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oviparity : process by which fertilized eggs are laid outside the femaleâs body and develop there, receiving nourishment from the yolk that is a part of the egg | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
ovoviparity : process by which fertilized eggs are retained within the female; the embryo obtains its nourishment from the eggâs yolk and the young are fully developed when they are hatched | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
ovulation : release of the egg by the most mature follicle | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
parthenogenesis : form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
penis : male reproductive structure for urine elimination and copulation | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
placenta : organ that supports the diffusion of nutrients and waste between the motherâs and fetusâ blood | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
polyspermy : condition in which one egg is fertilized by multiple sperm | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
progesterone : reproductive hormone in women; assists in endometrial re-growth and inhibition of FSH and LH release | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
prostate gland : structure that is a mixture of smooth muscle and glandular material and that contributes to semen | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
scrotum : sac containing testes; exterior to the body | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
semen : fluid mixture of sperm and supporting materials | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
seminal vesicle : secretory accessory gland in males; contributes to semen | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
seminiferous tubule : site of sperm production in testes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
Sertoli cell : cell in seminiferous tubules that assists developing sperm and makes inhibin | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
sexual reproduction : mixing of genetic material from two individuals to produce genetically unique offspring | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
somite : group of cells separated by small spaces that form from the mesoderm and give rise to connective tissue | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
spermatheca : specialized sac that stores sperm for later use | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
spermatogenesis : process of producing haploid sperm | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
testes : pair of reproductive organs in males | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
testosterone : reproductive hormone in men that assists in sperm production and promoting secondary sexual characteristics | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
trophoblast : outer layer of cells in the blastocyst | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
uterus : environment for developing embryo and fetus | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
vagina : muscular tube for the passage of menstrual flow, copulation, and birth of offspring | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
viviparity : process in which the young develop within the female, receiving nourishment from the motherâs blood through a placenta | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
zona pellucida : protective layer of glycoproteins on the mammalian egg | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/43-key-terms |
Ecology is the study of the interactions of living things with their environment. Ecologists ask questions across four levels of biological organizationâorganismal, population, community, and ecosystem. At the organismal level, ecologists study individual organisms and how they interact with their environments. At th... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-chapter-summary |
Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution. Endemic species are species that are naturally found only in a specific geographic area. The distribution of living things is influenced by several environmental factors that are, in part, c... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-chapter-summary |
The Earth has terrestrial biomes and aquatic biomes. Aquatic biomes include both freshwater and marine environments. There are eight major terrestrial biomes: tropical wet forests, savannas, subtropical deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, and Arctic tundra. The same biome can oc... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-chapter-summary |
Aquatic ecosystems include both saltwater and freshwater biomes. The abiotic factors important for the structuring of aquatic ecosystems can be different than those seen in terrestrial systems. Sunlight is a driving force behind the structure of forests and also is an important factor in bodies of water, especially tho... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-chapter-summary |
The Earth has gone through periodic cycles of increases and decreases in temperature. During the past 2000 years, the Medieval Climate Anomaly was a warmer period, while the Little Ice Age was unusually cool. Both of these irregularities can be explained by natural causes of changes in climate, and, although the temper... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-chapter-summary |
abiotic : nonliving components of the environment | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
aboveground biomass : total mass of aboveground living plants per area | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
abyssal zone : deepest part of the ocean at depths of 4000 m or greater | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
algal bloom : rapid increase of algae in an aquatic system | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
aphotic zone : part of the ocean where no light penetrates | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
benthic realm : (also, benthic zone) part of the ocean that extends along the ocean bottom from the shoreline to the deepest parts of the ocean floor | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
biogeography : study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
biome : ecological community of plants, animals, and other organisms that is adapted to a characteristic set of environmental conditions | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
biotic : living components of the environment | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
canopy : branches and foliage of trees that form a layer of overhead coverage in a forest | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
channel : width of a river or stream from one bank to the other bank | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
clathrates : frozen chunks of ice and methane found at the bottom of the ocean | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
climate : long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions present in a specific area | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
conspecifics : individuals that are members of the same species | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
coral reef : ocean ridges formed by marine invertebrates living in warm, shallow waters within the photic zone | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
cryptofauna : invertebrates found within the calcium carbonate substrate of coral reefs | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
ecology : study of interaction between living things and their environment | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
ecosystem services : human benefits and services provided by natural ecosystems | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
emergent vegetation : wetland plants that are rooted in the soil but have portions of leaves, stems, and flowers extending above the waterâs surface | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
endemic : species found only in a specific geographic area that is usually restricted in size | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
estuary : biomes where a source of fresh water, such as a river, meets the ocean | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
fall and spring turnover : seasonal process that recycles nutrients and oxygen from the bottom of a freshwater ecosystem to the top | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
global climate change : altered global weather patterns, including a worldwide increase in temperature, due largely to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
