id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
53,956 | Distance between users | <p>I want to compute the "distance" between users in order to return the top n similar users, for any given user.
For each user a have a bunch of features.</p>

<p>This is close to a recommendation system, however I don't have ratings and I can't assign each user to different products, hence I'll need to co... | recommender system similarity distance | 1 | Distance between users -- (recommender system similarity distance)
<p>I want to compute the "distance" between users in order to return the top n similar users, for any given user.
For each user a have a bunch of features.</p>

<p>This is close to a recommendation system, however I don't have ratings and I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
53,959 | Confusion regarding the Working mechanism of Activation function | <p>For binary classification irrespective of the model used, the sigmoid function is a good choice for output layer because the actual output value ‘Y’ is either 0 or 1 so it makes sense for predicted output value to be a number between 0 and 1. </p>

<p>My confusion is that is there a binary step function in t... | neural network classification svm activation function self study | 1 | Confusion regarding the Working mechanism of Activation function -- (neural network classification svm activation function self study)
<p>For binary classification irrespective of the model used, the sigmoid function is a good choice for output layer because the actual output value ‘Y’ is either 0 or 1 so it makes sens... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
53,970 | Why use separable convolutions on one channel input? | <p>I'm currently working on the <a href="https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/guides/text-classification/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Text Classification Guide</a> from Google.
During step 4, they create a <code>CNN</code> with separable convolutions for use with word embeddings:</p>

<pre class="l... | machine learning word embeddings convolution | 1 | Why use separable convolutions on one channel input? -- (machine learning word embeddings convolution)
<p>I'm currently working on the <a href="https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/guides/text-classification/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Text Classification Guide</a> from Google.
During step 4, they create ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
53,979 | What is the difference between an autoencoder and an encoder-decoder? | <p>I want to know if there is a difference between an autoencoder and an encoder-decoder.</p>
 | neural network autoencoder | 1 | What is the difference between an autoencoder and an encoder-decoder? -- (neural network autoencoder)
<p>I want to know if there is a difference between an autoencoder and an encoder-decoder.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
53,995 | What does embedding mean in machine learning? | <p>I just met a terminology called "embedding" in a paper regarding deep learning. The context is "multi-modal embedding"</p>

<p>My guess: embedding of something is extract some feature of sth,to form a vector.</p>

<p>I couldn't get the explicit meaning for this terminology and that stops me from full... | machine learning neural network deep learning feature selection | 1 | What does embedding mean in machine learning? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning feature selection)
<p>I just met a terminology called "embedding" in a paper regarding deep learning. The context is "multi-modal embedding"</p>

<p>My guess: embedding of something is extract some feature of sth,to ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,013 | Is text recognition by definition a part of image recognition? | <p>I'm referring to more advanced text recognition systems that are using neural networks to find and extract text from images like the ones Google and Microsoft are offering on their ML platforms.</p>

<p>If not, what is the technical difference to other branches of image recognition like object or face recogn... | neural network cnn computer vision image recognition | 1 | Is text recognition by definition a part of image recognition? -- (neural network cnn computer vision image recognition)
<p>I'm referring to more advanced text recognition systems that are using neural networks to find and extract text from images like the ones Google and Microsoft are offering on their ML platforms.</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,014 | How to apply a trained Random Forest model to a new data set in R? | <p>So I have a data set that is essentially football players statistics in 2017 and 2018. I have trained my model to use the 2017 data to predict the 2018 number of touchdowns. My code is below:</p>

<pre><code>set.seed(1)
data.rf <- randomForest(2018_td ~ ., data = data, proximity = TRUE)
</code></p... | r predictive modeling random forest | 1 | How to apply a trained Random Forest model to a new data set in R? -- (r predictive modeling random forest)
<p>So I have a data set that is essentially football players statistics in 2017 and 2018. I have trained my model to use the 2017 data to predict the 2018 number of touchdowns. My code is below:</p>

<pre... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,021 | Anomaly detection k-means in Time Series | <p>I'm trying to use k-means to detect anomalies in the <code>Amount</code> column. I have the following part of my dataset:</p>

<pre><code>8 2018-09-06 -2760.14
9 2018-10-04 -1149.73
10 2018-11-07 -1551.41
11 2018-12-06 -1208.17
12 2019-01-07 -244.02
13 2019-02-06 111.00&#... | clustering k means anomaly detection | 1 | Anomaly detection k-means in Time Series -- (clustering k means anomaly detection)
<p>I'm trying to use k-means to detect anomalies in the <code>Amount</code> column. I have the following part of my dataset:</p>

<pre><code>8 2018-09-06 -2760.14
9 2018-10-04 -1149.73
10 2018-11-07 -1551.41
1... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,023 | Dueling Network gradient with respect to Advantage stream | <p>Looking at <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjsY8-P4WHM" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Dueling DQN</a>:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$Q = V + A - mean(A)$</span></p>

<p>For simplicity, let's assume we are working with 4 neurons. Recall that Value stream only has 1 neuron <span class="mat... | reinforcement learning gradient descent backpropagation | 1 | Dueling Network gradient with respect to Advantage stream -- (reinforcement learning gradient descent backpropagation)
<p>Looking at <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjsY8-P4WHM" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Dueling DQN</a>:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$Q = V + A - mean(A)$</span></p>

<p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,033 | Using doccano for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis annotation | <p>Currently looking for a good tool to annotate sentences regarding aspects and their respective sentiment polarities.</p>

<p>I'm using SemEval Task 4 as a reference. The following is an example in the training dataset:</p>

<pre><code><sentence id="2005">
 <text>it is of high quali... | nlp sentiment analysis tools annotation | 1 | Using doccano for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis annotation -- (nlp sentiment analysis tools annotation)
<p>Currently looking for a good tool to annotate sentences regarding aspects and their respective sentiment polarities.</p>

<p>I'm using SemEval Task 4 as a reference. The following is an example in the tr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,035 | (SOLVED) Power BI, Page level filter not working with many to one relation | <p>EDIT: Solution found.</p>

<p>Turns out the relations were set to <code>Cross filter direction: Single</code> on all relations (and the one from <code>Month table.Month</code> to <code>A.Month</code> was not set to active).</p>

<p>Setting <code>Cross filter direction: Both</code> fixed the problem.<... | powerbi | 1 | (SOLVED) Power BI, Page level filter not working with many to one relation -- (powerbi)
<p>EDIT: Solution found.</p>

<p>Turns out the relations were set to <code>Cross filter direction: Single</code> on all relations (and the one from <code>Month table.Month</code> to <code>A.Month</code> was not set to active... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,052 | Obtaining consistent one-hot encoding of train / production data | <p>I'm building an app that will require user input. Currently, on the training set, I run the following code, in which <code>data</code> is a pandas dataframe with a combination of categorical and numerical columns.</p>

<pre><code>dummified_data = data.get_dummies()
train_data = dummified_data[:10000]
... | python pandas dummy variables | 1 | Obtaining consistent one-hot encoding of train / production data -- (python pandas dummy variables)
<p>I'm building an app that will require user input. Currently, on the training set, I run the following code, in which <code>data</code> is a pandas dataframe with a combination of categorical and numerical columns.</p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,053 | conceptnet api documentation for /wn/ part of the URI | <p>for url <a href="http://api.conceptnet.io/c/en/music/n/wn/communication" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://api.conceptnet.io/c/en/music/n/wn/communication</a></p>

<p><code>/c/en/music/n</code> is explained the doc (<a href="https://github.com/commonsense/conceptnet5/wiki/URI-hierarchy" rel="nofollow noreferr... | machine learning | 1 | conceptnet api documentation for /wn/ part of the URI -- (machine learning)
<p>for url <a href="http://api.conceptnet.io/c/en/music/n/wn/communication" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://api.conceptnet.io/c/en/music/n/wn/communication</a></p>

