id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
73,560 | Negative value in information gain calculation through gini index | <p>I am trying to determine the root node for the decision tree on given data</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/fYH9I.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/fYH9I.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p><code>annual income</code> target variable has bee... | machine learning classification decision trees | 1 | Negative value in information gain calculation through gini index -- (machine learning classification decision trees)
<p>I am trying to determine the root node for the decision tree on given data</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/fYH9I.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,564 | Logistic Regression: Is it viable to use data that is outdated? | <p><strong>TLDR: Want to predict who makes the playoffs (1,0), but there are more playoff spots now than there were in the past, is it okay to use that past data?</strong></p>

<p>I want to use binary logistic regression on MLB data to estimate each team's probability of reaching the playoffs this upcoming seas... | dataset data logistic regression | 1 | Logistic Regression: Is it viable to use data that is outdated? -- (dataset data logistic regression)
<p><strong>TLDR: Want to predict who makes the playoffs (1,0), but there are more playoff spots now than there were in the past, is it okay to use that past data?</strong></p>

<p>I want to use binary logistic ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,578 | plotting a decision tree based on gridsearchcv | <p>i was trying to plot the decision tree which is formed with GridSearchCV, but its giving me an Attribute error.</p>

<pre><code>AttributeError: 'GridSearchCV' object has no attribute 'n_features_'
</code></pre>

<p>However if i try to plot a normal decision tree without GridSearchCv, then it succ... | machine learning decision trees cross validation data science model grid search | 1 | plotting a decision tree based on gridsearchcv -- (machine learning decision trees cross validation data science model grid search)
<p>i was trying to plot the decision tree which is formed with GridSearchCV, but its giving me an Attribute error.</p>

<pre><code>AttributeError: 'GridSearchCV' object has no attr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,582 | Fitting a pandas dataframe to a Poisson Distribution | <p>I have a simple dataframe df2 that consist of indices and one column of values. I want to fit this dataframe to a poisson distribution. Below is the code I am using:</p>

<pre><code>import numpy as np
from scipy.optimize import curve_fit 
data=df2.values
bins=df2.index
def poisson(k, lamb)... | probability scipy historgram | 1 | Fitting a pandas dataframe to a Poisson Distribution -- (probability scipy historgram)
<p>I have a simple dataframe df2 that consist of indices and one column of values. I want to fit this dataframe to a poisson distribution. Below is the code I am using:</p>

<pre><code>import numpy as np
from scipy.optimi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,583 | How to train-test split and cross validate in Surprise? | <p>I wrote the following code below which works:</p>

<pre><code>from surprise.model_selection import cross_validate

cross_validate(algo,dataset,measures=['RMSE', 'MAE'],cv=5, verbose=False, n_jobs=-1)
</code></pre>

<p>However when I do this: (notice the trainset is passed here in cross_va... | dataset cross validation recommender system python 3.x | 1 | How to train-test split and cross validate in Surprise? -- (dataset cross validation recommender system python 3.x)
<p>I wrote the following code below which works:</p>

<pre><code>from surprise.model_selection import cross_validate

cross_validate(algo,dataset,measures=['RMSE', 'MAE'],cv=5, verbose=Fal... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,587 | Test data for statistical t-test in Python | <p>first of all sorry if this is not the proper place to ask but i have been trying to create some dummy variables in order to run a students t-test as well as a welch t-test and then run a monte-carlo simulation.Problem is, I am only given the sample size and standard deviation of the 2 populations. How can I go about... | python r statistics monte carlo | 1 | Test data for statistical t-test in Python -- (python r statistics monte carlo)
<p>first of all sorry if this is not the proper place to ask but i have been trying to create some dummy variables in order to run a students t-test as well as a welch t-test and then run a monte-carlo simulation.Problem is, I am only given... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,605 | Opinions on an LSTM hyper-parameter tuning process I am using | <p>I am training an LSTM to predict a price chart. I am using Bayesian optimization to speed things slightly since I have a large number of hyperparameters and only my CPU as a resource.</p>

<p>Making 100 iterations from the hyperparameter space and 100 epochs for each when training is still taking too much ti... | keras lstm hyperparameter tuning bayesian epochs | 1 | Opinions on an LSTM hyper-parameter tuning process I am using -- (keras lstm hyperparameter tuning bayesian epochs)
<p>I am training an LSTM to predict a price chart. I am using Bayesian optimization to speed things slightly since I have a large number of hyperparameters and only my CPU as a resource.</p>

