id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
67,205 | Which metric to use for classify a binary logistic regression | <p>I still novice in machine learning. My problem is as follow :</p>

<p>I use two binary logistic regression models for making comparaison. Additionally to LogLoss and accuracy, I would like to use for metric : precision / recall/ F1-mesure.</p>

<p>I have used the formulat :</p>

<pre><code>pr... | machine learning logistic regression | 1 | Which metric to use for classify a binary logistic regression -- (machine learning logistic regression)
<p>I still novice in machine learning. My problem is as follow :</p>

<p>I use two binary logistic regression models for making comparaison. Additionally to LogLoss and accuracy, I would like to use for metri... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,206 | Attention mechanism in Tensorflow 2 | <p>In the past days, I read up on the theory behind attention, when to apply it and what types there are. I think I have a decent first understanding of the concept, but now I would like to apply some of the insights I got to my own project and I find myself stuck with the implementation of attention in TF. (<a href="h... | keras tensorflow attention mechanism | 1 | Attention mechanism in Tensorflow 2 -- (keras tensorflow attention mechanism)
<p>In the past days, I read up on the theory behind attention, when to apply it and what types there are. I think I have a decent first understanding of the concept, but now I would like to apply some of the insights I got to my own project a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,236 | Several independent variables based on the same underlying data | <p>I got a data containing, among others, two feature variables, which are based from the same underlying data (i.e. have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_information" rel="nofollow noreferrer">mutual information</a>), but they convey different information/message. How to handle such cases?</p>

<p... | feature selection multiclass classification feature extraction correlation mutual information | 1 | Several independent variables based on the same underlying data -- (feature selection multiclass classification feature extraction correlation mutual information)
<p>I got a data containing, among others, two feature variables, which are based from the same underlying data (i.e. have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,243 | What is the layer above/below in a NN? | <p>In the <a href="http://cs231n.github.io/convolutional-networks/#comp" rel="nofollow noreferrer">lecture notes of CS231n</a>, it says (emphasis mine)</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>... There are three major sources of memory to keep track of:</p>
 
 <ul>
 <li>From the intermediate volume sizes: The... | neural network cnn gradient descent backpropagation terminology | 1 | What is the layer above/below in a NN? -- (neural network cnn gradient descent backpropagation terminology)
<p>In the <a href="http://cs231n.github.io/convolutional-networks/#comp" rel="nofollow noreferrer">lecture notes of CS231n</a>, it says (emphasis mine)</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>... There are three major... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,249 | Combine 100 2D arrays into one 3D array | <p>I have 100 2D lists a0 to a99, it is easy to convert them into arrays (I verified already):</p>

<pre><code>print(np.array(a0).shape) # (2,150)
print(np.array(a1).shape) # (5,150)
print(np.array(a2).shape) # (10, 150)
# the sizes of a0 to a99 vary from (1,150) to (10, 150) only
</code><... | python numpy | 1 | Combine 100 2D arrays into one 3D array -- (python numpy)
<p>I have 100 2D lists a0 to a99, it is easy to convert them into arrays (I verified already):</p>

<pre><code>print(np.array(a0).shape) # (2,150)
print(np.array(a1).shape) # (5,150)
print(np.array(a2).shape) # (10, 150)
# the sizes of ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,258 | How to compute modulo of a hash? | <p>Let's say that I have a set of users in my database, that have GUIDs as their IDs. I use <code>xxhash</code> to generate fixed-length hashes for each value, so that I can then proceed to "bucketizing" them and being able to do random sampling with the help of the modulo function.</p>

<p>That said, if I have... | dataset bigdata sampling randomized algorithms | 1 | How to compute modulo of a hash? -- (dataset bigdata sampling randomized algorithms)
<p>Let's say that I have a set of users in my database, that have GUIDs as their IDs. I use <code>xxhash</code> to generate fixed-length hashes for each value, so that I can then proceed to "bucketizing" them and being able to do rando... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,266 | How to write a generator for keras fit_generator? | <p>This question is a further step of <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39263002/calling-fit-multiple-times-in-keras">this question</a>. </p>

<p>My data inputs are tens of <strong>.csv files</strong>, I have already read csv input data until the following format:</p>

<pre><code># train_x is... | python deep learning keras machine learning model | 1 | How to write a generator for keras fit_generator? -- (python deep learning keras machine learning model)
<p>This question is a further step of <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39263002/calling-fit-multiple-times-in-keras">this question</a>. </p>

<p>My data inputs are tens of <strong>.csv files</str... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,274 | Word2Vec and Tf-idf how to combine them | <p>I'm currently working in text mining ptoject I'd like to know once I'm on vectorisation. With method is better. </p>

<ul>
<li><p>Is it <code>Word2Vec</code> or <code>Tf-Idf</code> ? </p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/28598/word2vec-embeddings-with-tf-idf">Here... | nlp text mining feature engineering word2vec tfidf | 1 | Word2Vec and Tf-idf how to combine them -- (nlp text mining feature engineering word2vec tfidf)
<p>I'm currently working in text mining ptoject I'd like to know once I'm on vectorisation. With method is better. </p>

<ul>
<li><p>Is it <code>Word2Vec</code> or <code>Tf-Idf</code> ? </p></li>
<li><p><a h... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,288 | Dynamic pricing with aggregate constraints | <p>so I have this situation. I am trying to understand whether my customers will buy my product at a certain price based on a previous offer made to them. <em>Specifically</em>, I have a lot of data on my clients and I have rolled a previous "campaign" round and I saw who bought it and who did not. Now I am trying to c... | machine learning reinforcement learning | 1 | Dynamic pricing with aggregate constraints -- (machine learning reinforcement learning)
<p>so I have this situation. I am trying to understand whether my customers will buy my product at a certain price based on a previous offer made to them. <em>Specifically</em>, I have a lot of data on my clients and I have rolled a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,301 | Using GRU with FeedForward layers in Python | <p>I'm trying to reproduce the codes in this paper <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/6/1123/htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> for the multi-labeling problem (11 classes), which is using </p>

<pre><code>1- Embedding layer 
2- GRU 
3- two Feed forward Layers with the ReLU activation functio... | python deep learning keras lstm gru | 1 | Using GRU with FeedForward layers in Python -- (python deep learning keras lstm gru)
<p>I'm trying to reproduce the codes in this paper <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/6/1123/htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> for the multi-labeling problem (11 classes), which is using </p>

<pre><code>1- Embeddi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,311 | Recommender system that matches similar customers with similar highly rated products? | <p>I have a dataset of 1,000 customers that bought 20 distinct phones and rated them 1-5. I have several demographic attributes for these customers (gender, age). My website offers 100 distinct devices, each with several attributes (screen size, case material, operating system, price).</p>

<p>For new customers... | python clustering recommender system ranking matrix | 1 | Recommender system that matches similar customers with similar highly rated products? -- (python clustering recommender system ranking matrix)
<p>I have a dataset of 1,000 customers that bought 20 distinct phones and rated them 1-5. I have several demographic attributes for these customers (gender, age). My website off... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,331 | How to analyse player and enemy position for data analysis | <p>I am trying to analyse a Serious Game for students learning.</p>

<p>In one of the game levels,
There are multiple positions like Player Position (x, y, z), enemy position (x, y, z), Player shot at position (x, y, z).
Other features like items acquired, </p>

<p>How do I use these for analysi... | python clustering data analysis | 1 | How to analyse player and enemy position for data analysis -- (python clustering data analysis)
<p>I am trying to analyse a Serious Game for students learning.</p>