<p><code>/c/en/music/n</code> is explained the doc (<a href="https://g... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,103 | Are there any algorithms for a classification problem involving unlimited classes, and only a few instances per class | <p><strong>The Scenario:</strong> A group of people must summarize specific parts of speeches they hear. They hear a new speech every day, and it's possible that multiple members of group are listening to the same speech.</p>

<p><strong>The Question:</strong> What ml algorithm or approach could you take to lin... | classification multiclass classification | 1 | Are there any algorithms for a classification problem involving unlimited classes, and only a few instances per class -- (classification multiclass classification)
<p><strong>The Scenario:</strong> A group of people must summarize specific parts of speeches they hear. They hear a new speech every day, and it's possible... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,110 | Is it normal for F1 scores to be lower on a binary classification task as compared to a 3-class classification task? | <p>I am trying to understand if the F1 scores are higher for a binary classification problem than for a multiclass classification problem.</p>
 | classification multiclass classification | 1 | Is it normal for F1 scores to be lower on a binary classification task as compared to a 3-class classification task? -- (classification multiclass classification)
<p>I am trying to understand if the F1 scores are higher for a binary classification problem than for a multiclass classification problem.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,112 | Feature engineering for categorical variables | <p>I have some categorical variables in my dataset for a regression problem.</p>

<p>1) One of the variable can take 3 values (Girls, Boys, Girls&Boys). Converting it into one-hot encoding or binary encoding will treat all three values as a different class. How can I use it efficiently retaining the informa... | machine learning data cleaning feature engineering feature extraction feature scaling | 1 | Feature engineering for categorical variables -- (machine learning data cleaning feature engineering feature extraction feature scaling)
<p>I have some categorical variables in my dataset for a regression problem.</p>

<p>1) One of the variable can take 3 values (Girls, Boys, Girls&Boys). Converting it into... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,142 | How to get the weights of a linear model by solving normal equation? | <p>In <a href="https://www.deeplearningbook.org/contents/mlp.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">chapter 6.1</a> of the book <em>Deep Learning</em>, the author tries to learn the XOR function by using a linear model (on page 168).</p>

<p><strong>Linear Model:</strong></p>

<p><span class="math-container">$... | machine learning linear regression gradient descent | 1 | How to get the weights of a linear model by solving normal equation? -- (machine learning linear regression gradient descent)
<p>In <a href="https://www.deeplearningbook.org/contents/mlp.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">chapter 6.1</a> of the book <em>Deep Learning</em>, the author tries to learn the XOR function by usi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,163 | CNNs - Hyperparameter tuning with different training sizes of the same data set | <p>I would like to compare how much the classification performance (test accuracy) of CNNs changes depending on the size of the data set.
For this I would like to use a data set like MNIST or Fashion MNIST.</p>

<p>I would like to start by first training a CNN with only a subset ob about 1000 images, then a... | cnn hyperparameter tuning grid search gridsearchcv finetuning | 1 | CNNs - Hyperparameter tuning with different training sizes of the same data set -- (cnn hyperparameter tuning grid search gridsearchcv finetuning)
<p>I would like to compare how much the classification performance (test accuracy) of CNNs changes depending on the size of the data set.
For this I would like to use a ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,184 | How to interpret feature importance (XGBoost) in this case? | <p>I found two dominant features from <code>plot_importance</code>. My dependent variable Y is customer retention (whether or not the customer will retain, 1=yes, 0=no). My problem is I know that feature A and B are significant, but I don't know how to interpret and report them in words because I can't tell if they ha... | feature selection xgboost | 1 | How to interpret feature importance (XGBoost) in this case? -- (feature selection xgboost)
<p>I found two dominant features from <code>plot_importance</code>. My dependent variable Y is customer retention (whether or not the customer will retain, 1=yes, 0=no). My problem is I know that feature A and B are significant,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,186 | Targeted information extraction / focused extractive summarization | <p>I have a large collection of project manuals, each with a large number of pages. Each manual contains some form of summary paragraphs, although these are not necessarily similar in structure or format from one to the next. The rest of the manual generally contains a large amount of various information in relation to... | machine learning text mining information retrieval automatic summarization | 1 | Targeted information extraction / focused extractive summarization -- (machine learning text mining information retrieval automatic summarization)
<p>I have a large collection of project manuals, each with a large number of pages. Each manual contains some form of summary paragraphs, although these are not necessarily ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,187 | Generating Synthetic Image to improve the performance of classifier | <p>I need some suggestion from experts. For my project work, I have been learning about <code>Generative Adversarial Network</code>. </p>

<p>I am trying to make a <code>classifier</code> (say <code>CNN</code>) to train with original <strong>CIFAR-10</strong> dataset and then evaluate the performance.</p>
&... | deep learning image classification gan | 1 | Generating Synthetic Image to improve the performance of classifier -- (deep learning image classification gan)
<p>I need some suggestion from experts. For my project work, I have been learning about <code>Generative Adversarial Network</code>. </p>

<p>I am trying to make a <code>classifier</code> (say <code>C... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,198 | How to predict next visit date based on this data | <p>I have a dataset shown below. Here, status is if visit has been done or not and schedule is if <code>next_action_scheduled</code>.</p>

<pre><code>df = 

visit_date |status |scheduled_visit

2018-09-13|1|0000-00-00

2018-11-13|1|0000-00-00

2019-01-13|1|0000-00-00

201... | machine learning time series rnn forecasting | 1 | How to predict next visit date based on this data -- (machine learning time series rnn forecasting)
<p>I have a dataset shown below. Here, status is if visit has been done or not and schedule is if <code>next_action_scheduled</code>.</p>

<pre><code>df = 

visit_date |status |scheduled_visit

20... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,210 | is there a way to customize my loss function to increase recall in one class only? | <p>First, thank you.</p>

<p>I'm using Tensorflow 1.13 with Python 3. I'm trying to create a CNN classifier on data with 4 classes, one-hot encoded. However, the insights I need it to produce are really around spotting either classes 0 or 3. If it tells me a data row is of class 1 or 2, that's of little use to ... | python tensorflow | 1 | is there a way to customize my loss function to increase recall in one class only? -- (python tensorflow)
<p>First, thank you.</p>

<p>I'm using Tensorflow 1.13 with Python 3. I'm trying to create a CNN classifier on data with 4 classes, one-hot encoded. However, the insights I need it to produce are really aro... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,237 | Is it valid to shuffle time-series data for a prediction task? | <p>I have a time-series dataset that records some participants' daily features from wearable sensors and their daily mood status.</p>

<p>The goal is to use one day's daily features and predict the next day's mood status for participants with machine learning models such as linear regression. </p>

<p>I... | time series predictive modeling linear regression | 1 | Is it valid to shuffle time-series data for a prediction task? -- (time series predictive modeling linear regression)
<p>I have a time-series dataset that records some participants' daily features from wearable sensors and their daily mood status.</p>

<p>The goal is to use one day's daily features and predict ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,244 | Purpose of converting continuous data to categorical data | <p>I was reading through a notebook tutorial working with the Titanic dataset, linked <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/startupsci/titanic-data-science-solutions" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>, and noticed that they highly favored ordinal data to continuous data.</p>

<p>For example, they converted both the ... | machine learning data categorical data numerical | 1 | Purpose of converting continuous data to categorical data -- (machine learning data categorical data numerical)
<p>I was reading through a notebook tutorial working with the Titanic dataset, linked <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/startupsci/titanic-data-science-solutions" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>, and noticed... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,257 | Does it make sense to concatenate datasets to improve accuracy of model? | <p>I'm planning on training an NER model, I already do have a large corpus but I did find one more large corpus and I'm quite confident that I can source even more corpora and format its data to my needs.</p>

<p>Assuming all datasets eventually are in the same format and don't have any inconsistencies, does it... | nlp dataset | 1 | Does it make sense to concatenate datasets to improve accuracy of model? -- (nlp dataset)
<p>I'm planning on training an NER model, I already do have a large corpus but I did find one more large corpus and I'm quite confident that I can source even more corpora and format its data to my needs.</p>