<p>M... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,613 | Can I use SVC() as a base_estimtor for ensemble methods? | <p>I am currently testing out a few different ensemble methods on my dataset. I've heard that you can also use support vector machines as base learners in boosting and bagging methods but I am not sure which methods allow it or not. In particular, e.g. for XGB i tried out trees and SVMs as base learners and got the exa... | python svm ensemble modeling | 1 | Can I use SVC() as a base_estimtor for ensemble methods? -- (python svm ensemble modeling)
<p>I am currently testing out a few different ensemble methods on my dataset. I've heard that you can also use support vector machines as base learners in boosting and bagging methods but I am not sure which methods allow it or n... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,649 | Is there a limit in the number of layers for neural network? | <p>I heard the neural network has a problem with vanishing gradient problems even though the ReLU activation function is used.</p>

<p>In ResNet(that has a connecting function for reducing the problem), there is limit of maximum layers of 120~190(I heard).</p>

<p>For the complete AI performance(or gene... | activation function | 1 | Is there a limit in the number of layers for neural network? -- (activation function)
<p>I heard the neural network has a problem with vanishing gradient problems even though the ReLU activation function is used.</p>

<p>In ResNet(that has a connecting function for reducing the problem), there is limit of maxim... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,651 | Recommendation system with active learning | <p>I have data where companies ask users to score a bunch of questions but some items may be randomly chosen while others are personalized. Users score higher in personalized questions on average. I have a user ID, question ID, corresponding score of the question by the user, and whether the question is random or perso... | machine learning reinforcement learning recommender system active learning | 1 | Recommendation system with active learning -- (machine learning reinforcement learning recommender system active learning)
<p>I have data where companies ask users to score a bunch of questions but some items may be randomly chosen while others are personalized. Users score higher in personalized questions on average. ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,654 | What is difference between transductive and inductive in GNN? | <p>It seems in GNN(graph neural network), in transductive situation, we input the whole graph and we mask the label of valid data and predict the label for the valid data. </p>

<p>But is seems in inductive situation, we also input the whole graph(but sample to batch) and mask the label of the valid data and pr... | neural network deep learning gnn graph neural network | 1 | What is difference between transductive and inductive in GNN? -- (neural network deep learning gnn graph neural network)
<p>It seems in GNN(graph neural network), in transductive situation, we input the whole graph and we mask the label of valid data and predict the label for the valid data. </p>

<p>But is see... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,656 | mini batch vs. batch gradient descent | <p>In batch gradient descent, it is said that one iteration of gradient descent update takes the processing of whole entire dataset, which I believe makes an epoch.On the other hand, in mini batch algorithm an update is made after every mini batch and once every mini batch is done, one epoch is completed. So in both ca... | neural network deep learning mini batch gradient descent | 1 | mini batch vs. batch gradient descent -- (neural network deep learning mini batch gradient descent)
<p>In batch gradient descent, it is said that one iteration of gradient descent update takes the processing of whole entire dataset, which I believe makes an epoch.On the other hand, in mini batch algorithm an update is ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,659 | breaking joined words into meaningful ones during text mining | <p>I'm performing an aspect-based sentiment on consumer complaints. I'm tokenizing at the sentence level. </p>

<pre><code>tidy_complaints <- tidy_complaints %>%
 unnest_tokens(
 output = sentence,
 input = consumer_complaint_narrative,
 token = 'sentences'
 ) %>%
 m... | r text mining | 1 | breaking joined words into meaningful ones during text mining -- (r text mining)
<p>I'm performing an aspect-based sentiment on consumer complaints. I'm tokenizing at the sentence level. </p>

<pre><code>tidy_complaints <- tidy_complaints %>%
 unnest_tokens(
 output = sentence,
 input =... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,668 | How to use a RBF kernel to create a "Kernel Space" using the similarity of each pair of point? | <p>I am trying to use Semi-Unsupervised clustering using reinforcement learning following <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315743515_Semi-Unsupervised_Clustering_Using_Reinforcement_Learning" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> paper.</p>

