id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
54,907 | model.cuda() in pytorch | <p>If I call <code>model.cuda()</code> in pytorch where model is a subclass of <code>nn.Module</code>, and say if I have four GPUs, how it will utilize the four GPUs and how do I know which GPUs that are using?</p>
 | pytorch | 1 | model.cuda() in pytorch -- (pytorch)
<p>If I call <code>model.cuda()</code> in pytorch where model is a subclass of <code>nn.Module</code>, and say if I have four GPUs, how it will utilize the four GPUs and how do I know which GPUs that are using?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,920 | CNN Architecture for Multiple Instance Learning | <p>I have a binary classification problem where I have a bag of documents (image files) that I need to classify - the bag that is, not the individual document. However, a bag can have a different number of documents and the combination of documents will determine the classification. E.g.</p>

<pre><code>Bag1: A... | machine learning python neural network image classification | 1 | CNN Architecture for Multiple Instance Learning -- (machine learning python neural network image classification)
<p>I have a binary classification problem where I have a bag of documents (image files) that I need to classify - the bag that is, not the individual document. However, a bag can have a different number of d... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,928 | LSTM get next output with Keras | <p>So I'm learning RNN, and tried to do a prediction LSTM, but I do not understand how the output works. I have this LSTM RNN:</p>

<pre><code>lstm_model = Sequential()
lstm_model.add(LSTM(100, batch_input_shape=(BATCH_SIZE, TIME_STEPS, x_t.shape[2]), dropout=0.0, recurrent_dropout=0.0, stateful=False, ke... | keras lstm rnn prediction | 1 | LSTM get next output with Keras -- (keras lstm rnn prediction)
<p>So I'm learning RNN, and tried to do a prediction LSTM, but I do not understand how the output works. I have this LSTM RNN:</p>

<pre><code>lstm_model = Sequential()
lstm_model.add(LSTM(100, batch_input_shape=(BATCH_SIZE, TIME_STEPS, x_t.shap... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
54,960 | How to use the fillna method in a for loop | <p>I am working on a housing dataset. In a list of columns (Garage, Fireplace, etc), I have values called <code>NA</code> which just means that the particular house in question does not have that feature (Garage, Fireplace). It doesn't mean that the value is missing/unknown. However, Python interprets this as <code>... | machine learning python pandas feature engineering kaggle | 1 | How to use the fillna method in a for loop -- (machine learning python pandas feature engineering kaggle)
<p>I am working on a housing dataset. In a list of columns (Garage, Fireplace, etc), I have values called <code>NA</code> which just means that the particular house in question does not have that feature (Garage, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,004 | Find errors if any in tensorflow computation graph | <blockquote>
 <p>Given a computational graph in tensorflow find errors if any in the underlying code. </p>
</blockquote>

<pre><code>import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
input = tf.placeholder(shape=(1, 224, 224, 3), dtype=tf.float32)
output = input + 5
with tf.Session() as sess:... | machine learning tensorflow | 1 | Find errors if any in tensorflow computation graph -- (machine learning tensorflow)
<blockquote>
 <p>Given a computational graph in tensorflow find errors if any in the underlying code. </p>
</blockquote>

<pre><code>import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
input = tf.placeholder(shape=(1, 2... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,005 | openai gym - what is an agent I can use with a multi-discrete action space? | <p>I have a custom environment with a multi-discrete action space.</p>

<p>The action and observation spaces are as follows:</p>

<p>Action:</p>

<pre><code>MultiDiscrete([ 3 121 121 121 3 121 121 121 3 121 121 121 3 121 121 121 3 121
 121 121 3 121 121 121 3 121 121 121 3 121... | machine learning python deep learning openai gym | 1 | openai gym - what is an agent I can use with a multi-discrete action space? -- (machine learning python deep learning openai gym)
<p>I have a custom environment with a multi-discrete action space.</p>

<p>The action and observation spaces are as follows:</p>

<p>Action:</p>

<pre><code>MultiDisc... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,013 | Filters in convolutional autoencoders | <p>I have a question regarding the number of filters in a convolutional Autoencoder. 
As far as I have understood, as the network gets deeper, the amount of filters in the <code>convolutional layer</code> increases. 
A typical pattern would be to <span class="math-container">$16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 ...$</spa... | deep learning autoencoder | 1 | Filters in convolutional autoencoders -- (deep learning autoencoder)
<p>I have a question regarding the number of filters in a convolutional Autoencoder. 
As far as I have understood, as the network gets deeper, the amount of filters in the <code>convolutional layer</code> increases. 
A typical pattern would be... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,014 | What model should I use for bounding box detection? | <p>I am working on building a cow detector for a local farm. I have a dataset of images with bounding boxes (not segmentation polygons) for every cow appearing in the images (different number of cows in every image). What is the best and easiest model to use to accomplish this task? Many cows stand behind others so the... | keras computer vision object detection | 1 | What model should I use for bounding box detection? -- (keras computer vision object detection)
<p>I am working on building a cow detector for a local farm. I have a dataset of images with bounding boxes (not segmentation polygons) for every cow appearing in the images (different number of cows in every image). What is... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,016 | What does this expression from gradient descent mean? | <p>I am looking over some neural network theory and came across this equation, coupled with this description (gradient descent ball-valley analogy):</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/cI7nb.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/cI7nb.png" alt=""></a></p>

<p>''let's ... | neural network gradient descent backpropagation | 1 | What does this expression from gradient descent mean? -- (neural network gradient descent backpropagation)
<p>I am looking over some neural network theory and came across this equation, coupled with this description (gradient descent ball-valley analogy):</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/cI7nb.png" re... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,032 | How to display the entire output and not shortened versions | <p>I'm trying to display all the columns in my dataset that have <code>NaN</code> values:</p>

<p><code>print(train.isnull().sum())</code></p>

<p>The output that I get is this:</p>

<pre><code>Id 0
MSSubClass 0
MSZoning 0
LotFrontage 0
LotAre... | machine learning python tensorflow pandas data science model | 1 | How to display the entire output and not shortened versions -- (machine learning python tensorflow pandas data science model)
<p>I'm trying to display all the columns in my dataset that have <code>NaN</code> values:</p>

<p><code>print(train.isnull().sum())</code></p>

<p>The output that I get is this:<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,041 | predict numeric value from images | <p>I have two questions:</p>

<p>1) I have images and I must predict a continuous value.</p>

<p>What is the approach I must follow?</p>

<p>Use for example a pretrained network like this?</p>

<pre><code> last_layer = pretrained net
 x = Flatten()(last_layer)
 x = Dense(512, act... | regression image classification | 1 | predict numeric value from images -- (regression image classification)
<p>I have two questions:</p>

<p>1) I have images and I must predict a continuous value.</p>

<p>What is the approach I must follow?</p>

<p>Use for example a pretrained network like this?</p>

<pre><code> last_layer ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,044 | Predict_proba on a binary classification problem | <p>I have a binary classification task on my hands, i have a bunch of people that i need to classify as being ones or zeros and then use <strong><em>predict_proba</em></strong> to estimate how confident my prediction was on the samples used for inference.
My understanding is that <strong>predict_proba</strong> for ... | classification probability calibration | 1 | Predict_proba on a binary classification problem -- (classification probability calibration)
<p>I have a binary classification task on my hands, i have a bunch of people that i need to classify as being ones or zeros and then use <strong><em>predict_proba</em></strong> to estimate how confident my prediction was on the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,048 | are OneHotEncoder and keras To_categorical same? | <p>The length of <code>human_vocab</code> is 18377.
The length of input <code>X</code> is 1000</p>

<p>I'm trying to run <code>to_categorical</code></p>

<pre><code>np.array(list(map(lambda x: to_categorical(x, num_classes=len(human_vocab)), X)))
</code></pre>

<p>Is this the same if i a... | python keras scikit learn | 1 | are OneHotEncoder and keras To_categorical same? -- (python keras scikit learn)
<p>The length of <code>human_vocab</code> is 18377.
The length of input <code>X</code> is 1000</p>