<p>Assuming ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,258 | Using LeakyRelu as activation function in CNN and best alpha for it | <p>Since if we do not declare the <code>activation function</code>, the default will be set as <code>linear</code> for Conv2D layer. Is it true to write: </p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>model.add(Conv2D(32, kernel_size=(3, 3),
 input_shape=(380,380,1))
model.add(LeakyReLU... | keras cnn activation function | 1 | Using LeakyRelu as activation function in CNN and best alpha for it -- (keras cnn activation function)
<p>Since if we do not declare the <code>activation function</code>, the default will be set as <code>linear</code> for Conv2D layer. Is it true to write: </p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>m... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,259 | are explanatory variables in multiple linear regression slopes? | <p>In simple linear regression the formula is: <span class="math-container">$y = m \cdot x + b$</span>.
 When there are multiple independent variables: <span class="math-container">$y = b_0 + b_1 \cdot x_1 + b_2 \cdot x_2 + \ldots $</span></p>

<p>I know that <span class="math-container">$x_1,x_2,\ldots $</... | statistics | 1 | are explanatory variables in multiple linear regression slopes? -- (statistics)
<p>In simple linear regression the formula is: <span class="math-container">$y = m \cdot x + b$</span>.
 When there are multiple independent variables: <span class="math-container">$y = b_0 + b_1 \cdot x_1 + b_2 \cdot x_2 + \ldots $</sp... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,263 | Pattern Recognition, Bishop - MLE and Least squares section 3.1 | <p>Please refer to an equation in Pattern recognition and Machine Learning by Bishop. My query is related to manipulation of an error term, equation 3.18:
<span class="math-container">$$E_{D}(\boldsymbol{w}) = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=1}^N\{t_{n} - w_{0} - \sum_{j=1}^{M-1}w_{j}\phi_{j}(x_{n})\}^{2} \tag{3.18}$$</span>&#x... | machine learning | 1 | Pattern Recognition, Bishop - MLE and Least squares section 3.1 -- (machine learning)
<p>Please refer to an equation in Pattern recognition and Machine Learning by Bishop. My query is related to manipulation of an error term, equation 3.18:
<span class="math-container">$$E_{D}(\boldsymbol{w}) = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=1... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,273 | How can I know if my conv1D model is overfitted or underfitted from loss curve? | <p>I am working on classification of time series multivariate data. By doing PCA, I converted multivariate to uni-variate and fed it into a conv1d in keras. </p>

<p>However, I am getting a very high accuracy and low loss both in validation and in training. How can I justify this? </p>

<p>I have tried... | python keras convolutional neural network | 1 | How can I know if my conv1D model is overfitted or underfitted from loss curve? -- (python keras convolutional neural network)
<p>I am working on classification of time series multivariate data. By doing PCA, I converted multivariate to uni-variate and fed it into a conv1d in keras. </p>

<p>However, I am getti... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,280 | Multicollinearity(Variance Inflation Factor). Variables to remove before doing a model | <p>I am doing an exercise of a Machine Learning System module in python that takes a dataset of cars (cylinders, year, consumption....) and asks for a model, being the variable to predict the consumption of gasoline. As it has three categorical variables, I have generated the dummies.</p>

<p><a href="https://i... | machine learning scikit learn collinearity | 1 | Multicollinearity(Variance Inflation Factor). Variables to remove before doing a model -- (machine learning scikit learn collinearity)
<p>I am doing an exercise of a Machine Learning System module in python that takes a dataset of cars (cylinders, year, consumption....) and asks for a model, being the variable to predi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,289 | Reward negative derivative on linear regression | <p>I'm actually new to Data Science and I'm trying to make a simple linear regression with only one feature X ( which I added the feature log(X) before adding a polynomial features) on a motley dataset using Python an all the Data Science stack that comes with it (numpy, pandas, sci-kit learn, ...) <br></p>

<p... | scikit learn linear regression | 1 | Reward negative derivative on linear regression -- (scikit learn linear regression)
<p>I'm actually new to Data Science and I'm trying to make a simple linear regression with only one feature X ( which I added the feature log(X) before adding a polynomial features) on a motley dataset using Python an all the Data Scien... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,293 | Strange binary classification result with a model that indicate it has been well-trained | <p><strong>The problem :</strong>
I am trying to build a model for binary classification for melanoma 'MEL' and nevus 'NV' the dataset is from ISIC archive <a href="https://challenge2019.isic-archive.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ISIC 2019</a> but for 8 different type of skin lesion, I am using just two type as I... | deep learning neural network keras image classification convolutional neural network | 1 | Strange binary classification result with a model that indicate it has been well-trained -- (deep learning neural network keras image classification convolutional neural network)
<p><strong>The problem :</strong>
I am trying to build a model for binary classification for melanoma 'MEL' and nevus 'NV' the dataset is... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,296 | Should input images be normalized to -1 to 1 or 0 to 1 | <p>Many ML tutorials are normalizing input images to value of -1 to 1 before feeding them to ML model. The ML model is most likely a few conv 2d layers followed by a fully connected layers. Assuming activation function is ReLu. </p>

<p>My question is, would normalizing images to [-1, 1] range be unfair to inpu... | normalization | 1 | Should input images be normalized to -1 to 1 or 0 to 1 -- (normalization)
<p>Many ML tutorials are normalizing input images to value of -1 to 1 before feeding them to ML model. The ML model is most likely a few conv 2d layers followed by a fully connected layers. Assuming activation function is ReLu. </p>

<p>M... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,313 | A2C Continuous for Pendulum-v0 working implementation, negation for loss and entropy calculation | <p><a href="https://github.com/Hyeokreal/Actor-Critic-Continuous-Keras/blob/master/a2c_continuous.py" rel="nofollow noreferrer">very good implementation of A2C continuous for Pendulum-v0</a></p>

<p>Code has snippet to stop execution when mean of last 10 or 20 is higher than -20 but the results look like:</p>&#... | neural network distribution gaussian openai gym actor critic | 1 | A2C Continuous for Pendulum-v0 working implementation, negation for loss and entropy calculation -- (neural network distribution gaussian openai gym actor critic)
<p><a href="https://github.com/Hyeokreal/Actor-Critic-Continuous-Keras/blob/master/a2c_continuous.py" rel="nofollow noreferrer">very good implementation of A... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,327 | How to know when to stop trainning a deep network? | <p>I've been training several <code>auto encoders</code> containing two <code>GRU</code>s as encoder and decoder during last year. It occurred to me that while training there were sequences of epochs which their loss did change just a little bit(less than 0.005 or so). Every time I took this as a sign that my model is ... | deep learning training rnn | 1 | How to know when to stop trainning a deep network? -- (deep learning training rnn)
<p>I've been training several <code>auto encoders</code> containing two <code>GRU</code>s as encoder and decoder during last year. It occurred to me that while training there were sequences of epochs which their loss did change just a li... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,337 | How are Lagrangian multipliers zero except for support vectors in dual representation of SVM? | <p>How can we conclude that the Lagrangian multipliers are zero, except support vectors, in a dual problem? I cannot seem to see it.</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$L(\alpha)=-\frac{1}{2}\sum_i \sum_j \alpha_i \alpha_j y_i y_j x_i' x_j + \sum_i{\alpha_i}
$$</span></p>
 | machine learning svm | 1 | How are Lagrangian multipliers zero except for support vectors in dual representation of SVM? -- (machine learning svm)
<p>How can we conclude that the Lagrangian multipliers are zero, except support vectors, in a dual problem? I cannot seem to see it.</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$L(\alpha)=-\frac{1}{... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,343 | How to transform many columns of TRUE/FALSE/NA to just TRUE/FALSE? | <p>I have a dataframe that consists of a few columns of text, and then a bunch of columns that are TRUE/FALSE or NA (they were TRUE/FALSE but I left-joined them with <code>merge</code> and that added NAs).</p>