<p>Assume I have n data-points each of which has d dimen... | clustering reinforcement learning svm kernel rbf | 1 | How to use a RBF kernel to create a "Kernel Space" using the similarity of each pair of point? -- (clustering reinforcement learning svm kernel rbf)
<p>I am trying to use Semi-Unsupervised clustering using reinforcement learning following <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315743515_Semi-Unsupervised_Clu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,672 | What is the model architectural difference between transductive GCN and inductive GraphSAGE? | <p>Difference of the model design.</p>

<p>It seems the difference is that GraphSAGE sample the data.</p>

<p>But what is the difference in model architecture.</p>
 | neural network deep learning gnn knowledge graph | 1 | What is the model architectural difference between transductive GCN and inductive GraphSAGE? -- (neural network deep learning gnn knowledge graph)
<p>Difference of the model design.</p>

<p>It seems the difference is that GraphSAGE sample the data.</p>

<p>But what is the difference in model architectur... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,684 | How to deal with class imbalance in a neural network? | <p>Suppose we have a game and its action space contains two possible actions: <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>.</p>

<p>We have a labelled dataset of state-action pairs but 95% of actions are <code>A</code> and only 5% are <code>B</code></p>

<p>If we train a neural network, it will always output <code... | neural network classification reinforcement learning class imbalance | 1 | How to deal with class imbalance in a neural network? -- (neural network classification reinforcement learning class imbalance)
<p>Suppose we have a game and its action space contains two possible actions: <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>.</p>

<p>We have a labelled dataset of state-action pairs but 95% of act... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,688 | how to shuffle the data for model.fit with custom data generator? | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LRAHj.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LRAHj.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>So trainfiles is a list that contains the files' directory and name e.g. ['../train/1.npy' , '../train/2.npy'] 
and then I create a datas... | deep learning keras tensorflow dataset generalization | 1 | how to shuffle the data for model.fit with custom data generator? -- (deep learning keras tensorflow dataset generalization)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LRAHj.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LRAHj.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>So trainfiles is ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,691 | I am not getting classification output by predict_generator() | <p>I am trying to classify pre-downloaded images from my dataset to "Rock" , "Paper" , "Scissor" classifications but I am getting outputs as numbers.</p>

<p>I have already divided the dataset to Train folder where 3 folders with the names of the categories exist.</p>

<p>Is it because I am not using a ... | machine learning deep learning dataset image classification | 1 | I am not getting classification output by predict_generator() -- (machine learning deep learning dataset image classification)
<p>I am trying to classify pre-downloaded images from my dataset to "Rock" , "Paper" , "Scissor" classifications but I am getting outputs as numbers.</p>

<p>I have already divided the ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,696 | After performing data Augmentation on tf.data.Dataset, should i MERGE it with original tf.data.Dataset? | <p>Kind of a silly question, but I read that data Augmentation can be used in order to solve problem of small datasets. In my case, I've got a dataset with 5 different classes and around 2k examples per class. After performing various image transformations, do I merge the augmented dataset with original dataset into a ... | deep learning keras image classification data augmentation | 1 | After performing data Augmentation on tf.data.Dataset, should i MERGE it with original tf.data.Dataset? -- (deep learning keras image classification data augmentation)
<p>Kind of a silly question, but I read that data Augmentation can be used in order to solve problem of small datasets. In my case, I've got a dataset w... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,704 | Nice real data sets for testing DBSCAN? | <p>I'm looking for <strong>real</strong> datasets on which I could test my DBSCAN algorithm implementation, that is, a dataset of points in (ideally 2 dimmensional) space, or a set of nodes and info about the distances between them. </p>

<p>I have looked on SNAP and CRAWDAD for such datasets, like datasets of ... | dataset dbscan | 1 | Nice real data sets for testing DBSCAN? -- (dataset dbscan)
<p>I'm looking for <strong>real</strong> datasets on which I could test my DBSCAN algorithm implementation, that is, a dataset of points in (ideally 2 dimmensional) space, or a set of nodes and info about the distances between them. </p>

<p>I have loo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,708 | What does it mean to have 1 degree of freedom in ANOVA test? | <p>So I used python to run multi-factorial ANOVA analysis on a data set. I first used a ols.fit() and then the anova_lm function. I realized for the variables I am analyzing their degree of freedom is 1. Does that mean only 1 value out of my data is extracted and used for calculation? Why is the residual df so high?</p... | python anova | 1 | What does it mean to have 1 degree of freedom in ANOVA test? -- (python anova)
<p>So I used python to run multi-factorial ANOVA analysis on a data set. I first used a ols.fit() and then the anova_lm function. I realized for the variables I am analyzing their degree of freedom is 1. Does that mean only 1 value out of my... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,709 | Why is my training accuracy 0.0? | <p>The Sizes of both the true label and predicted label are same still, the training accuracy is 0.0</p>