greenhouse effect : warming of Earth due to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
greenhouse gases : atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide and methane that absorb and emit radiation, thus trapping heat in Earthâs atmosphere | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
haze-effect cooling : effect of the gases and solids from a volcanic eruption on global climate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
heterospecifics : individuals that are members of different species | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
intertidal zone : part of the ocean that is closest to land; parts extend above the water at low tide | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
Milankovitch cycles : cyclic changes in the Earth's orbit that may affect climate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
neritic zone : part of the ocean that extends from low tide to the edge of the continental shelf | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
net primary productivity : measurement of the energy accumulation within an ecosystem, calculated as the total amount of carbon fixed per year minus the amount that is oxidized during cellular respiration | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
ocean upwelling : rising of deep ocean waters that occurs when prevailing winds blow along surface waters near a coastline | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
oceanic zone : part of the ocean that begins offshore where the water measures 200 m deep or deeper | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
pelagic realm : (also, pelagic zone) open ocean waters that are not close to the bottom or near the shore | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
permafrost : perennially frozen portion of the Arctic tundra soil | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
photic zone : portion of the ocean that light can penetrate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
planktivore : animal species that eats plankton | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
predator : animal species that hunt and are carnivores or âflesh eatersâ | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
Sargassum : type of free-floating marine seaweed | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
solar intensity : amount of solar power energy the sun emits in a given amount of time | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
source water : point of origin of a river or stream | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
thermocline : layer of water with a temperature that is significantly different from that of the surrounding layers | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
weather : conditions of the atmosphere during a short period of time | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/44-key-terms |
Populations are individuals of a species that live in a particular habitat. Ecologists measure characteristics of populations: size, density, dispersion pattern, age structure, and sex ratio. Life tables are useful to calculate life expectancies of individual population members. Survivorship curves show the number of i... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-chapter-summary |
All species have evolved a pattern of living, called a life history strategy, in which they partition energy for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These patterns evolve through natural selection; they allow species to adapt to their environment to obtain the resources they need to successfully reproduce. There is ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-chapter-summary |
Populations with unlimited resources grow exponentially, with an accelerating growth rate. When resources become limiting, populations follow a logistic growth curve. The population of a species will level off at the carrying capacity of its environment. | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-chapter-summary |
Populations are regulated by a variety of density-dependent and density-independent factors. Species are divided into two categories based on a variety of features of their life history patterns:r-selected species, which have large numbers of offspring, andK-selected species, which have few offspring. Ther- andK-select... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-chapter-summary |
The worldâs human population is growing at an exponential rate. Humans have increased the worldâs carrying capacity through migration, agriculture, medical advances, and communication. The age structure of a population allows us to predict population growth. Unchecked human population growth could have dire long-te... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-chapter-summary |
Communities include all the different species living in a given area. The variety of these species is called species richness. Many organisms have developed defenses against predation and herbivory, including mechanical defenses, warning coloration, and mimicry, as a result of evolution and the interaction with other m... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-chapter-summary |
Behaviors are responses to stimuli. They can either be instinctual/innate behaviors, which are not influenced by the environment, or learned behaviors, which are influenced by environmental changes. Instinctual behaviors include mating systems and methods of communication. Learned behaviors include imprinting and habit... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-chapter-summary |
age structure : proportion of population members at specific age ranges | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
aggressive display : visual display by a species member to discourage other members of the same species or different species | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
aposematic coloration : warning coloration used as a defensive mechanism against predation | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
Batesian mimicry : type of mimicry where a non-harmful species takes on the warning colorations of a harmful one | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
behavior : change in an organismâs activities in response to a stimulus | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
behavioral biology : study of the biology and evolution of behavior | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
biotic potential (rmax) : maximal potential growth rate of a species | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
birth rate (B) : number of births within a population at a specific point in time | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
camouflage : avoid detection by blending in with the background. | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
carrying capacity (K) : number of individuals of a species that can be supported by the limited resources of a habitat | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
classical conditioning : association of a specific stimulus and response through conditioning | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
climax community : final stage of succession, where a stable community is formed by a characteristic assortment of plant and animal species | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
cognitive learning : knowledge and skills acquired by the manipulation of information in the mind | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
commensalism : relationship between species wherein one species benefits from the close, prolonged interaction, while the other species neither benefits nor is harmed | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
competitive exclusion principle : no two species within a habitat can coexist when they compete for the same resources at the same place and time | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
conditioned behavior : behavior that becomes associated with a specific stimulus through conditioning | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
courtship display : visual display used to attract a mate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
death rate (D) : number of deaths within a population at a specific point in time | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
demographic-based population model : modern model of population dynamics incorporating many features of ther- andK-selection theory | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
demography : statistical study of changes in populations over time | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/45-key-terms |
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