<p>In one of the game levels,
There are multiple positions like Player Position (x, y, z), enemy position (x, y, z), Player shot at position (x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,334 | What's the purpose of padding with Maxpooling? | <p>As mentioned in the question, i've noticed that sometimes there are pooling layers with padding.</p>

<p>More specifically, I found this <a href="https://medium.com/tensorflow/training-and-serving-ml-models-with-tf-keras-fd975cc0fa27" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Keras tutorial</a>, where there's a net which co... | keras cnn convolution pooling | 1 | What's the purpose of padding with Maxpooling? -- (keras cnn convolution pooling)
<p>As mentioned in the question, i've noticed that sometimes there are pooling layers with padding.</p>

<p>More specifically, I found this <a href="https://medium.com/tensorflow/training-and-serving-ml-models-with-tf-keras-fd975c... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,348 | matplotlib graph to plot values and variance | <p>I am really new to the world of matplotlib graphing as well as using those graphs to understand data.</p>

<p>I have written a simple python code where I read a <code>.csv</code> file in and then store the values of one column into a variable. Then plotting them similar to the code bellow:</p>

<pre>... | python pandas matplotlib variance | 1 | matplotlib graph to plot values and variance -- (python pandas matplotlib variance)
<p>I am really new to the world of matplotlib graphing as well as using those graphs to understand data.</p>

<p>I have written a simple python code where I read a <code>.csv</code> file in and then store the values of one colum... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,353 | What does these points mean in Naive Bayes? | <p>I have two concept related questions related to Naïve Bayes.</p>

<p>Naïve Bayes is robust to irrelevant features. What does this mean? Can anyone give an example how does the irrelevant features cancels out and what are the irrelevant features?</p>

<p>It is optimal if the independence assumption ho... | machine learning naive bayes classifier classifier | 1 | What does these points mean in Naive Bayes? -- (machine learning naive bayes classifier classifier)
<p>I have two concept related questions related to Naïve Bayes.</p>

<p>Naïve Bayes is robust to irrelevant features. What does this mean? Can anyone give an example how does the irrelevant features cancels out a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,360 | How to correctly calculate average F1 score, precision and recall of a Named Entity Recognition system? | <p>My Named Entity Recognition (NER) pipeline built with Apache uimaFIT and DKPro recognizes named entities (called datatypes for now) in texts (e.g. persons, locations, organizations and many more). </p>

<p>I have a gold corpus and a result corpus which I want to calculate precision, recall and F1 score on. A... | evaluation named entity recognition f1score | 1 | How to correctly calculate average F1 score, precision and recall of a Named Entity Recognition system? -- (evaluation named entity recognition f1score)
<p>My Named Entity Recognition (NER) pipeline built with Apache uimaFIT and DKPro recognizes named entities (called datatypes for now) in texts (e.g. persons, location... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,366 | How is the target_f updated in the Keras solution to the Deep Q-learning Cartpole/Gym algorithm? | <p>There's a popular solution to the CartPole game using Keras and Deep Q-Learning:
<a href="https://keon.github.io/deep-q-learning/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://keon.github.io/deep-q-learning/</a></p>

<p>But there's a line of code that's confusing, this same question has been asked in the same artic... | deep learning keras reinforcement learning q learning openai gym | 1 | How is the target_f updated in the Keras solution to the Deep Q-learning Cartpole/Gym algorithm? -- (deep learning keras reinforcement learning q learning openai gym)
<p>There's a popular solution to the CartPole game using Keras and Deep Q-Learning:
<a href="https://keon.github.io/deep-q-learning/" rel="nofollow n... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,373 | Is it possible to patent a new general method of optimizing some industrial processes? | <p>I have finished a new method (implemented as an algorithm/software) which exploring data inputs obtains a sequence of steps, appliable for different industrial processes, that reduces drastically material and human resources as well as energy and time.</p>

<p>For example. This method gives the optimal comma... | deep learning visualization | 1 | Is it possible to patent a new general method of optimizing some industrial processes? -- (deep learning visualization)
<p>I have finished a new method (implemented as an algorithm/software) which exploring data inputs obtains a sequence of steps, appliable for different industrial processes, that reduces drastically m... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,379 | Why this calculation of weight vector in linear regression is only for small dataset? | <p>Slides from my university says, that the following way of calculating the weight vector is suitable only for small datasets. Can you please explain, why it may be suitable for small datasets?<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/fmjMj.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/fmjMj.png" alt="">... | nlp regression gradient descent | 1 | Why this calculation of weight vector in linear regression is only for small dataset? -- (nlp regression gradient descent)
<p>Slides from my university says, that the following way of calculating the weight vector is suitable only for small datasets. Can you please explain, why it may be suitable for small datasets?<a ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,395 | Fitting a model as a significance testing alternative | <p>My colleagues use somewhat unusual approach to estimate how far away performance of some of our company related processes diverge from historical levels. Their nature isn't really relevant for the purpose of this discussion. We may just assume here, that the final result can be represented with some real number whic... | ab test | 1 | Fitting a model as a significance testing alternative -- (ab test)
<p>My colleagues use somewhat unusual approach to estimate how far away performance of some of our company related processes diverge from historical levels. Their nature isn't really relevant for the purpose of this discussion. We may just assume here, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,409 | Require Guidance - Identifying risk factors | <p>I have a dataset of patients who have been inpatients (admitted to hospital) and not admitted (but visited as outpatients). Class proportion is 66:34.</p>

<p>I have collected a list of features for all these patients.</p>

<p>Now my objective is to find/identify the risk factors that leads to hospit... | machine learning deep learning data mining statistics logistic regression | 1 | Require Guidance - Identifying risk factors -- (machine learning deep learning data mining statistics logistic regression)
<p>I have a dataset of patients who have been inpatients (admitted to hospital) and not admitted (but visited as outpatients). Class proportion is 66:34.</p>

<p>I have collected a list of ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,422 | Classify graphs using machine learning | <p>I am trying classify an input graph (a 2D point sequence) into one of the predefined graphs (A,B,C etc) using machine learning. The goal is to identify which type of graph the input graph belongs to.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/3SRV5.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.img... | machine learning classification | 1 | Classify graphs using machine learning -- (machine learning classification)
<p>I am trying classify an input graph (a 2D point sequence) into one of the predefined graphs (A,B,C etc) using machine learning. The goal is to identify which type of graph the input graph belongs to.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,450 | How to support a dynamic shape input for tf.where() | <p>Tensorflow (tf.where) function does not support dynamic input shapes.</p>

<p>For example, the following function calculates the svd of a matrix A and tries to identify the singular values greater than a certain threshold to invert them while filling other values with zeros.</p>

<pre><code>def func ... | machine learning python tensorflow | 1 | How to support a dynamic shape input for tf.where() -- (machine learning python tensorflow)
<p>Tensorflow (tf.where) function does not support dynamic input shapes.</p>

<p>For example, the following function calculates the svd of a matrix A and tries to identify the singular values greater than a certain thres... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,451 | Dealing with issues in "test" predictons for single "items" (null values, standardization in place, etc) | <p>I know this is kind of a broad question but I have tried to scour both this forum and the internet in general to no avail for this particular situation. So imagine I have a model trained for which, though the data initially might not be complete and clean, I took steps to make the data complaint with the model requi... | cross validation prediction normalization missing data data imputation | 1 | Dealing with issues in "test" predictons for single "items" (null values, standardization in place, etc) -- (cross validation prediction normalization missing data data imputation)
<p>I know this is kind of a broad question but I have tried to scour both this forum and the internet in general to no avail for this parti... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,474 | Modeling events at irregular intervals | <p>I've got data representing a sequence of events at irregular intervals and an outcome. There are a fixed number of event types, about 10 of them. The outcome being modeled is binary.</p>

