id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
56,705 | SRGAN Generator Architecture: Why is it possible to do this elementwise sum? | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/rvHUp.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/rvHUp.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Consider the first residual block. Its first convolution layer takes in inputs:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>THe PRELU's output</p></li>
<... | python keras convolution gan | 1 | SRGAN Generator Architecture: Why is it possible to do this elementwise sum? -- (python keras convolution gan)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/rvHUp.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/rvHUp.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Consider the first residual blo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,710 | Can a Logsitic Regression model continue making predictions after removing predictions from the data set? | <p>I have a logistic regression model that predicts churn (0 vs. 1). I was asked to use the model to predict on a historical group of non-churners, remove anyone who was marked as a churner, and then increase one variable while keeping the rest constant to see how the prediction changes. Interestingly, it predicts zero... | python predictive modeling data logistic regression data science model | 1 | Can a Logsitic Regression model continue making predictions after removing predictions from the data set? -- (python predictive modeling data logistic regression data science model)
<p>I have a logistic regression model that predicts churn (0 vs. 1). I was asked to use the model to predict on a historical group of non-... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,715 | Is Nvidia Jetson product family also suitable for machine learing model training? | <p>I recently came accross these products (Nvidia Jetson) and they are all tagged as "edge", so i think they are designed only for machine learning inference and not model training.
They are quite interesting for their low power consumpion and price (eg: Jetson Nano) so i hope they are suitable also for model train... | machine learning machine learning model nvidia | 1 | Is Nvidia Jetson product family also suitable for machine learing model training? -- (machine learning machine learning model nvidia)
<p>I recently came accross these products (Nvidia Jetson) and they are all tagged as "edge", so i think they are designed only for machine learning inference and not model training.
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,730 | Handling unwanted negative numbers | <p>With me is a dataset collected from IoT sensors with one column labeled “Soil Humidity” measured in percentage. It stands to reason then that all the values be positive percentages, however there’s a mix of negative percentage in there which is undesirable. 
Is there a way to handle unwanted negative numbers in... | machine learning dataset data cleaning missing data data analysis | 1 | Handling unwanted negative numbers -- (machine learning dataset data cleaning missing data data analysis)
<p>With me is a dataset collected from IoT sensors with one column labeled “Soil Humidity” measured in percentage. It stands to reason then that all the values be positive percentages, however there’s a mix of nega... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,740 | what should i learn for deep learning | <p>i have studied the basic of machine learning ,algebra ,statics and probability.now i want start with deep learning for field of image recognition,classification.
i don't know where to start deep learning ,can anyone suggest me where to start and end like syllabus </p>
 | neural network deep learning data science model | 1 | what should i learn for deep learning -- (neural network deep learning data science model)
<p>i have studied the basic of machine learning ,algebra ,statics and probability.now i want start with deep learning for field of image recognition,classification.
i don't know where to start deep learning ,can anyone sugges... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,747 | How to use Chi-square test in dataset with negative values | <p>I could not fully explain the title. In order to use the Chi-square test in my dataset, I am finding the smallest value and add each cell with that value. (for example, the range of data here is [-8,11] so I added +8 to each cell and the range turned to [0,19]).</p>

<p>dataValues variable is DataFrame type ... | machine learning python optimization | 1 | How to use Chi-square test in dataset with negative values -- (machine learning python optimization)
<p>I could not fully explain the title. In order to use the Chi-square test in my dataset, I am finding the smallest value and add each cell with that value. (for example, the range of data here is [-8,11] so I added +8... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,782 | Backpropagation in a convolutional neural network with stride and padding | <p>So i am trying to learn backpropagation of convolutional neural networks. A lot of articles only cover convolutions without a stride and a padding variable, so i decided to try it on my own.
For simplicity i decided to try correlation (no filter flipping).<br />
Symbols:</p>
<p><span class="math-containe... | machine learning cnn convolution backpropagation javascript | 1 | Backpropagation in a convolutional neural network with stride and padding -- (machine learning cnn convolution backpropagation javascript)
<p>So i am trying to learn backpropagation of convolutional neural networks. A lot of articles only cover convolutions without a stride and a padding variable, so i decided to try i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,783 | I have a 20.2 GB dataset which is entirely consisting of 1 file. Need help on how to open the file | <p>Whenever I am dealing with datasets that have weird extensions that I have not encountered before, I typically open them with notepad to see how the data looks like before using pandas to analyze them. But this dataset (<a href="http://kolntrace.project.citi-lab.fr/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">link</a>), that has an ... | dataset data analysis | 1 | I have a 20.2 GB dataset which is entirely consisting of 1 file. Need help on how to open the file -- (dataset data analysis)
<p>Whenever I am dealing with datasets that have weird extensions that I have not encountered before, I typically open them with notepad to see how the data looks like before using pandas to ana... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,795 | CUDA 8.0 is compatible with my GeForce GTX 670M Wikipedia says, but TensorFlow rises an error: GTX 670M's Compute Capability is < 3.0 | <p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA#GPUs_supported" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>, the GeForce GTX 670M has a Compute Capability of 2.1 (and a Fermi micro-architecture), which is confirmed by TensorFlow (I can read "2.1" in the error it rises).</p>
<p><a href="https://en.... | tensorflow gpu distribution parallel | 1 | CUDA 8.0 is compatible with my GeForce GTX 670M Wikipedia says, but TensorFlow rises an error: GTX 670M's Compute Capability is < 3.0 -- (tensorflow gpu distribution parallel)
<p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA#GPUs_supported" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>, the GeForce GTX 670M has a ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,801 | How to generate 12 independent random weights which all add up to one | <p>I'm using Palisade's @Risk software with a triangular distribution to generate 12 random weights which must add up to one, but I get a lot of negative numbers. Is there a straightforward way to set this up?</p>
 | distribution weighted data randomized algorithms | 1 | How to generate 12 independent random weights which all add up to one -- (distribution weighted data randomized algorithms)
<p>I'm using Palisade's @Risk software with a triangular distribution to generate 12 random weights which must add up to one, but I get a lot of negative numbers. Is there a straightforward way t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,802 | Is RL applied to animal dispersion a valid approach? | <p>I have an agent which has a medium-sized, discrete set of actions <span class="math-container">$A$</span>: <span class="math-container">$10<|A|<100$</span>. The actions can be taken over an infinite horizon of 1 second per timestep <span class="math-container">$t$</span>. The world is essentially pictures from... | reinforcement learning | 1 | Is RL applied to animal dispersion a valid approach? -- (reinforcement learning)
<p>I have an agent which has a medium-sized, discrete set of actions <span class="math-container">$A$</span>: <span class="math-container">$10<|A|<100$</span>. The actions can be taken over an infinite horizon of 1 second per timeste... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,804 | sckit-learn Cross validation and model retrain | <p>I want to train a model and also perform cross validation in scikit-learn, If i want to access the model (For instance to see the parameter's selected and weights or to predict) i will need to fit it again. </p>