<p>I'm trying to run <code>to_categorical</code></p>

<pre><code>np.array(list(map(lambda x: to_categorical(x, num_class... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,049 | Making sense of indices in 2D convolution operations in convolutional neural networks | <p>Referring to the answer here: <a href="https://www.quora.com/Why-are-convolutional-nets-called-so-when-they-are-actually-doing-correlations" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.quora.com/Why-are-convolutional-nets-called-so-when-they-are-actually-doing-correlations</a>, the equation for a discrete 2D convolution i... | neural network convolution convolutional neural network | 1 | Making sense of indices in 2D convolution operations in convolutional neural networks -- (neural network convolution convolutional neural network)
<p>Referring to the answer here: <a href="https://www.quora.com/Why-are-convolutional-nets-called-so-when-they-are-actually-doing-correlations" rel="nofollow noreferrer">htt... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,054 | Keras - understanding ImageDataGenerator dimensions | <p>I'm trying to implement custom object detection by taking a trained YOLOv2 model in Keras, removing the last layer and retraining it with new data. I'm confused about how to feed the data to Keras, though. I have annotated a bunch of pictures with bounding boxes using the YOLO annotation, and put them in two separat... | python keras | 1 | Keras - understanding ImageDataGenerator dimensions -- (python keras)
<p>I'm trying to implement custom object detection by taking a trained YOLOv2 model in Keras, removing the last layer and retraining it with new data. I'm confused about how to feed the data to Keras, though. I have annotated a bunch of pictures with... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,060 | Keras - understanding target dimensions for custom-object YOLOv2 | <p>I'm trying to implement custom object detection by taking a trained YOLOv2 model in Keras, replacing the last layer and retraining just the last layer with new data (~transfer learning). I have annotated a bunch of pictures with bounding boxes using the YOLO annotation, and put them in two separate folders ("images... | python keras | 1 | Keras - understanding target dimensions for custom-object YOLOv2 -- (python keras)
<p>I'm trying to implement custom object detection by taking a trained YOLOv2 model in Keras, replacing the last layer and retraining just the last layer with new data (~transfer learning). I have annotated a bunch of pictures with boun... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,066 | How to export PCA to use in another program | <p>I'm trying to write a random forest classifier for a very large dataset, as such as part of the pre-processing i have applied PCA to reduce from 643 features to 5 PC's. Is it possible to export these settings so I can </p>

<pre><code>pca.transform(data) 
</code></pre>

<p>in another program. </p... | machine learning python preprocessing pca | 1 | How to export PCA to use in another program -- (machine learning python preprocessing pca)
<p>I'm trying to write a random forest classifier for a very large dataset, as such as part of the pre-processing i have applied PCA to reduce from 643 features to 5 PC's. Is it possible to export these settings so I can </p>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,090 | what is the main difference between GAN and autoencoder? | <p>what is the main difference between GAN and other older generative models? what were the characteristics of GAN that made it more successful than other generative models?</p>
 | gan generative models | 1 | what is the main difference between GAN and autoencoder? -- (gan generative models)
<p>what is the main difference between GAN and other older generative models? what were the characteristics of GAN that made it more successful than other generative models?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,092 | Pytorch convolution input reshaping | <p>I am new to CNNs, and I'm trying to follow along with <a href="https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/dcgan_faces_tutorial.html#generative-adversarial-networks" rel="nofollow noreferrer">a Pytorch DCGAN tutorial</a> by reimplementing it in Keras. Clearly there are some differences in the frameworks, but in particula... | cnn pytorch | 1 | Pytorch convolution input reshaping -- (cnn pytorch)
<p>I am new to CNNs, and I'm trying to follow along with <a href="https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/dcgan_faces_tutorial.html#generative-adversarial-networks" rel="nofollow noreferrer">a Pytorch DCGAN tutorial</a> by reimplementing it in Keras. Clearly there are... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,093 | Training Deep learning and validation loss | <p>I'm trying to replicate result of a paper. The paper is a U-net for De-noising of some images. So basically I have a simple U-net that I give noisy data as input and have denoised data as the wanted output (use l2/MSE loss) . So, in the paper and generally in most papers like this (deep learning applied to medical i... | deep learning cross validation | 1 | Training Deep learning and validation loss -- (deep learning cross validation)
<p>I'm trying to replicate result of a paper. The paper is a U-net for De-noising of some images. So basically I have a simple U-net that I give noisy data as input and have denoised data as the wanted output (use l2/MSE loss) . So, in the p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,099 | Layer notation for feed forward neural networks | <p>Apologies in advance, for I have a fairly rudimentary question on the notations for studying Feed-Forward Neural Networks. Here is a nice schematic taken from <a href="https://sudeepraja.github.io/Neural/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this blog-post</a>.
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/p5VV2.png" rel="nofollow n... | neural network backpropagation notation | 1 | Layer notation for feed forward neural networks -- (neural network backpropagation notation)
<p>Apologies in advance, for I have a fairly rudimentary question on the notations for studying Feed-Forward Neural Networks. Here is a nice schematic taken from <a href="https://sudeepraja.github.io/Neural/" rel="nofollow nore... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,118 | Pattern Recognition - Kernel Density estimators 2.5.1 | <p>Please refer page 122-123 of Pattern recognition and Machine Learning - Bishop. A few equations:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p><strong>Density estimate</strong>: <span class="math-container">$$ p(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{K}{NV} \tag{2.246}$$</span> where
 <span class="math-container">$K$</span> = #points in: <s... | machine learning | 1 | Pattern Recognition - Kernel Density estimators 2.5.1 -- (machine learning)
<p>Please refer page 122-123 of Pattern recognition and Machine Learning - Bishop. A few equations:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p><strong>Density estimate</strong>: <span class="math-container">$$ p(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{K}{NV} \tag{2.246}$$... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,119 | How to handle missing date data? | <p>I have a column named <code>GarageYrBlt</code> which just lists the year the garage of that house was built. I have one <code>nan</code> value for this column. Does it make sense to fill it with the columns median (This was a common approach for the missing age values in the Titanic competition)? </p>
 | machine learning python pandas feature engineering kaggle | 1 | How to handle missing date data? -- (machine learning python pandas feature engineering kaggle)
<p>I have a column named <code>GarageYrBlt</code> which just lists the year the garage of that house was built. I have one <code>nan</code> value for this column. Does it make sense to fill it with the columns median (This... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,121 | How discriminator knows if the image is real or fake at the initial phase? | <p>If the discriminator and generator in GAN learn together, How the discriminator knows whether the image is real or fake in the initial phase of training? Does the discriminator need to get trained earlier?</p>
 | machine learning gan generative models | 1 | How discriminator knows if the image is real or fake at the initial phase? -- (machine learning gan generative models)
<p>If the discriminator and generator in GAN learn together, How the discriminator knows whether the image is real or fake in the initial phase of training? Does the discriminator need to get trained e... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,125 | How can I find correlation between features? | <h2>The problem</h2>

<p>I want to figure out how routers correlate between each other. Like, if a specific error occurred in router A, and almost at the same time the error occurs in router B, they probably have some connection with each other (are at one line). </p>

<h2>The Data</h2>

<p>Sup... | machine learning python similarity correlation | 1 | How can I find correlation between features? -- (machine learning python similarity correlation)
<h2>The problem</h2>

<p>I want to figure out how routers correlate between each other. Like, if a specific error occurred in router A, and almost at the same time the error occurs in router B, they probably have so... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,147 | How to train model to predict 1 value from multiple input samples | <p>Very new in ML...</p>

<p>Actual problem is more complex, but I'll give it shorter.</p>

<p>Train data is a collection of samples, describing features of some items. There are many samples for each item. So ML model is implied to predict a few target variables, but one time for each item:</p>
&#x... | python scikit learn | 1 | How to train model to predict 1 value from multiple input samples -- (python scikit learn)
<p>Very new in ML...</p>

