id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
68,189 | What is the minimum number of data to create a function? | <p>I gonna introduce the problematic like this:</p>

<p>Let's say there are individuals with different capacities/skills. These capacities/skills are depending of the environment: nature of the floor, weather temperature, wind speed. The capacity/skill I want to study is the speed of the individuals considering... | linear regression | 1 | What is the minimum number of data to create a function? -- (linear regression)
<p>I gonna introduce the problematic like this:</p>

<p>Let's say there are individuals with different capacities/skills. These capacities/skills are depending of the environment: nature of the floor, weather temperature, wind speed... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,190 | Hindsight Experience Replay (HER) results obtained 50 times faster than original paper? | <p>I am reproducing the results from Hindsight Experience Replay by Andrychowicz et. al. In the original paper they present the results below, where the agent is trained for 200 epochs.</p>

<p>200 epochs * 800 episodes * 50 time steps = 8,000,000 total time steps.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur... | machine learning python neural network reinforcement learning | 1 | Hindsight Experience Replay (HER) results obtained 50 times faster than original paper? -- (machine learning python neural network reinforcement learning)
<p>I am reproducing the results from Hindsight Experience Replay by Andrychowicz et. al. In the original paper they present the results below, where the agent is tra... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,194 | Random Forest - ValueError: Input contains NaN, infinity or a value too large for dtype('float32') | <p>I'm trying to apply the RandomForest method to a dataset and I get this error:</p>

<p><code>ValueError: Input contains NaN, infinity or a value too large for dtype ('float32')</code></p>

<p>Could someone tell me what I can modify in the function for the code to work:</p>

<pre><code>def ran... | python python 3.x | 1 | Random Forest - ValueError: Input contains NaN, infinity or a value too large for dtype('float32') -- (python python 3.x)
<p>I'm trying to apply the RandomForest method to a dataset and I get this error:</p>

<p><code>ValueError: Input contains NaN, infinity or a value too large for dtype ('float32')</code></p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,197 | Multi-class clasification | <p>Just getting my toes wet with running some models on the Iris dataset and was wondering if using One-vs-Rest is required or not? Because I can fit a linear model without it, but using OVR yields different results. </p>

<p>Any explainations would be great, thank you!</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.... | machine learning scikit learn | 1 | Multi-class clasification -- (machine learning scikit learn)
<p>Just getting my toes wet with running some models on the Iris dataset and was wondering if using One-vs-Rest is required or not? Because I can fit a linear model without it, but using OVR yields different results. </p>

<p>Any explainations would b... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,205 | How to predict an outcome within a specific time window? | <p>I have a dataset which has around 10K records.</p>

<p>My objective is to predict whether the customer will churn or not. Binary classification problem with each class representing around 55:45 proportion and 20 features.</p>

<p>I understand when it's just about prediction, I can apply some binary c... | machine learning deep learning classification data mining regression | 1 | How to predict an outcome within a specific time window? -- (machine learning deep learning classification data mining regression)
<p>I have a dataset which has around 10K records.</p>

<p>My objective is to predict whether the customer will churn or not. Binary classification problem with each class representi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,221 | Classification model using RNN(action detection) | <ol>
<li>1) Could it be useful to use RNN for classification problem?<em>(e.g.
to distinguish which action is taken: car is going, walking,
digging, nothing)</em>.</li>
<li>If 1 question is positive, how should RNN structure look like?</li>
</ol>

<p>I have dataset of 4 actions, many example... | neural network deep learning rnn | 1 | Classification model using RNN(action detection) -- (neural network deep learning rnn)
<ol>
<li>1) Could it be useful to use RNN for classification problem?<em>(e.g.
to distinguish which action is taken: car is going, walking,
digging, nothing)</em>.</li>
<li>If 1 question is positive, how should RNN st... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,222 | Is there a cost associated with converting Koalas dataframe to Spark dataframe? | <p>I know that pandas works "under the hood" with numpy arrays stored in dictionaries. In contrast, Koalas works with the underlying Spark framework. Does that mean that there is no extra cost associated with switching back and forth between Koalas and PySpark dataframes? </p>

<pre><code>#convert to pyspark da... | python performance pyspark distribution data engineering | 1 | Is there a cost associated with converting Koalas dataframe to Spark dataframe? -- (python performance pyspark distribution data engineering)
<p>I know that pandas works "under the hood" with numpy arrays stored in dictionaries. In contrast, Koalas works with the underlying Spark framework. Does that mean that there is... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,226 | Object Detection scratch implementation or high level API? | <p>I am at an intermediate level in Deep Learning. I wanted to implement object detection from scratch. Is the scratch implementation possible by a single person or will i have to use an high level API to do so. I am confused and don't know where to start.</p>
 | deep learning object detection | 1 | Object Detection scratch implementation or high level API? -- (deep learning object detection)
<p>I am at an intermediate level in Deep Learning. I wanted to implement object detection from scratch. Is the scratch implementation possible by a single person or will i have to use an high level API to do so. I am confused... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,238 | Reinforcement Learning: Policy Gradient derivation question | <p>I have been reading this excellent post: <a href="https://medium.com/@jonathan_hui/rl-policy-gradients-explained-9b13b688b146" rel="noreferrer">https://medium.com/@jonathan_hui/rl-policy-gradients-explained-9b13b688b146</a> and following the RL-videos by David Silver, and I did not get this thing:</p>

<p>Fo... | reinforcement learning policy gradients | 1 | Reinforcement Learning: Policy Gradient derivation question -- (reinforcement learning policy gradients)
<p>I have been reading this excellent post: <a href="https://medium.com/@jonathan_hui/rl-policy-gradients-explained-9b13b688b146" rel="noreferrer">https://medium.com/@jonathan_hui/rl-policy-gradients-explained-9b13b... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,245 | What is the best way to store images in python for machine learning | <p>I am currently working on a classification problem that requires me to classify whether an image contains cancerous tissue cells or not. Each image is 50x50x3 pixels, the 3 is for RGB values. </p>

<p>So far I have a pandas dataframe that contains the target value, patient id, image id and the path to the co... | machine learning pandas image classification pca python 3.x | 1 | What is the best way to store images in python for machine learning -- (machine learning pandas image classification pca python 3.x)
<p>I am currently working on a classification problem that requires me to classify whether an image contains cancerous tissue cells or not. Each image is 50x50x3 pixels, the 3 is for RGB ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,251 | Why is hierarchical clustering quadratic and k-means linear? | <p>According to the internet, k-means clustering is linear in the number of data objects i.e. O(n), where n is the number of data objects. The time complexity of most of the hierarchical clustering algorithms is quadratic i.e. O(n2).</p>

<p>I am struggling to intuitively understand what is the difference betwe... | clustering k means | 1 | Why is hierarchical clustering quadratic and k-means linear? -- (clustering k means)
<p>According to the internet, k-means clustering is linear in the number of data objects i.e. O(n), where n is the number of data objects. The time complexity of most of the hierarchical clustering algorithms is quadratic i.e. O(n2).</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,260 | Papers presenting results that are worse than random chance | <p>Is it me or has there been an increasingly large amount of object detection papers describing models that are performing worse than chance. Here is an example (an extract so not to name names):- </p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/BCL26.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.... | object detection | 1 | Papers presenting results that are worse than random chance -- (object detection)
<p>Is it me or has there been an increasingly large amount of object detection papers describing models that are performing worse than chance. Here is an example (an extract so not to name names):- </p>

