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vernalization : exposure to cold required by some seeds before they can germinate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/32-key-terms |
Animal bodies come in a variety of sizes and shapes. Limits on animal size and shape include impacts to their movement. Diffusion affects their size and development. Bioenergetics describes how animals use and obtain energy in relation to their body size, activity level, and environment. | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-chapter-summary |
The basic building blocks of complex animals are four primary tissues. These are combined to form organs, which have a specific, specialized function within the body, such as the skin or kidney. Organs are organized together to perform common functions in the form of systems. The four primary tissues are epithelia, con... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-chapter-summary |
Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium that is maintained in body tissues and organs. It is dynamic because it is constantly adjusting to the changes that the systems encounter. It is in equilibrium because body functions are kept within a normal range, with some fluctuations around a set point for the processes. | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-chapter-summary |
acclimatization : alteration in a body system in response to environmental change | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
alteration : change of the set point in a homeostatic system | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
apodeme : ingrowth of an animalâs exoskeleton that functions as an attachment site for muscles | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
asymmetrical : describes animals with no axis of symmetry in their body pattern | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
basal metabolic rate (BMR) : metabolic rate at rest in endothermic animals | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
canaliculus : microchannel that connects the lacunae and aids diffusion between cells | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
cartilage : type of connective tissue with a large amount of ground substance matrix, cells called chondrocytes, and some amount of fibers | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
chondrocyte : cell found in cartilage | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
columnar epithelia : epithelia made of cells taller than they are wide, specialized in absorption | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
connective tissue : type of tissue made of cells, ground substance matrix, and fibers | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
cuboidal epithelia : epithelia made of cube-shaped cells, specialized in glandular functions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
dorsal cavity : body cavity on the posterior or back portion of an animal; includes the cranial and vertebral cavities | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
ectotherm : animal incapable of maintaining a relatively constant internal body temperature | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
endotherm : animal capable of maintaining a relatively constant internal body temperature | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
epithelial tissue : tissue that either lines or covers organs or other tissues | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
estivation : torpor in response to extremely high temperatures and low water availability | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
fibrous connective tissue : type of connective tissue with a high concentration of fibers | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
frontal (coronal) plane : plane cutting through an animal separating the individual into front and back portions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
fusiform : animal body shape that is tubular and tapered at both ends | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
hibernation : torpor over a long period of time, such as a winter | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
homeostasis : dynamic equilibrium maintaining appropriate body functions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
lacuna : space in cartilage and bone that contains living cells | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
loose (areolar) connective tissue : type of connective tissue with small amounts of cells, matrix, and fibers; found around blood vessels | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
matrix : component of connective tissue made of both living and non-living (ground substances) cells | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
midsagittal plane : plane cutting through an animal separating the individual into even right and left sides | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
negative feedback loop : feedback to a control mechanism that increases or decreases a stimulus instead of maintaining it | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
osteon : subunit of compact bone | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
positive feedback loop : feedback to a control mechanism that continues the direction of a stimulus | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
pseudostratified : layer of epithelia that appears multilayered, but is a simple covering | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
sagittal plane : plane cutting through an animal separating the individual into right and left sides | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
set point : midpoint or target point in homeostasis | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
simple epithelia : single layer of epithelial cells | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
squamous epithelia : type of epithelia made of flat cells, specialized in aiding diffusion or preventing abrasion | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
standard metabolic rate (SMR) : metabolic rate at rest in ectothermic animals | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
stratified epithelia : multiple layers of epithelial cells | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
thermoregulation : regulation of body temperature | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
torpor : decrease in activity and metabolism that allows an animal to survive adverse conditions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
trabecula : tiny plate that makes up spongy bone and gives it strength | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
transitional epithelia : epithelia that can transition for appearing multilayered to simple; also called uroepithelial | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
transverse (horizontal) plane : plane cutting through an animal separating the individual into upper and lower portions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
ventral cavity : body cavity on the anterior or front portion of an animal that includes the thoracic cavities and the abdominopelvic cavities | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/33-key-terms |
Different animals have evolved different types of digestive systems specialized to meet their dietary needs. Humans and many other animals have monogastric digestive systems with a single-chambered stomach. Birds have evolved a digestive system that includes a gizzard where the food is crushed into smaller pieces. This... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-chapter-summary |