<p>Actual problem is more complex, but I'll give it shorter.</p>

<p>Train data is a collection of samples, describing features of some items. There are many samples for each item. So ML ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,159 | Machine learning for object states | <p>I have the objects pool with histories of their states, where each transition from one state to another takes some time, ex:
<span class="math-container">$$
object\ 1: A \overset{1s}{\rightarrow} B \overset{2s}{\rightarrow} C
\\
object\ 2: D \overset{3s}{\rightarrow} E \overset{4s}{\rightarrow} F
... | machine learning machine learning model | 1 | Machine learning for object states -- (machine learning machine learning model)
<p>I have the objects pool with histories of their states, where each transition from one state to another takes some time, ex:
<span class="math-container">$$
object\ 1: A \overset{1s}{\rightarrow} B \overset{2s}{\rightarrow} C
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,162 | Dimensionality reduction based on value of a variable | <p>I have a dataset including 100k high dimensional data (e.g. houses in LA) (dim=100, e.g. house parameters like area, distance to downtown, etc.). Below is the 2-component PCA representation of the data, colored by target value (e.g. housing price). 
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Kv1vi.png" rel="nofollow nor... | feature extraction pca dimensionality reduction | 1 | Dimensionality reduction based on value of a variable -- (feature extraction pca dimensionality reduction)
<p>I have a dataset including 100k high dimensional data (e.g. houses in LA) (dim=100, e.g. house parameters like area, distance to downtown, etc.). Below is the 2-component PCA representation of the data, colored... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,163 | How to find the mean of a column relative to another column? | <p>I am working on the Boston house price prediction. I have a column named <code>GarageYrBlt</code> that holds the year the garage was built for a specific house. My assumption is that the garage would most likely be built at the same time as the house so I want to fill the missing value with the median of the colum... | machine learning python pandas feature engineering kaggle | 1 | How to find the mean of a column relative to another column? -- (machine learning python pandas feature engineering kaggle)
<p>I am working on the Boston house price prediction. I have a column named <code>GarageYrBlt</code> that holds the year the garage was built for a specific house. My assumption is that the gara... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,166 | How to interpret this summary output in R? | <p>How Do I interpret this summary output in R?</p>

<p>Coefficients:</p>

<pre><code> Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) 
国家 3.976e-05 2.484e-05 1.600 0.109 
就业情况 -2.471e-02 2.878e-03 -8.588 < 2e-16 ***
工作类型 1.677e-02 1.700e-03 9.865... | r | 1 | How to interpret this summary output in R? -- (r)
<p>How Do I interpret this summary output in R?</p>

<p>Coefficients:</p>

<pre><code> Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) 
国家 3.976e-05 2.484e-05 1.600 0.109 
就业情况 -2.471e-02 2.878e-03 -8.588 < 2e... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,168 | How to write a LSTM model with 3 dimensional X_train and Y_trains? | <p>I have X_train and Y_train with <code>[2160,24,3]</code> dimensions. But when I try a simple LSTM like this:</p>

<pre><code>model = Sequential()
model.add(LSTM(24 , return_sequences = True))
model.add(Dropout(dp)) 
</code></pre>

<p>It gives me this error message:</p>

<blockquot... | deep learning keras lstm | 1 | How to write a LSTM model with 3 dimensional X_train and Y_trains? -- (deep learning keras lstm)
<p>I have X_train and Y_train with <code>[2160,24,3]</code> dimensions. But when I try a simple LSTM like this:</p>

<pre><code>model = Sequential()
model.add(LSTM(24 , return_sequences = True))
model.add(Dr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,169 | Can Anyone Explain this code piece by piece? | <p><strong>Function that creates a DataFrame with a column for Cluster Number</strong></p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>def pd_centers(featuresUsed, centers):
 colNames = list(featuresUsed)
 colNames.append('prediction')

 # Zip with a column called 'prediction' (ind... | machine learning k means | 1 | Can Anyone Explain this code piece by piece? -- (machine learning k means)
<p><strong>Function that creates a DataFrame with a column for Cluster Number</strong></p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>def pd_centers(featuresUsed, centers):
 colNames = list(featuresUsed)
 colNames.app... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,179 | Is there a real life meaning about KMeans error? | <p>I am trying to understand the meaning of error in <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.cluster.KMeans.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">sklearn KMeans</a>.</p>

<p>In the context of house pricing prediction, the error linear regression could be considered as the money difference p... | machine learning data mining k means | 1 | Is there a real life meaning about KMeans error? -- (machine learning data mining k means)
<p>I am trying to understand the meaning of error in <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.cluster.KMeans.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">sklearn KMeans</a>.</p>

<p>In the context of house pr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,186 | how to run my python code on google cloud without fear of getting disconnected - an absolute beginner? | <p>I have been trying to use python 3 for text mining on a 650 MB csv file, which my computer was not powerful enough to do. My second solution was to reach out to google cloud. I have set up my VMs and my jupyter notebook on google cloud, and it works perfectly well. The problem, however, is that I am in constant fear... | python cloud computing | 1 | how to run my python code on google cloud without fear of getting disconnected - an absolute beginner? -- (python cloud computing)
<p>I have been trying to use python 3 for text mining on a 650 MB csv file, which my computer was not powerful enough to do. My second solution was to reach out to google cloud. I have set ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,187 | Average reward reinforcement learning | <p>What is the bellman equation update rule for the average reward reinforcement learning? I searched a few articles, but could not find any practical answer.</p>
 | reinforcement learning | 1 | Average reward reinforcement learning -- (reinforcement learning)
<p>What is the bellman equation update rule for the average reward reinforcement learning? I searched a few articles, but could not find any practical answer.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,190 | How does personalized machine learning work? | <p>Many services (such as Netflix, Amazon, and Google Search, Apple's Siri) are said to get better by learning the 'habits' of their users. As I understand, they somehow create a customized machine learning model for each individual because a generic model would not work well. However, I would like to know how this can... | machine learning python scikit learn | 1 | How does personalized machine learning work? -- (machine learning python scikit learn)
<p>Many services (such as Netflix, Amazon, and Google Search, Apple's Siri) are said to get better by learning the 'habits' of their users. As I understand, they somehow create a customized machine learning model for each individual ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,195 | How does cost function change by choice of activation function (ReLU, Sigmoid, Softmax)? | <p>I am new to ML and as I take courses for the area DL, I am wondering, by our choice of activation function for the last layer, whether we take sigmoid, relu or softmax, would the formula for calculation of cost function change? </p>

<p>I am grateful for every good reply I can get, have a nice day! :)</p>&#x... | deep learning classification numpy activation function cost function | 1 | How does cost function change by choice of activation function (ReLU, Sigmoid, Softmax)? -- (deep learning classification numpy activation function cost function)
<p>I am new to ML and as I take courses for the area DL, I am wondering, by our choice of activation function for the last layer, whether we take sigmoid, re... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,198 | Confused with the derivation of the gradient descent update rule | <p>I have been going over some theory for gradient descent. The source I am looking at said that the change in cost can be described by the following equation:
<span class="math-container">$$∆C=∇C∙∆w$$</span>
where <span class="math-container">$∇C$</span> is the gradient vector/vector derivative of the cost fun... | neural network gradient descent backpropagation | 1 | Confused with the derivation of the gradient descent update rule -- (neural network gradient descent backpropagation)
<p>I have been going over some theory for gradient descent. The source I am looking at said that the change in cost can be described by the following equation:
<span class="math-container">$$∆C=∇C∙∆... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,213 | Converting a Pandas Series string of multiple attributes into individual attributes? | <p>I'm working on an Airbnb dataset in order to predict the nightly price--where each example is one Airbnb listing (ie a listing for someone's house, room, apartment, etc). Each feature is a characteristic of the listing (ie # bedrooms, # bathrooms, average review score etc).</p>