<p>Arguably the following are important to incorporate into the model:</p>

<p>1) Which events occur</p>

... | machine learning deep learning feature engineering | 1 | Modeling events at irregular intervals -- (machine learning deep learning feature engineering)
<p>I've got data representing a sequence of events at irregular intervals and an outcome. There are a fixed number of event types, about 10 of them. The outcome being modeled is binary.</p>

<p>Arguably the following ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,484 | Is it possible to pass dataframes between R and Python using Arrow with zero-copy? | <p>Arrow is an in-memory format, so I can have a dataframe in Python backed by the arrow format. So the dataframe sits in memory, can I use that dataframe directly from R without making a copy of the dataframe? Imagine if the dataframe is 100G in size so copying is very inefficient.</p>

<p>I read in the docume... | python r | 1 | Is it possible to pass dataframes between R and Python using Arrow with zero-copy? -- (python r)
<p>Arrow is an in-memory format, so I can have a dataframe in Python backed by the arrow format. So the dataframe sits in memory, can I use that dataframe directly from R without making a copy of the dataframe? Imagine if t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,489 | How to split data into 3 parts in Python - training(70%), validation(15%) and test(15%) and each part have similar target rate? | <p>I'm working on a company project which I will need to do data partition into 3 parts - Train, Validation, and Test(holdout). </p>

<p>Does anyone know how I can split the data into 3 parts above and each part will have similar response variable(target rate) - (similar accuracy for classification and similar ... | machine learning python scikit learn overfitting | 1 | How to split data into 3 parts in Python - training(70%), validation(15%) and test(15%) and each part have similar target rate? -- (machine learning python scikit learn overfitting)
<p>I'm working on a company project which I will need to do data partition into 3 parts - Train, Validation, and Test(holdout). </p>
&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,495 | Will Keras fit( ) function automatically shuffles the input dataset by default? | <p>I am asking <a href="https://keras.io/models/sequential/#fit" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> model fit( ) function.</p>

<pre><code>fit(x=array_x, y=array_y, batch_size=32, epochs=10)
</code></pre>

<p>The question is straightforward:</p>

<p>Whether fit( ) will <strong>automatically<... | machine learning deep learning keras | 1 | Will Keras fit( ) function automatically shuffles the input dataset by default? -- (machine learning deep learning keras)
<p>I am asking <a href="https://keras.io/models/sequential/#fit" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> model fit( ) function.</p>

<pre><code>fit(x=array_x, y=array_y, batch_size=32, epochs=10)... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,500 | K-Means Clustering for data points with multiple attributes | <p>I'm very new to K-Means clustering. Every example that I have seen has a two-dimensional data set. </p>

<p>I am working to classify recipes of varying ingredient composition into families. Each recipe is composed of a number of ingredients, and I want to group together the recipes that are similar to each o... | machine learning python scikit learn clustering k means | 1 | K-Means Clustering for data points with multiple attributes -- (machine learning python scikit learn clustering k means)
<p>I'm very new to K-Means clustering. Every example that I have seen has a two-dimensional data set. </p>

<p>I am working to classify recipes of varying ingredient composition into families... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,505 | Matching Algorithms in Python | <p>We run a online marketplace for Commercial Real Estate industry and are looking to write matching algorithms to reduce the cost of search and transaction for the property owners/tenants. </p>

<p>We have two groups of users - owners and tenants and would like to implement matching algorithms based on their c... | machine learning python deep learning algorithms | 1 | Matching Algorithms in Python -- (machine learning python deep learning algorithms)
<p>We run a online marketplace for Commercial Real Estate industry and are looking to write matching algorithms to reduce the cost of search and transaction for the property owners/tenants. </p>

<p>We have two groups of users -... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,507 | Clustering data set with multiple dimensions | <p>I have a data set which is similar to the following:</p>

<p>It is recipe data along with the composition of the recipe (in %) </p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/jhsq0.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/jhsq0.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>&#x... | python clustering unsupervised learning k means | 1 | Clustering data set with multiple dimensions -- (python clustering unsupervised learning k means)
<p>I have a data set which is similar to the following:</p>

<p>It is recipe data along with the composition of the recipe (in %) </p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/jhsq0.png" rel="nofollow norefer... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,525 | Can numerical discrete finite data be always treated also as categorical? | <p>In many sources, for example <a href="https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/types-of-statistical-data-numerical-categorical-and-ordinal/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> data is classified as being qualitative (categorical) and quantitative (numerical). Where numerical data can be continuous or discre... | data mining statistics data | 1 | Can numerical discrete finite data be always treated also as categorical? -- (data mining statistics data)
<p>In many sources, for example <a href="https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/types-of-statistical-data-numerical-categorical-and-ordinal/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> data is classified as bei... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,526 | Simulating mental disorders in machine learning systems | <p>Is there any work as the following example in ML:</p>

<p>Suppose a <code>reinforcement learning</code> system which has a fixed penalty for every <code>action</code>, so there would be a <code>regret</code> for taking <code>action</code> if the estimated <code>reward</code> is wrong most of the time. And su... | reinforcement learning | 1 | Simulating mental disorders in machine learning systems -- (reinforcement learning)
<p>Is there any work as the following example in ML:</p>

<p>Suppose a <code>reinforcement learning</code> system which has a fixed penalty for every <code>action</code>, so there would be a <code>regret</code> for taking <code>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,548 | Getting feature vectors from CatBoost pool | <p>I have a dataset with some numerical and categorical features and I am trying to apply CatBoost for categorical encoding and classification.</p>

<p>Since my dataset is highly imbalanced, with a large number of data samples with label 0 compared to those with label 1, I'm also trying to use SMOTE to synthesi... | classification boosting smote | 1 | Getting feature vectors from CatBoost pool -- (classification boosting smote)
<p>I have a dataset with some numerical and categorical features and I am trying to apply CatBoost for categorical encoding and classification.</p>

<p>Since my dataset is highly imbalanced, with a large number of data samples with la... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,549 | Validation Loss is not decreasing - Regression model | <p>I'm trying to train a regression model with 6 input features.
No. of tuples - 7287.
Train set - 5465
Test set - 1822</p>

<p>I've tried changing no. of hidden layers and hidden neurons, early stopping, shuffling the data, changing learning and decay rates and my inputs are standardized (Python St... | machine learning neural network keras regression python 3.x | 1 | Validation Loss is not decreasing - Regression model -- (machine learning neural network keras regression python 3.x)
<p>I'm trying to train a regression model with 6 input features.
No. of tuples - 7287.
Train set - 5465
Test set - 1822</p>

<p>I've tried changing no. of hidden layers and hidden ne... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,552 | How to encode a column containing both string and numbers | <p>I have a column in my dataset which contains both number and strings as the value. I want to encode the string variable so to use it for predicting. What is the best way to do this?</p>
 | machine learning encoding | 1 | How to encode a column containing both string and numbers -- (machine learning encoding)
<p>I have a column in my dataset which contains both number and strings as the value. I want to encode the string variable so to use it for predicting. What is the best way to do this?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,559 | Loading models from external source | <p>I have a 500MB model which I am commiting to Git. That is a really bad practice since for newer model versions the repository will be huge. As well, It will slow down all builds for deployments.</p>

<p>I thought of using another repository that contains all the models and then fetch them in running time.</p... | python machine learning model data engineering | 1 | Loading models from external source -- (python machine learning model data engineering)
<p>I have a 500MB model which I am commiting to Git. That is a really bad practice since for newer model versions the repository will be huge. As well, It will slow down all builds for deployments.</p>