<pre><code>import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
</code></pre>

<p>Data Preprocessing</p>

<pre><c... | neural network scikit learn accuracy | 1 | Why is my training accuracy 0.0? -- (neural network scikit learn accuracy)
<p>The Sizes of both the true label and predicted label are same still, the training accuracy is 0.0</p>

<pre><code>import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,721 | Hill Climbing Algorithm - Optimum Step Size | <p>I am implementing a standard hill climbing algorithm to optimise hyper-parameters for a predictive model. The hill climbing algorithm is being applied as part of a two-stage approach:</p>

<ol>
<li>Apply grid search with large values applied to the hyper-parameter to find a 'best' starting point </li>&#x... | predictive modeling optimization hyperparameter tuning hyperparameter | 1 | Hill Climbing Algorithm - Optimum Step Size -- (predictive modeling optimization hyperparameter tuning hyperparameter)
<p>I am implementing a standard hill climbing algorithm to optimise hyper-parameters for a predictive model. The hill climbing algorithm is being applied as part of a two-stage approach:</p>

<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,726 | Keras Early Stopping: Monitor 'loss' or 'val_loss'? | <p>I often use "early stopping" when I train neural nets, e.g. in <a href="https://keras.io/callbacks/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Keras</a>:</p>

<pre><code>from keras.callbacks import EarlyStopping

# Define early stopping as callback
early_stopping = EarlyStopping(monitor='loss', patience=5, mode=... | neural network keras early stopping | 1 | Keras Early Stopping: Monitor 'loss' or 'val_loss'? -- (neural network keras early stopping)
<p>I often use "early stopping" when I train neural nets, e.g. in <a href="https://keras.io/callbacks/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Keras</a>:</p>

<pre><code>from keras.callbacks import EarlyStopping

# Define ea... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,744 | Implementing the SVHN CNN architecture in Srivastava et al. 2014 Dropout paper | <p>I am trying the implement the CNN architecture introduced in Srivastava et al. 2014 Dropout paper (appendix B.2), for the SVHN dataset. I implemented only the convolutional layers part, without dropout or any regularization for the moment, following this description of the mentioned paper:
"The convolutional lay... | keras tensorflow convolution deep learning | 1 | Implementing the SVHN CNN architecture in Srivastava et al. 2014 Dropout paper -- (keras tensorflow convolution deep learning)
<p>I am trying the implement the CNN architecture introduced in Srivastava et al. 2014 Dropout paper (appendix B.2), for the SVHN dataset. I implemented only the convolutional layers part, with... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,748 | Does this mean underfitting? | <p>I am training model to classify fruit images belonging to 60 classes. I have this result:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZwMCNm.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZwMCNm.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Validation accuracy is greater tha... | neural network tensorflow | 1 | Does this mean underfitting? -- (neural network tensorflow)
<p>I am training model to classify fruit images belonging to 60 classes. I have this result:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZwMCNm.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZwMCNm.png" alt="enter image description h... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,761 | Implementation of BERT using Tensorflow vs PyTorch | <p><strong>BERT</strong> is an NLP model developed by <em>Google</em>. The original BERT model is built by the TensorFlow team, there is also a version of BERT which is built using PyTorch. What is the main difference between these two models?</p>
 | tensorflow pytorch bert | 1 | Implementation of BERT using Tensorflow vs PyTorch -- (tensorflow pytorch bert)
<p><strong>BERT</strong> is an NLP model developed by <em>Google</em>. The original BERT model is built by the TensorFlow team, there is also a version of BERT which is built using PyTorch. What is the main difference between these two mode... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,776 | Linear vs Non linear regression (Basic Beginner) | <p>So my doubt is basically in Linear regression, We try to fit a straight line or a curve for a given training set. Now, I believe whenever the features (independent variable) increases, parameters also increases. Hence computing these parameters is computationally expensive. So, I guess that's the reason we move to N... | machine learning neural network linear regression non parametric | 1 | Linear vs Non linear regression (Basic Beginner) -- (machine learning neural network linear regression non parametric)
<p>So my doubt is basically in Linear regression, We try to fit a straight line or a curve for a given training set. Now, I believe whenever the features (independent variable) increases, parameters al... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,783 | Address parsing using spaCy | <p>I am trying to parse addresses from various documents using spaCy using NER but the results are not so accurate.</p>
<p>I know this is bit generic question but it would be a great help if I could get reference of any past work or good articles or techniques to apply to this.</p>
 | machine learning nlp spacy | 1 | Address parsing using spaCy -- (machine learning nlp spacy)
<p>I am trying to parse addresses from various documents using spaCy using NER but the results are not so accurate.</p>
<p>I know this is bit generic question but it would be a great help if I could get reference of any past work or good articles or techni... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,793 | Data analysis PCA | <p>I have a question about the functioning of PCA. I have a dataset with only 2 categorical attributes out of 9. Is it good to calculate pca between those two? Does it help me understanding anything special? 
here's my <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings" rel="nofollow noreferrer">dataset<... | categorical data pca data analysis | 1 | Data analysis PCA -- (categorical data pca data analysis)
<p>I have a question about the functioning of PCA. I have a dataset with only 2 categorical attributes out of 9. Is it good to calculate pca between those two? Does it help me understanding anything special? 
here's my <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,797 | Why is my loss increasing in gradient descent? | <p><strong>When the learning rate is 0.01 the loss seems to be decreasing whereas when I increase the learning rate even slightly, the loss increases. Why does this happen? Are the gradients calculated wrong?</strong></p>