<p><a href="https://i.sta... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,265 | Using Tensorflow object detection API vs Keras | <p>I am new to machine learning. I am curious to know what is the difference between using Keras instead of TensorFlow object detection API. We need to manually configure hidden layers and input layer in Keras so what is the advantage to use Keras and how to know how many layers should configure to achieve object detec... | python keras tensorflow computer vision object detection | 1 | Using Tensorflow object detection API vs Keras -- (python keras tensorflow computer vision object detection)
<p>I am new to machine learning. I am curious to know what is the difference between using Keras instead of TensorFlow object detection API. We need to manually configure hidden layers and input layer in Keras s... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,281 | Getting TypeError: expected bytes, Descriptor found while importing tensorflow | <p>I am trying to use tensorflow and keras for one of the tasks but while importing the tensorflow I am getting the below error. Till now I have removed the virtual which I have created previously and then created the new virtual environment again, but still I am getting the same error. Any leads would be appreciated. ... | python keras tensorflow | 1 | Getting TypeError: expected bytes, Descriptor found while importing tensorflow -- (python keras tensorflow)
<p>I am trying to use tensorflow and keras for one of the tasks but while importing the tensorflow I am getting the below error. Till now I have removed the virtual which I have created previously and then create... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,284 | why we need data labelling tool for computer vision? | <p>Before start training images with tensorflow object detection api we need to use labelling tool to annotate our images and converted to XML format.
What happens when we convert our annoted image to XML file? Why we need that?</p>
 | tensorflow computer vision object detection labels | 1 | why we need data labelling tool for computer vision? -- (tensorflow computer vision object detection labels)
<p>Before start training images with tensorflow object detection api we need to use labelling tool to annotate our images and converted to XML format.
What happens when we convert our annoted image to XML fi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,287 | Random Forest workflow? | <p>I have a data-set comprised of a fairly large number of columns (over 1000) relative to the number of rows (370) that I am currently running a random forest regression on. I am a little confused with respect to the best way to go around various tasks such as feature selection and cross-validation. </p>

<p>A... | machine learning feature selection random forest cross validation | 1 | Random Forest workflow? -- (machine learning feature selection random forest cross validation)
<p>I have a data-set comprised of a fairly large number of columns (over 1000) relative to the number of rows (370) that I am currently running a random forest regression on. I am a little confused with respect to the best wa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,291 | Python and GridSearchCV how to eliminate input contains NaN error when using cross validation and decision tree classifier? | <p>I am trying to do cross validation on Decision tree classifier for kaggle's titanic dataset. The first step after cleaning data is to split into train and test sets:</p>

<pre><code>from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(train, Y, test_siz... | python decision trees cross validation grid search | 1 | Python and GridSearchCV how to eliminate input contains NaN error when using cross validation and decision tree classifier? -- (python decision trees cross validation grid search)
<p>I am trying to do cross validation on Decision tree classifier for kaggle's titanic dataset. The first step after cleaning data is to spl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,292 | What is the “learning” step in Gaussian Naive Bayes classification? | <p>For conditionally independent features <span class="math-container">$f_i$</span>, Naive Bayes Classification gives me the classifier </p>

<p><span class="math-container">$Classifier(f) := \arg \max_{k} P(C=k) · ∏^n_{i=1} P(f_i|C=k)$</span></p>

<p>for classes <span class="math-container">$k$</span>... | machine learning naive bayes classifier gaussian | 1 | What is the “learning” step in Gaussian Naive Bayes classification? -- (machine learning naive bayes classifier gaussian)
<p>For conditionally independent features <span class="math-container">$f_i$</span>, Naive Bayes Classification gives me the classifier </p>

<p><span class="math-container">$Classifier(f) ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,318 | Leaky ReLU inside of a Simple Python Neural Net | <p>To build a simple 1-layer neural network, many tutorials use a sigmoid function as the activation function. According to scholarly articles and other online sources, a leaky ReLU is a better alternative; however, I cannot find a way to alter my code snippet to allow a leaky ReLU.</p>

<p>I tried logic like <... | python neural network activation function | 1 | Leaky ReLU inside of a Simple Python Neural Net -- (python neural network activation function)
<p>To build a simple 1-layer neural network, many tutorials use a sigmoid function as the activation function. According to scholarly articles and other online sources, a leaky ReLU is a better alternative; however, I cannot ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,322 | Is there any way to calculate the true,false positives and negatives for a regression problem | <p>I am trying to predict the glucose values of the patients for example values like 45,256,115 etc. based on some features. Currently I am calculating the accuracy in means of RMSE,MSE,R². Is there any way to calculate the accuracy in means of a confusion matrix by setting a threshold value like ±10 for the value pred... | machine learning prediction accuracy confusion matrix | 1 | Is there any way to calculate the true,false positives and negatives for a regression problem -- (machine learning prediction accuracy confusion matrix)
<p>I am trying to predict the glucose values of the patients for example values like 45,256,115 etc. based on some features. Currently I am calculating the accuracy in... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,329 | Logic Check: Building a SKLearn Pipeline | <p>I am new to the concept of building a pipeline in SKLearn and would appreciate some sense-checking to ensure that I am not leaking info from my training sets into my test set.</p>

<p><b>Background:</b></p>

<p>I have a sparse, high-dimensional data-set (370x1000) with a continuous variable as the ta... | machine learning scikit learn random forest cross validation pipelines | 1 | Logic Check: Building a SKLearn Pipeline -- (machine learning scikit learn random forest cross validation pipelines)
<p>I am new to the concept of building a pipeline in SKLearn and would appreciate some sense-checking to ensure that I am not leaking info from my training sets into my test set.</p>

<p><b>Backg... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,336 | What is max_trials and executions_per_trial in keras-tuner | <p>I am wondering what is the difference between <code>max_trials</code> & <code>executions_per_trial</code> in <code>kerastuner.tuners.bayesian.BayesianOptimization</code> function. Does <code>execution_per_trial</code> somehow relates to cross valdation? <code>max_trails</code> at first sounds like number of epoc... | keras | 1 | What is max_trials and executions_per_trial in keras-tuner -- (keras)
<p>I am wondering what is the difference between <code>max_trials</code> & <code>executions_per_trial</code> in <code>kerastuner.tuners.bayesian.BayesianOptimization</code> function. Does <code>execution_per_trial</code> somehow relates to cross ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,339 | How to begin understanding of audio and music analysis | <p>I recently have been assigned to do some work with the python <a href="https://librosa.github.io/librosa/index.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">libROSA</a> library. I don't have extensive experience with audio and music analysis and the apis and docs seem to assume a higher level of understanding. For example, the ... | audio recognition | 1 | How to begin understanding of audio and music analysis -- (audio recognition)
<p>I recently have been assigned to do some work with the python <a href="https://librosa.github.io/librosa/index.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">libROSA</a> library. I don't have extensive experience with audio and music analysis and the ap... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,342 | Assign a unique cluster based on a dataframe column with KMeans Algorithm | <p>I have the following <code>df</code></p>

<pre><code> x1 x2 x3 x4 
 1000 5000 0.8 restaurant1
 2000 7000 0.75 restaurant1
 500 1000 0.5 restaurant2
 700 1400 0.6 restaurant2
 1000 5000 0.8 restaurant2
 100 600 0.9 res... | python clustering pandas k means numpy | 1 | Assign a unique cluster based on a dataframe column with KMeans Algorithm -- (python clustering pandas k means numpy)
<p>I have the following <code>df</code></p>