<p>One of the features is 'am... | python pandas numpy | 1 | Converting a Pandas Series string of multiple attributes into individual attributes? -- (python pandas numpy)
<p>I'm working on an Airbnb dataset in order to predict the nightly price--where each example is one Airbnb listing (ie a listing for someone's house, room, apartment, etc). Each feature is a characteristic of ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,220 | Is there an algorithm for categorizing unlabeled samples into K classes? | <p>I am not sure if this would be considered unsupervised, or semi-supervised learning. I am looking for an algorithm that will take N input arrays of features, and then cluster samples(not features) into a user-specified amount of classes.</p>

<p>For example, let's say we had data that we knew were images of... | clustering image classification supervised learning multilabel classification semi supervised learning | 1 | Is there an algorithm for categorizing unlabeled samples into K classes? -- (clustering image classification supervised learning multilabel classification semi supervised learning)
<p>I am not sure if this would be considered unsupervised, or semi-supervised learning. I am looking for an algorithm that will take N inp... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,239 | How do I convert a summation equation to a vector equation (backpropagation)? | <p><span class="math-container">$$a_j^l=\sigma(\sum_{k} {w_j}_k^l {a}_k^{l-1}+b_j^l)$$</span>
<span class="math-container">$$a^l=\sigma( w^l {a}^{l-1}+b^l)$$</span>
In a resource I have been reading, the above equations describe the activation of a neurone. They have the same function (I agree) but the first is... | neural network backpropagation | 1 | How do I convert a summation equation to a vector equation (backpropagation)? -- (neural network backpropagation)
<p><span class="math-container">$$a_j^l=\sigma(\sum_{k} {w_j}_k^l {a}_k^{l-1}+b_j^l)$$</span>
<span class="math-container">$$a^l=\sigma( w^l {a}^{l-1}+b^l)$$</span>
In a resource I have been reading... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,264 | Predict Customer Next Purchase with Sequence | <p><strong>Suppose I buy products:</strong> [1,2,3,4]</p>

<p><strong>Another customer X bought:</strong> [2,3]</p>

<p>Most probably <strong>customer X next purchase</strong> will be: 4</p>

<p>Sequence is very important in my problem</p>

<p>I tried <strong><em>association analysis</em... | machine learning data mining predictive modeling recommender system | 1 | Predict Customer Next Purchase with Sequence -- (machine learning data mining predictive modeling recommender system)
<p><strong>Suppose I buy products:</strong> [1,2,3,4]</p>

<p><strong>Another customer X bought:</strong> [2,3]</p>

<p>Most probably <strong>customer X next purchase</strong> will be: 4... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,265 | Class Imbalence Problem even after Balancing Data | <p>So I am training a neural network on a binary classification problem and my Case (1) and Controls (0) were imbalanced so I oversampled my cases so that that the training set was 0.5053 made up of controls. I did not balance my test set which was 0.562 controls. In the beginning my train and test accuracy rises (it i... | neural network deep learning keras tensorflow class imbalance | 1 | Class Imbalence Problem even after Balancing Data -- (neural network deep learning keras tensorflow class imbalance)
<p>So I am training a neural network on a binary classification problem and my Case (1) and Controls (0) were imbalanced so I oversampled my cases so that that the training set was 0.5053 made up of cont... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,273 | How to standardize my data (Univariate Time Series Forecasting using Keras LSTM)? | <p>Let be <span class="math-container">$X = (X_1,...., X_n)$</span> an univariate time serie. I would like to know how to standardize my data when I split it into train and test data. Let me explain you how I tranform <span class="math-container">$X$</span> so that I can fit an LSTM neural net. From <span class="math-c... | keras time series lstm normalization | 1 | How to standardize my data (Univariate Time Series Forecasting using Keras LSTM)? -- (keras time series lstm normalization)
<p>Let be <span class="math-container">$X = (X_1,...., X_n)$</span> an univariate time serie. I would like to know how to standardize my data when I split it into train and test data. Let me expla... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,288 | In Naive Bayes classifier how is P(sneezing,builder|flu) = P(sneezing|flu)P(builder|flu)? | <p>Please refer to this <a href="http://users.sussex.ac.uk/~christ/crs/ml/lec02b.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">literature</a>:</p>

<p>According to Naive Bayes classification algorithm:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$P(sneezing,builder|flu) = P(sneezing|flu)P(builder|flu) $</span></p>

... | naive bayes classifier | 1 | In Naive Bayes classifier how is P(sneezing,builder|flu) = P(sneezing|flu)P(builder|flu)? -- (naive bayes classifier)
<p>Please refer to this <a href="http://users.sussex.ac.uk/~christ/crs/ml/lec02b.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">literature</a>:</p>

<p>According to Naive Bayes classification algorithm:</p>&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,303 | How to transform time series data to apply supervised learning algorithms to it? | <p>Apologies in advance for what may be a very basic question.</p>

<p>I have a dataset consisting of marketing calls to different clients, which include the timestamp for the call.
My goal is to train a model to predict if whether a customer will answer a call or ignore it based on the call time, as well a... | classification time series random forest training | 1 | How to transform time series data to apply supervised learning algorithms to it? -- (classification time series random forest training)
<p>Apologies in advance for what may be a very basic question.</p>

<p>I have a dataset consisting of marketing calls to different clients, which include the timestamp for the ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,317 | When I should use PCA? | <p>I have a data set with 60000 rows and 32 columns. I want to use SVM (with some more constraints that make it more complicated)and I think 32 columns are too large. So I decided to use PCA. But when I load PCA, the first 20 component describe 85% of data which 20 variables still is too large I think, but it is better... | r pca dimensionality reduction | 1 | When I should use PCA? -- (r pca dimensionality reduction)
<p>I have a data set with 60000 rows and 32 columns. I want to use SVM (with some more constraints that make it more complicated)and I think 32 columns are too large. So I decided to use PCA. But when I load PCA, the first 20 component describe 85% of data whic... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,323 | In the context of machine learning, what is the relationship between "Normalization" and "norm" | <p>"Normalization" and "norm" are used a lot in machine learning</p>

<p>In statistics and applications of statistics, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(statistics)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">normalization</a> can have a range of meanings.</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>In the simplest c... | machine learning deep learning | 1 | In the context of machine learning, what is the relationship between "Normalization" and "norm" -- (machine learning deep learning)
<p>"Normalization" and "norm" are used a lot in machine learning</p>

<p>In statistics and applications of statistics, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(statist... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,325 | Is this the way to obtain the same individuals for x_test and y_test? | <pre><code>x_train, x_test = train_test_split(x, test_size = 0.3,random_state=250)
y_train, y_test = train_test_split(y, test_size = 0.3,random_state=250)
</code></pre>

<p>Is this the way to coincide the same individuals in <code>x_test</code> and <code>y_test</code> as well as <code>x_train</code> and... | python scikit learn cross validation | 1 | Is this the way to obtain the same individuals for x_test and y_test? -- (python scikit learn cross validation)
<pre><code>x_train, x_test = train_test_split(x, test_size = 0.3,random_state=250)
y_train, y_test = train_test_split(y, test_size = 0.3,random_state=250)
</code></pre>

<p>Is this the way to ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,331 | How to measure the correlation between categorical variables and a continuous variable | <p>I have the following list of the names of the categorical variables in my dataset:</p>

<pre><code>categorical_columns = ['MSSubClass', 'MSZoning', 'LotShape', 'LandContour', 'LotConfig', 'Neighborhood', 'Condition1',
 'Condition2', 'BldgType', 'HouseStyle', 'RoofStyle', 'RoofMatl',... | machine learning python scikit learn correlation scipy | 1 | How to measure the correlation between categorical variables and a continuous variable -- (machine learning python scikit learn correlation scipy)
<p>I have the following list of the names of the categorical variables in my dataset:</p>