<p><em>Neural Network with 2 hidden layers ,128 neurons in the first hidden layers and 64... | machine learning neural network gradient descent | 1 | Why is my loss increasing in gradient descent? -- (machine learning neural network gradient descent)
<p><strong>When the learning rate is 0.01 the loss seems to be decreasing whereas when I increase the learning rate even slightly, the loss increases. Why does this happen? Are the gradients calculated wrong?</strong></... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,799 | Clustering on categorical attributes | <p>I have a dataset with only 2 categorical attributes out of 9. How can I get a clustering analysis on it? 
I am using R. Do you have any advices about instructions, how to do it, topics, ...?
here's my <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings" rel="nofollow noreferrer">dataset</a></p>
... | r clustering categorical data | 1 | Clustering on categorical attributes -- (r clustering categorical data)
<p>I have a dataset with only 2 categorical attributes out of 9. How can I get a clustering analysis on it? 
I am using R. Do you have any advices about instructions, how to do it, topics, ...?
here's my <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,807 | Gradient of a function in Python | <p>I've defined a function in this way: </p>

<pre><code>def qfun(par):
 return(par[0]+atan(par[3])*par[1]+atan(par[4])*par[2])

</code></pre>

<p>How can I obtain the gradient of this function for only some of the elements (par [0:2]) in a specific point? I only find functions with only ... | python gradient descent gradient | 1 | Gradient of a function in Python -- (python gradient descent gradient)
<p>I've defined a function in this way: </p>

<pre><code>def qfun(par):
 return(par[0]+atan(par[3])*par[1]+atan(par[4])*par[2])

</code></pre>

<p>How can I obtain the gradient of this function for only some of the ele... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,813 | CV Pipeline for Time Series with Differing shape for X and y | <p>I am playing around with ML models to forecast a time series. I'd like to generate a sklearn pipeline like </p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>from sklearn.preprocessing import FunctionTransformer
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
fro... | scikit learn time series | 1 | CV Pipeline for Time Series with Differing shape for X and y -- (scikit learn time series)
<p>I am playing around with ML models to forecast a time series. I'd like to generate a sklearn pipeline like </p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>from sklearn.preprocessing import FunctionTransformer
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,827 | ValueError: Shapes are incompatible when fitting using ImageDataGenerator | <p>I got this error <code>ValueError: Shapes (None, 1) and (None, 3) are incompatible</code> when training my Sequential model. I could not figure out which shapes are actually incompatible. This is the first time I do image classification. Here are my codes:</p>

<pre><code>model = tf.keras.models.Sequential()... | keras image preprocessing reshape | 1 | ValueError: Shapes are incompatible when fitting using ImageDataGenerator -- (keras image preprocessing reshape)
<p>I got this error <code>ValueError: Shapes (None, 1) and (None, 3) are incompatible</code> when training my Sequential model. I could not figure out which shapes are actually incompatible. This is the firs... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,829 | Having trouble understanding the x and y axis in SVM when training and testing data | <p>I wrote some code based on <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/manikg/training-svm-classifier-with-hog-features/log" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> article. </p>