<p>Eg:</p>

<pre><code>issue # | title | body | x | y | z | lbl1 | lbl2 | lbl3 ... | r data cleaning | 1 | How to transform many columns of TRUE/FALSE/NA to just TRUE/FALSE? -- (r data cleaning)
<p>I have a dataframe that consists of a few columns of text, and then a bunch of columns that are TRUE/FALSE or NA (they were TRUE/FALSE but I left-joined them with <code>merge</code> and that added NAs).</p>

<p>Eg:</p>&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,346 | Data-generating probability distribution, probability distribution of a dataset, in ML | <p>In Goodfellow I, Bengio Y, Courville A. Deep learning. MIT press; 2016 Nov 10.
<a href="http://thuvien.thanglong.edu.vn:8081/dspace/bitstream/DHTL_123456789/4227/1/10.4-1.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://thuvien.thanglong.edu.vn:8081/dspace/bitstream/DHTL_123456789/4227/1/10.4-1.pdf</a></p>

<p>p. 1... | machine learning probability | 1 | Data-generating probability distribution, probability distribution of a dataset, in ML -- (machine learning probability)
<p>In Goodfellow I, Bengio Y, Courville A. Deep learning. MIT press; 2016 Nov 10.
<a href="http://thuvien.thanglong.edu.vn:8081/dspace/bitstream/DHTL_123456789/4227/1/10.4-1.pdf" rel="nofollow no... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,352 | What's the best way to approach a regression problem with a lot of features (over 300), many of which are categorical? | <p>I have <span class="math-container">$20,000$</span> training examples of various candidate attributes (highest level of education, country, year of formal training completion, etc). </p>

<p>My <strong>output</strong> (prediction) will be for <code>job_performance</code>, which is measured between <span clas... | predictive modeling | 1 | What's the best way to approach a regression problem with a lot of features (over 300), many of which are categorical? -- (predictive modeling)
<p>I have <span class="math-container">$20,000$</span> training examples of various candidate attributes (highest level of education, country, year of formal training completio... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,369 | Is conditional GAN supervised learning? | <p>I am trying to understand <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1411.1784.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this paper</a> about conditional GAN, it says that extra information <strong><em>y</em></strong> (class labels) is given to the network. However, I cannot understand its usage during training or its benefits. As far as ... | machine learning deep learning supervised learning gan | 1 | Is conditional GAN supervised learning? -- (machine learning deep learning supervised learning gan)
<p>I am trying to understand <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1411.1784.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this paper</a> about conditional GAN, it says that extra information <strong><em>y</em></strong> (class labels) is give... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,374 | Changing Timestamp format for Date-Time in Excel/Pandas/Python? | <p>I have a excel data with time stamp format like this "2019-06-10T14:05:00+05:30"
[YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS], I want it to be converted into "2019-06-10 14:05" [YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM],</p>

<p>Is it possible to convert into required format using Excel or Python Libraries?
or any other way?</p>

<p>Thank... | python time series excel | 1 | Changing Timestamp format for Date-Time in Excel/Pandas/Python? -- (python time series excel)
<p>I have a excel data with time stamp format like this "2019-06-10T14:05:00+05:30"
[YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS], I want it to be converted into "2019-06-10 14:05" [YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM],</p>

<p>Is it possible to convert int... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,377 | is there a way to normalize [-3,1] to ${\begin{bmatrix} \dfrac{-3}{\sqrt{10}}\\ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{10}}\\ \end{bmatrix}}$ with python? | <p>I am learning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_value_decomposition" rel="nofollow noreferrer">SVD</a> by following this <a href="https://youtu.be/Yw1xmxPH_ps?t=316" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MIT course</a></p>

<p>The lecturer is trying to normalize a vector</p>

<p><span class="math-c... | machine learning python data mining numpy normalization | 1 | is there a way to normalize [-3,1] to ${\begin{bmatrix} \dfrac{-3}{\sqrt{10}}\\ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{10}}\\ \end{bmatrix}}$ with python? -- (machine learning python data mining numpy normalization)
<p>I am learning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_value_decomposition" rel="nofollow noreferrer">SVD</a> by foll... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,379 | How is the "loss" calculated which is supplied by the callback log in Keras? | <p>I.e. categorical cross entropy? binary cross entropy? Something else?</p>

<p>Or is it perhaps the loss function which you pass into the model.compile method?</p>
 | deep learning keras loss function metric | 1 | How is the "loss" calculated which is supplied by the callback log in Keras? -- (deep learning keras loss function metric)
<p>I.e. categorical cross entropy? binary cross entropy? Something else?</p>

<p>Or is it perhaps the loss function which you pass into the model.compile method?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,382 | Removing # from header | <p>I have a <span class="math-container">$(418,2)$</span> matrix and I want to convert it to <strong>csv</strong>. so I write:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>np.savetxt('titanic1.csv', Sol, fmt='%.2f', delimiter=",",header="PassengerId,Survived")
</code></pre>

<p>But the heade... | dataset csv matrix | 1 | Removing # from header -- (dataset csv matrix)
<p>I have a <span class="math-container">$(418,2)$</span> matrix and I want to convert it to <strong>csv</strong>. so I write:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>np.savetxt('titanic1.csv', Sol, fmt='%.2f', delimiter=",",header="PassengerId,Survive... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,384 | Mapping of categorical features into binary indicator features | <p>I am currently reading an introductory machine learning book by Daumé (<a href="http://www.ciml.info/dl/v0_99/ciml-v0_99-ch03.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ch. 03, p. 30</a>) and when discussing the mapping of categorical features with "n" possible values into "n" binary indicator features, the following question i... | machine learning categorical data beginner encoding k nn | 1 | Mapping of categorical features into binary indicator features -- (machine learning categorical data beginner encoding k nn)
<p>I am currently reading an introductory machine learning book by Daumé (<a href="http://www.ciml.info/dl/v0_99/ciml-v0_99-ch03.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ch. 03, p. 30</a>) and when discuss... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,386 | Predict using a saved regression model | <p>I have trained an ANN model for a regression problem which takes 10 parameters as input and gives 1 output. After training, I saved the model as json and weights as a .h5 file using keras. Now I want to make predictions on the new data. I have loaded the model and my question here is how do I scale this single row o... | python neural network deep learning keras | 1 | Predict using a saved regression model -- (python neural network deep learning keras)
<p>I have trained an ANN model for a regression problem which takes 10 parameters as input and gives 1 output. After training, I saved the model as json and weights as a .h5 file using keras. Now I want to make predictions on the new ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,390 | What is the difference between handcrafted and learned features | <p>I am having difficulty understanding what the differences are between handcrafted and learned features.</p>

<p>Is it just the case that the handcrafted features are the input variables, and that the learned features would refer to the output variable? Or are they (handcrafted and learned) both types of inpu... | features | 1 | What is the difference between handcrafted and learned features -- (features)
<p>I am having difficulty understanding what the differences are between handcrafted and learned features.</p>

<p>Is it just the case that the handcrafted features are the input variables, and that the learned features would refer to... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,407 | How to predict number of orders for coming weeks using previous week's data? | <p>I'm getting confused as how to proceed for this problem:</p>

<p>I need to predict a city's food supply, for number of orders, for the upcoming weeks based on previous weeks' data. What should I do? Do I need to use a time related algorithm or a simple algorithm?</p>
 | visualization machine learning model data science model | 1 | How to predict number of orders for coming weeks using previous week's data? -- (visualization machine learning model data science model)
<p>I'm getting confused as how to proceed for this problem:</p>

<p>I need to predict a city's food supply, for number of orders, for the upcoming weeks based on previous wee... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,409 | Where to store dataset when creating neural network models and using github? | <p>I have been recommended to use GitHub for all my coding projects as it is a great way to demonstrate to employers what you have been working on as well as just sharing anything you have created that might be useful to others. So I am storing my code for Neural Network Models I am working in a GitHub repository but I... | machine learning neural network data science model | 1 | Where to store dataset when creating neural network models and using github? -- (machine learning neural network data science model)
<p>I have been recommended to use GitHub for all my coding projects as it is a great way to demonstrate to employers what you have been working on as well as just sharing anything you hav... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,413 | Why does np.linalg.eig produce an opposite-signed eigenvector? | <p>I am learning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_value_decomposition" rel="nofollow noreferrer">SVD</a> by following this <a href="https://youtu.be/Yw1xmxPH_ps?t=431" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MIT course</a>. In this video, the lecturer is finding the SVD for </p>