<p>I believe and according to my understanding if CV is training the model for performing k-fold... | machine learning python scikit learn cross validation | 1 | sckit-learn Cross validation and model retrain -- (machine learning python scikit learn cross validation)
<p>I want to train a model and also perform cross validation in scikit-learn, If i want to access the model (For instance to see the parameter's selected and weights or to predict) i will need to fit it again. </p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,806 | Any issue with "overlapping" sliding windows in time-series data analysis? | <p>I am developing some classification/regression models form accelerometry time-series data. So far, I have created datapoints by extracting features from non-overlapping sliding windows of the time-series data. I would like to try using overlapping windows as well. However, I was wondering whether it is conceptually ... | machine learning time series feature extraction | 1 | Any issue with "overlapping" sliding windows in time-series data analysis? -- (machine learning time series feature extraction)
<p>I am developing some classification/regression models form accelerometry time-series data. So far, I have created datapoints by extracting features from non-overlapping sliding windows of t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,812 | Tensorflow 2 eager vs graph mode | <p>I've been working through the tensorflow-2.0.0 beta tutorials. In the <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/tensorflow/docs/blob/master/site/en/r2/tutorials/quickstart/advanced.ipynb" rel="nofollow noreferrer">advanced</a> example a <code>tensorflow.keras</code> subclass is used. The presence of the <co... | tensorflow | 1 | Tensorflow 2 eager vs graph mode -- (tensorflow)
<p>I've been working through the tensorflow-2.0.0 beta tutorials. In the <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/tensorflow/docs/blob/master/site/en/r2/tutorials/quickstart/advanced.ipynb" rel="nofollow noreferrer">advanced</a> example a <code>tensorflow.keras... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,840 | Which service could I use to train my networks? | <p>My laptop's Intel i7 3630QM 2.4GHZ, 8Gb RAM and GXForce 670M are clearly not sufficient...</p>

<p>By reading some papers, I've written an SRGAN with Python Keras. At runtime there is no error but training only 2 images (324*324) with 1 epoch, batch size of 2 lasts too much...perhaps more than 1 hour of trai... | training computer vision gan | 1 | Which service could I use to train my networks? -- (training computer vision gan)
<p>My laptop's Intel i7 3630QM 2.4GHZ, 8Gb RAM and GXForce 670M are clearly not sufficient...</p>

<p>By reading some papers, I've written an SRGAN with Python Keras. At runtime there is no error but training only 2 images (324*32... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,843 | perform cluster on a multiple dimensional data in R | <p>I have a data set which has 2488 samples and each sample has 13 features.Now I want to perform cluster on this data set in R but I found k-means method usually for two dimensions data.So can any one help me? Many thanks!</p>
 | clustering | 1 | perform cluster on a multiple dimensional data in R -- (clustering)
<p>I have a data set which has 2488 samples and each sample has 13 features.Now I want to perform cluster on this data set in R but I found k-means method usually for two dimensions data.So can any one help me? Many thanks!</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,844 | How to feed data for ngram model? | <p>I want to train an ngram language model</p>

<p>Let's say I have the following corpus:</p>

<pre><code>The sliding cat is not able to dance
He is only able to slide
Because obviously he is the sliding cat
</code></pre>

<p>I am planning to use tf.data.Dataset to feed my model, whi... | nlp dataset language model ngrams | 1 | How to feed data for ngram model? -- (nlp dataset language model ngrams)
<p>I want to train an ngram language model</p>

<p>Let's say I have the following corpus:</p>

<pre><code>The sliding cat is not able to dance
He is only able to slide
Because obviously he is the sliding cat
</code></pr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,857 | Which method to use to remove trend from time series? | <p>From what I understand, differencing is necessary to remove the trend and seasonality of a time series. So I assumed it basically does the same thing as signal.detrend from the scipy library.</p>

<p>But I tried differencing and then, separately, used signal.detrend and my time series looked completely diffe... | python time series scipy difference | 1 | Which method to use to remove trend from time series? -- (python time series scipy difference)
<p>From what I understand, differencing is necessary to remove the trend and seasonality of a time series. So I assumed it basically does the same thing as signal.detrend from the scipy library.</p>

<p>But I tried di... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,860 | DC GAN with Batch Normalization not working | <p>I'm trying to implement DC GAN as they have described in the paper. Specifically, they mention the below points</p>

<ol>
<li>Use strided convolutions instead of pooling or upsampling layers.</li>
<li>Use only one fully connected layer</li>
<li><strong>Use Batch Normalization: Directly applying b... | training gan mnist | 1 | DC GAN with Batch Normalization not working -- (training gan mnist)
<p>I'm trying to implement DC GAN as they have described in the paper. Specifically, they mention the below points</p>

<ol>
<li>Use strided convolutions instead of pooling or upsampling layers.</li>
<li>Use only one fully connected lay... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,872 | For text match problem, what is the different between question-question match and question-answer match? | <p>I know question-question match is a text similarity problem.</p>

<p>What about question-answer or question-doc match? It is used in information retrieval.</p>

<p>question-question match is indeed text similarity. But how do you define question-answer similarity? </p>

<p>Thank you!!</p>
... | deep learning nlp | 1 | For text match problem, what is the different between question-question match and question-answer match? -- (deep learning nlp)
<p>I know question-question match is a text similarity problem.</p>

<p>What about question-answer or question-doc match? It is used in information retrieval.</p>

<p>question-... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,874 | For a regression model, can you transform all your features to linear to make a better prediction? | <p>I was thinking. Would it be a good approach to check your features one by one (assuming you have a manageable amount of them) and see the relationship they have with your target variable, if they have a non linear relationship then transform each of those features using their appropriate function for each case to m... | regression feature selection linear regression feature engineering | 1 | For a regression model, can you transform all your features to linear to make a better prediction? -- (regression feature selection linear regression feature engineering)
<p>I was thinking. Would it be a good approach to check your features one by one (assuming you have a manageable amount of them) and see the relatio... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,877 | Differences between a Statistician and a Data Analyst in industry | <p>What is the Difference in the job of a Statistician and a Data Analyst In Industry? My take is that although both analyse data, a Statistician deals with the more theoretical aspects of data such as using mathematics to analyse data and to create mathematical models of data. So their work is more towards the mathema... | machine learning regression | 1 | Differences between a Statistician and a Data Analyst in industry -- (machine learning regression)
<p>What is the Difference in the job of a Statistician and a Data Analyst In Industry? My take is that although both analyse data, a Statistician deals with the more theoretical aspects of data such as using mathematics t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,885 | Where can Batch Normalization be used? CNNs or everywhere? | <p>Should BatchNormalization be used only in CNNs or can they be used in Fully Connected Networks, Recurrent networks as well?</p>
 | cnn batch normalization | 1 | Where can Batch Normalization be used? CNNs or everywhere? -- (cnn batch normalization)
<p>Should BatchNormalization be used only in CNNs or can they be used in Fully Connected Networks, Recurrent networks as well?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,912 | RL Sutton book, initial estimate of q*(a) for 10 arm testbed | <p>The Sutton book does not mention what the initial estimate is for q*(a) before the first reward is received. In this code repo that seems to go along with the book: <a href="https://github.com/ShangtongZhang/reinforcement-learning-an-introduction/blob/master/chapter02/ten_armed_testbed.py" rel="nofollow noreferrer... | reinforcement learning randomized algorithms | 1 | RL Sutton book, initial estimate of q*(a) for 10 arm testbed -- (reinforcement learning randomized algorithms)
<p>The Sutton book does not mention what the initial estimate is for q*(a) before the first reward is received. In this code repo that seems to go along with the book: <a href="https://github.com/ShangtongZh... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,915 | Dealing with new outliers after capping | <p>I'm trying to cap outliers in a column of my pandas DataFrame.
Here's the boxplot for a column of my original data.
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/6Fc6B.png" alt="boxplot for a column of my original data">
So, using code from <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/49420114/11814996">this stackoverflow... | data mining data cleaning outlier | 1 | Dealing with new outliers after capping -- (data mining data cleaning outlier)
<p>I'm trying to cap outliers in a column of my pandas DataFrame.
Here's the boxplot for a column of my original data.
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/6Fc6B.png" alt="boxplot for a column of my original data">
So, using code ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,922 | How to train a neural network for high recall? | <p>I would like to train a neural network for named entity recognition to tag an unlabeled dataset of texts. The generated labels will then be checked via a crowdsourcing platform. The goal is to annotate the dataset. Therefore, the neural net should find all possible entities in the text, i.e. have high recall rather ... | neural network loss function annotation | 1 | How to train a neural network for high recall? -- (neural network loss function annotation)
<p>I would like to train a neural network for named entity recognition to tag an unlabeled dataset of texts. The generated labels will then be checked via a crowdsourcing platform. The goal is to annotate the dataset. Therefore,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,923 | When I use SHAP for classification problem, it shows an output that is not 0 or 1. How can I overcome this? | <p>I'm using Pima Indians Diabetes Database(<a href="https://www.kaggle.com/uciml/pima-indians-diabetes-database" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.kaggle.com/uciml/pima-indians-diabetes-database</a>). I made predictions using XGboost and I'm trying to analyze the features using SHAP. </p>