<pre><code> x1 x2 x3 x4 
 1000 5000 0.8 restaurant1
 2000 7000 0.75 restaurant1
 500 1000 0.5 re... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,344 | Performance gain of GPU when learning DNNs | <p>Currently, I learn deep neural networks on my CPU (i7-6700K) using TensorFlow without AVX2 enabled. The networks need about 3 weeks to be learned. Therefore, I am searching for a (cheap) way to speed up this process. Is it better to compile TensorFlow enabling AVX2 or to buy a cheap[1] GPU like the GeForce GTX 1650 ... | gpu hardware | 1 | Performance gain of GPU when learning DNNs -- (gpu hardware)
<p>Currently, I learn deep neural networks on my CPU (i7-6700K) using TensorFlow without AVX2 enabled. The networks need about 3 weeks to be learned. Therefore, I am searching for a (cheap) way to speed up this process. Is it better to compile TensorFlow enab... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,357 | Weka: Implementation of Random Forest | <p>I am wondering how random forests are exactly implemented in Weka. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329798941_The_Random_Forest_Classifier_in_WEKA_Discussion_and_New_Developments_for_Imbalanced_Data/link/5c2f2bbd299bf12be3ab8db3/download" rel="nofollow noreferrer">This paper</a> is very specific abo... | random forest weka | 1 | Weka: Implementation of Random Forest -- (random forest weka)
<p>I am wondering how random forests are exactly implemented in Weka. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329798941_The_Random_Forest_Classifier_in_WEKA_Discussion_and_New_Developments_for_Imbalanced_Data/link/5c2f2bbd299bf12be3ab8db3/download"... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,367 | What is "Laplacian image space"? | <p>I have been working through <a href="http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_ICCV_2017/papers/Huang_Beyond_Face_Rotation_ICCV_2017_paper.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Beyond Face Rotation: Global and Local Perception GAN for Photorealistic and Identity Preserving Frontal View Synthesis</a> where the authors make the f... | deep learning computer vision 3d reconstruction | 1 | What is "Laplacian image space"? -- (deep learning computer vision 3d reconstruction)
<p>I have been working through <a href="http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_ICCV_2017/papers/Huang_Beyond_Face_Rotation_ICCV_2017_paper.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Beyond Face Rotation: Global and Local Perception GAN for Photorea... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,395 | Which data set to use to find correlation between Predictor and response variables? Test data set? Training data set? or the entire data set? | <p>I have a dataset with 4 predictor variables X1, X2, X3, X4, and one response variable Y. I have been asked to check the correlation between these variables and see how they are related and then use linear model to fit them.</p>

<p>No split of training set:test set is given. I have one data set with 10000 sa... | machine learning r linear regression correlation | 1 | Which data set to use to find correlation between Predictor and response variables? Test data set? Training data set? or the entire data set? -- (machine learning r linear regression correlation)
<p>I have a dataset with 4 predictor variables X1, X2, X3, X4, and one response variable Y. I have been asked to check the c... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,400 | How to comptute principal component from three points in two dimensional space? | <p>I have the following question:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>Given 3 points (-1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1). What's the first principal component and what are the coordinates of the projected data points? What would be the variance of the projected data? How to reconstruct the original data points and what would be the... | machine learning pca | 1 | How to comptute principal component from three points in two dimensional space? -- (machine learning pca)
<p>I have the following question:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>Given 3 points (-1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1). What's the first principal component and what are the coordinates of the projected data points? What woul... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,402 | Comparing one small dataset with a big dataset for similar records | <p>I create a varying small dataset (dataset: X) with 500 records in each query. Everytime I need to compare the dataset with a bigger one (dataset: A) (15 milion records) to find similar (or semi-silmilar) values from three different columns. The values are either one word or a sentences. My algorithms is like this: <... | nlp data mining bigdata similarity | 1 | Comparing one small dataset with a big dataset for similar records -- (nlp data mining bigdata similarity)
<p>I create a varying small dataset (dataset: X) with 500 records in each query. Everytime I need to compare the dataset with a bigger one (dataset: A) (15 milion records) to find similar (or semi-silmilar) values... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,450 | How can you include information not present in an image for neural networks? | <p>I am training a CNN to identify objects in images (one label per image). However, I have additional information about these images that cannot be retrieved by looking at the image itself. In more detail, I'm talking about the physical location of this object. This information proved to be important when classifying ... | neural network object recognition | 1 | How can you include information not present in an image for neural networks? -- (neural network object recognition)
<p>I am training a CNN to identify objects in images (one label per image). However, I have additional information about these images that cannot be retrieved by looking at the image itself. In more detai... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,472 | Is it possible to deploy a python trained machine learning model (e.g. a .pkl file) in C language? | <p>I would like to train my machine learning using Python and libraries such as tensor flow, keras, and scikit-learn. After trained, I would like to export this trained model to a file, so far I have been using the library pickle. I feel that this is pretty standard in any ML project. </p>

<p>However, and the ... | python c | 1 | Is it possible to deploy a python trained machine learning model (e.g. a .pkl file) in C language? -- (python c)
<p>I would like to train my machine learning using Python and libraries such as tensor flow, keras, and scikit-learn. After trained, I would like to export this trained model to a file, so far I have been us... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,488 | No statistical significance but observable trends | <p>I have a general inference question regarding scenarios when results from data are not statistically significant but there appears to be an observable trend. </p>

<p>For example, <code>treatment A</code> and <code>treatment B</code> are applied to 2 independent populations. Using a ttest to analyze the res... | data analysis ab test experiments | 1 | No statistical significance but observable trends -- (data analysis ab test experiments)
<p>I have a general inference question regarding scenarios when results from data are not statistically significant but there appears to be an observable trend. </p>

<p>For example, <code>treatment A</code> and <code>treat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,497 | Recall score for each sample in multilabel classification | <p>Does it make sense to calculate the recall for each sample in a multilabel classification problem?</p>
<p>Suppose I have 3 data samples, each having its own true set of labels and predicted set of labels.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/WziUV.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack... | classification multilabel classification metric | 1 | Recall score for each sample in multilabel classification -- (classification multilabel classification metric)
<p>Does it make sense to calculate the recall for each sample in a multilabel classification problem?</p>
<p>Suppose I have 3 data samples, each having its own true set of labels and predicted set of label... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,501 | How to select the best model from validation/training/holdout accuracy score | <p>I have made my own function to log all the attempts at hyperparamter tuning, the following information is gathered from a 10 fold cross validation.</p>

<p>But I am struggling to work out which model is best.</p>

<pre><code>+----+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+----------... | cross validation model selection | 1 | How to select the best model from validation/training/holdout accuracy score -- (cross validation model selection)
<p>I have made my own function to log all the attempts at hyperparamter tuning, the following information is gathered from a 10 fold cross validation.</p>

<p>But I am struggling to work out which ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,530 | SVM SVC: Metric for parameter optimization on imbalanced data | <p>I trained a multiclass SVC with RBF kernel on a down-sampled (and therefore balanced) dataset.
Now I want to perform grid search to find best cost and gamma.</p>

<p>What performance metric should I optimize for?</p>

<p>I have a highly imbalanced test set. There might be a factor of over 100 bet... | classification svm class imbalance libsvm | 1 | SVM SVC: Metric for parameter optimization on imbalanced data -- (classification svm class imbalance libsvm)
<p>I trained a multiclass SVC with RBF kernel on a down-sampled (and therefore balanced) dataset.
Now I want to perform grid search to find best cost and gamma.</p>

<p>What performance metric should... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,537 | Checking if english sentences have impact catpured in them using NLP | <p>I am looking for high level approach to identify <strong>if a given sentence has impact captured in it</strong>. For example in below two examples, <strong>sentence 2</strong> has impact captured.</p>

<h3>Example 1</h3>

<p>Sentence 1: I learnt speaking spanish this year.</p>

<p>Sentence 2:... | nlp | 1 | Checking if english sentences have impact catpured in them using NLP -- (nlp)
<p>I am looking for high level approach to identify <strong>if a given sentence has impact captured in it</strong>. For example in below two examples, <strong>sentence 2</strong> has impact captured.</p>

<h3>Example 1</h3>

<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,560 | Python how to add a condition to the groupby while calculating the median of a field? | <p>I need to add a new condition to the following line:</p>

<pre><code>train["Age"].fillna(train.groupby("Ticket")["Age"].transform("median"), inplace=True)
</code></pre>

<p>Currently, its taking the median of the age based on tickets class.</p>

<p>I need to add to this <code>groupby("Tic... | python data cleaning | 1 | Python how to add a condition to the groupby while calculating the median of a field? -- (python data cleaning)
<p>I need to add a new condition to the following line:</p>