<p><span class="math-containe... | machine learning python data mining numpy linear algebra | 1 | Why does np.linalg.eig produce an opposite-signed eigenvector? -- (machine learning python data mining numpy linear algebra)
<p>I am learning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_value_decomposition" rel="nofollow noreferrer">SVD</a> by following this <a href="https://youtu.be/Yw1xmxPH_ps?t=431" rel="nofollo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,427 | CASE sentence for SQL query | <p>I have a question abut MySQL</p>

<p>I would like to handle a column with characters without changing the original DB. Below is the levels of the column named 'Maker'.</p>

<p>기아, 현대, BMW, VolksWagen, Porsche
So there are about 10 기아s, 20 현대s, 30 BMWs and so on.</p>

<p>As you can see, so... | data cleaning sql | 1 | CASE sentence for SQL query -- (data cleaning sql)
<p>I have a question abut MySQL</p>

<p>I would like to handle a column with characters without changing the original DB. Below is the levels of the column named 'Maker'.</p>

<p>기아, 현대, BMW, VolksWagen, Porsche
So there are about 10 기아s, 20 현대s, 30... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,430 | How to interpretate multiple histograms corresponding to each feature in multiple linear regression for relationship? | <p>Used matplotlib to plot the histograms for each feature in Boston dataset available in scikitlearn library.
How to interpretate the histograms to determine the correlation or significance of that feature in model training?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/3SRi9.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><... | regression linear regression feature engineering | 1 | How to interpretate multiple histograms corresponding to each feature in multiple linear regression for relationship? -- (regression linear regression feature engineering)
<p>Used matplotlib to plot the histograms for each feature in Boston dataset available in scikitlearn library.
How to interpretate the histogra... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,436 | ValueError: pos_label=1 is not a valid label: array(['N', 'Y'], dtype='<U1') | <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>X = train_encoded_df.iloc[:, 1: ]
y = train_encoded_df["Loan_Status"]

print("Precision:",metrics.precision_score(y_test, y_pred))
</code></pre>

<p>My training data contains the categorical features encoded using <code>get_dummies()</code>.</p>&#x... | machine learning python data data analysis anaconda | 1 | ValueError: pos_label=1 is not a valid label: array(['N', 'Y'], dtype='<U1') -- (machine learning python data data analysis anaconda)
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>X = train_encoded_df.iloc[:, 1: ]
y = train_encoded_df["Loan_Status"]

print("Precision:",metrics.precision_score(y_test, y_pr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,441 | conv net data retrieval on unseen class | <p>I have build a conv net for image classification which work "well"</p>

<p>Now I extract features from last fully connected layer and use it for <strong>image retrieval</strong> (find image most similar to my target image) using hamming distance. it's working prety well even if I'm not able to predict how i... | python deep learning image recognition convolutional neural network | 1 | conv net data retrieval on unseen class -- (python deep learning image recognition convolutional neural network)
<p>I have build a conv net for image classification which work "well"</p>

<p>Now I extract features from last fully connected layer and use it for <strong>image retrieval</strong> (find image most ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,472 | How do I find the count of a particular column, based on another column(date) using pandas? | <p>I have a dataframe with 3 columns, such as SoldDate,Model and TotalSoldCount. How do I create a new column, 'CountSoldbyMonth' which will give the count of each of the many models sold monthly? </p>

<pre><code>Date Model TotalSoldCount
Jan 19 A 4
Jan 19 A 4&#x... | python pandas data cleaning | 1 | How do I find the count of a particular column, based on another column(date) using pandas? -- (python pandas data cleaning)
<p>I have a dataframe with 3 columns, such as SoldDate,Model and TotalSoldCount. How do I create a new column, 'CountSoldbyMonth' which will give the count of each of the many models sold monthly... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,473 | Difference between LASSO penalty in neural network and just LASSO regression | <p>I wonder whether those two have any significant differences.</p>

<p>I think in neural network, the lasso penalty put on the loss function makes the model simpler and introduces more sparsity by automatically reducing some of the features to 0. I assume that's basically the lasso regression is doing? </p>&#x... | neural network multiclass classification dimensionality reduction regularization | 1 | Difference between LASSO penalty in neural network and just LASSO regression -- (neural network multiclass classification dimensionality reduction regularization)
<p>I wonder whether those two have any significant differences.</p>

<p>I think in neural network, the lasso penalty put on the loss function makes t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,477 | How to get high accuracy in CNNs? | <p>ML and Data Science world.</p>

<p>I am a newbie to CNNs, but do possess a basic understanding of ML and Neural Networks.</p>

<p>I wanted to create my own CNN that works on the Cats and Dogs Dataset. I preprocessed the data and built my network, but when I fit the model with the data, I am not able ... | neural network deep learning keras tensorflow cnn | 1 | How to get high accuracy in CNNs? -- (neural network deep learning keras tensorflow cnn)
<p>ML and Data Science world.</p>

<p>I am a newbie to CNNs, but do possess a basic understanding of ML and Neural Networks.</p>

<p>I wanted to create my own CNN that works on the Cats and Dogs Dataset. I preproces... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,483 | Multiclass Regression for density prediction | <p>This is my first question in the DS-community, so I'm happily willing to accept any kind of (meta-) advice :).</p>

<p>I have time-series data for a set of <code>users</code> (~100), whereas each 15 min it is logged to which <code>antenna</code> (~80) they were connected (similar to cell phone connections).<... | machine learning python keras time series regression | 1 | Multiclass Regression for density prediction -- (machine learning python keras time series regression)
<p>This is my first question in the DS-community, so I'm happily willing to accept any kind of (meta-) advice :).</p>

<p>I have time-series data for a set of <code>users</code> (~100), whereas each 15 min it ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,515 | Building document classifier based on keywords, what would be the steps? | <p>I have a requirement of classifying documents(<code>.doc</code> files) based on the profiles. I have a <code>csv</code> file with data:</p>

<pre><code>label keyWords
Web developer ["html","css","php"]
Developer ["core","java","python"]
Embedded Dev ["ARM", "CORTEX", "C"]
</c... | machine learning python classification model selection classifier | 1 | Building document classifier based on keywords, what would be the steps? -- (machine learning python classification model selection classifier)
<p>I have a requirement of classifying documents(<code>.doc</code> files) based on the profiles. I have a <code>csv</code> file with data:</p>

<pre><code>label ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,529 | How to find the average and median values of the column 'Total Traded Quantity' for each of the types of 'Trend' | <pre><code>df_trend = df.groupby(["Trend"])
average_trades = df_trend["Total Traded Quantity"].mean()
print("The average traded quantity is: ", average_trades)

>>The average traded quantity is: Trend
Slight or No Change 1.635627e+06
Name: Total Traded Quantity, dtype: float64
</co... | python pandas ipython | 1 | How to find the average and median values of the column 'Total Traded Quantity' for each of the types of 'Trend' -- (python pandas ipython)
<pre><code>df_trend = df.groupby(["Trend"])
average_trades = df_trend["Total Traded Quantity"].mean()
print("The average traded quantity is: ", average_trades)

>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,535 | General Process for new project | <p>Often when i get a new project in machine learning the client always ask me either to do a particular task like a prediction for one thing or
give me data and ask me to find what i can do with it.</p>

<p>i've read the book hands-on machine learning with scikit-learn & tensorflow where you can see a ... | machine learning project planning | 1 | General Process for new project -- (machine learning project planning)
<p>Often when i get a new project in machine learning the client always ask me either to do a particular task like a prediction for one thing or
give me data and ask me to find what i can do with it.</p>