<p>I thought of using... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,560 | How to select one record from multiple record for a subject during analysis? | <p>I have a dataset where I am working on a binary classification. I have two classes of subjects. One is Outpatients and Other is Inpatients. (66:33 is the class proportion)</p>

<p>My objective is to identify the risk factors that influence hospital admission (Inpatients).</p>

<p>But the problem here... | machine learning deep learning classification data mining logistic regression | 1 | How to select one record from multiple record for a subject during analysis? -- (machine learning deep learning classification data mining logistic regression)
<p>I have a dataset where I am working on a binary classification. I have two classes of subjects. One is Outpatients and Other is Inpatients. (66:33 is the cla... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,561 | What should I do with a test and train set not having same classes? | <p>Assume we have a train dataset with 5 classes a,b,c,d,e but the test dataset have only d and e with extra class f not present in train set. If i want to do machine learning with this datset in weka or python what should I do with this dataset? should I transform them and how should I do it? Should I remove classes f... | dataset | 1 | What should I do with a test and train set not having same classes? -- (dataset)
<p>Assume we have a train dataset with 5 classes a,b,c,d,e but the test dataset have only d and e with extra class f not present in train set. If i want to do machine learning with this datset in weka or python what should I do with this d... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,566 | How to train a classification algorithm with normalized data set using scikit-learn python | <p>I have a dataset in CSV format, 6 columns and 1877 rows. The full dataset can be viewed at <a href="http://www.sharecsv.com/s/4e1ed24fe3e1587952747bd73adfcb9b/redditMachineLearning.csv" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ShareCSV</a>.</p>

<p>The first five columns are characteristics and the final column is a binary... | machine learning python scikit learn pandas | 1 | How to train a classification algorithm with normalized data set using scikit-learn python -- (machine learning python scikit learn pandas)
<p>I have a dataset in CSV format, 6 columns and 1877 rows. The full dataset can be viewed at <a href="http://www.sharecsv.com/s/4e1ed24fe3e1587952747bd73adfcb9b/redditMachineLearn... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,568 | How to use the $\chi^2$ test to select the features, that can be String or categorical? | <p>I want statistics to select the characteristics that have the greatest relationship to the output variable.</p>

<p>Thanks to <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/feature-selection-techniques-in-machine-learning-with-python-f24e7da3f36e" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this article</a>, I learned that the <code... | feature selection | 1 | How to use the $\chi^2$ test to select the features, that can be String or categorical? -- (feature selection)
<p>I want statistics to select the characteristics that have the greatest relationship to the output variable.</p>

<p>Thanks to <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/feature-selection-techniques-in-... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,577 | Why i am getting t statistics different | <pre><code>import scipy.stats as st
st.t.ppf(0.95, df=9)
</code></pre>

<p>Output: 1.8331129326536335</p>

<p>As per this, I should get 2.262 with dof = 9.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lTY7P.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lTY7P.jpg" alt="... | python statistics scipy | 1 | Why i am getting t statistics different -- (python statistics scipy)
<pre><code>import scipy.stats as st
st.t.ppf(0.95, df=9)
</code></pre>

<p>Output: 1.8331129326536335</p>

<p>As per this, I should get 2.262 with dof = 9.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lTY7P.jpg" rel="nofo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,578 | Export pandas dataframe to a nested dictionary from multiple columns | <p>Its a similar question to</p>

<p><a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/32328/export-pandas-to-dictionary-by-combining-multiple-row-values?newreg=9a750025cabe46a98409beab476d6b0a[][1]">Export pandas to dictionary by combining multiple row values</a></p>

<p>But in this case I want ... | python pandas dataframe | 1 | Export pandas dataframe to a nested dictionary from multiple columns -- (python pandas dataframe)
<p>Its a similar question to</p>

<p><a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/32328/export-pandas-to-dictionary-by-combining-multiple-row-values?newreg=9a750025cabe46a98409beab476d6b0a[][1]">Export ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,579 | Relation between hyperparamters and training set for an object detection model | <p>I have 2 instances of an object detection model. The only difference between these two models is the training data used:</p>

<ol>
<li>The first model was trained with a small training set</li>
<li>The second model was trained on a larger training set than the first one</li>
</ol>

<p>The... | deep learning object detection hyperparameter tuning | 1 | Relation between hyperparamters and training set for an object detection model -- (deep learning object detection hyperparameter tuning)
<p>I have 2 instances of an object detection model. The only difference between these two models is the training data used:</p>

<ol>
<li>The first model was trained with ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,594 | Extracting encoded features after CatBoost | <p>I have a dataset containing numerical as well as categorical variables. </p>

<p>After I've fit my dataset to a CatBoostClassifier, I want to extract the entire feature set, with the categorical variables encoded in whatever method the classifier decided to encode them. </p>

<p>How can I extract the... | classification categorical data boosting | 1 | Extracting encoded features after CatBoost -- (classification categorical data boosting)
<p>I have a dataset containing numerical as well as categorical variables. </p>

<p>After I've fit my dataset to a CatBoostClassifier, I want to extract the entire feature set, with the categorical variables encoded in what... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,603 | Using a JSON dataset for lstm | <p>I am a bit new to python. I have a json dataset which I have to use in a lstm using keras. My implementation is about emotion analysis for a set of reviews using lstm.
I have run the code below:</p>

<pre><code>a = "ive probably mentioned this before but i really do feel proud of myself for actually keep... | python | 1 | Using a JSON dataset for lstm -- (python)
<p>I am a bit new to python. I have a json dataset which I have to use in a lstm using keras. My implementation is about emotion analysis for a set of reviews using lstm.
I have run the code below:</p>

<pre><code>a = "ive probably mentioned this before but i really... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,620 | SMOTE for multilabel classification | <p>I have a dataset with 77 different labels. Each sample has one or more of these labels.</p>

<p>I did some data analysis and found out that the dataset is highly imbalanced - there are a large number of examples that have a particular label, whereas the other labels don't occur so frequently across the data ... | classification multilabel classification smote | 1 | SMOTE for multilabel classification -- (classification multilabel classification smote)
<p>I have a dataset with 77 different labels. Each sample has one or more of these labels.</p>

<p>I did some data analysis and found out that the dataset is highly imbalanced - there are a large number of examples that have... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,666 | What does online learning mean in Topic modeling (LDA) - Gensim | <p>I came across this line in the Gensim Documentation- <a href="https://radimrehurek.com/gensim/models/ldamodel.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gensim LDA</a> - "The model can also be updated with new documents for online training." </p>

<p>So my assumption on what it means is - 'Once we have a model trained... | machine learning nlp text mining topic model lda | 1 | What does online learning mean in Topic modeling (LDA) - Gensim -- (machine learning nlp text mining topic model lda)
<p>I came across this line in the Gensim Documentation- <a href="https://radimrehurek.com/gensim/models/ldamodel.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gensim LDA</a> - "The model can also be updated with new... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,674 | Why gradient boosting uses sampling without replacement? | <p>In Random Forest each tree is built selecting a sample with replacement (bootstrap). And I assumed that Gradient Boosting's trees were selected with the same sampling technique. (@BenReiniger corrected me). <a href="https://catboost.ai/docs/concepts/algorithm-main-stages_bootstrap-options.html" rel="noreferrer">Her... | machine learning random forest decision trees xgboost sampling | 1 | Why gradient boosting uses sampling without replacement? -- (machine learning random forest decision trees xgboost sampling)
<p>In Random Forest each tree is built selecting a sample with replacement (bootstrap). And I assumed that Gradient Boosting's trees were selected with the same sampling technique. (@BenReiniger ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,681 | How to do feature selection for classification problem? Which technique will work? | <p>I have 200 variables with 200000 records. How to find best features from this variables? I have tried correlation technique via Heatmap but all the variables have near to same correlation score < 0.4 so it didn't worked.</p>

