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global information system team : group of professionals responsible for designing, implementing, managing, and securing the complex systems that enable the flow of information across international borders | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
global logistics : planning and managing the international transportation of goods to their destination | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
global logistics information system (GLIS) : system designed to manage and track the flow of goods across international borders, encompassing all aspects of a global supply chain | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
global supply chain management (GSCM) : planning, coordinating, and optimizing the flow of goods, information, and finances across international borders to meet customer demands | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
interoperability standard : guideline, protocol, or specification that enables different systems, technologies, or platforms to communicate, exchange data, or work together seamlessly | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
needs assessment : gathering and analyzing data to identify and evaluate the current state, areas for improvement, and interventions needed to get to a more improved state | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
organizational culture : shared values, beliefs, and norms that influence how people interact, work together, and make decisions within an organization | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
personal culture : a personâs experiences, beliefs, and personality traits that affect how an individual perceives and interacts with their environment | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
predictive analysis : use of data, specifically statistical algorithms, to help organizations identify patterns and make predictions that will enhance the operational results | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
resource utilization : efficient and effective allocation and management of resources such as time, money, materials, or personnel to achieve desired objectives or outcomes | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
spatial analysis : process of examining patterns, trends, and relationships within geographic data to gain insights and make informed decisions about spatial phenomena | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-key-terms |
Global information systems support the standardization of business practices and workflows, ensuring consistency and efficiency across global operations. They are crucial in facilitating global connectivity, supporting informed decision-making, enhancing operational efficiency, breaking geographical barriers, nurturing... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Global information systems enable organizations to integrate their operations across locations, facilitating centralized data management, streamlined processes, and operational consistency. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Anticipating future trends and outcomes, global information systems allow organizations to create scenario models and conduct predictive analysis to assess the potential impacts of various strategies and courses of action. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
The global information system infrastructure relies on a variety of hardware and software components to function, including computers, workstations, routers, and peripherals, such as cables, printers, and scanners, as well as servers, storage devices, and end-user devices necessary for processing and storing data. Soft... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Building a robust global information system infrastructure requires understanding the organizationâs needs, defining clear objectives, assessing technology needs, selecting the right technologies, designing the infrastructure, phasing implementation, providing training and ongoing support, providing continuous monito... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
A global information system enhances BI by using geographic information systems for spatial data analysis, which leads to improved decision-making, enhanced operational efficiency, heightened competitiveness, refined strategic planning, and the identification of new business prospects. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
E-business models allow businesses to reach new markets, streamline operations, and offer enhanced customer experiences. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Developing a global organizational strategy is essential for companies seeking international success. Considerations include market analysis, SMART objectives, outlining actions to be taken, securing resources, and establishing a diverse team for execution. Monitoring and adapting the strategy based on performance indi... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Global logistics involves meticulous planning for transporting goods internationally, considering factors like cost, speed, and regulations. Businesses can leverage different logistics to optimize their supply chains. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Global supply chain management encompasses the entire flow of goods, information, and finances across international borders. Businesses can choose from various supply chain models to best suit their needs. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Effective SCM helps businesses optimize costs, expand market reach, diversify suppliers, and adapt to market fluctuations. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Strong risk management is crucial for organizations engaging in global operations and data sharing. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Culture shapes how people view and use technology. Personal and organizational cultures influence openness to new technology and adoption rates. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
It is important to evaluate cultural differences to support successful development, adoption, implementation and use of technology and systems. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Cross-cultural collaboration is essential as successful global information systems development requires understanding and respecting cultural differences in communication, teamwork, and decision-making. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Design technology that considers culture is imperative for organizations. User research, clear language, customizable features, and ethical considerations are necessary for culturally appropriate technology. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Global information system teams design, implement, and maintain information systems that enable global operations to operate successfully. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Effective global information systems teams require cultural awareness, clear communication, and efficient collaboration tools to successfully manage teams across borders. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
Cross-functional companies break down departmental silos and leverage diverse teams for better decision-making, innovation, and agility. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/11-summary |
adversarial debiasing : process to ensure AI is not biased by training examples | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) : trade agreement setting intellectual property rights standards for member nations | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