<pre><code>categorical_columns = ['MSSubClass', 'MSZoning', 'LotShape', 'L... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,333 | Multiply weights after using dropout in training - PyTorch | <p>I have a Pytorch regression model as follows:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code> model = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(n_in, n_h_1),
 nn.ReLU(),
 nn.Dropout(p=0.1),
 nn.Linear(n_h_1, n_h_2),
 n... | machine learning deep learning pytorch dropout | 1 | Multiply weights after using dropout in training - PyTorch -- (machine learning deep learning pytorch dropout)
<p>I have a Pytorch regression model as follows:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code> model = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(n_in, n_h_1),
 nn.ReLU(),
 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,350 | Seaborn subplots massive whitespace | <p>I'm trying to plot three heatmaps in a vertical column using Seaborns subplot method.</p>

<pre><code>import seaborn as sns
initalCorr = inputX.corr()
secondaryCorr = inputX_corr.corr()
finalCorr = inputX[selected_columns_pvalue].corr()

fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, figsize = (15,45))
f... | visualization matplotlib seaborn | 1 | Seaborn subplots massive whitespace -- (visualization matplotlib seaborn)
<p>I'm trying to plot three heatmaps in a vertical column using Seaborns subplot method.</p>

<pre><code>import seaborn as sns
initalCorr = inputX.corr()
secondaryCorr = inputX_corr.corr()
finalCorr = inputX[selected_columns_p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,352 | Max pooling has no parameters and therefore doesn't affect the backpropagation? | <p>I feel this is a question that has a lot of variations already posted but it doesn't exactly answer my question. I understand the concept of max pooling and also the concept of backpropagation. What i cannot understand is that why is it said that max pooling doesn't affect the process of backpropagation? Is it becau... | machine learning backpropagation parameter | 1 | Max pooling has no parameters and therefore doesn't affect the backpropagation? -- (machine learning backpropagation parameter)
<p>I feel this is a question that has a lot of variations already posted but it doesn't exactly answer my question. I understand the concept of max pooling and also the concept of backpropagat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,374 | Is it correct to join training and validation set before inferring on test-set? | <p>I would like to know if is a correct procedure to join <code>training-set</code> and <code>validation-set</code> together, in order to train the model on this new dataset, before making predictions on the <code>test-set</code>.</p>
 | machine learning dataset training | 1 | Is it correct to join training and validation set before inferring on test-set? -- (machine learning dataset training)
<p>I would like to know if is a correct procedure to join <code>training-set</code> and <code>validation-set</code> together, in order to train the model on this new dataset, before making predictions ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,388 | Tweedie Loss for Keras | <p>We are currently using XGBoost model with Tweedie loss for solving a regression problem which works very good, now I wanted to move our model to Keras and experience with neural networks, do anybody know how I can implement Tweedie loss for Keras? I only care about the instance when p=1.5 which gives us the best res... | keras regression xgboost loss function | 1 | Tweedie Loss for Keras -- (keras regression xgboost loss function)
<p>We are currently using XGBoost model with Tweedie loss for solving a regression problem which works very good, now I wanted to move our model to Keras and experience with neural networks, do anybody know how I can implement Tweedie loss for Keras? I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,390 | Inputs required for Random Forest Regressor and ways to improve performance | <p>I am using Random Forest Regressor to predict inventory needs. The data I am using to train the model lists the total quantity picked for each product per date, but does not include rows where total quantity picked for a product on the specified date is 0. The model considers the features that allow it to take date ... | machine learning scikit learn random forest data science model | 1 | Inputs required for Random Forest Regressor and ways to improve performance -- (machine learning scikit learn random forest data science model)
<p>I am using Random Forest Regressor to predict inventory needs. The data I am using to train the model lists the total quantity picked for each product per date, but does not... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,402 | How many parameters in a Conv2d Layer? | <p>I was following andrew-ng coursera course on deep learning and there's a question that has been asked there which I couldn't figure out the answer for?</p>

<p>Suppose your input is a 300 by 300 color (RGB) image, and you use a convolutional layer with 100 filters that are each 5x5. How many parameters does ... | machine learning deep learning convolution convolutional neural network | 1 | How many parameters in a Conv2d Layer? -- (machine learning deep learning convolution convolutional neural network)
<p>I was following andrew-ng coursera course on deep learning and there's a question that has been asked there which I couldn't figure out the answer for?</p>

<p>Suppose your input is a 300 by 30... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,409 | What is the hypothesis space used by this AND gate Perceptron? | <p>Per this <a href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-0-387-30164-8_373" rel="nofollow noreferrer">post</a> </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>The hypothesis space used by a machine learning system is the set of
 all hypotheses that might possibly be returned by it.</p>
</blockquote>... | machine learning deep learning perceptron | 1 | What is the hypothesis space used by this AND gate Perceptron? -- (machine learning deep learning perceptron)
<p>Per this <a href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-0-387-30164-8_373" rel="nofollow noreferrer">post</a> </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>The hypothesis space used by a machine l... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,415 | Seaborn barchart for frequency of data | <p>I'm trying to plot a bar chart to represent the frequency of two variables (Dead and Alive) in my test and training data. I want it to look like the second example described in the <a href="https://seaborn.pydata.org/generated/seaborn.barplot.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">documentation</a> (minus the error bars).<... | python visualization seaborn | 1 | Seaborn barchart for frequency of data -- (python visualization seaborn)
<p>I'm trying to plot a bar chart to represent the frequency of two variables (Dead and Alive) in my test and training data. I want it to look like the second example described in the <a href="https://seaborn.pydata.org/generated/seaborn.barplot.h... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,419 | logic behind weighted KNN | <p>I am reading about KNN</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/yyCgi.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/yyCgi.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ro1Tg.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur... | k nn | 1 | logic behind weighted KNN -- (k nn)
<p>I am reading about KNN</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/yyCgi.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/yyCgi.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ro1Tg.png" rel="nofollow norefer... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,426 | What is the Value of X in KNN and Why? | <p>I have a dataset of 25 instances these instances are divided into 2 classes Green Circles and Blue Squares</p>

<p>data distributed as this graph</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/FGNk2.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/FGNk2.png" alt="enter image description... | k nn | 1 | What is the Value of X in KNN and Why? -- (k nn)
<p>I have a dataset of 25 instances these instances are divided into 2 classes Green Circles and Blue Squares</p>

<p>data distributed as this graph</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/FGNk2.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,445 | How to classify a document by image? | <p>I need an opens source solution to classify a document. I do not want to use NLP i need only to check the look and feel.</p>

<p>I tried <a href="https://docs.opencv.org/master/df/dfb/group__imgproc__object.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">OpenCV</a>. I have a template and i need to match it.</p>

<pr... | python similar documents | 1 | How to classify a document by image? -- (python similar documents)
<p>I need an opens source solution to classify a document. I do not want to use NLP i need only to check the look and feel.</p>

<p>I tried <a href="https://docs.opencv.org/master/df/dfb/group__imgproc__object.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ope... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,450 | Train and predict on a varying number of inputs - time based events | <p>I have the problem where I am trying to build a model which takes in <code>n</code> events for a single user as input for prediction, the problem is that the number of events is not set, so for example:</p>

<p>A user may have performed a single event:
time - eventType - eventData</p>

<p>Yet ano... | machine learning predictive modeling feature selection | 1 | Train and predict on a varying number of inputs - time based events -- (machine learning predictive modeling feature selection)
<p>I have the problem where I am trying to build a model which takes in <code>n</code> events for a single user as input for prediction, the problem is that the number of events is not set, so... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,458 | PicklingError: Could not serialize object: TypeError: can't pickle fasttext_pybind.fasttext objects | <p>I built a fasttext classification model in order to do sentiment analysis for facebook comments (using pyspark 2.4.1 on windows). When I use the prediction model function to predict the class of a sentence, the result is a tuple with the form below:</p>

<pre><code>[('__label__positif', '__label__négatif', '... | data science model dataframe pyspark serialisation | 1 | PicklingError: Could not serialize object: TypeError: can't pickle fasttext_pybind.fasttext objects -- (data science model dataframe pyspark serialisation)
<p>I built a fasttext classification model in order to do sentiment analysis for facebook comments (using pyspark 2.4.1 on windows). When I use the prediction model... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,463 | Why use different variations of Softmax in training and validation for neural networks with Pytorch? | <p>Specifically, I'm working on a modeling project, and I see someone else's code that looks like</p>