<pre><code>train["Age"].fillna(train.groupby("Ticket")["Age"].transform("median"), inplace=True)
</code></pre>

<p>Currently, i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,562 | What is the bleu score of professional human translators? | <p>Machine translation models are usually evaluated using bleu score. I want to get some intuition for this score. What is the bleu score of professional human translator? </p>

<p>I know it depends on the languages, the translator ect. I just want to get the scale.</p>

<p>edit: I want to make it clear... | nlp machine translation | 1 | What is the bleu score of professional human translators? -- (nlp machine translation)
<p>Machine translation models are usually evaluated using bleu score. I want to get some intuition for this score. What is the bleu score of professional human translator? </p>

<p>I know it depends on the languages, the tran... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,564 | Cross Validation - Why does more folds increase variation? | <p>Can someone explain why increasing the number of folds in a cross validation increases the variation (or the standard deviation) of the scores in each fold.</p>

<p>I've logged the data below. I'm working on the Titanic dataset and there is around 800 instances. I'm using a StratifiedKFold and accuracy scori... | scikit learn cross validation | 1 | Cross Validation - Why does more folds increase variation? -- (scikit learn cross validation)
<p>Can someone explain why increasing the number of folds in a cross validation increases the variation (or the standard deviation) of the scores in each fold.</p>

<p>I've logged the data below. I'm working on the Tit... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,565 | getting error while scrapping Amazon using Selenium and bs4 | <p>I'm working on a class project using BeautifulSoup and webdriver to scrap 
Disposable Diapers on 
amazon for the name of the item, price, reviews, rating.</p>

<p>My goal is to have something like this where I will split this info in 
different column:</p>

<pre><code> Diapers Size 4, 150... | python scraping web scraping | 1 | getting error while scrapping Amazon using Selenium and bs4 -- (python scraping web scraping)
<p>I'm working on a class project using BeautifulSoup and webdriver to scrap 
Disposable Diapers on 
amazon for the name of the item, price, reviews, rating.</p>

<p>My goal is to have something like this where... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,592 | pivoting two column in pandas | <p>How can I transfer two column features into pivot table on the following dataset</p>

<p>I have tried the <strong>aggfunc</strong> function but this fill the value either 0 or 1. I want to transfer the row as cell value.</p>

<p>Here is the dataset </p>

<pre><code>content Users 
22 ... | machine learning python pandas | 1 | pivoting two column in pandas -- (machine learning python pandas)
<p>How can I transfer two column features into pivot table on the following dataset</p>

<p>I have tried the <strong>aggfunc</strong> function but this fill the value either 0 or 1. I want to transfer the row as cell value.</p>

<p>Here i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,616 | Machine Learning Out of test data forecast (XGBoost, ANN) | <p>I see a lot of applications for machine learning techniques applied to time series. Unfortunately almost all kernels with XGBoost or ANN stop short in creating an actual forecast. The achieve a great fit as they have the test data exlcuded.Are there any kernels for XGBoost or ANN where an actual forecast is created?... | xgboost | 1 | Machine Learning Out of test data forecast (XGBoost, ANN) -- (xgboost)
<p>I see a lot of applications for machine learning techniques applied to time series. Unfortunately almost all kernels with XGBoost or ANN stop short in creating an actual forecast. The achieve a great fit as they have the test data exlcuded.Are th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,637 | NLP varying amount of features and BoW as feature concatenating to feedforward NN | <p>I was looking at <a href="https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/08/the-machine-learning-behind-android.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Google's Smart linkify machine learning models</a>, as it closely relates to a personal project. And couldn't quite understand how the features are fed to the neural network.</p>

<... | machine learning neural network classification nlp | 1 | NLP varying amount of features and BoW as feature concatenating to feedforward NN -- (machine learning neural network classification nlp)
<p>I was looking at <a href="https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/08/the-machine-learning-behind-android.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Google's Smart linkify machine learning models</a>,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,660 | Need an advice on research topic | <p>I am about to choose ML research topic for my master thesis, but i am at a dead end. The problem is, that while reading research papers, i find solutions, but not an open problems.</p>

<p>For now, a came up with such ideas:</p>

<ol>
<li>Research neural network quantization algorithms - i starte... | research | 1 | Need an advice on research topic -- (research)
<p>I am about to choose ML research topic for my master thesis, but i am at a dead end. The problem is, that while reading research papers, i find solutions, but not an open problems.</p>

<p>For now, a came up with such ideas:</p>

<ol>
<li>Research ne... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,665 | How many times is backprop used in epoch? | <p>As I understand for the algorithms that use gradient descent we have to pass data to the algorithms multiple times so that the optimum is found.</p>

<p>So one epoch means that the forward-backprop (and updating weights with gradient descent) is done only once and in order to find the minimum we need to run ... | neural network optimization gradient descent backpropagation | 1 | How many times is backprop used in epoch? -- (neural network optimization gradient descent backpropagation)
<p>As I understand for the algorithms that use gradient descent we have to pass data to the algorithms multiple times so that the optimum is found.</p>

<p>So one epoch means that the forward-backprop (an... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,700 | Extracting amount from free text | <p>I want to extract various amounts and tenure of contracts from different contract documents that we have.</p>
<p>For example: Mr xyz, this contact is valid for 3 Months and you have to pay $3000 as agreement fee.</p>
<p>Expected output : 3 Months, $3000</p>
<p>Please note that this is just an example but... | nlp text mining | 1 | Extracting amount from free text -- (nlp text mining)
<p>I want to extract various amounts and tenure of contracts from different contract documents that we have.</p>
<p>For example: Mr xyz, this contact is valid for 3 Months and you have to pay $3000 as agreement fee.</p>
<p>Expected output : 3 Months, $3000</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,710 | How to speedup K-Means used in 'for loop' | <p>I'm trying to solve an interesting problem. One solution which seems to work well, involves using K-Means in a 'for loop'. The dataset per loop is independent and fairly small (Minibatch not required).</p>

<p>e.g.</p>

<pre><code>for i in range(100):
 y = Kmeans(x) # x is new data per loop&#x... | unsupervised learning k means | 1 | How to speedup K-Means used in 'for loop' -- (unsupervised learning k means)
<p>I'm trying to solve an interesting problem. One solution which seems to work well, involves using K-Means in a 'for loop'. The dataset per loop is independent and fairly small (Minibatch not required).</p>

<p>e.g.</p>

<pre... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,719 | Understanding pseudocode for co-democratic learning | <p>I am reading this blog from Sebastian Ruder <a href="https://ruder.io/semi-supervised/index.html#fnref18" rel="nofollow noreferrer">blog-link</a>, researcher scientist at Deepmind, and 
having problems understanding this pseudocode for Democratic Co-learning. Can somebody help me understand what is going on; spe... | machine learning algorithms | 1 | Understanding pseudocode for co-democratic learning -- (machine learning algorithms)
<p>I am reading this blog from Sebastian Ruder <a href="https://ruder.io/semi-supervised/index.html#fnref18" rel="nofollow noreferrer">blog-link</a>, researcher scientist at Deepmind, and 
having problems understanding this pseudoc... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,725 | LSTM Multi-class classification for large number of classes | <p>I want to build a model that classifies 473 classes -product categories-, but I'm facing a problem with loss not decreasing.</p>
<hr />
<h1>Data</h1>
<p>I have almost <strong>3,000 data points</strong> for each class -473 classes- (data size is almost <strong>1.5 million</strong>)
The data is a seque... | lstm multiclass classification pytorch multilabel classification | 1 | LSTM Multi-class classification for large number of classes -- (lstm multiclass classification pytorch multilabel classification)
<p>I want to build a model that classifies 473 classes -product categories-, but I'm facing a problem with loss not decreasing.</p>
<hr />
<h1>Data</h1>
<p>I have almost <strong>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,740 | Reshaping Pandas DataFrame | <ol>
<li>I am trying to do the following as shown below.</li>
</ol>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code> Input Output
Letter Number A B C
A 1 1 1 1
A 2 2 2 2
B 1 3 3
B 2 4
B 3
C 1
... | python pandas dataframe python 3.x reshape | 1 | Reshaping Pandas DataFrame -- (python pandas dataframe python 3.x reshape)
<ol>
<li>I am trying to do the following as shown below.</li>
</ol>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code> Input Output
Letter Number A B C
A 1 1 1 1
A 2 2 2 2
B ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,743 | Processing data in the right manner in data science | <p>From what i have learned, people say that it is more correct if i preprocess data after splitting it to train/test dataset. My questions are</p>