<p>Please suggest me which features selection technique will work?</p>
 | feature selection data cleaning | 1 | How to do feature selection for classification problem? Which technique will work? -- (feature selection data cleaning)
<p>I have 200 variables with 200000 records. How to find best features from this variables? I have tried correlation technique via Heatmap but all the variables have near to same correlation score <... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,692 | What would be a good loss function to penalize big differences and reward small ones, but not in a linear way? | <p>I have an image with the differences between 2 other images. Concentrations of black pixels mean similar regions between the images, whereas, white values highlight differences. <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/bAnpd.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/bAnpd.jpg" alt="On the left: th... | deep learning gan | 1 | What would be a good loss function to penalize big differences and reward small ones, but not in a linear way? -- (deep learning gan)
<p>I have an image with the differences between 2 other images. Concentrations of black pixels mean similar regions between the images, whereas, white values highlight differences. <a hr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,697 | How to deal with multiple categorical data set | <p>Please tell me how with sex, smoker, region?
Should I perform one hot encoder for all? 
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/bsRbg.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/bsRbg.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
 | regression | 1 | How to deal with multiple categorical data set -- (regression)
<p>Please tell me how with sex, smoker, region?
Should I perform one hot encoder for all? 
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/bsRbg.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/bsRbg.png" alt="enter image description here"></a>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,698 | Isn't one-hot encoding a waste of information? | <p>I was just playing around with one-hot representations of features and thought of the following:</p>

<p>Say that we're having 4 categories for a given feature (e.g. fruit) {Apple, Orange, Pear, Melon}. In this case the one-hot encoding would yield:</p>

<pre><code>Apple: [1 0 0 0]
Orange: [0 1 ... | machine learning feature extraction one hot encoding | 1 | Isn't one-hot encoding a waste of information? -- (machine learning feature extraction one hot encoding)
<p>I was just playing around with one-hot representations of features and thought of the following:</p>

<p>Say that we're having 4 categories for a given feature (e.g. fruit) {Apple, Orange, Pear, Melon}. I... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,714 | Do i need to use hyperparamters from Gridsearch to train on WHOLE training set to get final model? | <p>I just want to make sure i am on the right lines so please correct me if wrong. I am testing which hyperparmets are best for logisitic regession on my data X, y where X is featrues and y is target. X, y are made from my training set. I also have a test set.</p>

<pre><code>from sklearn.linear_model import Lo... | classification hyperparameter grid search gridsearchcv | 1 | Do i need to use hyperparamters from Gridsearch to train on WHOLE training set to get final model? -- (classification hyperparameter grid search gridsearchcv)
<p>I just want to make sure i am on the right lines so please correct me if wrong. I am testing which hyperparmets are best for logisitic regession on my data X,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,740 | Does it make sense to use train_test_split and cross-validation when using GridSearchCV to play with hyperparameters? | <p>I was wondering if my methodology makes sense. I am using GridSearchCV with cross-validation to train and tune model hyperparameters for a bunch of different model types (e.g. Regression Trees, Ridge, Elastic net, etc.). Before fitting the models I leave out 10% of the sample for model <strong>validation</strong> us... | cross validation model selection | 1 | Does it make sense to use train_test_split and cross-validation when using GridSearchCV to play with hyperparameters? -- (cross validation model selection)
<p>I was wondering if my methodology makes sense. I am using GridSearchCV with cross-validation to train and tune model hyperparameters for a bunch of different mod... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,761 | Appending dataframe with .values | <p>Is it necessary to append train X & test X with <strong>.values</strong>? But I checked and found the model works fine without appending <strong>.values</strong>, then why append?</p>

<p>In other words.. which among the following is better, and why?</p>

<p>X = df.iloc[:,4]<strong>.values</stron... | machine learning | 1 | Appending dataframe with .values -- (machine learning)
<p>Is it necessary to append train X & test X with <strong>.values</strong>? But I checked and found the model works fine without appending <strong>.values</strong>, then why append?</p>

<p>In other words.. which among the following is better, and why?... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,766 | Meaning of 'hue" in seaborn | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OzXv3.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OzXv3.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>I know what "hue" does a little</p>

<p>I'm studying kaggle and the image is about bike sharing demand analysis</p>

<p>What I... | matplotlib kaggle seaborn | 1 | Meaning of 'hue" in seaborn -- (matplotlib kaggle seaborn)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OzXv3.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OzXv3.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>I know what "hue" does a little</p>

<p>I'm studying kaggle and the image i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,768 | Convert CSV from an api to a dataframe format in python | <p>I am new to python, I have extracted some reviews from a website and I used the api of the webscrapping tool to import my data in python and the format is in csv. I want to convert this csv to a dataframe in python. Can someone guide me on how to perform this please.</p>

<p>Below is the code for importing ... | python dataframe | 1 | Convert CSV from an api to a dataframe format in python -- (python dataframe)
<p>I am new to python, I have extracted some reviews from a website and I used the api of the webscrapping tool to import my data in python and the format is in csv. I want to convert this csv to a dataframe in python. Can someone guide me o... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,771 | Markov Decision Process representation | <p>I'm attempting to model a simple process using a Markov Decision Process.</p>

<p>Let <span class="math-container">$A$</span> be a set of <span class="math-container">$3$</span> actions : <span class="math-container">$ A \in \{b,s\}$</span>. 
<span class="math-container">$T(s,a,s')$</span> represents the... | machine learning reinforcement learning q learning markov process | 1 | Markov Decision Process representation -- (machine learning reinforcement learning q learning markov process)
<p>I'm attempting to model a simple process using a Markov Decision Process.</p>

<p>Let <span class="math-container">$A$</span> be a set of <span class="math-container">$3$</span> actions : <span class... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,801 | Using Trainable=True in Keras Embedding obtained better performance | <p>It is suggested by the author of Keras [1] to use <code>Trainable=False</code> when using the embedding layer in Keras to prevent the weights from being updated during training. But in my experience, I always got better performance (lower error in regression) when setting <code>Trainable=True</code> in text processi... | keras word embeddings sentiment analysis text classification | 1 | Using Trainable=True in Keras Embedding obtained better performance -- (keras word embeddings sentiment analysis text classification)
<p>It is suggested by the author of Keras [1] to use <code>Trainable=False</code> when using the embedding layer in Keras to prevent the weights from being updated during training. But i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,809 | Generalised data science approach to astronomical catalogue cross-match | <p>I'm interested in performing a cross-match between two source catalogues in an astronomical context. I'll try and explain the context simply.</p>

<p>A truth catalogue of sources (each with some position, shape and flux properties) is used to create a synthetic astronomical image, by convolving with noise an... | machine learning k nn | 1 | Generalised data science approach to astronomical catalogue cross-match -- (machine learning k nn)
<p>I'm interested in performing a cross-match between two source catalogues in an astronomical context. I'll try and explain the context simply.</p>