<p>However when ... | classification xgboost | 1 | When I use SHAP for classification problem, it shows an output that is not 0 or 1. How can I overcome this? -- (classification xgboost)
<p>I'm using Pima Indians Diabetes Database(<a href="https://www.kaggle.com/uciml/pima-indians-diabetes-database" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.kaggle.com/uciml/pima-indians-di... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,949 | What can NLI do for a chatbot? | <p>Natural Language Inference(NLI) is the task of predicting the labels(entailment, contradiction, and neutral,) for sentence pairs.</p>

<p>People invent a lot of deep model to solve this problem.</p>

<p>But I can not think of some application or scenario for this kind of deep model.</p>
 | deep learning nlp | 1 | What can NLI do for a chatbot? -- (deep learning nlp)
<p>Natural Language Inference(NLI) is the task of predicting the labels(entailment, contradiction, and neutral,) for sentence pairs.</p>

<p>People invent a lot of deep model to solve this problem.</p>

<p>But I can not think of some application or s... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,954 | what approach to use for find best customer out of data? | <p>I'm working on this project where the objective is to find certain good leads/customers from the existing customer dataset. I tried the RFM method for scoring but there is no data regarding money or any quantity. </p>

<p>dataset has:</p>

<ol>
<li>customer_id

<ol start="2">
<li>date... | python scoring | 1 | what approach to use for find best customer out of data? -- (python scoring)
<p>I'm working on this project where the objective is to find certain good leads/customers from the existing customer dataset. I tried the RFM method for scoring but there is no data regarding money or any quantity. </p>

<p>dataset ha... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,962 | tflite_convert a Keras h5 model which has a custom loss function results in a ValueError, even if I add it in the Keras losses import | <p>I have written a SRGAN implementation. In the entry point class of the Python program, I declare a function which returns a mean square using the VGG19 model:</p>

<pre><code># <!--- COST FUNCTION --->
def build_vgg19_loss_network(ground_truth_image, predicted_image):
 loss_model = Vgg19Loss... | python keras tensorflow | 1 | tflite_convert a Keras h5 model which has a custom loss function results in a ValueError, even if I add it in the Keras losses import -- (python keras tensorflow)
<p>I have written a SRGAN implementation. In the entry point class of the Python program, I declare a function which returns a mean square using the VGG19 mo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,965 | Using deep-learning on graph data for binary classification | <h3>The data:</h3>

<p>I have certain data that I decided to represent it as a graph (I thought it would suit).<br>
So I have the weighted graph data that includes a numeric attribute for each node. (networkx graphs).<br>
Each graph represents a session.<br>
Each session label is either good (1) or ... | machine learning neural network deep learning classification graphs | 1 | Using deep-learning on graph data for binary classification -- (machine learning neural network deep learning classification graphs)
<h3>The data:</h3>

<p>I have certain data that I decided to represent it as a graph (I thought it would suit).<br>
So I have the weighted graph data that includes a numeric a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,975 | Auto-scheduling with Machine Learning | <p>I am very new to Data Science, but I have an use case which I want to solve. </p>

<p>I want to build a data synchronization scheduler which keeps track of the amount of data sync after every scheduled triggers and auto-adjusts the next schedule. </p>

<p><strong>For example :</strong> </p>

... | automation | 1 | Auto-scheduling with Machine Learning -- (automation)
<p>I am very new to Data Science, but I have an use case which I want to solve. </p>

<p>I want to build a data synchronization scheduler which keeps track of the amount of data sync after every scheduled triggers and auto-adjusts the next schedule. </p>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,976 | Appending the values of multiple columns into one whilst retaining UIDs | <p>I have a table structured as below:</p>

<pre><code>UID|ColA|ColB|ColC|ColD
</code></pre>

<p>I want to restructure so that all columns are combined (appended) into one, retaining the UID of each as below: </p>

<pre><code>UID|ColA
UID|ColB
UID|ColC
UID|ColD
</code></pre>&... | python pandas | 1 | Appending the values of multiple columns into one whilst retaining UIDs -- (python pandas)
<p>I have a table structured as below:</p>

<pre><code>UID|ColA|ColB|ColC|ColD
</code></pre>

<p>I want to restructure so that all columns are combined (appended) into one, retaining the UID of each as below: ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,977 | Are batch iteration and epochs different in reinforcement learning compared to supervised learning? | <p>I'm following the Udacity "AWS DeepRacer" course about self driving cars with reinforcement learning.
In one lesson, they says this:</p>

<p><em><strong>Batch size</strong></em> - This determines how many images, randomly sampled from the most recent episode, are used for training before updating the mod... | machine learning deep learning tensorflow | 1 | Are batch iteration and epochs different in reinforcement learning compared to supervised learning? -- (machine learning deep learning tensorflow)
<p>I'm following the Udacity "AWS DeepRacer" course about self driving cars with reinforcement learning.
In one lesson, they says this:</p>

<p><em><strong>Batch... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
56,985 | Feature selection before or after applying filter in Time-series forecasting | <p>I'm predicting ozone concentration based on meteorological variables and ozone value of the previous day. I applied savitzky golay filter to get rid of noise in the time-series dataset.</p>

<p>My question is, if I want to perform feature selection, do I do it before or after applying the filter? What is the... | machine learning time series regression feature selection preprocessing | 1 | Feature selection before or after applying filter in Time-series forecasting -- (machine learning time series regression feature selection preprocessing)
<p>I'm predicting ozone concentration based on meteorological variables and ozone value of the previous day. I applied savitzky golay filter to get rid of noise in th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,000 | Bi-directionality in BERT model | <p>I am reading the paper <em>BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding</em> that can be found <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.04805.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>. </p>

<p>It looks to me that the crux of the paper is using masked inputs to achieve bidirectio... | machine learning deep learning machine learning model transformer | 1 | Bi-directionality in BERT model -- (machine learning deep learning machine learning model transformer)
<p>I am reading the paper <em>BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding</em> that can be found <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.04805.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>. ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,001 | Why should I know C++ ,if I am a machine learning engineer? | <p>I see there's a lot of machine learning job openings with skills requirements, <strong>python ,R, keras,tensorflow,pytorch,spark,</strong> etc.which are completely fine & reasonable, but why many of the recruiters include C++ ,like what is use of <strong>C++</strong> in ML research, or even creating ML pipelines... | machine learning | 1 | Why should I know C++ ,if I am a machine learning engineer? -- (machine learning)
<p>I see there's a lot of machine learning job openings with skills requirements, <strong>python ,R, keras,tensorflow,pytorch,spark,</strong> etc.which are completely fine & reasonable, but why many of the recruiters include C++ ,like... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,002 | Understanding the multidimensional-nature of the data being fed to a RNN and its output | <p>Assuming we have a time-series dataset whose window_size = 30 and the batch_size = 4, which makes the overall input = 4*30 (2D). But as RNN expects 3D input, <code>tf.expand_dims</code> is used to make it a 3D input (as per the lecture, new inut becomes 4*30*1, where the last dimension is 1 as the example deals with... | machine learning time series rnn machine learning model | 1 | Understanding the multidimensional-nature of the data being fed to a RNN and its output -- (machine learning time series rnn machine learning model)
<p>Assuming we have a time-series dataset whose window_size = 30 and the batch_size = 4, which makes the overall input = 4*30 (2D). But as RNN expects 3D input, <code>tf.e... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,009 | Why doesn't the binary classification log loss formula make it explicit that natural log is being used? | <p>I'm completing a DataCamp course where we are introduced to the log loss formula for binary classification: </p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0rA2S.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0rA2S.png" alt="log loss formula for binary classification"></a></p>