<p>1.Does it mean we detect flaws of the data + preprocess it after the splitting? if yes/no, why?</p>

<p>2.Is it okay if i detect flaws of the data befor... | machine learning | 1 | Processing data in the right manner in data science -- (machine learning)
<p>From what i have learned, people say that it is more correct if i preprocess data after splitting it to train/test dataset. My questions are</p>

<p>1.Does it mean we detect flaws of the data + preprocess it after the splitting? if yes... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,751 | Categorical feature as output and perform a classification | <p>I have a database in which the output feature Y is categorical, for example (oversimplification)</p>

<pre><code>A B C Y
1.0 0.2 5.1 Car
3.0 1.1 0.1 Car
7.6 6.9 2.7 Bike
2.5 3.8 0.3 Train
6.1 ... | classification regression categorical data | 1 | Categorical feature as output and perform a classification -- (classification regression categorical data)
<p>I have a database in which the output feature Y is categorical, for example (oversimplification)</p>

<pre><code>A B C Y
1.0 0.2 5.1 Car
3.0 1.1 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,755 | Closed form of Weighted Ordinary Least Squares calculation of the trend line | <p>I would like to know if there is a closed form version of this equation:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$\beta = \frac{n\sum{xy}-\sum{x}\sum{y}}{n\sum{x^2}-(\sum{x})^2}$</span></p>

<p>But for weighted data, where the weight <span class="math-container">$w_i$</span> is the value of the importan... | weighted data | 1 | Closed form of Weighted Ordinary Least Squares calculation of the trend line -- (weighted data)
<p>I would like to know if there is a closed form version of this equation:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$\beta = \frac{n\sum{xy}-\sum{x}\sum{y}}{n\sum{x^2}-(\sum{x})^2}$</span></p>

<p>But for weight... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,761 | Bayesian regularization vs dropout for basic ann | <p>Does it make sense conceptually to apply dropout to an artificial neutral network while also applying bayesian regularization?</p>

<p>On one hand I would think that technically this should work just fine, but on the other hand if bayesian regularization is like finding the MAP estimate given some prior shou... | neural network bayesian dropout | 1 | Bayesian regularization vs dropout for basic ann -- (neural network bayesian dropout)
<p>Does it make sense conceptually to apply dropout to an artificial neutral network while also applying bayesian regularization?</p>

<p>On one hand I would think that technically this should work just fine, but on the other ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,780 | I have a pandas dataframe and i need to clear all the special characters other than space | <p>Input: </p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd
df=pd.read_excel("OCRFinal.xlsx")
df['OCR_Text']=df['OCR_Text'].str.replace(r'\W+'," ")
print(df['OCR_Text'])
</code></pre>

<p>Output:</p>

<p>The excel removes all the special characters along with the space. But i dont want space ... | pandas preprocessing excel | 1 | I have a pandas dataframe and i need to clear all the special characters other than space -- (pandas preprocessing excel)
<p>Input: </p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd
df=pd.read_excel("OCRFinal.xlsx")
df['OCR_Text']=df['OCR_Text'].str.replace(r'\W+'," ")
print(df['OCR_Text'])
</code></pre>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,785 | Interpretable xgboost - Calculate cover feature importance | <p>When trying to interpret the results of a gradient boosting (or any decision tree) one can plot the feature importance. </p>

<p>There are same parameters in the <a href="https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/latest/python/python_api.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">xgb api</a> such as: weight, gain, cover, total... | machine learning python decision trees xgboost explainable ai | 1 | Interpretable xgboost - Calculate cover feature importance -- (machine learning python decision trees xgboost explainable ai)
<p>When trying to interpret the results of a gradient boosting (or any decision tree) one can plot the feature importance. </p>

<p>There are same parameters in the <a href="https://xgbo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,792 | Feature selection for data with both continuous and categorical features? | <p>I am working on a classification problem with 4 ordinal classes to predict, labelling/predicting samples as either a number from 1-4. My training dataset has 284 features by ~40,000 samples and I am looking to explore feature correlation and variance and relate that to using a filtered feature selection method. I've... | machine learning feature selection categorical data | 1 | Feature selection for data with both continuous and categorical features? -- (machine learning feature selection categorical data)
<p>I am working on a classification problem with 4 ordinal classes to predict, labelling/predicting samples as either a number from 1-4. My training dataset has 284 features by ~40,000 samp... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,794 | XGBOOST - different result between train_test_split and manually splitting | <p>I am trying to train XGBOOST model.</p>
<pre><code>X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=43, stratify=y)
</code></pre>
<p>when I'm using train_test_split and pass the model X_train, Y_train and for eval_set X_test, Y_test, The model seems to be a very good ... | decision trees xgboost | 1 | XGBOOST - different result between train_test_split and manually splitting -- (decision trees xgboost)
<p>I am trying to train XGBOOST model.</p>
<pre><code>X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=43, stratify=y)
</code></pre>
<p>when I'm using train_test_split ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,828 | Shuffle the data before splitting into folds | <p>I am running a 4-folds cross validation hyperparameter tuning using sklearn's 'cross_validate' and 'KFold' functions. Assuming that my training dataset is already shuffled, then should I for each iteration of hyperpatameter tuning re-shuffle the data before splitting into batches/folds (i.e., the shuffle argument in... | machine learning cross validation hyperparameter hyperparameter tuning | 1 | Shuffle the data before splitting into folds -- (machine learning cross validation hyperparameter hyperparameter tuning)
<p>I am running a 4-folds cross validation hyperparameter tuning using sklearn's 'cross_validate' and 'KFold' functions. Assuming that my training dataset is already shuffled, then should I for each ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,841 | AUC ROC metric on a Kaggle competition | <p>I am trying to learn data modeling by working on a dataset from <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/c/jigsaw-toxic-comment-classification-challenge/overview/evaluation" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kaggle competition</a>. As the competition was closed 2 years back, I am asking my question here. The competition uses AUC-ROC... | machine learning classification class imbalance kaggle | 1 | AUC ROC metric on a Kaggle competition -- (machine learning classification class imbalance kaggle)
<p>I am trying to learn data modeling by working on a dataset from <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/c/jigsaw-toxic-comment-classification-challenge/overview/evaluation" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kaggle competition</a>. As ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,860 | Simple Imputer cannot impute by column | <p>I have X_train that shapes (14599, 13), i'm trying to impute NaN with column's median but somehow it imputes with row resulting error because in a row there are date, and other than integer values. I already lookup if SimpleImputer has axis parameter but could not find that it exists. How to solve this?</p>

... | machine learning scikit learn | 1 | Simple Imputer cannot impute by column -- (machine learning scikit learn)
<p>I have X_train that shapes (14599, 13), i'm trying to impute NaN with column's median but somehow it imputes with row resulting error because in a row there are date, and other than integer values. I already lookup if SimpleImputer has axis pa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,867 | searching for clouds (in the sky) images big dataset | <p>I'm looking for a big dataset of clouds (in the sky) ground based images. i need tens of thousands of images. </p>

<p>It is important that the images will be ground based and not from satellite/ flights.</p>

<p>I've tried to search and so far found datasets of hundreds/thousands of images, but not ... | dataset | 1 | searching for clouds (in the sky) images big dataset -- (dataset)
<p>I'm looking for a big dataset of clouds (in the sky) ground based images. i need tens of thousands of images. </p>