<p>i've read the book hands-on m... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,540 | Neural network got a lucky guess. Can it be trusted? | <p>Say you come across a loss curve as shown below. At which loss should you trust the model? The initial lucky guess or after it has stabilized?</p>

<p>And more importantly, <em>why</em>?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/yw29n.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.co... | neural network deep learning | 1 | Neural network got a lucky guess. Can it be trusted? -- (neural network deep learning)
<p>Say you come across a loss curve as shown below. At which loss should you trust the model? The initial lucky guess or after it has stabilized?</p>

<p>And more importantly, <em>why</em>?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,546 | Does partial transfer learning require a lot of computer power? | <p>I want to be sure my understanding of the problem is correct.
I want to do image classification and current state of the art in my field is achieved by transfer learning with VGG16.</p>

<p>Since image on this field are totaly different than image used by VGG16 trainig image, we should unfreeze "a lot" o... | machine learning python neural network deep learning transfer learning | 1 | Does partial transfer learning require a lot of computer power? -- (machine learning python neural network deep learning transfer learning)
<p>I want to be sure my understanding of the problem is correct.
I want to do image classification and current state of the art in my field is achieved by transfer learning wit... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,549 | in TensorFlow 2.0, what is the different between LSTM and LSTMCell objects? | <p>I am trying to implement an RNN in TensorFlow 2.0 (beta1). Looking at the layer functions (inherited from Keras) I found:</p>

<pre><code>tf.keras.layers.LSTM
</code></pre>

<p>and</p>

<pre><code>tf.keras.layers.LSTMCell
</code></pre>

<p>What is the different between the two... | python tensorflow lstm rnn | 1 | in TensorFlow 2.0, what is the different between LSTM and LSTMCell objects? -- (python tensorflow lstm rnn)
<p>I am trying to implement an RNN in TensorFlow 2.0 (beta1). Looking at the layer functions (inherited from Keras) I found:</p>

<pre><code>tf.keras.layers.LSTM
</code></pre>

<p>and</p>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,550 | How to cache GridSearchCV optimizer result in Google Colab? | <p>I have to execute <code>GridSearchCV()</code> cell every time I reload the page and it takes a lot of time. Is there a caching mechanism which stores the GridSearchCV result so that I can use it without executing the cell on the reload?</p>

<p>Code:</p>

<pre><code> neigh_clf = KNeighborsClassifier(... | gridsearchcv colab | 1 | How to cache GridSearchCV optimizer result in Google Colab? -- (gridsearchcv colab)
<p>I have to execute <code>GridSearchCV()</code> cell every time I reload the page and it takes a lot of time. Is there a caching mechanism which stores the GridSearchCV result so that I can use it without executing the cell on the relo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,570 | How to efficiently iterate a supervised model over the Cartesian product of very large number of records? | <p><strong>The problem:</strong> </p>

<p>Two large databases, with ~1M records each, "old customer data" and "new customer data". The data came from different sources and was ingested at different times, so there are many duplicates, but the duplicates might not be exact matches. For example In the old data, t... | algorithms supervised learning search | 1 | How to efficiently iterate a supervised model over the Cartesian product of very large number of records? -- (algorithms supervised learning search)
<p><strong>The problem:</strong> </p>

<p>Two large databases, with ~1M records each, "old customer data" and "new customer data". The data came from different sou... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,590 | Python to sum values in a column | <p>I've created a Python code that reads the data from an excel file using <code>Pandas</code>.</p>

<p><strong>Code for your reference:-</strong></p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd

def myFunc():
 file = r"C:\Documents\myFile.xlsx"
 new_dataframe = pd.read_excel(file,'Sheet1')
... | python pandas | 1 | Python to sum values in a column -- (python pandas)
<p>I've created a Python code that reads the data from an excel file using <code>Pandas</code>.</p>

<p><strong>Code for your reference:-</strong></p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd

def myFunc():
 file = r"C:\Documents\myFile.xlsx"
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,597 | r"""What does it mean?""" | <p>I see <code>r"""</code> followed by a comment in quite a few of the source codes for <code>PyTorch</code> and the one I am looking at is <a href="https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/_modules/torch/nn/modules/module.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>. What is the <code>r</code> for?</p>
 | python pytorch | 1 | r"""What does it mean?""" -- (python pytorch)
<p>I see <code>r"""</code> followed by a comment in quite a few of the source codes for <code>PyTorch</code> and the one I am looking at is <a href="https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/_modules/torch/nn/modules/module.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>. What is the <code>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,601 | Binary classification as a 2-class classification problem | <p>I want to create a dog-classifier, which outputs the probability of an image containing a dog.</p>

<p>I have two approaches in mind -</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Binary classifier (1-class), which just outputs the probability of the image containing a dog. This seems reasonable to me.</p></li>
<li><p>2... | machine learning deep learning image classification | 1 | Binary classification as a 2-class classification problem -- (machine learning deep learning image classification)
<p>I want to create a dog-classifier, which outputs the probability of an image containing a dog.</p>

<p>I have two approaches in mind -</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Binary classifier (1-class), w... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,602 | Implication of a dominant Principal Component in PCA analysis | <p>I need help, are there any practical implications of a dominant principal component. For example, if of three PCs, PC1 explains almost 100% of the variance in this dataset, What does this mean in practical terms? or what does it say about the dataset?</p>

<p>Any help is highly appreciated. Thanks!</p>
 | python data mining pca dimensionality reduction variance | 1 | Implication of a dominant Principal Component in PCA analysis -- (python data mining pca dimensionality reduction variance)
<p>I need help, are there any practical implications of a dominant principal component. For example, if of three PCs, PC1 explains almost 100% of the variance in this dataset, What does this mean ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,617 | Python pandas index error | <p>Encountred an index error when trying to run the code found <a href="https://github.com/snazrul1/PyRevolution/blob/master/Puzzles/DSP_For_Stock_Prices.ipynb" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.
<strong>The error occurs in section In[10]:</strong></p>
<pre><code>for n in range(len(dominantTheta)):
 shi... | machine learning python pandas | 1 | Python pandas index error -- (machine learning python pandas)
<p>Encountred an index error when trying to run the code found <a href="https://github.com/snazrul1/PyRevolution/blob/master/Puzzles/DSP_For_Stock_Prices.ipynb" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.
<strong>The error occurs in section In[10]:</strong></p>&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,620 | When to use model.train() vs model.eval() in Pytoch? | <p>I have a model that is used in a reinforcement learning algorithm for checkers, a la AlphaZero. Similar to that network, mine features batch normalization after each convolution layer. I am aware that this will cause different behavior/output when using .eval() vs .train()</p>

<p>However, I am unsure of whe... | pytorch batch normalization | 1 | When to use model.train() vs model.eval() in Pytoch? -- (pytorch batch normalization)
<p>I have a model that is used in a reinforcement learning algorithm for checkers, a la AlphaZero. Similar to that network, mine features batch normalization after each convolution layer. I am aware that this will cause different beha... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,628 | fast ML algorithms for binary classification with (large+sparse) binary input data | <p>I'm sorry that this is so very broad, but as a non-ML scientist it feels to be almost impossible to keep up with recent developments (esp. in deep learning etc.). Hence, I'm asking for guidance on how to handle this specific use case:</p>

<p>The goal is to predict a binary output from ~50,000 binary input v... | machine learning classification performance | 1 | fast ML algorithms for binary classification with (large+sparse) binary input data -- (machine learning classification performance)
<p>I'm sorry that this is so very broad, but as a non-ML scientist it feels to be almost impossible to keep up with recent developments (esp. in deep learning etc.). Hence, I'm asking for ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,633 | Would K-means be Appropriate to Use with Four or More Variables? | <p>Just a general question that I'm trying to mentally visualize. I'm fairly new to using k-means clustering and have used it before on two variables, which creates a 2-D plot of points. I also know, although I haven't done it before, that you can plot a k-means cluster with three variables utilizing the x, y, and z ax... | dataset statistics visualization k means normalization | 1 | Would K-means be Appropriate to Use with Four or More Variables? -- (dataset statistics visualization k means normalization)
<p>Just a general question that I'm trying to mentally visualize. I'm fairly new to using k-means clustering and have used it before on two variables, which creates a 2-D plot of points. I also k... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,642 | Split Dataset in two Explainable Subsets | <p>is there a general approach for splitting a dataset into two or more subsets so that a classification problem can be solved with higher accuracy for the resulting separate subsets? </p>