<p>Two... | classification machine learning model loss function | 1 | Why doesn't the binary classification log loss formula make it explicit that natural log is being used? -- (classification machine learning model loss function)
<p>I'm completing a DataCamp course where we are introduced to the log loss formula for binary classification: </p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,017 | Confusion about Decoder labels for training seq-to-seq models | <p>So in seq-to-seq models for say NMT, the decoder is a sequence model for the right-shifted intended output. My question is, during training, are the inputs and outputs of the decoder supposed to be the desired labels? Or are just the outputs the desired labels and the inputs are the actual predicted output from the... | rnn sequence to sequence | 1 | Confusion about Decoder labels for training seq-to-seq models -- (rnn sequence to sequence)
<p>So in seq-to-seq models for say NMT, the decoder is a sequence model for the right-shifted intended output. My question is, during training, are the inputs and outputs of the decoder supposed to be the desired labels? Or are... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,020 | How to display graph with MathJax in jupyter notebook? | <p>I am trying to create a jupyter-notebook with a graphical depiction of a neural network. For starters, I am trying to display a simple network that evaluates a boolean NOT operator.</p>

<p>I am using the <code>%%dot</code> cell magic that is documented at <a href="https://metakernel.readthedocs.io/en/lates... | neural network visualization jupyter | 1 | How to display graph with MathJax in jupyter notebook? -- (neural network visualization jupyter)
<p>I am trying to create a jupyter-notebook with a graphical depiction of a neural network. For starters, I am trying to display a simple network that evaluates a boolean NOT operator.</p>

<p>I am using the <code>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,025 | Why TREC set two task: document ranking and passage ranking | <p>TREC is <a href="https://microsoft.github.io/TREC-2019-Deep-Learning/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://microsoft.github.io/TREC-2019-Deep-Learning/</a></p>

<p>I am new to text retrieval. Still can not understand why set the two similar task.</p>

<p>Thank you very much.</p>
 | deep learning nlp information retrieval | 1 | Why TREC set two task: document ranking and passage ranking -- (deep learning nlp information retrieval)
<p>TREC is <a href="https://microsoft.github.io/TREC-2019-Deep-Learning/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://microsoft.github.io/TREC-2019-Deep-Learning/</a></p>

<p>I am new to text retrieval. Still can not ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,031 | Is it feasible to train a single model on 150+ classes? | <p>I have classes for different regions. (Let say 80 classes for 3 regions each).
Will it be ok if I train my CNN model with 240 classes or should I create 3 models for each region? The classes for each region are similar to the classes of other region with same name but there is some difference in the elements of ... | neural network deep learning cnn | 1 | Is it feasible to train a single model on 150+ classes? -- (neural network deep learning cnn)
<p>I have classes for different regions. (Let say 80 classes for 3 regions each).
Will it be ok if I train my CNN model with 240 classes or should I create 3 models for each region? The classes for each region are similar ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,038 | How to predict whether the client will renew the subscription or not based on given data structure | <p>I have a requirement where I want to predict whether the client will renew the subscription or not.</p>
<p>And the data is something like below.
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/uQylx.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/uQylx.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>... | predictive modeling prediction data science model churn | 1 | How to predict whether the client will renew the subscription or not based on given data structure -- (predictive modeling prediction data science model churn)
<p>I have a requirement where I want to predict whether the client will renew the subscription or not.</p>
<p>And the data is something like below.
<a h... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,050 | Deploying an LSTM Model | <p>I have trained and validated my LSTM and I would like to deploy it. So, I know that we can save and load the Sequential object of Keras (I am working with Keras as you can guess). I thus implemented a code using these functions.</p>
<p>But, I would like to know whether I must train my model with all the availabl... | deep learning time series lstm | 1 | Deploying an LSTM Model -- (deep learning time series lstm)
<p>I have trained and validated my LSTM and I would like to deploy it. So, I know that we can save and load the Sequential object of Keras (I am working with Keras as you can guess). I thus implemented a code using these functions.</p>
<p>But, I would like... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,071 | How can I filter and balance a Windowed Tensorflow dataset with a binary classification label, based on the label? | <p>I have an unbalanced tensorflow windowed dataset with labels (over 90% negative examples) which I am trying to balance by filtering. I am having trouble filtering as my windowed dataset with labels does not fall under the cases I have come across in my searches, or the tensorflow documentation.</p>

<p>I'm w... | deep learning tensorflow dataset | 1 | How can I filter and balance a Windowed Tensorflow dataset with a binary classification label, based on the label? -- (deep learning tensorflow dataset)
<p>I have an unbalanced tensorflow windowed dataset with labels (over 90% negative examples) which I am trying to balance by filtering. I am having trouble filtering a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,088 | Select samples from a dataframe in python | <p>I have a data set (pandas dataframe) with a variable that corresponds to the country for each sample. I have to take the samples that corresponds with the countries that appears the most.</p>

<p>thanks</p>
 | pandas data cleaning | 1 | Select samples from a dataframe in python -- (pandas data cleaning)
<p>I have a data set (pandas dataframe) with a variable that corresponds to the country for each sample. I have to take the samples that corresponds with the countries that appears the most.</p>

<p>thanks</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,090 | Testable hypotheses construction; minimum predictive strength vs. significance | <p>Is this null hypothesis TESTABLE? </p>

<ul>
<li>Research Question: "Can a predictive model utilizing logistic regression be built which predicts at least one customer will churn in 90 days, and this individual prediction will be at a minimum of 70% confidence, using a chosen set of independent variable... | logistic regression research | 1 | Testable hypotheses construction; minimum predictive strength vs. significance -- (logistic regression research)
<p>Is this null hypothesis TESTABLE? </p>

<ul>
<li>Research Question: "Can a predictive model utilizing logistic regression be built which predicts at least one customer will churn in 90 days, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,094 | How does SHAP values help us to determine importance of a feature for a model trained by gradient boost? | <p>I've read <a href="http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7062-a-unified-approach-to-interpreting-model-predictions.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7062-a-unified-approach-to-interpreting-model-predictions.pdf</a> and <a href="https://medium.com/@gabrieltseng/interpreting-complex-models-with-shap-val... | feature selection | 1 | How does SHAP values help us to determine importance of a feature for a model trained by gradient boost? -- (feature selection)
<p>I've read <a href="http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7062-a-unified-approach-to-interpreting-model-predictions.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7062-a-unified-approach-t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,097 | Reticulate vs Python | <p>I have gotten very used to coding in R and especially in RStudio. I like that interface. Nonetheless, I have some work that I ought to do in Python. I know that I can run Python code in RStudio if I use the "reticulate" package, and I've written some code that has switched between the two. As far as I can tell, anyt... | python r | 1 | Reticulate vs Python -- (python r)
<p>I have gotten very used to coding in R and especially in RStudio. I like that interface. Nonetheless, I have some work that I ought to do in Python. I know that I can run Python code in RStudio if I use the "reticulate" package, and I've written some code that has switched between ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,108 | What machine learning algorithm should I use for specific user configuration? | <p>I have a data-set that contains thousands of employee data, including their role, department (Applications Developer, IT Support, Network Management etc.), and using one-hot encoding all of the hardware or software they have been given. </p>