<p>It is important that the images will be ground based and not from satellite/ flights.</p>

<p>I've tried to search a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,888 | How to use Keras predict_generator() for segmentation output? | <p>Below is the code I'm using for segmentation mask prediction after using <code>fit_generator(...)</code> on model named <code>m</code> :-</p>

<pre><code>test_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1./255) 

test_generator.reset()

test_generator =test_datagen.flow_from_directory('result/test'... | machine learning neural network deep learning keras cnn | 1 | How to use Keras predict_generator() for segmentation output? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning keras cnn)
<p>Below is the code I'm using for segmentation mask prediction after using <code>fit_generator(...)</code> on model named <code>m</code> :-</p>

<pre><code>test_datagen = ImageDataGenerato... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,893 | How can I provide an answer to Neural Network skeptics? | <p>After given several talks on NN's, I always have a skeptic that wants a real measure of how well the model is. How do you know the model is truly accurate?</p>

<p>I explain the use of test data etc. to evaluate the total error, however, there is always someone who wants to know about the error associated wi... | neural network | 1 | How can I provide an answer to Neural Network skeptics? -- (neural network)
<p>After given several talks on NN's, I always have a skeptic that wants a real measure of how well the model is. How do you know the model is truly accurate?</p>

<p>I explain the use of test data etc. to evaluate the total error, howe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,903 | Understanding Terminology in Goodfellow's paper on GANS | <p>I am trying to understand Ian Goodfellow et al's paper Generative Adversarial Nets <a href="https://papers.nips.cc/paper/5423-generative-adversarial-nets.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>

<p>In section 3 the author's write: </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>The adversarial modeling framework is... | machine learning | 1 | Understanding Terminology in Goodfellow's paper on GANS -- (machine learning)
<p>I am trying to understand Ian Goodfellow et al's paper Generative Adversarial Nets <a href="https://papers.nips.cc/paper/5423-generative-adversarial-nets.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>

<p>In section 3 the author's wr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,905 | Different results obtained for OneVsOneClassifier (or OneVsRestClassifier) when using ordinary KFold and StratifiedKFold cross validation | <p>When I fitted a OneVsOneClassifier (or OneVsRestClassifier), I noticed I obtained different results when I used ordinary KFold and StratifiedKFold cross validation. The testing set performance is much lower when ordinary KFold is used compared to when StratifiedKFold is used.</p>

<p>Questions:</p>

... | classification cross validation | 1 | Different results obtained for OneVsOneClassifier (or OneVsRestClassifier) when using ordinary KFold and StratifiedKFold cross validation -- (classification cross validation)
<p>When I fitted a OneVsOneClassifier (or OneVsRestClassifier), I noticed I obtained different results when I used ordinary KFold and StratifiedK... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,927 | Does k fold cross validation become less useful when number of observations is very large? | <p>As seen in the accepted answer for <a href="https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/61783/bias-and-variance-in-leave-one-out-vs-k-fold-cross-validation">variance of k-fold cross validation</a> ,
the simulation shows that k-fold CV has the same test error rate for different values of k when n=200.
Does this... | machine learning data mining statistics cross validation data science model | 1 | Does k fold cross validation become less useful when number of observations is very large? -- (machine learning data mining statistics cross validation data science model)
<p>As seen in the accepted answer for <a href="https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/61783/bias-and-variance-in-leave-one-out-vs-k-fold-cross-va... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,931 | Scikit-learn OneHotEncoder effect on feature selection | <p>If I need to run feature selection on my dataset isn't it problematic to use OneHotEncoder? Couldn't it then decide to remove a one of the encoding columns? How should I deal with this? Thank you.</p>
 | python scikit learn feature selection one hot encoding | 1 | Scikit-learn OneHotEncoder effect on feature selection -- (python scikit learn feature selection one hot encoding)
<p>If I need to run feature selection on my dataset isn't it problematic to use OneHotEncoder? Couldn't it then decide to remove a one of the encoding columns? How should I deal with this? Thank you.</p>&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,963 | How to adaptively sample n-dimensional data and build an optimum training set | <p>My input space is at least 10 dimensional (after reducing it by various component analysis such as PCA) and the output space is 4 dimensional. I am building a neural network that works something like a function approximator which takes the above 10D data as input (10 neurons in input) and spits out 4D data as output... | neural network statistics training mathematics | 1 | How to adaptively sample n-dimensional data and build an optimum training set -- (neural network statistics training mathematics)
<p>My input space is at least 10 dimensional (after reducing it by various component analysis such as PCA) and the output space is 4 dimensional. I am building a neural network that works so... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,973 | Is it correct to define the F-measure as the harmonic mean of specificity and sensitivity in such a way? | <p>It is common to define the F-measure as a function of precision and recall, as mentioned in [1]:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p><span class="math-container">$F_{\beta}=\frac{(1+\beta^2)PR}{\beta^2 P+R}$</span></p>
</blockquote>

<p>However I came across some other cases, another definition is used [2... | evaluation metric definitions | 1 | Is it correct to define the F-measure as the harmonic mean of specificity and sensitivity in such a way? -- (evaluation metric definitions)
<p>It is common to define the F-measure as a function of precision and recall, as mentioned in [1]:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p><span class="math-container">$F_{\beta}=\frac... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,977 | Quantify the amount of differences of one data set to another | <p>Basically I'm seeking the best method for my case scenario here. For example with the image shown below, the left one is poincare maps dataset #1, and the right is dataset #2.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/R3PeV.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/R3PeV.png" alt="e... | dataset | 1 | Quantify the amount of differences of one data set to another -- (dataset)
<p>Basically I'm seeking the best method for my case scenario here. For example with the image shown below, the left one is poincare maps dataset #1, and the right is dataset #2.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/R3PeV.png" rel=... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,984 | Rendered Image Denoising | <p>I am learning about <a href="https://courses.nvidia.com/courses/course-v1:DLI+L-GD-03+V1/about" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"Image Denoising using Autoencoders"</a>. So, now I want to build and train a model. Hence, when I read into how Nvidia generated the dataset, I came across: <em>We used about 1000 different scen... | python autoencoder image nvidia | 1 | Rendered Image Denoising -- (python autoencoder image nvidia)
<p>I am learning about <a href="https://courses.nvidia.com/courses/course-v1:DLI+L-GD-03+V1/about" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"Image Denoising using Autoencoders"</a>. So, now I want to build and train a model. Hence, when I read into how Nvidia generated the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,995 | Error in numpy array assignment | <p>I'm trying to upload 17 images into a 4d numpy array, each image size is (256,256,1), so basically I'm using the 0th dimension for collection of different images. Following is my code:</p>

<pre><code>import numpy as np
test_ip=np.zeros(shape=(17, 256, 256, 1))
count=0
for img in image_generator1... | python numpy | 1 | Error in numpy array assignment -- (python numpy)
<p>I'm trying to upload 17 images into a 4d numpy array, each image size is (256,256,1), so basically I'm using the 0th dimension for collection of different images. Following is my code:</p>

<pre><code>import numpy as np
test_ip=np.zeros(shape=(17, 256, 25... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
68,999 | What is done first, cross validation or grid search? | <p>When I have the data set to train a model with SVM, which procedure is performed first, cross validation or grid search? I have read this in a couple of books but I don't know in what order all this should be done. If cross-validation is first performed, what hyperparameters do I use there if I have not found the op... | svm cross validation performance confusion matrix | 1 | What is done first, cross validation or grid search? -- (svm cross validation performance confusion matrix)
<p>When I have the data set to train a model with SVM, which procedure is performed first, cross validation or grid search? I have read this in a couple of books but I don't know in what order all this should be ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,017 | How can I find to starting point of skewed data in python? | <p>I have a list like this,</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import random
import seaborn as sns

years = []

for i in range(1000):
 if i % 100 == 0:
 val = random.randint(1900, 2000)
 else:
 val = random.randint(2000, 2021)