Many organs work together to digest food and absorb nutrients. The mouth is the point of ingestion and the location where both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food begins. Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase that breaks down carbohydrates. The food bolus travels through the esophagus by peristaltic movements ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-chapter-summary |
Animal diet should be balanced and meet the needs of the body. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary components of food. Some essential nutrients are required for cellular function but cannot be produced by the animal body. These include vitamins, minerals, some fatty acids, and some amino acids. Food intak... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-chapter-summary |
Digestion begins with ingestion, where the food is taken in the mouth. Digestion and absorption take place in a series of steps with special enzymes playing important roles in digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Elimination describes removal of undigested food contents and waste products from the body. While... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-chapter-summary |
The brain and the endocrine system control digestive processes. The brain controls the responses of hunger and satiety. The endocrine system controls the release of hormones and enzymes required for digestion of food in the digestive tract. | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-chapter-summary |
alimentary canal : tubular digestive system with a mouth and anus | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
aminopeptidase : protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
anus : exit point for waste material | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
bile : digestive juice produced by the liver; important for digestion of lipids | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
bolus : mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting by saliva | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
carboxypeptidase : protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
carnivore : animal that consumes animal flesh | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
cephalic phase : first phase of digestion, controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
cholecystokinin : hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
chylomicron : small lipid globule | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
chyme : mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
chymotrypsin : pancreatic protease | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
digestion : mechanical and chemical break down of food into small organic fragments | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
dipeptidase : protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
duodenum : first part of the small intestine where a large part of digestion of carbohydrates and fats occurs | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
elastase : pancreatic protease | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
endocrine system : system that controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate times | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
esophagus : tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
essential nutrient : nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body; it must be obtained from food | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
gallbladder : organ that stores and concentrates bile | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
gastric inhibitory peptide : hormone secreted by the small intestine in the presence of fatty acids and sugars; it also inhibits acid production and peristalsis in order to slow down the rate at which food enters the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
gastric phase : digestive phase beginning once food enters the stomach; gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
gastrin : hormone which stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
gastrovascular cavity : digestive system consisting of a single opening | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
gizzard : muscular organ that grinds food | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
herbivore : animal that consumes strictly plant diet | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
ileum : last part of the small intestine; connects the small intestine to the large intestine; important for absorption of B-12 | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
ingestion : act of taking in food | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
intestinal phase : third digestive phase; begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions and controlling the rate of gastric emptying | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
jejunum : second part of the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
lactase : enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
large intestine : digestive system organ that reabsorbs water from undigested material and processes waste matter | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
lipase : enzyme that chemically breaks down lipids | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
liver : organ that produces bile for digestion and processes vitamins and lipids | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
maltase : enzyme that breaks down maltose into glucose | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
mineral : inorganic, elemental molecule that carries out important roles in the body | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
monogastric : digestive system that consists of a single-chambered stomach | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
omnivore : animal that consumes both plants and animals | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
pancreas : gland that secretes digestive juices | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
pepsin : enzyme found in the stomach whose main role is protein digestion | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
pepsinogen : inactive form of pepsin | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
peristalsis : wave-like movements of muscle tissue | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
proventriculus : glandular part of a birdâs stomach | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
rectum : area of the body where feces is stored until elimination | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
roughage : component of food that is low in energy and high in fiber | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
ruminant : animal with a stomach divided into four compartments | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
salivary amylase : enzyme found in saliva, which converts carbohydrates to maltose | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
secretin : hormone which stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion in the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
small intestine : organ where digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
somatostatin : hormone released to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/34-key-terms |
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