<p>I want to use this data so that when I input a new user with th... | machine learning python classification dataset unsupervised learning | 1 | What machine learning algorithm should I use for specific user configuration? -- (machine learning python classification dataset unsupervised learning)
<p>I have a data-set that contains thousands of employee data, including their role, department (Applications Developer, IT Support, Network Management etc.), and using... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,114 | Understanding REINFORCE loss | <p>The loss used in REINFORCE algorithm is confusing me.</p>

<p>From <a href="https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/distributions.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Pytorch documentation</a> :</p>

<pre><code>loss = -m.log_prob(action) * reward
</code></pre>

<p>We want to <em>minimize</em> this los... | reinforcement learning loss function mathematics | 1 | Understanding REINFORCE loss -- (reinforcement learning loss function mathematics)
<p>The loss used in REINFORCE algorithm is confusing me.</p>

<p>From <a href="https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/distributions.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Pytorch documentation</a> :</p>

<pre><code>loss = -m.log_prob(a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,115 | Hybrid classification neural network | <p>I have product data and I need to classify products to categories (for example Lenovo laptop to Laptops category, etc.), each product has properties such as:</p>

<ol>
<li>description</li>
<li>list with image URLs (typically 4 photos)</li>
<li>product-specific properties (watches have a mechanism... | deep learning classification cnn transfer learning | 1 | Hybrid classification neural network -- (deep learning classification cnn transfer learning)
<p>I have product data and I need to classify products to categories (for example Lenovo laptop to Laptops category, etc.), each product has properties such as:</p>

<ol>
<li>description</li>
<li>list with image... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,116 | tensorflow issue with image reading | <p>I am following <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/load_data/images" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> example to read an image (from my disk) with tensorflow:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>img_raw = tf.io.read_file(image_path)
img_tensor = tf.image.decode_image(img_raw)... | python neural network tensorflow | 1 | tensorflow issue with image reading -- (python neural network tensorflow)
<p>I am following <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/load_data/images" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> example to read an image (from my disk) with tensorflow:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>img_raw = t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,122 | In elbow curve how to find the point from where the curve starts to rise? | <p>I am computing a distance metric on my data. The result is then being sorted in ascending order.
The samples having distance more than a specific threshold are to be marked as outliers and will be discarded. Below is a plot of all distance values.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/XVbRs.png" rel... | python graphs outlier matplotlib | 1 | In elbow curve how to find the point from where the curve starts to rise? -- (python graphs outlier matplotlib)
<p>I am computing a distance metric on my data. The result is then being sorted in ascending order.
The samples having distance more than a specific threshold are to be marked as outliers and will be disc... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,140 | How do you integrate nlp into an existing website? | <p>Let's say I have a db driven app which has two tables: people and organizations. I run my documents through a named entity recognition program. Now - what do I do with this additional ner information? </p>

<p>Does it go in my existing db tables?
Do I have to rewrite my existing tables to accommodate the... | nlp | 1 | How do you integrate nlp into an existing website? -- (nlp)
<p>Let's say I have a db driven app which has two tables: people and organizations. I run my documents through a named entity recognition program. Now - what do I do with this additional ner information? </p>

<p>Does it go in my existing db tables?&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,155 | Probability calibration is worsening my model performance | <p>I'm using <strong>RandomForest</strong> and <strong>XGBoost</strong> for binary classification, and my task is to predict probabilities for each class. Since tree-based models are bad with outputting usable probabilities, i imported the <code>sklearn.calibration CalibratedClassifierCV</code>, trained RF on 40k, then... | machine learning classification probability calibration | 1 | Probability calibration is worsening my model performance -- (machine learning classification probability calibration)
<p>I'm using <strong>RandomForest</strong> and <strong>XGBoost</strong> for binary classification, and my task is to predict probabilities for each class. Since tree-based models are bad with outputtin... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,166 | What is the best way to optimize the parameters in a Sklearn classifier, when I have little data? | <p>What is the best way to optimize the parameters in a Sklearn classifier when I only have a data set with 684 rows and 177 columns, and the column I want to predict has 3 labels?</p>

<p>I know I should split my data into training, validation, and test set, and then find the parameters to train the training s... | machine learning scikit learn optimization | 1 | What is the best way to optimize the parameters in a Sklearn classifier, when I have little data? -- (machine learning scikit learn optimization)
<p>What is the best way to optimize the parameters in a Sklearn classifier when I only have a data set with 684 rows and 177 columns, and the column I want to predict has 3 l... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,173 | Splitting training and test set with financial data | <p>I am using trees algorithms (decision tree, random forest and XGBoost) to forecast the sign of the returns in the stock market (classification).</p>

<p>I am using this article as a reference:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p><a href="http://rpubs.com/raaraa/412512" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://rpubs.c... | r training prediction finance | 1 | Splitting training and test set with financial data -- (r training prediction finance)
<p>I am using trees algorithms (decision tree, random forest and XGBoost) to forecast the sign of the returns in the stock market (classification).</p>

<p>I am using this article as a reference:</p>

<blockquote>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,177 | Unbalanced discounted reward in reinforcement learning : is it a problem? | <p>Discounted rewards seems unbalanced to me.</p>

<p>If we take as example an episode with 4 actions, where each action receive a reward of +1 :</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>+1 -> +1 -> +1 -> +1</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The discounted reward for the last action is : <code>1</code><br>
The di... | reinforcement learning discounted reward | 1 | Unbalanced discounted reward in reinforcement learning : is it a problem? -- (reinforcement learning discounted reward)
<p>Discounted rewards seems unbalanced to me.</p>

<p>If we take as example an episode with 4 actions, where each action receive a reward of +1 :</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>+1 -> +1 ->... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,206 | Light GBM Regressor, L1 & L2 Regularization and Feature Importances | <p>I want to know how L1 & L2 regularization works in Light GBM and how to interpret the feature importances.</p>

<p>Scenario is: I used LGBM Regressor with RandomizedSearchCV (cv=3, iterations=50) on a dataset of 400000 observations & 160 variables. In order to avoid overfitting/reguralize I provided ... | feature selection regularization lightgbm | 1 | Light GBM Regressor, L1 & L2 Regularization and Feature Importances -- (feature selection regularization lightgbm)
<p>I want to know how L1 & L2 regularization works in Light GBM and how to interpret the feature importances.</p>

<p>Scenario is: I used LGBM Regressor with RandomizedSearchCV (cv=3, iteration... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,226 | How to rotate the plot and find minimum point? | <p>I want to rotate the below curve to 45 degree and then find the minimum point.
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/bepcm.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/bepcm.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>For this, I have tried with below code:</p>

<pre><... | python visualization matplotlib | 1 | How to rotate the plot and find minimum point? -- (python visualization matplotlib)
<p>I want to rotate the below curve to 45 degree and then find the minimum point.
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/bepcm.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/bepcm.png" alt="enter image description he... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,228 | Fix for NDCG Limitation | <ul>
<li><p>One limitation of NDCG and way to overcome the limitation (as mentioned in
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cumulative_gain#Limitations" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cumulative_gain#Limitations</a>) is</p>

