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Hansenâs disease(leprosy) is caused by the intracellular parasiteMycobacterium leprae. Infections cause demylenation of neurons, resulting in decreased sensation in peripheral appendages and body sites. Treatment is with multi-drug antibiotic therapy, and there is no universally recognized vaccine. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
Viral meningitisis more common and generally less severe than bacterial menigitis. It can result from secondary sequelae of many viruses or be caused by infections of arboviruses. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
Various types ofarboviral encephalitisare concentrated in particular geographic locations throughout the world. These mosquito-borne viral infections of the nervous system are typically mild, but they can be life-threatening in some cases. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
Zika virusis an emerging arboviral infection with generally mild symptoms in most individuals, but infections of pregnant people can cause the birth defect microcephaly. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
Poliois typically a mild intestinal infection but can be damaging or fatal if it progresses to a neurological disease. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
Rabiesis nearly always fatal when untreated and remains a significant problem worldwide. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathiessuch asCreutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseandkuruare caused by prions. These diseases are untreatable and ultimately fatal. Similar prion diseases are found in animals. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
Neuromycosesare uncommon in immunocompetent people, but immunocompromised individuals with fungal infections have high mortality rates. Treatment of neuromycoses require prolonged therapy with antifungal drugs at low doses to avoid side effects and overcome the effect of the blood-brain barrier. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
Some protist infections of the nervous systems are fatal if not treated, includingprimary amoebic meningitis,granulomatous amoebic encephalitis,human African trypanosomiasis, andneurotoxoplasmosis. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
The various forms of ameobic encephalitis caused by the different amoebic infections are typically fatal even with treatment, but they are rare. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
African trypanosomiasisis a serious but treatable disease endemic to two distinct regions in sub-Saharan Africa caused by the insect-borne hemoflagellateTrypanosoma brucei. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
Neurocysticercosisis treated using antihelminthic drugs or surgery to remove the large cysts from the CNS. | https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/26-summary |
Biology is the science of life. All living organisms share several key properties such as order, sensitivity or response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. Living things are highly organized following a hierarchy that includes atoms, molecules, ... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-chapter-summary |
Biology is the science that studies living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments. Science attempts to describe and understand the nature of the universe in whole or in part. Science has many fields; those fields related to the physical world and its phenomena are considered natural sc... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-chapter-summary |
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation. A generally accepted scientific theory is thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for a set of observations or phenomena. A scientific law is a description, often in the form of a mathematical formula, of the behavior of an aspect of nature under certain c... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-chapter-summary |
Science can be basic or applied. The main goal of basic science is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge. The primary goal of applied research, however, is to solve practical problems. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-chapter-summary |
applied science : a form of science that solves real-world problems | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
atom : a basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down by normal chemical reactions | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
basic science : science that seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
biology : the study of life | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
biosphere : a collection of all ecosystems on Earth | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
cell : the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
community : a set of populations inhabiting a particular area | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
control : a part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
deductive reasoning : a form of logical thinking that uses a general statement to predict specific results | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
descriptive science : a form of science that aims to observe, explore, and find things out | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
ecosystem : all living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
eukaryote : an organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
evolution : the process of gradual change in a population that can also lead to new species arising from older species | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
falsifiable : able to be disproven by experimental results | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
homeostasis : the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
hypothesis : a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
hypothesis-based science : a form of science that begins with a specific explanation that is then tested | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
inductive reasoning : a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
life science : a field of science, such as biology, that studies living things | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
macromolecule : a large molecule typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
molecule : a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
natural science : a field of science that studies the physical world, its phenomena, and processes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
organ : a structure formed of tissues operating together to perform a common function | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
organ system : the higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
organelle : a membrane-bound compartment or sac within a cell | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
organism : an individual living entity | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
peer-reviewed article : a scientific report that is reviewed by a scientistâs colleagues before publication | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
phylogenetic tree : a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
physical science : a field of science, such as astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
population : all individuals within a species living within a specific area | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
prokaryote : a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
science : knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
scientific law : a description, often in the form of a mathematical formula, for the behavior of some aspect of nature under certain specific conditions | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
scientific method : a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
scientific theory : a thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
tissue : a group of similar cells carrying out the same function | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