<pre><code>def forward(self, x):
 x = self.fc1(x)
 x = self.activation1(x)
 x = self.fc2(x)
 x = self.activation2(x)
 x = self.fc3(x)
 x = self.activation3(x)
 ... | neural network deep learning pytorch softmax | 1 | Why use different variations of Softmax in training and validation for neural networks with Pytorch? -- (neural network deep learning pytorch softmax)
<p>Specifically, I'm working on a modeling project, and I see someone else's code that looks like</p>

<pre><code>def forward(self, x):
 x = self.fc1(x)&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,483 | Two different pytorch networks, combined loss, back propagation and optimizer step | <p>So here is my network architecture as shown in below image.
I’ve two separate networks and <code>loss_1</code> and <code>loss_2</code> are coming from two separate nn.Modules networks and <code>final_loss = loss_1 + loss_2</code>.<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/pEYS2.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="h... | pytorch | 1 | Two different pytorch networks, combined loss, back propagation and optimizer step -- (pytorch)
<p>So here is my network architecture as shown in below image.
I’ve two separate networks and <code>loss_1</code> and <code>loss_2</code> are coming from two separate nn.Modules networks and <code>final_loss = loss_1 + l... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,485 | 'tuple' object is not callable while reshaping training data using python | <p>I have data csv file with three inputs names temperature, humidity, wind. Here I want to predict temperature value in every 60 minute using LSTM model. </p>

<p>Here I write the code to reshape the train . But I got an error <code>tuple' object is not callable</code></p>

<p>My code:</p>

<pr... | machine learning python pandas lstm | 1 | 'tuple' object is not callable while reshaping training data using python -- (machine learning python pandas lstm)
<p>I have data csv file with three inputs names temperature, humidity, wind. Here I want to predict temperature value in every 60 minute using LSTM model. </p>

<p>Here I write the code to reshape ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,486 | Is there a way to get y_pred values from saved Keras model? | <p>I have a <em>Keras</em> model saved in a <code>.h5</code> file. As you know there are a <code>y_pred</code> and a <code>y_act</code> that confusion matrix creates from, at run time, it's easy to get <code>y_pred</code> values but my model is saved and now I need the <code>y_pred</code> values from that saved model. ... | machine learning neural network deep learning keras cnn | 1 | Is there a way to get y_pred values from saved Keras model? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning keras cnn)
<p>I have a <em>Keras</em> model saved in a <code>.h5</code> file. As you know there are a <code>y_pred</code> and a <code>y_act</code> that confusion matrix creates from, at run time, it's easy to g... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,490 | Transfer learning VGGish (AudioSet). Impact of zero padding to fit the input size | <p>I am trying to train a network on top of the VGGish architecture (<a href="https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/research/audioset/vggish" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/research/audioset/vggish</a>), using (transfer learning) finetuning.</p>

<p>I initi... | machine learning model transfer learning audio recognition vgg16 | 1 | Transfer learning VGGish (AudioSet). Impact of zero padding to fit the input size -- (machine learning model transfer learning audio recognition vgg16)
<p>I am trying to train a network on top of the VGGish architecture (<a href="https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/research/audioset/vggish" rel="nofollow n... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,503 | Visualize/analyze data before or after imputing missing values? | <p>My understanding is that we impute missing values in order to preserve those training examples so our Machine Learning algorithms have as many training examples as possible.</p>

<p>To me, it would make intuitive sense to visualize/analyze the data before imputing the missing values, as imputation will skew ... | python data mining visualization | 1 | Visualize/analyze data before or after imputing missing values? -- (python data mining visualization)
<p>My understanding is that we impute missing values in order to preserve those training examples so our Machine Learning algorithms have as many training examples as possible.</p>

<p>To me, it would make intu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,507 | Problem of finding best combination of features when desired feature is feature some_feature_A/some_feature_B | <p>Problem is stated: we have giant csv file with one target column and rest are inputs, we don't know these features impact target but we would like to use algorithm that besides using linear and non-linear transformations will also take into account that right solution would be some_feature_A/some_feature_B. Is there... | feature engineering | 1 | Problem of finding best combination of features when desired feature is feature some_feature_A/some_feature_B -- (feature engineering)
<p>Problem is stated: we have giant csv file with one target column and rest are inputs, we don't know these features impact target but we would like to use algorithm that besides using... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,523 | Pattern Recognition, Bishop - (Linear) Discriminant Functions 4.1 | <p>Please refer "<a href="http://users.isr.ist.utl.pt/~wurmd/Livros/school/Bishop%20-%20Pattern%20Recognition%20And%20Machine%20Learning%20-%20Springer%20%202006.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning</a>" - Bishop, page 182. </p>

<p>I am struggling to visualize the intuition b... | machine learning discriminant analysis | 1 | Pattern Recognition, Bishop - (Linear) Discriminant Functions 4.1 -- (machine learning discriminant analysis)
<p>Please refer "<a href="http://users.isr.ist.utl.pt/~wurmd/Livros/school/Bishop%20-%20Pattern%20Recognition%20And%20Machine%20Learning%20-%20Springer%20%202006.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Pattern Recogniti... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,527 | Keras models break when I add batch normalization | <p>I'm creating the model for a DDPG agent (keras-rl version) but i'm having some trouble with errors whenever I try adding in batch normalization in the first of two networks.</p>

<p>Here is the creation function as i'd like it to be:</p>

<pre><code>def buildDDPGNets(actNum, obsSpace):
 actorO... | neural network keras batch normalization keras rl | 1 | Keras models break when I add batch normalization -- (neural network keras batch normalization keras rl)
<p>I'm creating the model for a DDPG agent (keras-rl version) but i'm having some trouble with errors whenever I try adding in batch normalization in the first of two networks.</p>

<p>Here is the creation f... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,529 | Triplet loss function for face recognition? | <p>In the <em>Andrew-NG</em> coursera course on <strong>Convnets</strong> he talked about triplet loss function for one shot face recognition.</p>

<p>The formula given in the video is,
<span class="math-container">$$\to \small \small \small ||f(A)-f(P)||^2 \;+\;\alpha \leq\;||f(A)-f(N)||^2$$</span>
<sp... | machine learning deep learning image recognition convolutional neural network | 1 | Triplet loss function for face recognition? -- (machine learning deep learning image recognition convolutional neural network)
<p>In the <em>Andrew-NG</em> coursera course on <strong>Convnets</strong> he talked about triplet loss function for one shot face recognition.</p>

<p>The formula given in the video is,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,538 | Adding and subtract inbetween row inputs and value equal to the first column next row using pandas | <p>Assume I have a dataset with three inputs:</p>

<pre><code> x1 x2 x3 
0 a b c
1 d e f
2 g h i
3 j k l
4 m n o
5 p q r
6 s t u 
 :
 :
</code></pre>

<p>0,1,2,3 are times, x1, x2, x3 are inputs that are me... | python time series pandas | 1 | Adding and subtract inbetween row inputs and value equal to the first column next row using pandas -- (python time series pandas)
<p>Assume I have a dataset with three inputs:</p>