<p>"Normalized DCG does not pe... | ndcg | 1 | Fix for NDCG Limitation -- (ndcg)
<ul>
<li><p>One limitation of NDCG and way to overcome the limitation (as mentioned in
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cumulative_gain#Limitations" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cumulative_gain#Limitations</a>) is</p>
&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,241 | What is meaning of different symbols in image? | <p>I am learning about Deep Generative Models, tutorials all over the places use symbols and no one actually explaining the meaning of it. Can you please suggest the meaning of these terms?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/a3cZ6.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/a3cZ6.... | probability | 1 | What is meaning of different symbols in image? -- (probability)
<p>I am learning about Deep Generative Models, tutorials all over the places use symbols and no one actually explaining the meaning of it. Can you please suggest the meaning of these terms?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/a3cZ6.png" rel=... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,243 | Sklearn ValueError: X has 2 features per sample; expecting 11 | <p>I try to visualizing multiple logistic regression but I get the above error. </p>

<p>I'm practicing on <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/uciml/red-wine-quality-cortez-et-al-2009" rel="nofollow noreferrer">red wine quality</a> data set from kaggle.</p>

<p>Here is a full traceback:</p>

<pre><c... | python scikit learn | 1 | Sklearn ValueError: X has 2 features per sample; expecting 11 -- (python scikit learn)
<p>I try to visualizing multiple logistic regression but I get the above error. </p>

<p>I'm practicing on <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/uciml/red-wine-quality-cortez-et-al-2009" rel="nofollow noreferrer">red wine quality</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,245 | seaborn heatmap not displaying correctly | <p>For some reason, my heatmap is not displaying correctly anymore. It was working just fine even with 6 classes. Since the last time I used it, I've installed many packages (including plotly). I don't know what exactly has caused this. How can I make the annotations and the x/y labels centered again? In both images th... | python seaborn | 1 | seaborn heatmap not displaying correctly -- (python seaborn)
<p>For some reason, my heatmap is not displaying correctly anymore. It was working just fine even with 6 classes. Since the last time I used it, I've installed many packages (including plotly). I don't know what exactly has caused this. How can I make the ann... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,254 | Metrics for unsupervised doc2vec model | <p>I have just built a simple doc2vec model using the gensim library, pretty much followed the tutorial located <a href="https://github.com/RaRe-Technologies/gensim/blob/develop/docs/notebooks/doc2vec-lee.ipynb" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>

<p>The methods provided for checking the quality of the mod... | python nlp word2vec unsupervised learning gensim | 1 | Metrics for unsupervised doc2vec model -- (python nlp word2vec unsupervised learning gensim)
<p>I have just built a simple doc2vec model using the gensim library, pretty much followed the tutorial located <a href="https://github.com/RaRe-Technologies/gensim/blob/develop/docs/notebooks/doc2vec-lee.ipynb" rel="nofollow n... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,255 | L1 & L2 Regularization in Light GBM | <p>This question pertains to L1 & L2 regularization parameters in Light GBM. As per official documentation:</p>

<p><code>reg_alpha (float, optional (default=0.))</code> – L1 regularization term on weights.</p>

<p><code>reg_lambda (float, optional (default=0.))</code> – L2 regularization term on we... | xgboost regularization lightgbm | 1 | L1 & L2 Regularization in Light GBM -- (xgboost regularization lightgbm)
<p>This question pertains to L1 & L2 regularization parameters in Light GBM. As per official documentation:</p>

<p><code>reg_alpha (float, optional (default=0.))</code> – L1 regularization term on weights.</p>

<p><code>reg_la... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,256 | Decision Trees - how does split for categorical features happen? | <p>A decision tree, while performing recursive binary splitting, selects an independent variable (say <span class="math-container">$X_j$</span>) and a threshold (say <span class="math-container">$t$</span>) such that the predictor space is split into regions {<span class="math-container">$X|X_j < t$</span>} and {<sp... | machine learning random forest decision trees algorithms | 1 | Decision Trees - how does split for categorical features happen? -- (machine learning random forest decision trees algorithms)
<p>A decision tree, while performing recursive binary splitting, selects an independent variable (say <span class="math-container">$X_j$</span>) and a threshold (say <span class="math-container... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,265 | Unable to interpret this 100% stacked area chart | <p>I suffer from "graphical dyslexia". I have trouble interpreting charts. So I pore over them for long periods of time. For the life of me, I can't figure out how the conclusion from this chart is: </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>the bottom 80% of men are fighting over the bottom 22% of women and the top 78% of wo... | visualization | 1 | Unable to interpret this 100% stacked area chart -- (visualization)
<p>I suffer from "graphical dyslexia". I have trouble interpreting charts. So I pore over them for long periods of time. For the life of me, I can't figure out how the conclusion from this chart is: </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>the bottom 80% of... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,271 | Why do we divide the regularization term by the number of examples in regularized logistic regression? | <p>So this is the formula for the regularized logistic regression cost function:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/MdfKK.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/MdfKK.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><span class="math-container">$x^{(i)}$</span> - ... | machine learning logistic regression regularization | 1 | Why do we divide the regularization term by the number of examples in regularized logistic regression? -- (machine learning logistic regression regularization)
<p>So this is the formula for the regularized logistic regression cost function:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/MdfKK.png" rel="nofollow nor... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,276 | help understanding nested cross validation | <p>From what I read online, nested CV works as follows:</p>

<ul>
<li>I divide my whole data in k folds, where k-1 folds are the train set and one fold is the test set.</li>
<li>There is the inner CV loop, where we may conduct a grid search using the train set to find the best hyperparameters for a mode... | cross validation model selection | 1 | help understanding nested cross validation -- (cross validation model selection)
<p>From what I read online, nested CV works as follows:</p>

<ul>
<li>I divide my whole data in k folds, where k-1 folds are the train set and one fold is the test set.</li>
<li>There is the inner CV loop, where we may cond... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,279 | What is a color blob? Is it possible to use clustering algorithm to color blob detection problem? | <p>Wiki gives this definition of blob detection</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>In computer vision, blob detection methods are aimed at detecting regions in a digital image that differ in properties, such as brightness or color, compared to surrounding regions. Informally, a blob is a region of an image in which som... | machine learning clustering image classification | 1 | What is a color blob? Is it possible to use clustering algorithm to color blob detection problem? -- (machine learning clustering image classification)
<p>Wiki gives this definition of blob detection</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>In computer vision, blob detection methods are aimed at detecting regions in a digita... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,289 | what are effects of working with categorical dataset | <p>I am working on classification problem where the dataset contains 90% of features as categorical. It is binary classification problem, and the class is heavily imbalanced. I performed Smote over sample and created a model. I also tried similar approach with undersampling. Both the method with logistic regression per... | machine learning classification data | 1 | what are effects of working with categorical dataset -- (machine learning classification data)
<p>I am working on classification problem where the dataset contains 90% of features as categorical. It is binary classification problem, and the class is heavily imbalanced. I performed Smote over sample and created a model.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,296 | Solving Bayes Theorem equation -> I can't calculate proper result | <p>I am solving questions for an edx course on Machine Learning.
One particular question is giving me a problem:</p>

<p><em>Assume a patient comes into the doctor’s office to test whether they have a particular disease.
The test is positive 85% of the time when tested on a patient with the disease (hig... | probability mathematics | 1 | Solving Bayes Theorem equation -> I can't calculate proper result -- (probability mathematics)
<p>I am solving questions for an edx course on Machine Learning.
One particular question is giving me a problem:</p>