variable : a part of an experiment that can vary or change | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-key-terms |
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is made up of atoms of different elements. All of the 92 elements that occur naturally have unique qualities that allow them to combine in various ways to create compounds or molecules. Atoms, which consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are the smallest uni... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-chapter-summary |
Water has many properties that are critical to maintaining life. It is polar, allowing for the formation of hydrogen bonds, which allow ions and other polar molecules to dissolve in water. Therefore, water is an excellent solvent. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules give water the ability to hold heat better tha... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-chapter-summary |
The pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. A solution with a high number of hydrogen ions is acidic and has a low pH value. A solution with a high number of hydroxide ions is basic and has a high pH value. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with a pH of 7 being neutral. Buff... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-chapter-summary |
Living things are carbon-based because carbon plays such a prominent role in the chemistry of living things. The four covalent bonding positions of the carbon atom can give rise to a wide diversity of compounds with many functions, accounting for the importance of carbon in living things. Carbohydrates are a group of m... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-chapter-summary |
Lipids are a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and hydrophobic in nature. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats and oils are a stored form of energy and can include triglycerides. Fats and oils are usually made up of fatty acids and glycerol. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-chapter-summary |
Proteins are a class of macromolecules that can perform a diverse range of functions for the cell. They help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers or as hormones. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. Proteins are organized at four levels: primary, secondary, tertia... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-chapter-summary |
Nucleic acids are molecules made up of repeating units of nucleotides that direct cellular activities such as cell division and protein synthesis. Each nucleotide is made up of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-chapter-summary |
acid : a substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers pH | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
adhesion : the attraction between water molecules and molecules of a different substance | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
amino acid : a monomer of a protein | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
anion : a negative ion formed by gaining electrons | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
atomic number : the number of protons in an atom | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
base : a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions and therefore raises pH | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
buffer : a solution that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
carbohydrate : a biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
cation : a positive ion formed by losing electrons | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
cellulose : a polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and provides structural support to the cell | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
chemical bond : an interaction between two or more of the same or different elements that results in the formation of molecules | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
chitin : a type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans, and the cell walls of fungi | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
cohesion : the intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; creates surface tension | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
covalent bond : a type of strong bond between two or more of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between elements | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
denaturation : the loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) : a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that carries the hereditary information of the cell | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
disaccharide : two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycodsidic bond | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
electron : a negatively charged particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a charge of â1 | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
electron transfer : the movement of electrons from one element to another | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
element : one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances and retain the characteristic of that substance; each element has a specified number of protons and unique properties | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
enzyme : a catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
evaporation : the release of water molecules from liquid water to form water vapor | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
fat : a lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol (triglyceride) that typically exists in a solid form at room temperature | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
glycogen : a storage carbohydrate in animals | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
hormone : a chemical signaling molecule, usually a protein or steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells; acts to control or regulate specific physiological processes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
hydrogen bond : a weak bond between partially positively charged hydrogen atoms and partially negatively charged elements or molecules | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
hydrophilic : describes a substance that dissolves in water; water-loving | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
hydrophobic : describes a substance that does not dissolve in water; water-fearing | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
ion : an atom or compound that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons, and therefore has a net charge | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
ionic bond : a chemical bond that forms between ions of opposite charges | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
isotope : one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
lipids : a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and insoluble in water | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
litmus paper : filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye so it can be used as a pH indicator | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
macromolecule : a large molecule, often formed by polymerization of smaller monomers | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
mass number : the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
matter : anything that has mass and occupies space | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
monosaccharide : a single unit or monomer of carbohydrates | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
neutron : a particle with no charge that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of 1 | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
nonpolar covalent bond : a type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in no regions with partial charges as in polar covalent bonds | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
nucleic acid : a biological macromolecule that carries the genetic information of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/2-key-terms |
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