<p>I have a very inconsistent dataset which I can only classify with a 50% accuracy. I spit the set in two subsets based o... | classification dataset | 1 | Split Dataset in two Explainable Subsets -- (classification dataset)
<p>is there a general approach for splitting a dataset into two or more subsets so that a classification problem can be solved with higher accuracy for the resulting separate subsets? </p>

<p>I have a very inconsistent dataset which I can onl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,671 | Is there any library available for balancing imbalanced text dataset? | <p>I have a text dataset similar to newsgroup dataset, the problem with the dataset is that it is highly imbalanced. So is there any readily built library that will do upsampling or downsampling with a function call?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/p8PnQ.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https... | deep learning nlp preprocessing text | 1 | Is there any library available for balancing imbalanced text dataset? -- (deep learning nlp preprocessing text)
<p>I have a text dataset similar to newsgroup dataset, the problem with the dataset is that it is highly imbalanced. So is there any readily built library that will do upsampling or downsampling with a functi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,675 | Number of Nodes in Isolation Forest | <p>I am currently reading this <a href="https://cs.nju.edu.cn/zhouzh/zhouzh.files/publication/icdm08b.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">paper</a> on Isolation Forest.</p>

<p>At page 3, there is a definition of Isolation Tree and there are a couple of sentences that I don't understand:</p>

<blockquote>&#x... | scikit learn decision trees outlier | 1 | Number of Nodes in Isolation Forest -- (scikit learn decision trees outlier)
<p>I am currently reading this <a href="https://cs.nju.edu.cn/zhouzh/zhouzh.files/publication/icdm08b.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">paper</a> on Isolation Forest.</p>

<p>At page 3, there is a definition of Isolation Tree and there ar... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,682 | Neural Network - exercise | <p>I am currently learning the concept of neural networks by myself. I am working with a very good pdf from <a href="http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap1.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap1.html</a></p>

<p>I also did a few exercises but there is one exercise... | neural network | 1 | Neural Network - exercise -- (neural network)
<p>I am currently learning the concept of neural networks by myself. I am working with a very good pdf from <a href="http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap1.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap1.html</a></p>

<p>I also... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,684 | Unexpected results from scikit learn regression decision tree | <p>Apologies for this newbie question. I have a scikit learn <code>DecisionTreeRegressor</code> with muti-variable output. If the output is in the format [ output_var1, output_var2 ], where each variable is a continuous number not an integer, why the result is [1, 1] instead of [1.5, 1.5] ? What needs to be changed in... | machine learning scikit learn regression decision trees | 1 | Unexpected results from scikit learn regression decision tree -- (machine learning scikit learn regression decision trees)
<p>Apologies for this newbie question. I have a scikit learn <code>DecisionTreeRegressor</code> with muti-variable output. If the output is in the format [ output_var1, output_var2 ], where each v... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,694 | Dataset of Tweets by Same User | <p>I was reading the Keras documentation on shared layers, and used the example of a model built to classify whether 2 tweets were from the same user or not. Is there any dataset that I could use to do this?</p>
 | keras dataset | 1 | Dataset of Tweets by Same User -- (keras dataset)
<p>I was reading the Keras documentation on shared layers, and used the example of a model built to classify whether 2 tweets were from the same user or not. Is there any dataset that I could use to do this?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,698 | Why are there over 600 open pull-requests in Scikit-learn github repo? | <p>I considered submitting a function that I deem missing to scikit-learn repo, but as of June 28th 2019 there are over 600 pending Pull Requests: <a href="https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pulls" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pulls</a>.</p>

<p>Can you explai... | scikit learn | 1 | Why are there over 600 open pull-requests in Scikit-learn github repo? -- (scikit learn)
<p>I considered submitting a function that I deem missing to scikit-learn repo, but as of June 28th 2019 there are over 600 pending Pull Requests: <a href="https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pulls" rel="nofollow noreferre... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,727 | Dimension change of convolutional layer after applying the feature map | <p>In this <a href="https://youtu.be/bNb2fEVKeEo?t=1259" rel="nofollow noreferrer">lecture</a> I don't understand how the output has 1 layer after applying the feature map to the 3 layer input.</p>
 | cnn feature map | 1 | Dimension change of convolutional layer after applying the feature map -- (cnn feature map)
<p>In this <a href="https://youtu.be/bNb2fEVKeEo?t=1259" rel="nofollow noreferrer">lecture</a> I don't understand how the output has 1 layer after applying the feature map to the 3 layer input.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,747 | Creating new column in dataframe based on conditions in 2 other columns | <p>I would like to create a new column in my dataframe based on values from both the gender and <code>experimental_grouping</code> columns. </p>

<p>As I have it written below, the column <code>df['group_gender']</code> has <code>'control_m'</code> in every row. </p>

<p>Any ideas on why the if statemen... | dataset pandas data cleaning dataframe | 1 | Creating new column in dataframe based on conditions in 2 other columns -- (dataset pandas data cleaning dataframe)
<p>I would like to create a new column in my dataframe based on values from both the gender and <code>experimental_grouping</code> columns. </p>

<p>As I have it written below, the column <code>df... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,748 | Xgboost multiple class predictive performance beats one versus rest | <p>I have an NLP task I'm tackling with xgboost (R implementation).</p>

<p>Before describing my doubt I'll give you some background:</p>

<p>I have a corpus of documents for which I did topic discovery, using a term x term matrix clustering approach. For each document, I get a topic score computed usin... | nlp xgboost prediction performance | 1 | Xgboost multiple class predictive performance beats one versus rest -- (nlp xgboost prediction performance)
<p>I have an NLP task I'm tackling with xgboost (R implementation).</p>

<p>Before describing my doubt I'll give you some background:</p>

<p>I have a corpus of documents for which I did topic dis... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,750 | What is the best way to replace NaN values for ranked columns | <p>I have a column named <code>BsmntQual</code> that gives a ranking on the height of the basement per each house. These are all of the unique values in this column:</p>

<pre><code>print(train['BsmtQual'].unique().tolist())

>>> ['Gd', 'TA', 'Ex', nan, 'Fa']
</code></pre>

<p>This... | machine learning python scikit learn pandas numpy | 1 | What is the best way to replace NaN values for ranked columns -- (machine learning python scikit learn pandas numpy)
<p>I have a column named <code>BsmntQual</code> that gives a ranking on the height of the basement per each house. These are all of the unique values in this column:</p>

<pre><code>print(train[... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,769 | Predicting similarity between nouns like university names and tech companies? | <p>I am trying to extract entities like university studied at and tech companies from resumes , I have a list of popular universities and companies and I want to find out which university best matches the extracted entity </p>

<p>Example </p>

<p>1) University in the list : <code>IIT Bombay</code> </p>... | nlp similarity | 1 | Predicting similarity between nouns like university names and tech companies? -- (nlp similarity)
<p>I am trying to extract entities like university studied at and tech companies from resumes , I have a list of popular universities and companies and I want to find out which university best matches the extracted entity ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,778 | KNN RandomizedSearchCV typerror | <p>While trying to study a binary classification problem with KNN and trying to tune the parameters of the model I'm getting a typerror that I quite don't understand. Is a parameter missing or something?</p>

<p>TypeError: <strong>init</strong>() takes exactly 1 positional argument (0 given)</p>

<p>Her... | machine learning python classification hyperparameter k nn | 1 | KNN RandomizedSearchCV typerror -- (machine learning python classification hyperparameter k nn)
<p>While trying to study a binary classification problem with KNN and trying to tune the parameters of the model I'm getting a typerror that I quite don't understand. Is a parameter missing or something?</p>