<p><em>Assume a patient comes into the doctor’s office to test whether they have a particular d... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,297 | Garbage collection in Tensorflow 1.14 | <p>When a variable is created, it is added to collections to allow sharing and reusing. However, this seems like it's a potential for "memory leaks" (strictly speaking, it's not, since there still exists a reference). How should I deal with this?</p>

<p>If I do something like:</p>

<pre><code>import te... | tensorflow | 1 | Garbage collection in Tensorflow 1.14 -- (tensorflow)
<p>When a variable is created, it is added to collections to allow sharing and reusing. However, this seems like it's a potential for "memory leaks" (strictly speaking, it's not, since there still exists a reference). How should I deal with this?</p>

<p>If ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,322 | Best approach for a simple self driving car | <p>I'm planning to build a small car with autonomous driving (maybe modifying my current rc car or using a robot car kit, using arduino and raspberry).</p>

<p>I'll use a CNN, and I'm thinking how to collect data (I want to try a similar approach to the Udacity simulator).
My doubt is if is better to aim at... | machine learning neural network self driving | 1 | Best approach for a simple self driving car -- (machine learning neural network self driving)
<p>I'm planning to build a small car with autonomous driving (maybe modifying my current rc car or using a robot car kit, using arduino and raspberry).</p>

<p>I'll use a CNN, and I'm thinking how to collect data (I wa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,341 | Regression methods | <p>I want to understand what regression methods exist and their purpose. 
I know the least squares method with which you can build a linear and non-linear model and make predictions.</p>

<p>The ARMA model is used to predict stationary time series, and the ARIMA model is used for non-stationary time series.... | machine learning regression | 1 | Regression methods -- (machine learning regression)
<p>I want to understand what regression methods exist and their purpose. 
I know the least squares method with which you can build a linear and non-linear model and make predictions.</p>

<p>The ARMA model is used to predict stationary time series, and the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,346 | How to execute a git project with different input data? | <p>I would like to run <a href="https://github.com/collab-uniba/Personality-Recognition-in-SD" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> project and receive result from this project</p>

<p>However I have problem to execute the step </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>mailcorpus.json created by executing the sql scrip... | r sql | 1 | How to execute a git project with different input data? -- (r sql)
<p>I would like to run <a href="https://github.com/collab-uniba/Personality-Recognition-in-SD" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> project and receive result from this project</p>

<p>However I have problem to execute the step </p>

<bloc... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,347 | some algorithms to identify of a pattern in text data | <p>I have few sentences like below in my project(around 25000), </p>

<pre><code>sentence1 = 'Must be able to multi-task in a fast-paced, deadline-driven environment'
sentence2 = 'Strong organisational skills and proactive approach'
sentence3 = 'in this role you will design develop and revise applicati... | machine learning data mining | 1 | some algorithms to identify of a pattern in text data -- (machine learning data mining)
<p>I have few sentences like below in my project(around 25000), </p>

<pre><code>sentence1 = 'Must be able to multi-task in a fast-paced, deadline-driven environment'
sentence2 = 'Strong organisational skills and proact... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,357 | Why do we determine the values of λ in regularization as ln λ, such as ln λ=-18 instead of for example λ=0.3? | <p>I'm studying Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning by Christopher Bishop. What I realized is, he defines values of λ as ln λ. For example:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>We see that, for a value of lnλ = −18, the over-fitting has been suppressed and we
 now obtain a much closer representation of the unde... | regularization | 1 | Why do we determine the values of λ in regularization as ln λ, such as ln λ=-18 instead of for example λ=0.3? -- (regularization)
<p>I'm studying Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning by Christopher Bishop. What I realized is, he defines values of λ as ln λ. For example:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>We see tha... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,364 | Is hyperparameter tuning more affected by the input data, or by the task? | <p>I'm working on optimizing the hyperparameters for several ML models (FFN, CNN, LSTM, BiLSTM, CNN-LSTM) at the moment, and running this alongside another experiment examining which word embeddings are best to use on the task of binary text classification.</p>

<p>My question is: should I decide on which embed... | keras nlp optimization | 1 | Is hyperparameter tuning more affected by the input data, or by the task? -- (keras nlp optimization)
<p>I'm working on optimizing the hyperparameters for several ML models (FFN, CNN, LSTM, BiLSTM, CNN-LSTM) at the moment, and running this alongside another experiment examining which word embeddings are best to use on ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,367 | Classification training using probabilites and not raw classes (factors) | <p>I have a problem where instead of having classes, i.e. a vector of 0s and 1s, I have the probability of an observation belonging to a class. </p>

<p>A vector with 0.1, 0.95, 0.2, 0.3, etc. </p>

<p>The obvious approach is using regression and it works relatively well, but I'm interested in an approa... | classification research | 1 | Classification training using probabilites and not raw classes (factors) -- (classification research)
<p>I have a problem where instead of having classes, i.e. a vector of 0s and 1s, I have the probability of an observation belonging to a class. </p>

<p>A vector with 0.1, 0.95, 0.2, 0.3, etc. </p>

<p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,368 | ROC curve and optimal threshold | <p>I am doing a practice problem predicting a binary outcome. I have plotted an ROC curve and found the optimal threshold percentage to call future predicted observations a 1. I see that this threshold always matches the percentage of observations equal to 1 in my original data. Is there any conceptual explanation for ... | classification | 1 | ROC curve and optimal threshold -- (classification)
<p>I am doing a practice problem predicting a binary outcome. I have plotted an ROC curve and found the optimal threshold percentage to call future predicted observations a 1. I see that this threshold always matches the percentage of observations equal to 1 in my ori... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,371 | Using random forest for selecting variables returns the entire dataframe | <p>I am in the process of dimensionality reduction. I am using Random Forest to find the columns with the highest
level of correlation with the target SalePrice column.</p>

<p>The problem is that the output is too large. Definitely not what I want from it. It is returning 259 columns. Some of these
... | machine learning python feature selection random forest dimensionality reduction | 1 | Using random forest for selecting variables returns the entire dataframe -- (machine learning python feature selection random forest dimensionality reduction)
<p>I am in the process of dimensionality reduction. I am using Random Forest to find the columns with the highest
level of correlation with the target SaleP... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,393 | multiplying two array in python3.7 | <p>I am trying to multiply two array in python 3.7 using numpy by using the following syntax: </p>

<pre><code>array1 = np.array([{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}]) 
print (array1) 
array2=array1*array1 
print(array2) 
</code></pre>

<p>but this error arises</p>

<pre><code>TypeError: unsup... | python numpy | 1 | multiplying two array in python3.7 -- (python numpy)
<p>I am trying to multiply two array in python 3.7 using numpy by using the following syntax: </p>

<pre><code>array1 = np.array([{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}]) 
print (array1) 
array2=array1*array1 
print(array2) 
</code></pre>

<p>but this ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,406 | Python Group By | <p>I am new to Python and am trying a simple calculation. I have a data frame with 1000 observations for different years and want to calculate the mean of a variable by year. I've used the "groupby" statement, but the resulting means only occur once per year. How can I have repeating mean values for all 1000 observatio... | python | 1 | Python Group By -- (python)
<p>I am new to Python and am trying a simple calculation. I have a data frame with 1000 observations for different years and want to calculate the mean of a variable by year. I've used the "groupby" statement, but the resulting means only occur once per year. How can I have repeating mean va... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,415 | Decision tree classifier prediction changes from one run of the model to the next | <p>I'm running a very basic gender <code>['male', 'female']</code> classifier using the sklearn <code>DecisionTreeClassifier</code> based on <code>[height, weight, shoe size]</code> in a Jupyter notebook. </p>

