexibility, efficiency, portability, and maintainability. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs are designed to fulfill a purpose, which could be general purpose, web oriented, object-oriented, or parallel-programming oriented, among others. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs are shipped with application programming interfaces (APIs) that contain useful tools and objects to help program them for their purpose. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs have different implementation approaches. These vary from compiled to interpreted to hybrid. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
IDEs are structured environments containing tools that are targeted to programming different HLLs. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs all have data types which are either primitive or complex that form the domain of legal data types they recognize. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs all have operators that represent the legal set of operations that may be performed on the data types such as addition or assignment. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs support variables named containers that may hold the legal values of the HLL data types and literals, which are a plain language representation of those values. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs have rules for identifiers that are user-defined names of language elements such as variables, constants, and functions. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs allow for documentation, usually as comments, so that programmers know about a program. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs provide data structures, such as arrays, which are containers to store multiple values. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs have constructs for flow of control which dictate the path of execution of the code, usually conditional statements and iteration constructs. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs provide the means to modularize, usually in the form of functions. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
A call stack or execution stack is the data structure that controls the execution of a program. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Most HLLs provide the means for handling and recovering from runtime errors, a process called exception handling. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
HLLs can handle both user interactive and file input and output. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Functional programming is a declarative language paradigm where programs are constructed by composing functions and applying them; some of whose features are implemented in imperative languages. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a paradigm based on classes and objects and is widely implemented in many HLLs. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
The degree of support of encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism is indicative of the degree of object-orientation of an HLL. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Concurrency is the behavior of an HLL when it can multitask sections of its own code, giving the illusion of simultaneous execution. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Parallelism is the behavior of an HLL when it can simultaneously execute sections of its own code, requiring multiple cores or processors. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Scripting languages are HLLs that are usually interpreted but retain many of the features of compiled languages and are often used for web programming. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Compilers are the general tool used to implement the process of translating source code to another language that is either machine language or is closer to assembly language. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Interpreters follow the same processes as compilers with differences in the timing of the translation phases. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
The compilation process is divided into distinct stages: a front end (code analysis), an optional middle end (code optimization), and a back end (code generation). These tasks may be done in just two stages: front end and back end. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Many compilers generate assembly language either as their output (needs separate assembly) or as the output of one stage (assembly performed as part of compilation). | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
A linker or link-loader is used to stitch together pieces of separately compiled code for final execution. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Runtime management is handled by a runtime system which is highly aware of the functionality of the compiler as to enable the use of features like garbage collection, exception handling, and concurrency or parallelism. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Runtime management may be handled by virtual machines which provide execution environments that are emulations of the computer architecture. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
Code optimization and code improvement are highly desirable features of program implementation. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/7-summary |
analytics process model : provides a statistical analysis using a set of processes to solve system problems and find a new market opportunity | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
archival backup : storing the data in different servers/sites | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
asynchronous call : client sends a request without waiting for the response | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability (ACID) : properties that impose a number of constraints to ensure that stored data are reliable and accurate | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
attribute : column header | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
blockchain DBMS : database that stores data as a block data structure and each block is connected to other blocks by providing cryptographic security and immutability | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
business intelligence (BI) : set of activities, techniques, and tools aimed at understanding patterns in past data to predict the future | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
CAP theorem : states that a distributed computer system cannot guarantee consistency, availability, and partition tolerance at the same time | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
centralized DBMS architecture : data are maintained on a centralized server at a single location | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
change data capture (CDC) : technology that detects any data update event and keeps track of versions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
cloud DBMS architecture : DBMS and database are hosted by a third-party cloud provider | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
cluster : single computer that can dramatically improve the performance, availability, and scalability over a single, more powerful machine and at a lower cost by using commodity hardware | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
cognitive computing : technology tries to simulate humanâs way in solving problems | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
column-oriented database : database that stores data in column families or tables and is built to manage petabytes of data across a massive, distributed system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
computer scientist : person who has theoretical and practical knowledge of computer science. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
concurrency control : coordination of transactions that execute simultaneously on the same data so that they do not cause inconsistencies because of mutual interference | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
connection manager : manages reports, books, objects, and batches | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data : information and facts that are stored digitally by a computer | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data accuracy : whether the data values stored for an object are the correct values and are often correlated with other DQ dimensions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
Data as a Service (DaaS) : data management technique that uses the cloud to store, process, and manage data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data completeness : degree to which all data in a specific dataset are available with a minimum percentage of missing data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data compliance : process that ensures that data practices align with external legal requirements and industry standards | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data consistency : keeping data consistent as it moves between various parts of the system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data consolidation : use of ETL to capture data from multiple sources and integrate it into a single store such as a data warehouse | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data control language (DCL) : language used to control access to data stored in a database | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data description language (DDL) : language used to create and modify the object structure in a database | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data description language (DDL) compiler : translates statements in a high-level language into low-level instructions that the query evaluation engine understands | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data dictionary : set of information describing the contents, format, and structure of a database | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data federation : use of enterprise information integration (EII) to provide a unified view over data sources | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data governance : set of clear roles, policies, and responsibilities that enables the enterprise to manage and safeguard data quality | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
data integration : providing a consistent view of all organization data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/8-key-terms |
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