<pre><code> x1 x2 x3 
0 a b c
1 d e f
2 g h i
3 j k l
4 m n o
5 p q... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,545 | In CNN, why do we increase the number of filters in deeper Convolution layers for complex images? | <p>I have been doing this online course <em>Introduction to TensorFlow for AI, ML and DL</em>. Here in one part, they were showing a CNN model for classifying human and horses. In this model, the first <code>Conv2D</code> layer had <strong>16 filters</strong>, followed by two more <code>Conv2D</code> layers with <stron... | neural network keras tensorflow cnn convolution | 1 | In CNN, why do we increase the number of filters in deeper Convolution layers for complex images? -- (neural network keras tensorflow cnn convolution)
<p>I have been doing this online course <em>Introduction to TensorFlow for AI, ML and DL</em>. Here in one part, they were showing a CNN model for classifying human and ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,555 | In Conditional Random Fields, is mandatory to use features related to following and preceeding tokens? | <p>I am training a CRF classifier to classify document rows as a heading (1st level), heading (2nd level) or simple text.</p>
<p>I am using Conditional Random Fields for their ability to account sequential aspects.</p>
<p>Reading <a href="https://sklearn-crfsuite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html#features... | machine learning classification feature selection | 1 | In Conditional Random Fields, is mandatory to use features related to following and preceeding tokens? -- (machine learning classification feature selection)
<p>I am training a CRF classifier to classify document rows as a heading (1st level), heading (2nd level) or simple text.</p>
<p>I am using Conditional Rando... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,558 | String to Data frame column | <p>I have 2 column in data frame, X and Y. And I have some string values stored in text, which I want to put in X, Y as shown in the example.</p>

<p>Example : </p>

<pre><code>text=9 10 13 110 14 16
 12 1 6 1 1 2
</code></pre>

<pre><code>X Y

9 12

10 1&... | python pandas | 1 | String to Data frame column -- (python pandas)
<p>I have 2 column in data frame, X and Y. And I have some string values stored in text, which I want to put in X, Y as shown in the example.</p>

<p>Example : </p>

<pre><code>text=9 10 13 110 14 16
 12 1 6 1 1 2
</code></pre>

<pre... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,566 | Tool for labeling audio | <p>I have few thousand audio signals to label into 2 different classes and save them to numpy array for further training of models. MATLAB recently released <code>Signal Labeler</code> for their <code>Signal Analyzer</code>, that could help to label time series, but for certain reasons, I can't use it. </p>

<p... | time series labels audio recognition | 1 | Tool for labeling audio -- (time series labels audio recognition)
<p>I have few thousand audio signals to label into 2 different classes and save them to numpy array for further training of models. MATLAB recently released <code>Signal Labeler</code> for their <code>Signal Analyzer</code>, that could help to label time... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,580 | 'Feature' definition | <p>Precisely, what is a <em>feature</em>? Is it an attribute/property <em>name</em> or its <em>value</em>?</p>

<p>E.g. would features examples be "name", "adress", ...?
Or "Dorothy", "123 YellowBrick Road"??</p>

<p>If it is a property name, what do you call its corresponding values? ("Feature-valu... | machine learning beginner | 1 | 'Feature' definition -- (machine learning beginner)
<p>Precisely, what is a <em>feature</em>? Is it an attribute/property <em>name</em> or its <em>value</em>?</p>

<p>E.g. would features examples be "name", "adress", ...?
Or "Dorothy", "123 YellowBrick Road"??</p>

<p>If it is a property name, what ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,587 | Cost function - ideas | <p>I build xgboost model for regression problem. By the default xgboost optimize <span class="math-container">$(y - y_{pred})^2$</span>, so the RMSE will be the best eval metric to measure performance. But my task is to build the best model for evaluation metric which check if predicted value is in range <span class="m... | regression xgboost cost function | 1 | Cost function - ideas -- (regression xgboost cost function)
<p>I build xgboost model for regression problem. By the default xgboost optimize <span class="math-container">$(y - y_{pred})^2$</span>, so the RMSE will be the best eval metric to measure performance. But my task is to build the best model for evaluation metr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,592 | Mathematical formulation of Support Vector Machines? | <p>I'm trying to learn maths behind SVM (<strong>hard margin</strong>) but due to different forms of mathematical formulations I'm bit confused.</p>

<ul>
<li><p>Assume we have two sets of points <span class="math-container">$\text{(i.e. positives, negatives)}$</span> one on each side of hyperplane <span cl... | machine learning svm optimization linear algebra | 1 | Mathematical formulation of Support Vector Machines? -- (machine learning svm optimization linear algebra)
<p>I'm trying to learn maths behind SVM (<strong>hard margin</strong>) but due to different forms of mathematical formulations I'm bit confused.</p>

<ul>
<li><p>Assume we have two sets of points <span... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,597 | Is there any way to use (update) a pre-trained logistic regression model for data with new set of columns? | <p>I am building an insurance recommendation engine. I have used some variables, like demographics, and built the model. Now I have claims data.</p>

<p>Is there a way to include the new data without restarting the process like this?</p>

<pre><code>model1 = initial variables
model2 = new variables&... | data logistic regression | 1 | Is there any way to use (update) a pre-trained logistic regression model for data with new set of columns? -- (data logistic regression)
<p>I am building an insurance recommendation engine. I have used some variables, like demographics, and built the model. Now I have claims data.</p>

<p>Is there a way to incl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,598 | Why we add a constant value column in our DataFrame sometimes? | <p>Currently I'm learning data science and I'm in the beginners stage. I have seen many times we add a "constant" column in our data frame with all row cells of that column having value 1.</p>

<p>I need to know why we do so. And also what will happen if we don't use it.</p>

<p>Thank you.</p>
 | machine learning python pandas data science model dataframe | 1 | Why we add a constant value column in our DataFrame sometimes? -- (machine learning python pandas data science model dataframe)
<p>Currently I'm learning data science and I'm in the beginners stage. I have seen many times we add a "constant" column in our data frame with all row cells of that column having value 1.</p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,618 | SpaCy vs AllenNLP? | <p>I have used a little of both <a href="https://spacy.io/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">spaCy</a> and <a href="https://allennlp.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">allenNLP</a> in my NLP projects. I like them both as they work very well with <a href="https://pytorch.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PyTorch</a> (my DL framewor... | nlp pytorch spacy allennlp | 1 | SpaCy vs AllenNLP? -- (nlp pytorch spacy allennlp)
<p>I have used a little of both <a href="https://spacy.io/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">spaCy</a> and <a href="https://allennlp.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">allenNLP</a> in my NLP projects. I like them both as they work very well with <a href="https://pytorch.org/" re... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,619 | Extract Domain related words | <p>I am doing a research regarding on automatic text summarizing. So in order to weighting sentences I need to get words related to a particular field or domain like shown below.</p>

<pre><code>Topic word - Car
Related words - engine, driver, road, break, accelerator 
</code></pre>

<p>Is there... | nlp | 1 | Extract Domain related words -- (nlp)
<p>I am doing a research regarding on automatic text summarizing. So in order to weighting sentences I need to get words related to a particular field or domain like shown below.</p>

<pre><code>Topic word - Car
Related words - engine, driver, road, break, accelerator &... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,625 | Coefficients of Linear regression for minimizing MSE | <p>(I asked this in mathematics site, but nobody responded, it seems the whole problem is more related to data science than math.)</p>

<p>In a regression problem, loss function is:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$L(a,b) = {\sum_{i=1}^n (y^i - (ax^i +b))^2})$$</span></p>

<p>In order to m... | linear regression mse | 1 | Coefficients of Linear regression for minimizing MSE -- (linear regression mse)
<p>(I asked this in mathematics site, but nobody responded, it seems the whole problem is more related to data science than math.)</p>

<p>In a regression problem, loss function is:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$L(a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,633 | MLP Parameter tuning - gridsearchCV cannot fit? | <p>I'm making an MLP classifier for binomial classification from 145 features.</p>

<p>I want to get the best parameters on my MLP classifier to get a better prediction so I followed the answer to this <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/36049/how-to-adjust-the-hyperparameters-of-mlp-classi... | machine learning classification machine learning model mlp error handling | 1 | MLP Parameter tuning - gridsearchCV cannot fit? -- (machine learning classification machine learning model mlp error handling)
<p>I'm making an MLP classifier for binomial classification from 145 features.</p>

<p>I want to get the best parameters on my MLP classifier to get a better prediction so I followed th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,648 | How to automate ANOVA in Python | <p>I am at the dimensionality reduction phase of my model. I have a list of categorical columns and I want to find the correlation between each column and my continuous <code>SalePrice</code> column. Below is the list of column names:</p>