 ... | python statistics seaborn | 1 | How can I find to starting point of skewed data in python? -- (python statistics seaborn)
<p>I have a list like this,</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import random
import seaborn as sns

years = []

for i in range(1000):
 if i % 100 == 0:
 val = random.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,024 | Why are the weights of my first layer and last layer in the CNN change while the middle layers don't? | <p>The weights of my first and last convolution layers do change in a noticeable way. However, the rest of my convolution layers, in the middle, do not.</p>

<p>I should add that all convolution layers' biases change noticeably, however the kernel weights of the middle layers (as opposed to the first and last l... | machine learning python deep learning tensorflow | 1 | Why are the weights of my first layer and last layer in the CNN change while the middle layers don't? -- (machine learning python deep learning tensorflow)
<p>The weights of my first and last convolution layers do change in a noticeable way. However, the rest of my convolution layers, in the middle, do not.</p>
&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,025 | Differential Evolution optimal tolerance parameter | <p>I am trying to optimize the parameters of a global optimization system for my set of data, because I will have a bunch of similar data to process so I need to fine tune the global optimizator so that it can find the minimum of a function in a reasonable time. </p>

<p>The parameter optimization takes a very ... | python optimization scipy evolutionary algorithms metaheuristics | 1 | Differential Evolution optimal tolerance parameter -- (python optimization scipy evolutionary algorithms metaheuristics)
<p>I am trying to optimize the parameters of a global optimization system for my set of data, because I will have a bunch of similar data to process so I need to fine tune the global optimizator so t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,032 | Does it make sense to use a tfidf matrix for a model which expects to see new text? | <p>I'm training a model to classify tweets right now. Most of the text classification examples I have seen convert the tweets into tf-idf document term matrices as input for the model. However, this model should be able to identify newly collected tweets without retraining. Does it make sense to use tf-idf in this cont... | nlp text classification | 1 | Does it make sense to use a tfidf matrix for a model which expects to see new text? -- (nlp text classification)
<p>I'm training a model to classify tweets right now. Most of the text classification examples I have seen convert the tweets into tf-idf document term matrices as input for the model. However, this model sh... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,041 | How do Bahdanau - Luong Attentions use Query, Value, Key vectors? | <p>In the latest <strong>TensorFlow 2.1</strong>, the <code>tensorflow.keras.layers</code> submodule contains <code>AdditiveAttention()</code> and <code>Attention()</code> layers, implementing Bahdanau and Luong's attentions, respectively. (docs <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/keras/layers/Additi... | deep learning tensorflow rnn transformer attention mechanism | 1 | How do Bahdanau - Luong Attentions use Query, Value, Key vectors? -- (deep learning tensorflow rnn transformer attention mechanism)
<p>In the latest <strong>TensorFlow 2.1</strong>, the <code>tensorflow.keras.layers</code> submodule contains <code>AdditiveAttention()</code> and <code>Attention()</code> layers, implemen... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,042 | how to create a searchable tree on Persian text? | <p>I wanna clean a Persian text from stop-words. I already have stop-word data that is provided on the below link. It seems to me, if I have a pre-built tree on stop-words, I could save lots of time. I want to search each word of text in this pre-built tree, if the word is in the tree I delete it from the text, if not ... | python text mining | 1 | how to create a searchable tree on Persian text? -- (python text mining)
<p>I wanna clean a Persian text from stop-words. I already have stop-word data that is provided on the below link. It seems to me, if I have a pre-built tree on stop-words, I could save lots of time. I want to search each word of text in this pre-... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,045 | What does the number after a machine learning model name mean? | <p>I'm not sure if this is off-topic, but I'm posting here anyway.</p>

<p>So I saw lots of machine learning models have like an ID after their names, for example, <code>resnet101</code>, <code>resnet152</code>, <code>densenet201</code> etc. What exactly do those numbers <code>101</code>, <code>152</code> and <... | machine learning neural network machine learning model | 1 | What does the number after a machine learning model name mean? -- (machine learning neural network machine learning model)
<p>I'm not sure if this is off-topic, but I'm posting here anyway.</p>

<p>So I saw lots of machine learning models have like an ID after their names, for example, <code>resnet101</code>, <... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,061 | (Basic) statistics | <p>I got a misunderstanding regarding basic statistics (I think) but I can't get my head around that:
I did an online survey regarding the usage of some application. The user could answer 1 (I don't know that application), 2 (I know that) or 3 (I use that).
Now I want to know, how many applications the average ... | python statistics descriptive statistics | 1 | (Basic) statistics -- (python statistics descriptive statistics)
<p>I got a misunderstanding regarding basic statistics (I think) but I can't get my head around that:
I did an online survey regarding the usage of some application. The user could answer 1 (I don't know that application), 2 (I know that) or 3 (I use ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,082 | Conditional attributes in a prediction problem | <p>I am trying to implement an algorithm to predict fantasy points of a player regarding past events. However, I am having some doubts about some attributes.
Imagine that a player is going to play away in the next match, I believe it is useful to have the points/goals he did in the past away matches to evaluate how... | machine learning | 1 | Conditional attributes in a prediction problem -- (machine learning)
<p>I am trying to implement an algorithm to predict fantasy points of a player regarding past events. However, I am having some doubts about some attributes.
Imagine that a player is going to play away in the next match, I believe it is useful to ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,085 | SMOTE for regression | <p>I am looking into upsampling an imbalanced dataset for a regression problem (Numerical target variables) in python.</p>

<p>I attached paper and R package that implement SMOTE for regression, can anyone recommend a similar package in Python? Otherwise, what other methods can be use to upsample the numerical ... | r sampling smote imbalanced learn smotenc | 1 | SMOTE for regression -- (r sampling smote imbalanced learn smotenc)
<p>I am looking into upsampling an imbalanced dataset for a regression problem (Numerical target variables) in python.</p>

<p>I attached paper and R package that implement SMOTE for regression, can anyone recommend a similar package in Python?... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,092 | How to Minimize mean square error using Python | <p>I want to minimise mean square error function to find best <code>alpha</code> value (decay rate) for my model. </p>

<p>Here is the description of my model:</p>

<pre><code>time: 1st_month 2nd_month 3rd_month 4th_month 5th_month
Product_shipped 500 600 45... | optimization python 3.x mse | 1 | How to Minimize mean square error using Python -- (optimization python 3.x mse)
<p>I want to minimise mean square error function to find best <code>alpha</code> value (decay rate) for my model. </p>

<p>Here is the description of my model:</p>

<pre><code>time: 1st_month 2nd_month 3rd_m... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,119 | Control which features are used for every task in multioutput classification? | <p>I would like to perform a multiclass-multioutput classification task, on vectorized textual data. I started by using a random forest classifier in a multioutput startegy:</p>

<pre><code> forest = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=1)
 multi_target_forest = MultiOutputClassifier(forest, n_jobs=-1)... | scikit learn multiclass classification probability multi output | 1 | Control which features are used for every task in multioutput classification? -- (scikit learn multiclass classification probability multi output)
<p>I would like to perform a multiclass-multioutput classification task, on vectorized textual data. I started by using a random forest classifier in a multioutput startegy:... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,142 | Which input to use when generating a new sequence | <p>I want to use sequence-to-sequence architecture to generate sequences. </p>

<p>My data has such structure</p>

<pre><code>[0, 0, 1, 0, ..., 0, 1] --> [12.34, 0.78, 1.54, 6.90, ..., 5.32]
</code></pre>

<p>I follow this <a href="https://pytorch.org/tutorials/intermediate/seq2seq_transl... | rnn sequence sequence to sequence | 1 | Which input to use when generating a new sequence -- (rnn sequence sequence to sequence)
<p>I want to use sequence-to-sequence architecture to generate sequences. </p>