<p>A truth catalogue of sources (each with some position, shape... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,822 | ROC AUC score is much less than average cross validation score | <p>Using Lending club Dataset to find the propability of default. I am using hyperopt library to fine tune hyper parameter for an XGBclassifier and trying to maximize the ROC AUC score. I am also using Random over sampling inside the pipeline and performing the cross validation on the whole pipeline.
The problem is... | xgboost cross validation overfitting hyperparameter hyperparameter tuning | 1 | ROC AUC score is much less than average cross validation score -- (xgboost cross validation overfitting hyperparameter hyperparameter tuning)
<p>Using Lending club Dataset to find the propability of default. I am using hyperopt library to fine tune hyper parameter for an XGBclassifier and trying to maximize the ROC AUC... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,826 | Keras BatchNormalization axis | <p>I use spectrogram as input to a Convolutional Neural Network I have created with tensorflow.keras in Python. </p>

<p>Its shape is (time, frequency, 1). </p>

<p>The input's shape of the CNN is (None, time, frequency, n_channels) where n_channels=1 and the first layer is a Conv2D. In between every Co... | keras cnn batch normalization | 1 | Keras BatchNormalization axis -- (keras cnn batch normalization)
<p>I use spectrogram as input to a Convolutional Neural Network I have created with tensorflow.keras in Python. </p>

<p>Its shape is (time, frequency, 1). </p>

<p>The input's shape of the CNN is (None, time, frequency, n_channels) where ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,834 | order of features for model tuning vs model fitting | <p>Assuming that the same columns (i.e., features) are used for hyperparameter tuning and model fitting, and ensemble models are used for modeling (e.g., Random forest or XGboost), then does the order of columns used during the hyperparameter tuning process should be identical to the order of columns used when fitting ... | random forest xgboost hyperparameter tuning | 1 | order of features for model tuning vs model fitting -- (random forest xgboost hyperparameter tuning)
<p>Assuming that the same columns (i.e., features) are used for hyperparameter tuning and model fitting, and ensemble models are used for modeling (e.g., Random forest or XGboost), then does the order of columns used du... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,844 | Data science career problems: interaction of technical and social difficulties | <p>I have been trying to break into the bioinformatics space (and now, data science more generally).</p>

<p>Although there are numerous challenges in this field and I am constantly learning to deal with them, I have have found the most consistent and intractible challenges are interpersonal, and they are unlik... | career | 1 | Data science career problems: interaction of technical and social difficulties -- (career)
<p>I have been trying to break into the bioinformatics space (and now, data science more generally).</p>

<p>Although there are numerous challenges in this field and I am constantly learning to deal with them, I have have... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,853 | Assigning new word by creating a new column when finding match | <p>I have a survey df and I want to assign a new value of either existing customer 
 or new customer based on their answers. if someone has 3 answers but one of 
 them matches "coca cola" I want to give them the value of existing customer 
 here is the data frame</p>

<pre><code>ID Q... | python pandas | 1 | Assigning new word by creating a new column when finding match -- (python pandas)
<p>I have a survey df and I want to assign a new value of either existing customer 
 or new customer based on their answers. if someone has 3 answers but one of 
 them matches "coca cola" I want to give them the value of exi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,854 | LabelEncoder with a Multi-Layer Perceptron? | <p>So we're working on a machine learning project at work and it's the first time I'm working with an actual team on this. I got pretty good results with a model that uses the following SKLearn pipeline:</p>

<p>Data -> LabelEncoder -> MinMaxScaler (between 0-1) -> PCA (I go from 130 columns to 50 prime compone... | regression encoding labels mlp categorical encoding | 1 | LabelEncoder with a Multi-Layer Perceptron? -- (regression encoding labels mlp categorical encoding)
<p>So we're working on a machine learning project at work and it's the first time I'm working with an actual team on this. I got pretty good results with a model that uses the following SKLearn pipeline:</p>

<p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,870 | order of features importance after make_column_transformer and pipeline | <p>I have a data preparation and model fitting pipeline that takes a dataframe (X_trn) and uses the ‘make_column_transformer’ and ‘Pipeline’ functions in sklearn to prepare the data and fit XGBRegressor.
The code looks something like this</p>

<pre><code> xgb = XGBRegressor()

 preprocessor = make_c... | xgboost features pipelines | 1 | order of features importance after make_column_transformer and pipeline -- (xgboost features pipelines)
<p>I have a data preparation and model fitting pipeline that takes a dataframe (X_trn) and uses the ‘make_column_transformer’ and ‘Pipeline’ functions in sklearn to prepare the data and fit XGBRegressor.
The code... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,875 | Data augmentation in deep training | <p>I'm trying to understand the role of data augmentation and how it can affect the performance/accuracy of a deep model. My target application is a fire classification (fire or not, on video frames), with almost 15K positive and negative samples, and I was using the following data augmentation techniques. Does using <... | deep learning classification training accuracy data augmentation | 1 | Data augmentation in deep training -- (deep learning classification training accuracy data augmentation)
<p>I'm trying to understand the role of data augmentation and how it can affect the performance/accuracy of a deep model. My target application is a fire classification (fire or not, on video frames), with almost 15... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,881 | Machine Learning - How to predict set of fixed fields based on past features | <p>I have quite a large dataset (> 100k rows), which contains information for logistical shipments. (export shipments)</p>

<p>The dataset looks like this:</p>

<pre><code>|shipper|consignee |origin|destination |
|-------|--------------------------... | machine learning python prediction | 1 | Machine Learning - How to predict set of fixed fields based on past features -- (machine learning python prediction)
<p>I have quite a large dataset (> 100k rows), which contains information for logistical shipments. (export shipments)</p>

<p>The dataset looks like this:</p>

<pre><code>|shipper|consig... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,884 | predicting next jobtitle | <p>I have a dataset of which has 30M rows each like [current_jobtitles, nextjobtitles].</p>
<pre><code>[['junior software programmer', 'senior software programmer'],
 ['senior software programmer', 'lead software programmer'],
 ['sales associate', 'regional sales associate']]
</code></pre>
<p>I want... | machine learning python deep learning machine learning model text generation | 1 | predicting next jobtitle -- (machine learning python deep learning machine learning model text generation)
<p>I have a dataset of which has 30M rows each like [current_jobtitles, nextjobtitles].</p>
<pre><code>[['junior software programmer', 'senior software programmer'],
 ['senior software programmer', 'lead s... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,890 | How is the GridsearchCV Score calculated? | <p>How is the score of GridsearchCV calculated? Is the score a percentage? Does this mean higher is a better?</p>
 | python cross validation python 3.x gridsearchcv | 1 | How is the GridsearchCV Score calculated? -- (python cross validation python 3.x gridsearchcv)
<p>How is the score of GridsearchCV calculated? Is the score a percentage? Does this mean higher is a better?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,898 | EfficientNet: Compound scaling method intuition | <p>I was reading the paper <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.11946.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks</a> and couldn't get my head around this sentence:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>Intuitively, the compound scaling method makes sense because ... | deep learning neural network cnn computer vision convolutional neural network | 1 | EfficientNet: Compound scaling method intuition -- (deep learning neural network cnn computer vision convolutional neural network)
<p>I was reading the paper <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.11946.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks</a> and couldn't... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,903 | How to impute right-censored data | <p>I have a dataset of vectors representing movement with various characteristics. Some vectors represents the movement that was stopped by external factor and therefore, observed value for length of such a vector (<code>v_length</code>) is incomplete (marked as <code>incomplete == 1</code>). The data looks like below... | data imputation survival analysis | 1 | How to impute right-censored data -- (data imputation survival analysis)
<p>I have a dataset of vectors representing movement with various characteristics. Some vectors represents the movement that was stopped by external factor and therefore, observed value for length of such a vector (<code>v_length</code>) is incom... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,914 | What are the elements in a BERT word embedding? | <p>As far as I understand, BERT is a word embedding that can be fine-tuned or used directly. </p>

