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vascular tissue : tissue made up of xylem and phloem that transports food and water throughout the plant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/30-key-terms |
venation : pattern of veins in a leaf; may be parallel (as in monocots), reticulate (as in dicots), or dichotomous (as inGingko biloba) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/30-key-terms |
vessel element : xylem cell that is shorter than a tracheid and has thinner walls | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/30-key-terms |
water potential (Ψw) : the potential energy of a water solution per unit volume in relation to pure water at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/30-key-terms |
whorled : pattern of leaf arrangement in which three or more leaves are connected at a node | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/30-key-terms |
Plants can absorb inorganic nutrients and water through their root system, and carbon dioxide from the environment. The combination of organic compounds, along with water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight, produce the energy that allows plants to grow. Inorganic compounds form the majority of the soil solution. Plants acce... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-chapter-summary |
Plants obtain mineral nutrients from the soil. Soil is the outer loose layer that covers the surface of Earth. Soil quality depends on the chemical composition of the soil, the topography, the presence of living organisms, the climate, and time. Agricultural practice and history may also modify the characteristics and ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-chapter-summary |
Soil formation results from a combination of biological, physical, and chemical processes. Soil is not homogenous because its formation results in the production of layers called a soil profile. Factors that affect soil formation include: parent material, climate, topography, biological factors, and time. Soils are cla... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-chapter-summary |
Atmospheric nitrogen is the largest pool of available nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. However, plants cannot use this nitrogen because they do not have the necessary enzymes. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. The most important source of BNF is the symbiotic in... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-chapter-summary |
A horizon : consists of a mixture of organic material with inorganic products of weathering | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
B horizon : soil layer that is an accumulation of mostly fine material that has moved downward | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
bedrock : solid rock that lies beneath the soil | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
C horizon : layer of soil that contains the parent material, and the organic and inorganic material that is broken down to form soil; also known as the soil base | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
clay : soil particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
epiphyte : plant that grows on other plants but is not dependent upon other plants for nutrition | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
horizon : soil layer with distinct physical and chemical properties, which differs from other layers depending on how and when it was formed | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
humus : organic material of soil; made up of microorganisms, dead animals and plants in varying stages of decay | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
inorganic compound : chemical compound that does not contain carbon; it is not part of or produced by a living organism | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
insectivorous plant : plant that has specialized leaves to attract and digest insects | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
loam : soil that has no dominant particle size | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
macronutrient : nutrient that is required in large amounts for plant growth; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
micronutrient : nutrient required in small amounts; also called trace element | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
mineral soil : type of soil that is formed from the weathering of rocks and inorganic material; composed primarily of sand, silt, and clay | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
nitrogenase : enzyme that is responsible for the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
nodules : specialized structures that containRhizobiabacteria where nitrogen fixation takes place | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
O horizon : layer of soil with humus at the surface and decomposed vegetation at the base | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
organic compound : chemical compound that contains carbon | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
organic soil : type of soil that is formed from sedimentation; composed primarily of organic material | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
parasitic plant : plant that is dependent on its host for survival | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
parent material : organic and inorganic material in which soils form | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
rhizobia : soil bacteria that symbiotically interact with legume roots to form nodules and fix nitrogen | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
rhizosphere : area of soil affected by root secretions and microorganisms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
sand : soil particles between 0.1â2 mm in diameter | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
saprophyte : plant that does not have chlorophyll and gets its food from dead matter | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
silt : soil particles between 0.002 and 0.1 mm in diameter | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
soil : outer loose layer that covers the surface of Earth | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
soil profile : vertical section of a soil | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
symbiont : plant in a symbiotic relationship with bacteria or fungi | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/31-key-terms |
The flower contains the reproductive structures of a plant. All complete flowers contain four whorls: the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. The stamens are made up of anthers, in which pollen grains are produced, and a supportive strand called the filament. The pollen contains two cellsâ a generative cell an... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-chapter-summary |
The diploid sporophyte of angiosperms and gymnosperms is the conspicuous and long-lived stage of the life cycle. The sporophytes differentiate specialized reproductive structures called sporangia, which are dedicated to the production of spores. The microsporangium contains microspore mother cells, which divide by me... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-chapter-summary |
For fertilization to occur in angiosperms, pollen has to be transferred to the stigma of a flower: a process known as pollination. Gymnosperm pollination involves the transfer of pollen from a male cone to a female cone. When the pollen of the flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower, it is called self-po... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-chapter-summary |
Many plants reproduce asexually as well as sexually. In asexual reproduction, part of the parent plant is used to generate a new plant. Grafting, layering, and micropropagation are some methods used for artificial asexual reproduction. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent plant from which the stock has ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-chapter-summary |