<p>My data has such structure</p>

<pre><code>[0, 0, 1, 0, ..., 0, 1] --> [12.34, 0.78, 1.54, 6.90, ..., 5.32]
</code></pre>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,153 | xgboost classifier predicted negative probabilities | <p>I'm using XGBoost for a binary classification problem. There is no negative label, only 1 and 0.</p>

<p>I tunned the hyperparameters using Bayesian optimization then tried to train the final model with the optimized hyperparameters.</p>

<p><code>Mdl_XGB = xgb.train(OptimizedParams, dtrain)</code></... | python classification xgboost | 1 | xgboost classifier predicted negative probabilities -- (python classification xgboost)
<p>I'm using XGBoost for a binary classification problem. There is no negative label, only 1 and 0.</p>

<p>I tunned the hyperparameters using Bayesian optimization then tried to train the final model with the optimized hyper... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,171 | Why does my KNeighborsClassifier graph look like this? | <p>I'm new to data science/ml and working on using the sklearn libraries to classify data. I'm currently using the KNeighborsClassifier with 5 fold cross validation whilst tweaking the k value but its producing a graph that looks quite strange.</p>

<p>I have my training data and test data in 2 different CSV fi... | machine learning classification scikit learn k nn | 1 | Why does my KNeighborsClassifier graph look like this? -- (machine learning classification scikit learn k nn)
<p>I'm new to data science/ml and working on using the sklearn libraries to classify data. I'm currently using the KNeighborsClassifier with 5 fold cross validation whilst tweaking the k value but its producing... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,179 | How to solve the gradient descent on a linear classification problem? | <p>I have a problem which i have attached as an image.</p>

<p><strong>Problem is in image attached</strong>
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/uPmeF.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/uPmeF.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><strong>what I understan... | machine learning linear regression gradient descent homework | 1 | How to solve the gradient descent on a linear classification problem? -- (machine learning linear regression gradient descent homework)
<p>I have a problem which i have attached as an image.</p>

<p><strong>Problem is in image attached</strong>
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/uPmeF.png" rel="nofollow nor... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,189 | How does inverse of logistic function produces "linear relationship", (so we can use least-squares) | <p>I am reading about time-series analysis <a href="https://www.mathematik.uni-wuerzburg.de/fileadmin/10040800/user_upload/time_series/the_book/2012-August-01-times.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">in "A First Course on
Time Series Analysis"</a>. The book reviews the logistic function (<span class="math-container">$... | time series logistic regression | 1 | How does inverse of logistic function produces "linear relationship", (so we can use least-squares) -- (time series logistic regression)
<p>I am reading about time-series analysis <a href="https://www.mathematik.uni-wuerzburg.de/fileadmin/10040800/user_upload/time_series/the_book/2012-August-01-times.pdf" rel="nofollow... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,210 | Generating text using NLP based on parameters | <p>I want to generate some text based on the value of certain parameters. For instance, let's say I want to generate descriptions of video games. So, besides real descriptions as training data, I would like that the model takes in account the following parameters (for example) about the game:</p>

<ul>
<li>... | python nlp | 1 | Generating text using NLP based on parameters -- (python nlp)
<p>I want to generate some text based on the value of certain parameters. For instance, let's say I want to generate descriptions of video games. So, besides real descriptions as training data, I would like that the model takes in account the following param... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,227 | Is it good practice to convert columns with a number to a range between 0 and 1? | <p>Relatively new to data science. I heard something about converting columns which contain integers into a range between 0 and 1. I think the reasoning was that so all the columns will be more similar in their range. I think along with that there might have been a step of removing outliers <em>(very high integers)</em... | data cleaning | 1 | Is it good practice to convert columns with a number to a range between 0 and 1? -- (data cleaning)
<p>Relatively new to data science. I heard something about converting columns which contain integers into a range between 0 and 1. I think the reasoning was that so all the columns will be more similar in their range. I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,230 | Custom keras dataset generator not accepted by fit_generator | <p>I've got a problem trying to use generators in Keras. I've got TensorFlow 2.1 with Python 3.7. I'm using the Keras version bundled with TensorFlow</p>

<p>I have defined a class for my generator derived from <code>tf.keras.models.Sequential</code>:</p>

<pre><code>class RandomFramesFromPathsToVideos(... | keras tensorflow dataset | 1 | Custom keras dataset generator not accepted by fit_generator -- (keras tensorflow dataset)
<p>I've got a problem trying to use generators in Keras. I've got TensorFlow 2.1 with Python 3.7. I'm using the Keras version bundled with TensorFlow</p>

<p>I have defined a class for my generator derived from <code>tf.k... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,235 | Detection of anomal data in the text | <p>I work with texts where there is a dialogue between two people (a client and a call center employee, the beginning and end of each person’s phrase is not defined). My goal is to classify texts in which a call center employee names words from my list.
If the texts are manually marked up, can such a classification... | deep learning nlp speech to text | 1 | Detection of anomal data in the text -- (deep learning nlp speech to text)
<p>I work with texts where there is a dialogue between two people (a client and a call center employee, the beginning and end of each person’s phrase is not defined). My goal is to classify texts in which a call center employee names words from ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,239 | How to create a feature vector given final set of feature maps? | <p>I've got a faster-rcnn (resnet-101 backbone) for object detection, and am extracting feature tensors for each detected object, which is a 7x7x2048 tensor (basically 2048 feature maps, each 7x7). For object tracking, I want to turn this into a Nx1 vector. What is the standard way to do this? I have a few ideas that a... | cnn feature selection faster rcnn | 1 | How to create a feature vector given final set of feature maps? -- (cnn feature selection faster rcnn)
<p>I've got a faster-rcnn (resnet-101 backbone) for object detection, and am extracting feature tensors for each detected object, which is a 7x7x2048 tensor (basically 2048 feature maps, each 7x7). For object tracking... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,246 | PCA method for feature selection - How to solve the raise Exception error ("Data must be 1-dimensional")? | <pre><code>#Função que permitirá rankear as features mais importantes em um barhplot
def ranks_PCA (x_train, y_train, features_train, RESULT_PATH='Results'):
 print("\nMétodo PCA")

 pca = PCA(n_components=58)
 pca.fit_transform(x_train)

 imp_array = np.array(pca.components_)&#x... | python python 3.x | 1 | PCA method for feature selection - How to solve the raise Exception error ("Data must be 1-dimensional")? -- (python python 3.x)
<pre><code>#Função que permitirá rankear as features mais importantes em um barhplot
def ranks_PCA (x_train, y_train, features_train, RESULT_PATH='Results'):
 print("\nMétodo PCA")... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,250 | UNet Model accuracy is stuck at exact 0.5 (neither more or less) (No class imbalance, tried tuning learning rate) | <p><strong>This is using PyTorch</strong></p>

<p>I have been trying to implement UNet model on my images, however, my model accuracy is always exact 0.5. Loss does decrease.</p>

<p>I have also checked for class imbalance. I have also tried playing with learning rate. Learning rate affects loss but not... | machine learning neural network computer vision pytorch convolutional neural network | 1 | UNet Model accuracy is stuck at exact 0.5 (neither more or less) (No class imbalance, tried tuning learning rate) -- (machine learning neural network computer vision pytorch convolutional neural network)
<p><strong>This is using PyTorch</strong></p>

<p>I have been trying to implement UNet model on my images, h... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
69,259 | How to perform topic modelling on query search results | <p>How can I model topics in the results returned by a search engine with higher weightage to documents ranked higher in the result set?</p>

<p>The use case that I am looking at involves extracting the most significant topics returned in the search results.</p>

<p>Eg. If the user searches for a query ... | nlp topic model lda | 1 | How to perform topic modelling on query search results -- (nlp topic model lda)
<p>How can I model topics in the results returned by a search engine with higher weightage to documents ranked higher in the result set?</p>

<p>The use case that I am looking at involves extracting the most significant topics retur... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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