<p>With older word embeddings (word2vec, Glove), each word was only represented once in the embedding (one vector per word). This was a problem because it did not take homonyms into account. As far as I understand... | word embeddings nlp bert language model | 1 | What are the elements in a BERT word embedding? -- (word embeddings nlp bert language model)
<p>As far as I understand, BERT is a word embedding that can be fine-tuned or used directly. </p>

<p>With older word embeddings (word2vec, Glove), each word was only represented once in the embedding (one vector per wo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,922 | what metrics to evaluate rank order results? | <p>I have searched on stackexchange and found a couple of topics like <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/64707/calculating-rank-ordering-error-metric-for-implicit-recommendation">this</a> and <a href="https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/159657/metrics-for-evaluating-ranking-algorithms">this<... | prediction evaluation performance metric ranking | 1 | what metrics to evaluate rank order results? -- (prediction evaluation performance metric ranking)
<p>I have searched on stackexchange and found a couple of topics like <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/64707/calculating-rank-ordering-error-metric-for-implicit-recommendation">this</a> and <a href... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,942 | Does building a corpus make sense on a documentation project? | <p>I have zero to experience in data science or machine learning. Because of this I am not able to determine if building a corpus does apply to the problem I am trying to solve.</p>

<p>I am trying to build a reference site for cloud technologies such as AWS Google Cloud. </p>

<p>I was able to build st... | machine learning nlp corpus | 1 | Does building a corpus make sense on a documentation project? -- (machine learning nlp corpus)
<p>I have zero to experience in data science or machine learning. Because of this I am not able to determine if building a corpus does apply to the problem I am trying to solve.</p>

<p>I am trying to build a referenc... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,950 | What are features in computer vision? | <p>I'm learning how U-NET network works to do semantic segmentation.</p>

<p>I think I have understood everything but features. What are those image features?</p>

<p>I read that convolutional layers extract features from the images using their filters, but what are they? Are they corners? edges? colour... | deep learning computer vision convolution image segmentation | 1 | What are features in computer vision? -- (deep learning computer vision convolution image segmentation)
<p>I'm learning how U-NET network works to do semantic segmentation.</p>

<p>I think I have understood everything but features. What are those image features?</p>

<p>I read that convolutional layers ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,963 | What is the name of this statistical interaction? | <p>What is the name of the following statistical / informational interaction:</p>

<p>given A, I know exactly what B is.
given B, I know to some extent what A is.</p>

<p>I'm not looking for a probability but rather something like correlation.
Something that tells me that I don't need to include... | feature selection probability theory | 1 | What is the name of this statistical interaction? -- (feature selection probability theory)
<p>What is the name of the following statistical / informational interaction:</p>

<p>given A, I know exactly what B is.
given B, I know to some extent what A is.</p>

<p>I'm not looking for a probability but... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,971 | Plot dataframe with two columns on the x axis | <p>how would I plot the data below with the x axis as Year & Month? Each Year-month combination has a unique monthly count (Y). I am unsure how to proceed, given than they are in different columns, should I combine them first?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/x6qYH.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><... | pandas dataframe matplotlib | 1 | Plot dataframe with two columns on the x axis -- (pandas dataframe matplotlib)
<p>how would I plot the data below with the x axis as Year & Month? Each Year-month combination has a unique monthly count (Y). I am unsure how to proceed, given than they are in different columns, should I combine them first?</p>
&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,974 | K-Means Clustering too crowded | <p>I have written a simple python code that opens a csv files and then clusters the values of one column. There around 10k rows</p>

<p>This is my code</p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import random as rd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

data = pd.read_csv('file... | machine learning scikit learn k means | 1 | K-Means Clustering too crowded -- (machine learning scikit learn k means)
<p>I have written a simple python code that opens a csv files and then clusters the values of one column. There around 10k rows</p>

<p>This is my code</p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import random a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
67,981 | Class asks me to give self for Naive Bayes Model python | <p>I try to use the following code but when I try to use fit function with <code>my X_train</code> and <code>y_train</code>, 
I get the following error: </p>

<p><code>fit() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'</code></p>

<p>I do not know much about classes but I know it should not ask fo... | python classification prediction naive bayes classifier implementation | 1 | Class asks me to give self for Naive Bayes Model python -- (python classification prediction naive bayes classifier implementation)
<p>I try to use the following code but when I try to use fit function with <code>my X_train</code> and <code>y_train</code>, 
I get the following error: </p>

<p><code>fit() mi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,005 | How to train my model efficiently? | <p>I am new to ML and have been reading online about training bottlenecks when there are frequent updates to data.</p>

<p>Let's say I have a built a model based on a dataset of 10M records.</p>

<p>Now, in another 2 months, I might receive another 1M records which we would like to feed into our model a... | machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling training | 1 | How to train my model efficiently? -- (machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling training)
<p>I am new to ML and have been reading online about training bottlenecks when there are frequent updates to data.</p>

<p>Let's say I have a built a model based on a dataset of 10M records.</p>
&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,009 | How to calculate the final adjusted weights for a neural network model | <p>My understanding of a neural network algorithm is the 1st row/observation of the dataset is inputted into the NN model and then backpropagation happens to adjust the weights, until some condition is met and the weights stop adjusting. This then happens again on the 2nd row/observation of the dataset, 3rd row/observa... | machine learning neural network data science model | 1 | How to calculate the final adjusted weights for a neural network model -- (machine learning neural network data science model)
<p>My understanding of a neural network algorithm is the 1st row/observation of the dataset is inputted into the NN model and then backpropagation happens to adjust the weights, until some cond... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,014 | How to return states of LSTM in MXNet? | <p>I used MXNet previously to beat keras+tensorflow accuracy in CNN regression models.
Now I am trying to implement LSTM, which in keras runs fine:</p>

<pre><code>from keras.layers import LSTM,Flatten,Input
from keras import Model
import numpy as np

def make_keras_stacked_lstm():
 i... | keras lstm rnn mxnet | 1 | How to return states of LSTM in MXNet? -- (keras lstm rnn mxnet)
<p>I used MXNet previously to beat keras+tensorflow accuracy in CNN regression models.
Now I am trying to implement LSTM, which in keras runs fine:</p>

<pre><code>from keras.layers import LSTM,Flatten,Input
from keras import Model
imp... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,016 | How to preprocess data for Word2Vec? | <p>I have text data which is crawled from websites. I am preprocessing data to train Word2Vec model. Should I remove stopwords and do lemmatization? How to preprocess data for Word2Vec?</p>
 | nlp data preprocessing word embeddings word2vec | 1 | How to preprocess data for Word2Vec? -- (nlp data preprocessing word embeddings word2vec)
<p>I have text data which is crawled from websites. I am preprocessing data to train Word2Vec model. Should I remove stopwords and do lemmatization? How to preprocess data for Word2Vec?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,020 | What is the feedforward network in a transformer trained on? | <p>After reading the 'Attention is all you need' article, I understand the general architecture of a transformer. However, it is unclear to me how the feed forward neural network learns. </p>

<p>What I learned about neural nets is that they learn based on a target variable, through back propagation according t... | neural network nlp autoencoder transformer attention mechanism | 1 | What is the feedforward network in a transformer trained on? -- (neural network nlp autoencoder transformer attention mechanism)
<p>After reading the 'Attention is all you need' article, I understand the general architecture of a transformer. However, it is unclear to me how the feed forward neural network learns. </p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,045 | How are the channels handled in CNN? Is it independently processed or fused? | <p>Let's assume that we are talking about 2D convolutions applied on images.</p>