Plants have different life spans, dependent on species, genotype, and environmental conditions. Parts of the plant, such as regions containing meristematic tissue, continue to grow, while other parts experience programmed cell death. Leaves that are no longer photosynthetically active are shed from the plant as part of... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-chapter-summary |
accessory fruit : fruit derived from tissues other than the ovary | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
aggregate fruit : fruit that develops from multiple carpels in the same flower | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
aleurone : single layer of cells just inside the seed coat that secretes enzymes upon germination | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
androecium : sum of all the stamens in a flower | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
antipodals : the three cells away from the micropyle | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
apomixis : process by which seeds are produced without fertilization of sperm and egg | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
coleoptile : covering of the shoot tip, found in germinating monocot seeds | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
coleorhiza : covering of the root tip, found in germinating monocot seeds | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
cotyledon : fleshy part of seed that provides nutrition to the seed | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
cross-pollination : transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a different flower | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
cutting : method of asexual reproduction where a portion of the stem contains notes and internodes is placed in moist soil and allowed to root | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
dormancy : period of no growth and very slow metabolic processes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
double fertilization : two fertilization events in angiosperms; one sperm fuses with the egg, forming the zygote, whereas the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei, forming endosperm | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
endocarp : innermost part of fruit | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
endosperm : triploid structure resulting from fusion of a sperm with polar nuclei, which serves as a nutritive tissue for embryo | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
endospermic dicot : dicot that stores food reserves in the endosperm | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
epicotyl : embryonic shoot above the cotyledons | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
exine : outermost covering of pollen | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
exocarp : outermost covering of a fruit | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
gametophyte : multicellular stage of the plant that gives rise to haploid gametes or spores | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
grafting : method of asexual reproduction where the stem from one plant species is spliced to a different plant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
gravitropism : response of a plant growth in the same direction as gravity | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
gynoecium : the sum of all the carpels in a flower | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
hypocotyl : embryonic axis above the cotyledons | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
intine : inner lining of the pollen | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
layering : method of propagating plants by bending a stem under the soil | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
megagametogenesis : second phase of female gametophyte development, during which the surviving haploid megaspore undergoes mitosis to produce an eight-nucleate, seven-cell female gametophyte, also known as the megagametophyte or embryo sac. | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
megasporangium : tissue found in the ovary that gives rise to the female gamete or egg | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
megasporogenesis : first phase of female gametophyte development, during which a single cell in the diploid megasporangium undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores, only one of which survives | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
megasporophyll : bract (a type of modified leaf) on the central axis of a female gametophyte | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
mesocarp : middle part of a fruit | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
micropropagation : propagation of desirable plants from a plant part; carried out in a laboratory | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
micropyle : opening on the ovule sac through which the pollen tube can gain entry | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
microsporangium : tissue that gives rise to the microspores or the pollen grain | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
microsporophyll : central axis of a male cone on which bracts (a type of modified leaf) are attached | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
monocarpic : plants that flower once in their lifetime | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
multiple fruit : fruit that develops from multiple flowers on an inflorescence | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
nectar guide : pigment pattern on a flower that guides an insect to the nectaries | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
non-endospermic dicot : dicot that stores food reserves in the developing cotyledon | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
perianth : (also, petal or sepal) part of the flower consisting of the calyx and/or corolla; forms the outer envelope of the flower | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
pericarp : collective term describing the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp; the structure that encloses the seed and is a part of the fruit | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
plumule : shoot that develops from the germinating seed | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
polar nuclei : found in the ovule sac; fusion with one sperm cell forms the endosperm | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
pollination : transfer of pollen to the stigma | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
polycarpic : plants that flower several times in their lifetime | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
radicle : original root that develops from the germinating seed | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
scarification : mechanical or chemical processes to soften the seed coat | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
scion : the part of a plant that is grafted onto the root stock of another plant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
scutellum : type of cotyledon found in monocots, as in grass seeds | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
self-pollination : transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of same flower | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
senescence : process that describes aging in plant tissues | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
simple fruit : fruit that develops from a single carpel or fused carpels | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
sporophyte : multicellular diploid stage in plants that is formed after the fusion of male and female gametes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
suspensor : part of the growing embryo that makes connection with the maternal tissues | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
synergid : type of cell found in the ovule sac that secretes chemicals to guide the pollen tube towards the egg | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
tegmen : inner layer of the seed coat | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
testa : outer layer of the seed coat | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
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