<p>The prediction changes from <code>male</code> to <code>female</code> for the same input as I keep ... | scikit learn decision trees prediction | 1 | Decision tree classifier prediction changes from one run of the model to the next -- (scikit learn decision trees prediction)
<p>I'm running a very basic gender <code>['male', 'female']</code> classifier using the sklearn <code>DecisionTreeClassifier</code> based on <code>[height, weight, shoe size]</code> in a Jupyter... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,419 | Reinforcement Learning Vs Transfer Learning? | <p>I recently saw a video lecture from Jeremy Howard of fast.ai in which he states that transfer learning is better than reinforcement learning. But I was unable to understand the reasoning behind it. </p>

<p>Can someone explain to me or point to any evidence stating which is better and why?</p>
 | deep learning | 1 | Reinforcement Learning Vs Transfer Learning? -- (deep learning)
<p>I recently saw a video lecture from Jeremy Howard of fast.ai in which he states that transfer learning is better than reinforcement learning. But I was unable to understand the reasoning behind it. </p>

<p>Can someone explain to me or point to ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,423 | Inputting Data for Machine Learning in PyTorch | <p>I have scoured the internet and documentation, but have not yet been able to find a simple explanation of how to load data and/or simply type data into pytorch.</p>

<p>I am just learning this library, and I believe being able to put in my own custom data would make learning much more accessible. </p>
&... | dataset data pytorch beginner | 1 | Inputting Data for Machine Learning in PyTorch -- (dataset data pytorch beginner)
<p>I have scoured the internet and documentation, but have not yet been able to find a simple explanation of how to load data and/or simply type data into pytorch.</p>

<p>I am just learning this library, and I believe being able ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,435 | How is the cross-product transformation defined for binary features? | <p>I am reading the paper on Wide & Deep learning and for the wide component, it states that one of the most important transformations is the cross-product transformation. This is defined as follows:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$\phi_{k}(\mathbf{x})=\prod_{i=1}^{d} x_{i}^{c_{k i}} \quad c_{k i} \i... | machine learning deep learning recommender system | 1 | How is the cross-product transformation defined for binary features? -- (machine learning deep learning recommender system)
<p>I am reading the paper on Wide & Deep learning and for the wide component, it states that one of the most important transformations is the cross-product transformation. This is defined as f... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,449 | NLP Feature creation from phrase matching | <p>I'm building a model to classify email content, to decide whether the email should lead to a JIRA ticket being "Raised" or "Not Raised". The problem I am having is the data is highly imbalanced with only around 11% being classed as "Raised". So far, the Random Forest classifier is providing the highest level of accu... | python nlp feature construction | 1 | NLP Feature creation from phrase matching -- (python nlp feature construction)
<p>I'm building a model to classify email content, to decide whether the email should lead to a JIRA ticket being "Raised" or "Not Raised". The problem I am having is the data is highly imbalanced with only around 11% being classed as "Raise... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,456 | Appropriate model metric for a truncated response variable? | <p>Here's a straightforward question I can't seem to find a good answer to. Let's say you're using some variables to predict age. I'm assuming a regression model is the right approach. In this case, what would be a suitable metric to evaluate the model performance? My sense is that MAE and RMSE aren't appropriate becau... | machine learning regression predictive modeling metric | 1 | Appropriate model metric for a truncated response variable? -- (machine learning regression predictive modeling metric)
<p>Here's a straightforward question I can't seem to find a good answer to. Let's say you're using some variables to predict age. I'm assuming a regression model is the right approach. In this case, w... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,465 | To One-Hot-Encode or not to One-Hot-Encode? | <p>I have been struggling to find proof for that but I couldnt</p>

<p>Every time I prepare dataset I face the same issue</p>

<p>when a column is a classification such as <code>CountryCode</code> or <code>TaskType</code> in this dataset</p>

<pre><code>TaskType CountryCode Target
1 ... | feature engineering | 1 | To One-Hot-Encode or not to One-Hot-Encode? -- (feature engineering)
<p>I have been struggling to find proof for that but I couldnt</p>

<p>Every time I prepare dataset I face the same issue</p>

<p>when a column is a classification such as <code>CountryCode</code> or <code>TaskType</code> in this datas... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,466 | Question of using gradient descent instead of calculus. I checked previous questions there are still points to clarify | <p>First of all I checked <a href="http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/23128/solving-for-regression-parameters-in-closed-form-vs-gradient-descent">http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/23128/solving-for-regression-parameters-in-closed-form-vs-gradient-descent</a>, <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/268... | gradient descent cost function | 1 | Question of using gradient descent instead of calculus. I checked previous questions there are still points to clarify -- (gradient descent cost function)
<p>First of all I checked <a href="http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/23128/solving-for-regression-parameters-in-closed-form-vs-gradient-descent">http://stats.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,472 | Unable to exceute mean of list of lists | <p>I have a list of lists of the following type </p>

<pre><code>a=[[0. , 0.03846154, 0.34615385, 0.34615385, 0.42307692,
 0.42307692, 0.53846154, 0.53846154, 0.61538462, 0.61538462,
 0.65384615, 0.65384615, 0.73076923, 0.73076923, 0.76923077,
 0.76923077, 0.80769231, 0.807... | python | 1 | Unable to exceute mean of list of lists -- (python)
<p>I have a list of lists of the following type </p>

<pre><code>a=[[0. , 0.03846154, 0.34615385, 0.34615385, 0.42307692,
 0.42307692, 0.53846154, 0.53846154, 0.61538462, 0.61538462,
 0.65384615, 0.65384615, 0.73076923, 0.73076923, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,482 | Connect Tableau and KoBoToolbox | <p>Is it possible to <strong>connect kobotoolbox to tableau</strong> in any way?
Any kind of method would be much appreciated.</p>
 | tableau | 1 | Connect Tableau and KoBoToolbox -- (tableau)
<p>Is it possible to <strong>connect kobotoolbox to tableau</strong> in any way?
Any kind of method would be much appreciated.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,487 | pandas - under a column, count the total number of a specific value, instead of using value_counts() | <pre><code>value_counts()
</code></pre>

<p>function outputs the number of all unique values in a column, for example</p>

<pre><code> apple 3
 orange 2
 banana 1
</code></pre>

<p>I want to search the total number of (value = 'apple') only, which function can replace value_c... | python pandas | 1 | pandas - under a column, count the total number of a specific value, instead of using value_counts() -- (python pandas)
<pre><code>value_counts()
</code></pre>

<p>function outputs the number of all unique values in a column, for example</p>

<pre><code> apple 3
 orange 2
 banana 1
<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,492 | How to build a hybrid graph with CNN and RNN Architecture? | <p>For an instance, we have M matrix of size n*k, I would like to treat each matrix independently and perform the convolution operation at each one in order to introduce to an LSTM layer the outputs of the convolution layer. can I treat each matrix independently or do I have to use the channel technique and how I can p... | python neural network keras | 1 | How to build a hybrid graph with CNN and RNN Architecture? -- (python neural network keras)
<p>For an instance, we have M matrix of size n*k, I would like to treat each matrix independently and perform the convolution operation at each one in order to introduce to an LSTM layer the outputs of the convolution layer. can... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
57,510 | Clustering analysis for observations with lists as data | <p>So I have several samples analyzed for their chemical composition. After data analysis, for each sample, I have a list of compounds found and their corresponding relative abundance. Some compounds are unique but most are actually found in most samples.</p>

<p>I want to do clustering analysis based on these ... | clustering bioinformatics | 1 | Clustering analysis for observations with lists as data -- (clustering bioinformatics)
<p>So I have several samples analyzed for their chemical composition. After data analysis, for each sample, I have a list of compounds found and their corresponding relative abundance. Some compounds are unique but most are actually ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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