<p>In a grayscale image, the data is a matrix of dimensions <span class="math-container">$w \times h$</span>, where <span class="math-container">$w$</span> is the width of the image and <span class="math-container">$h$</span> is i... | deep learning cnn terminology mathematics | 1 | How are the channels handled in CNN? Is it independently processed or fused? -- (deep learning cnn terminology mathematics)
<p>Let's assume that we are talking about 2D convolutions applied on images.</p>

<p>In a grayscale image, the data is a matrix of dimensions <span class="math-container">$w \times h$</spa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,074 | Does Fasttext use One Hot Encoding? | <p>In the original Skipgram/CBOW both context word and target word are represented as one-hot encoding.</p>

<p>Does fasttext also use one-hot encoding for each subword when training the skip-gram/CBOW model (so the length of the one-hot encoding vector is |Vocab| + |all subwords|)? If they use it, do they use ... | nlp word embeddings one hot encoding | 1 | Does Fasttext use One Hot Encoding? -- (nlp word embeddings one hot encoding)
<p>In the original Skipgram/CBOW both context word and target word are represented as one-hot encoding.</p>

<p>Does fasttext also use one-hot encoding for each subword when training the skip-gram/CBOW model (so the length of the one-... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,082 | Semantic text similarity using BERT | <p>Given two sentences, I want to quantify the degree of similarity between the two text-based on Semantic similarity.
Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) assesses the degree to which two sentences are semantically equivalent to each other.
 say my input is of order:</p>

<pre><code>index line1 ... | python nlp bert | 1 | Semantic text similarity using BERT -- (python nlp bert)
<p>Given two sentences, I want to quantify the degree of similarity between the two text-based on Semantic similarity.
Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) assesses the degree to which two sentences are semantically equivalent to each other.
 say my input is... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,087 | Does the Koalas library allow to use all Pandas machine learning libraries like Scikit-Learn, XGBoost, and TensorFlow? | <p>I would like to implement a model based on some cleaned and prepared data set. I already have a bit of experience with PySpark, but from a data scientist's perspective it can be cumbersome to work with it. Therefore I would like to try Koalas. I have a lot of experience with Pandas and hope this API will help me to ... | machine learning python pandas apache spark implementation | 1 | Does the Koalas library allow to use all Pandas machine learning libraries like Scikit-Learn, XGBoost, and TensorFlow? -- (machine learning python pandas apache spark implementation)
<p>I would like to implement a model based on some cleaned and prepared data set. I already have a bit of experience with PySpark, but fr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,098 | How do I know the best pruning criteria for decision trees? | <p>Right now,I am working on decision trees on python,how do I know what would be the best pruning criteria based on my data?</p>
 | machine learning python decision trees machine learning model | 1 | How do I know the best pruning criteria for decision trees? -- (machine learning python decision trees machine learning model)
<p>Right now,I am working on decision trees on python,how do I know what would be the best pruning criteria based on my data?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,122 | Slightly different results between scipy.stats.spearmanr and manual calculation | <p>I have the following dataset. 
When I calculate the Spearman correlation coefficient with <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.spearmanr.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>scipy.stats.spearmanr</code></a>, it returns 0.718182.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur... | spearmans rank correlation | 1 | Slightly different results between scipy.stats.spearmanr and manual calculation -- (spearmans rank correlation)
<p>I have the following dataset. 
When I calculate the Spearman correlation coefficient with <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.spearmanr.html" rel="nofollow norefer... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,128 | Clustering of sparse matrix with many co-variates | <p>I have a <strong>2M x 2000 sparse matrix</strong> where rows represent an item and columns represent dimensions. I want to understand whether there are meaningful clusters in the data and I started to explore the dimensions to transform and normalise the data. </p>

<p>Of the 2000 attributes to an item, many... | clustering sparsity | 1 | Clustering of sparse matrix with many co-variates -- (clustering sparsity)
<p>I have a <strong>2M x 2000 sparse matrix</strong> where rows represent an item and columns represent dimensions. I want to understand whether there are meaningful clusters in the data and I started to explore the dimensions to transform and n... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,146 | ADAM algorithm for multilayer neural network | <p>I’m trying to touch neural networks without using “in box” algorithms. And so I found out that nowhere is written how to calculate square of gradient for hidden layers in ADAM optimizer.<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/9xrEe.jpg" alt="enter image description here">
I took the description from original article... | neural network optimization | 1 | ADAM algorithm for multilayer neural network -- (neural network optimization)
<p>I’m trying to touch neural networks without using “in box” algorithms. And so I found out that nowhere is written how to calculate square of gradient for hidden layers in ADAM optimizer.<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/9xrEe.jpg" alt="e... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,162 | Correlation based Feature Selection vs Feature Engineering | <p>I'm a bit confused about the superiority of Feature Selection over Feature Engineering or vice versa.</p>

<p>Let's say I just want to get the best possible performance on a couple of models like a neural network, something tree-based and a Naive Bayes Classifier.</p>

<p>Before starting any training... | neural network feature selection decision trees feature engineering correlation | 1 | Correlation based Feature Selection vs Feature Engineering -- (neural network feature selection decision trees feature engineering correlation)
<p>I'm a bit confused about the superiority of Feature Selection over Feature Engineering or vice versa.</p>

<p>Let's say I just want to get the best possible performa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,172 | UniLM - Unified Language Model for summarization | <p>The UniLM claims to be the best approach for summarization task. But there doesn't seem to be any tutorial or how-to section in the README.md or any other blog. How exactly can I use this state-of-the-art library for abstractive summary generation?</p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/microsoft/unilm" rel="nofollo... | nlp automatic summarization | 1 | UniLM - Unified Language Model for summarization -- (nlp automatic summarization)
<p>The UniLM claims to be the best approach for summarization task. But there doesn't seem to be any tutorial or how-to section in the README.md or any other blog. How exactly can I use this state-of-the-art library for abstractive summar... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,176 | How to archive trained PyTorch models? | <p>Currently, I am working on my thesis which is built on <code>LSTM</code> networks and I am using <code>PyTorch</code> library. However I am struggling to solve the conceptual problem of archiving trained <code>models</code>. </p>

<p>To make the question more clear; I am saving models in a archicture that I ... | data science model pytorch model selection | 1 | How to archive trained PyTorch models? -- (data science model pytorch model selection)
<p>Currently, I am working on my thesis which is built on <code>LSTM</code> networks and I am using <code>PyTorch</code> library. However I am struggling to solve the conceptual problem of archiving trained <code>models</code>. </p>&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,179 | Using time series to predict house prices vs. multiple linear regression | <p>Re-post.</p>

<p>Machine Learning Courses often teach house prices prediction using multiple linear regression - when we want to predict the value of a variable based on the value of two or more other variables. Indeed the one I did on coursera and that makes sense to me.</p>

<p>I note that others s... | time series regression | 1 | Using time series to predict house prices vs. multiple linear regression -- (time series regression)
<p>Re-post.</p>

<p>Machine Learning Courses often teach house prices prediction using multiple linear regression - when we want to predict the value of a variable based on the value of two or more other variabl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,186 | How should I read the following heatmap? | <p>I've been playing around with the linear regression, and I was thought that before commencing it's always good to plot an heatmap to see whether there are features that somehow is worth testing for their significance/relationship.
Would you agree with the above?</p>

<p>With that being said, after having... | dataset visualization heatmap | 1 | How should I read the following heatmap? -- (dataset visualization heatmap)
<p>I've been playing around with the linear regression, and I was thought that before commencing it's always good to plot an heatmap to see whether there are features that somehow is worth testing for their significance/relationship.
Would ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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