<pre><code>categorical_columns = ['MSSubClass', 'MSZoning', 'LotShape'... | machine learning python feature engineering dimensionality reduction kaggle | 1 | How to automate ANOVA in Python -- (machine learning python feature engineering dimensionality reduction kaggle)
<p>I am at the dimensionality reduction phase of my model. I have a list of categorical columns and I want to find the correlation between each column and my continuous <code>SalePrice</code> column. Below... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,649 | How to learn certain Maths to understand machine Learning papers? | <p>I have done the deeplearning.ai course on deep learning. But I cannot Understand equations like </p>

<pre><code>minGmaxDV(D,G)=Ex∼pdata(x)[logD(x)]+Ez∼pz(z)[log(1−D(G(z)))]
</code></pre>

<p>What kind of Maths am I am supposed to learn? I know Calculus basic Multivariable Calculus and Linear Alg... | machine learning mathematics deep learning | 1 | How to learn certain Maths to understand machine Learning papers? -- (machine learning mathematics deep learning)
<p>I have done the deeplearning.ai course on deep learning. But I cannot Understand equations like </p>

<pre><code>minGmaxDV(D,G)=Ex∼pdata(x)[logD(x)]+Ez∼pz(z)[log(1−D(G(z)))]
</code></pre>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,654 | Can we use DecisionTreeClassifier of sklearn for continuous target variable? | <p>I have a continuous target variable named "quality" which ranges from 0 to 10. Also I have 11 input variables in my dataset.</p>

<p>When I'm building my model using DecisionTreeClassifier() of sklearn then I'm getting a score of 60% but when I'm building my model using DecisionTreeRegressor() of sklearn the... | python classification scikit learn regression decision trees | 1 | Can we use DecisionTreeClassifier of sklearn for continuous target variable? -- (python classification scikit learn regression decision trees)
<p>I have a continuous target variable named "quality" which ranges from 0 to 10. Also I have 11 input variables in my dataset.</p>

<p>When I'm building my model using ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,664 | Two different cost functions for neural networks, how they can give the same result? | <p>One is: <span class="math-container">$$J=-\frac{1}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}\sum_{k=1}^{K}\Big[y_{k}^{i}\log\big((h_{\theta}(x^{i}))_k\big)+(1-y_{k}^{i})\log\big(1-(h_{\theta}(x^{i}))_k\big)\Big]$$</span></p>

<p>The other one is: <span class="math-container">$$J=-\frac{1}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}\Big[y^{i}\log(a^{i})+(1-y^{... | machine learning neural network deep learning cost function | 1 | Two different cost functions for neural networks, how they can give the same result? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning cost function)
<p>One is: <span class="math-container">$$J=-\frac{1}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}\sum_{k=1}^{K}\Big[y_{k}^{i}\log\big((h_{\theta}(x^{i}))_k\big)+(1-y_{k}^{i})\log\big(1-(h_{\theta}(... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,670 | How to handle large number of categories in a dataset? | <p>I have one dataset of "Books" which contains 8 columns initially and out of which 3 of them contains text values which can be categorized. The 3 columns contains "Language-code", "Author Name" and "title" of the book. As sklearn LinearRegression don't take text as input so i decided to categorize these 3 columns by ... | machine learning feature selection categorical data | 1 | How to handle large number of categories in a dataset? -- (machine learning feature selection categorical data)
<p>I have one dataset of "Books" which contains 8 columns initially and out of which 3 of them contains text values which can be categorized. The 3 columns contains "Language-code", "Author Name" and "title" ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,675 | What are the exact differences between Deep Learning, Deep Neural Networks, Artificial Neural Networks and further terms? | <p>After having read some theory I am getting a bit confused about the following terms:</p>

<ul>
<li>Deep Learning</li>
<li>Deep Neural Network</li>
<li>Artificial Neural Network</li>
<li>Feedforward Neural Network</li>
</ul>

<p>So, what seems clear to me is that Deep Neural Networ... | neural network deep learning cnn rnn | 1 | What are the exact differences between Deep Learning, Deep Neural Networks, Artificial Neural Networks and further terms? -- (neural network deep learning cnn rnn)
<p>After having read some theory I am getting a bit confused about the following terms:</p>

<ul>
<li>Deep Learning</li>
<li>Deep Neural Net... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,721 | Adding Group Average Line to Bar Chart | <p>I am trying to create a PivotChart in the form of a bar chart and I would like to add a group average line on the chart.</p>

<p>I have this (sample) table in my PowerPivot Data Model:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/oyPDR.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/... | excel | 1 | Adding Group Average Line to Bar Chart -- (excel)
<p>I am trying to create a PivotChart in the form of a bar chart and I would like to add a group average line on the chart.</p>

<p>I have this (sample) table in my PowerPivot Data Model:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/oyPDR.png" rel="nofollo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,737 | Keras reuse trained weights on CNN with different number of channels | <p>Related to TrackNet, a CNN for tracking tennis balls on TV tennis matches, the Arxiv paper mentions it is scalable, ie. the input can be any number of frames concatenated rather than the three they used. So I tried to concatenate 11 frames and adjusted the input layer dimension:</p>

<pre><code>#changed fro... | python keras cnn object detection | 1 | Keras reuse trained weights on CNN with different number of channels -- (python keras cnn object detection)
<p>Related to TrackNet, a CNN for tracking tennis balls on TV tennis matches, the Arxiv paper mentions it is scalable, ie. the input can be any number of frames concatenated rather than the three they used. So I... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,745 | RuntimeError: Assertion `cur_target >= 0 && cur_target < n_classes' failed | <p>I am referring this previously asked <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/55981101/runtimeerror-assertion-cur-target-0-cur-target-n-classes-failed">question</a> in stack-overflow which remains unsolved till now. </p>

<p>I am facing same problem with <code>pytorch</code> when I am solving multiclass ... | deep learning multiclass classification pytorch | 1 | RuntimeError: Assertion `cur_target >= 0 && cur_target < n_classes' failed -- (deep learning multiclass classification pytorch)
<p>I am referring this previously asked <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/55981101/runtimeerror-assertion-cur-target-0-cur-target-n-classes-failed">question</a> in stack-overflow wh... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,748 | what does `a factor of K-fold` mean in GPU-based training? | <p>From the book "Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks for Medical Image Computing"</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>As we learned about the current state of research on deep learning, I
 was surprised to find that other investigators had used convolutional
 neural networks, one type of deep lear... | machine learning deep learning | 1 | what does `a factor of K-fold` mean in GPU-based training? -- (machine learning deep learning)
<p>From the book "Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks for Medical Image Computing"</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>As we learned about the current state of research on deep learning, I
 was surprised to fi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,759 | What is "spatial feature encoding"? Can anyone give a concrete example? | <p>This <a href="https://books.google.ru/books?id=M64sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=spatial%20feature%20encoding,%20%60then%60%20random%20forest%20or%20support&source=bl&ots=gNQLzBU7dl&sig=ACfU3U1vS0HIaSF3Jqj8w36FmuWXPjnChQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBxqLRjbnjAhUNa80KHZ0vCcAQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#... | machine learning deep learning computer vision | 1 | What is "spatial feature encoding"? Can anyone give a concrete example? -- (machine learning deep learning computer vision)
<p>This <a href="https://books.google.ru/books?id=M64sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=spatial%20feature%20encoding,%20%60then%60%20random%20forest%20or%20support&source=bl&ots=gNQLz... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
55,761 | Pandas datastructure | <p>I'm trying to analyze database performance over a period of time and detect anomalies. The database server consists of many threads that perform different actions. I run a query to determine the number of active threads and the action they are performing. </p>

<p>A sample dataset is below:
<a href="http... | pandas anomaly detection | 1 | Pandas datastructure -- (pandas anomaly detection)
<p>I'm trying to analyze database performance over a period of time and detect anomalies. The database server consists of many threads that perform different actions. I run a query to determine the number of active threads and the action they are performing. </p>
&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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