copyright law : legal protection granted to authors of original creative works, giving them exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, publicly display/perform, and make derivative works for a limited time | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
corporate social responsibility (CSR) : inherent recognition of the ethical relationship between a corporation and the larger social and environmental system that it inhabits | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
dark patterns : deceptive interfaces that nudge users toward harmful actions, such as buying overpriced products | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
data collaboration : process of pooling data from multiple sources | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
de-identification : technique for removing or obscuring personal identifiers in data to protect privacy while maintaining analytic utility | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
deontology : normative ethical theory that focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the consequences of those actions; follows the premise of the Golden Rule | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
DIKW pyramid : hierarchy used in information management and knowledge creation that represents an approach focused on the distinction between disparate elements; the base of the hierarchy is data, moving up through information and knowledge to its top point of wisdom | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
ethical consumption : being aware of the impact of consumption and making choices that prioritize longevity, repairability, and efficiency | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
ethics : values and principles that guide life decisions and experiences | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
explainability : ability to explain the rationale behind algorithmic predictions or automated decisions in intelligible ways to human users | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
fair use : legal doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without the copyright ownerâs permission for purposes such as education or news reporting | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
Green IS : information systems practices designed to minimize ecological impacts through energy efficiency, renewable resourcing, and responsible waste disposal | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
human control : maintaining meaningful human oversight and authority over AI systems rather than allowing fully autonomous operation; this is especially critical for high-stakes functions | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
human-in-the-loop system : system that involves human contributions and feedback when interacting with AI | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
intellectual property law : area of law concerned with ideas, including technological concepts; it covers trademarks, trade secrets, patents, and copyrights | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
interoperability : ability of computer systems and software to exchange and make use of information through standardized formats and communication protocols | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
Lean IS : information systems practices focused on eliminating redundancies and waste to optimize system efficiency and productivity | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
minority oversampling : ensures balanced classes and sample sizes for AI training | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
multistakeholder collaboration : process of varied stakeholders working together to achieve common goals | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
open-source : in computing, the source code of a program open to everyone rather than being restricted via copyright | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
patent law : legal protection granted for a limited time to inventors of new, useful, and nonobvious products or processes, giving them rights to prevent others from making, using, or selling the invention | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
patient agency : individualâs right to access their health records, direct how their data are used, and be informed of data-sharing practices under clear consent protocols | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
patient privacy : freedom from unauthorized access to and use of oneâs personal health information; a right protected through data security and governance policies | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
sustainability : long-term viability of systems, considering their environmental, economic, and social impacts | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
sustainable consumption and production (SCP) : using and producing goods and services in a way that has the least negative impact on the environment | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) : set of seventeen interconnected objectives established by the United Nations in 2015 to address global challenges and ensure a more sustainable future for humanity | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
Sustainable IS : holistic approach that considers the long-term impacts and viability of information systems, focusing on environmental, economic, and social implications | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) : approach that seeks to infuse sustainability principles into the supply chain process | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
systems thinking : perspective emphasizing the interconnectedness of components within a whole, suggesting that the overall behavior of a system results from these interactions | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
trade dress : unique visual appearance of a product or its packaging | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
trade secret law : business information that derives value from being kept confidential, is subject to reasonable efforts to maintain secrecy, and gives a competitive advantage | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
trademark law : word, phrase, symbol, design, or combination thereof that identifies the source of a good or service and distinguishes it from others | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
utilitarianism : normative ethical theory holding that the morally correct course of action is the one that maximizes utility and happiness for the greatest number of people | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
values alignment : using a shared set of values and goals approved by stakeholders to guide policies and procedures, such as AI development | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
virtue ethics : normative ethical approach emphasizing the embodiment of virtues and ideals as the path toward an ethical, flourishing life | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) : UN agency that promotes IP protection and cooperation between nations to foster innovation and creativity | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-key-terms |