<p>Type... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,789 | What algorithm is best suited to derive the best match between two people in a data set? | <p>Say i have a large data set that contains the following data;</p>

<pre><code>username,age,sex,music_genre,sports_genre,art_genre,rating
DanTheMan,25,male,rock,football,cubsim,50
LoopyLucy,23,female,pop,null,popart,76
MadDog,33,null,pop,football,cubsim,57
</code></pre>

<p>I would lik... | machine learning predictive modeling algorithms | 1 | What algorithm is best suited to derive the best match between two people in a data set? -- (machine learning predictive modeling algorithms)
<p>Say i have a large data set that contains the following data;</p>

<pre><code>username,age,sex,music_genre,sports_genre,art_genre,rating
DanTheMan,25,male,rock,foo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,794 | VC dimension of half spaces over the real line | <p>I'm studying VC dimension and I'm having a little difficulty understanding it. I read lots of explanations, but when I come across this simple exercise I did not get a good intuition. The problem is this:</p>

<p>Find the VC dimension for the following case,</p>

<blockquote>
 <p><span class="ma... | vc theory | 1 | VC dimension of half spaces over the real line -- (vc theory)
<p>I'm studying VC dimension and I'm having a little difficulty understanding it. I read lots of explanations, but when I come across this simple exercise I did not get a good intuition. The problem is this:</p>

<p>Find the VC dimension for the foll... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,808 | How to remove outliers using box-plot? | <p>I have data of a metric grouped date wise. I have plotted the data, now, how do I remove the values outside the range of the boxplot (outliers)?</p>

<p>All the ['AVG'] data is in a single column,
I need it for time series modelling.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/iDYC5.png" rel="nore... | time series pandas numpy outlier seaborn | 1 | How to remove outliers using box-plot? -- (time series pandas numpy outlier seaborn)
<p>I have data of a metric grouped date wise. I have plotted the data, now, how do I remove the values outside the range of the boxplot (outliers)?</p>

<p>All the ['AVG'] data is in a single column,
I need it for time seri... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,818 | np.loadtxt function showing error, could not convert string to float: '"Date"' | <p>This is my stock market csv data:</p>

<pre><code>Date,Open,High,Low,Close,Adj Close,Volume
43283,511,514.950012,503.5,512.599976,512.599976,261839
43284,512.599976,520,509.700012,512,512,332619
43285,512,515.950012,507.950012,514.299988,514.299988,173621
43286,515.549988,517.5,509.399994,510... | numpy jupyter csv ipython | 1 | np.loadtxt function showing error, could not convert string to float: '"Date"' -- (numpy jupyter csv ipython)
<p>This is my stock market csv data:</p>

<pre><code>Date,Open,High,Low,Close,Adj Close,Volume
43283,511,514.950012,503.5,512.599976,512.599976,261839
43284,512.599976,520,509.700012,512,512,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,833 | Classification targets with heterogenous meanings | <p>I am training a classification model on a dataset of <code>users</code> on a website and each has 100 different measurements of their behaviour on the platform. </p>

<p>Most of these users are <code>dormant</code> but about 10% will <code>reawken</code>. We are interested in purchasing activity once awake. ... | classification probability | 1 | Classification targets with heterogenous meanings -- (classification probability)
<p>I am training a classification model on a dataset of <code>users</code> on a website and each has 100 different measurements of their behaviour on the platform. </p>

<p>Most of these users are <code>dormant</code> but about 10... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,842 | Temporal difference learning with a neural network | <p>Suppose I would like to train a value network <span class="math-container">$v$</span> via TD(0).</p>

<p>So my TD target for a time step <span class="math-container">$t$</span> equals:</p>

<h2><span class="math-container">$$R_{t+1} + \gamma v(s_{t+1})$$</span></h2>

<p>If I understand correc... | neural network reinforcement learning | 1 | Temporal difference learning with a neural network -- (neural network reinforcement learning)
<p>Suppose I would like to train a value network <span class="math-container">$v$</span> via TD(0).</p>

<p>So my TD target for a time step <span class="math-container">$t$</span> equals:</p>

<h2><span class="... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,850 | Is there a way to overlay stem plot over line plot in python? | <pre><code>Date Day_Perc_Change No. of Trades
2017-05-15 0.000000 40593
2017-05-16 -0.019184 22027
2017-05-17 -0.008550 15709
2017-05-18 -0.017699 47159
2017-05-19 -0.021748 85921
</code></pre>

<p>I visualized "Day_Perc_Change" in stem plot and... | python time series visualization matplotlib | 1 | Is there a way to overlay stem plot over line plot in python? -- (python time series visualization matplotlib)
<pre><code>Date Day_Perc_Change No. of Trades
2017-05-15 0.000000 40593
2017-05-16 -0.019184 22027
2017-05-17 -0.008550 15709
2017-05-18 -0.017699 47159
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,852 | How to visualize mass spectrometer data with plotly? | <p>Mass spectrometers output analyzation data usually in form of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry#Data_representations" rel="nofollow noreferrer">mass chromatogram</a>. I need a visualization of the output data. The x-axis represents the retention time, the y-axis represents the signal intensi... | python visualization | 1 | How to visualize mass spectrometer data with plotly? -- (python visualization)
<p>Mass spectrometers output analyzation data usually in form of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry#Data_representations" rel="nofollow noreferrer">mass chromatogram</a>. I need a visualization of the output data. The... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,887 | Keras Model question for Pre trained model extension | <p>I want to add a few more layers to a Resnet50 model and my question is - do I need to compile it and train it on new data or can I just use it as it is? Will it just give me the Resnet50 results? </p>

<p>Here is what I am trying:</p>

<pre><code>def base_model():
resnet = resnet50.ResNet50(weigh... | keras computer vision image preprocessing inceptionresnetv2 | 1 | Keras Model question for Pre trained model extension -- (keras computer vision image preprocessing inceptionresnetv2)
<p>I want to add a few more layers to a Resnet50 model and my question is - do I need to compile it and train it on new data or can I just use it as it is? Will it just give me the Resnet50 results? </p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,890 | Dataset columns throwing KeyError | <p>For some reason, the columns in my dataset are throwing the following KeyError:</p>

<pre><code>Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "C:\Users\security\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python37\site-packages\pandas\core\indexes\base.py", line 2657, in get_loc
 return self._engine.get_loc(key)
 Fil... | machine learning python pandas data science model kaggle | 1 | Dataset columns throwing KeyError -- (machine learning python pandas data science model kaggle)
<p>For some reason, the columns in my dataset are throwing the following KeyError:</p>

<pre><code>Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "C:\Users\security\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python37\site-packages\pandas... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,899 | Improving Accuracy of the Deep Learning Model | <p>In my current project, I have only 647 <code>rows</code> (500 for training and 147 for testing) and I have applied the <strong>Keras Sequential model</strong> using the following code:</p>

<pre><code>from keras import models
from keras import layers
from keras import regularizers
model = models.... | neural network keras overfitting regularization dropout | 1 | Improving Accuracy of the Deep Learning Model -- (neural network keras overfitting regularization dropout)
<p>In my current project, I have only 647 <code>rows</code> (500 for training and 147 for testing) and I have applied the <strong>Keras Sequential model</strong> using the following code:</p>

<pre><code>f... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,904 | how to avoid tokenizing w/ sklearn feature extraction | <p>I'm trying to analyze some machine log files and the column I'm looking at can have values like 'Part.C1.11.Reading Status'. I want to treat the complete string as one token and I don't want it to be split into 'Part', 'C1', '11' and 'Reading# and 'Status'.</p>

<p>I've got the vague feeling that the token_p... | python scikit learn feature extraction tokenization | 1 | how to avoid tokenizing w/ sklearn feature extraction -- (python scikit learn feature extraction tokenization)
<p>I'm trying to analyze some machine log files and the column I'm looking at can have values like 'Part.C1.11.Reading Status'. I want to treat the complete string as one token and I don't want it to be split ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.