Three main normative theories provide frameworks for assessing the ethics of actions: utilitarianism, which focuses on consequences of actions; deontology, which evaluates the action itself; and virtue ethics, which concentrates on the character of the actor. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Systems thinking enhances ethical reasoning by emphasizing holistic analysis of complex situationsâ interconnected components and relationships. This allows for a broader understanding of direct and indirect impacts. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Sustainability considers the long-term viability of organizational systems in terms of environmental stewardship, economic viability, and social welfare. Information systems practices should align with these sustainability pillars to minimize waste and harsh effects on the environment, increase efficiencies in business... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Green IS focuses on minimizing information systemsâ ecological footprint through energy efficiency, renewable resourcing, responsible disposal, and similar practices. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Lean IS concentrates on eliminating information system waste and redundancies to optimize productivity, efficiency, and resource utilization. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Sustainable IS provides a more holistic approach, considering information systemsâ long-term impacts and viability, focusing on environmental, economic, and social implications. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Sustainable supply chain management seeks to infuse sustainability principles into the supply chain process. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Corporate social responsibility is an inherent recognition of the ethical relationship between a corporation and the larger societal and environmental system that it inhabits. Companies can use the three Ps of CSR (people, planet, profit) as a guide to determine appropriate information system and technology practices t... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
As information systems become more integrated into society, thoughtful application of ethical frameworks and sustainable practices will be crucial for responsible innovation that benefits humanity. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
The United States recognizes four forms of IP, and each is protected by its own law: copyrights, patents, trade secrets, and trademarks. These forms of IP law provide legal protections for a period of time to incentivize the creation of new information. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Each form of IP has different requirements to initiate or apply for protection, as well as different protections provided, and varying durations. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Each of these forms of IP has the potential to provide monetary rewards for organizations that employ information systems and information technology. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Intellectual property laws raise ethical issues. For example, they have the potential to restrict access to information and technology, which can create a digital divide. Individuals and communities that lack access may experience disadvantages if they cannot use this information and technology for things such as decis... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
There are several international initiatives that seek to protect IP. These generally seek to harmonize existing IP laws across national borders to make IP function more uniformly and efficiently for companies that operate in multiple nations. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Responsible AI development includes ethical governance that addresses considerations such as transparency, accountability, bias prevention, human control, and oversight. Regulations and industry standards ensure that technology is aligned with human values and principles. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Multistakeholder collaboration between governments, companies, and civil society is critical to developing policies and norms that can effectively govern the growth of ethical AI innovation. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Algorithmic bias must be proactively addressed through testing that involves diverse datasets, audits, minority oversampling, and human monitoring. Transparency regarding AI development builds trust with users. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Explainability methodologies provide insight into AI decision logic. Continual human validation and oversight are essential, especially for high-stakes decisions. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
The use of AI and automation in health care requires thoughtful governance that addresses accountability, privacy, security, bias prevention, and human oversight to ensure responsible innovation. Regulations and policies must balance emerging technologies with patient rights. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Upholding individual control and consent regarding health data usage builds patient trust and prevents misuse, while still allowing ethical data sharing for the public good. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Safeguarding the privacy of sensitive patient information requires robust technical protections such as access controls, encryption, and de-identification, as well as responsible data governance policies. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
Algorithmic bias and systemic discrimination must be proactively addressed to promote health equity. Inclusive design and community engagement foster the ethical use of technology. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
With patient well-being at the core, innovations like AI can be harnessed to augmentânot replaceâhumanistic health care. Ethical governance and compassionate design are imperative. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/12-summary |
attribute : characteristic or feature that defines an item in a dataset | https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/1-key-terms |
categorical data : data that is represented in different forms and do not indicate measurable quantities | https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/1-key-terms |
cell : a block or rectangle on a table that is specified with a combination of a row number and a column number | https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/1-key-terms |
comma-separated values (CSV) : format of a dataset in which each item takes up a single line and its values are separated by commas (â,â) | https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/1-key-terms |
continuous data : data whose value is chosen from an infinite set of numbers | https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/1-key-terms |
data : anything that we can analyze to compile some high-level insights | https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/1-key-terms |
data analysis : the process of examining and interpreting raw data to uncover patterns, discover meaningful insights, and make informed decisions | https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/1-key-terms |
data collection : the systematic process of gathering information on variables of interest | https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/1-key-terms |
data preparation (data processing) : the second step within the data science cycle; converts the collected data into an optimal form for analysis | https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/1-key-terms |
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