<p>In the code in the article they have created a partition of 80 percent test and 20 percent data</p>

<pre><code>#What percentage of dat... | python svm | 1 | Having trouble understanding the x and y axis in SVM when training and testing data -- (python svm)
<p>I wrote some code based on <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/manikg/training-svm-classifier-with-hog-features/log" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> article. </p>

<p>In the code in the article they have create... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,834 | Neural Networks to Output Metrics other than Prediction | <p>I have a Deep Learning Network that predicts values. However, along with the prediction i also want it to output some further metrics. For example, for each image i want it to give me the total sum of all pixels. How does one achieve this? </p>
 | machine learning neural network deep learning keras metric | 1 | Neural Networks to Output Metrics other than Prediction -- (machine learning neural network deep learning keras metric)
<p>I have a Deep Learning Network that predicts values. However, along with the prediction i also want it to output some further metrics. For example, for each image i want it to give me the total sum... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,841 | Is vanilla RNN suitable for time series prediction? | <p>I read this document: <a href="https://iamtrask.github.io/2015/11/15/anyone-can-code-lstm/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://iamtrask.github.io/2015/11/15/anyone-can-code-lstm/</a>
It was pretty simple, but I don't understand how to use it for predict the next sequence (for example) in trading systems.</p>
... | time series rnn | 1 | Is vanilla RNN suitable for time series prediction? -- (time series rnn)
<p>I read this document: <a href="https://iamtrask.github.io/2015/11/15/anyone-can-code-lstm/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://iamtrask.github.io/2015/11/15/anyone-can-code-lstm/</a>
It was pretty simple, but I don't understand how to use it... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,861 | Machine learning on classifying speech | <p>So, I have 9k of 1 second wav files of a person speaking. These are labeled by whether the person speaking is wearing a face mask or not. I am supposed to come up with a machine learning model to classify these criteria.</p>

<p>So far I tried using KNN on the mfcc feature of the audio. This gets around 56% ... | machine learning neural network cnn k nn audio recognition | 1 | Machine learning on classifying speech -- (machine learning neural network cnn k nn audio recognition)
<p>So, I have 9k of 1 second wav files of a person speaking. These are labeled by whether the person speaking is wearing a face mask or not. I am supposed to come up with a machine learning model to classify these cri... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,873 | How to plot an image from a series of bits inPython? | <p>I am given a dataset of 0s and 1s for some handwritten letters (below is a series for one image) and i'd like to visualize them in python. How can this be achieved? </p>

<p><code>'00000000000000101000000000000000000000000000011111000000000000000000000000000111100000000000000000000000000011110000000000000000... | machine learning python image classification visualization | 1 | How to plot an image from a series of bits inPython? -- (machine learning python image classification visualization)
<p>I am given a dataset of 0s and 1s for some handwritten letters (below is a series for one image) and i'd like to visualize them in python. How can this be achieved? </p>

<p><code>'00000000000... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,875 | How to build a classifier for determining if two pairs are a match? | <p>I'm trying to build a classifier that can determine if two addresses are a match or non-match.</p>

<p>Let's assume I have a data set of address pairs that have a match or non-match label.</p>

<p>I'm new to ML so something may be going over my head but is this how I'm thinking of approaching the tas... | machine learning classification | 1 | How to build a classifier for determining if two pairs are a match? -- (machine learning classification)
<p>I'm trying to build a classifier that can determine if two addresses are a match or non-match.</p>

<p>Let's assume I have a data set of address pairs that have a match or non-match label.</p>

<p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,887 | P-values in orange data mining | <p>I'm new to orange and struggling to find p-values, using linear regression tools.</p>

<p>It seems the outputs are only coefficients. What am I missing?</p>
 | orange orange3 | 1 | P-values in orange data mining -- (orange orange3)
<p>I'm new to orange and struggling to find p-values, using linear regression tools.</p>

<p>It seems the outputs are only coefficients. What am I missing?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,899 | Error when checking target: expected Output to have 2 dimensions, but got array with shape (631, 80, 2641) | <p>I'm making a Text Chunking program using Bi-LSTM from the model I of the paper "Neural Models for Sequence Chunking". The inputs are sequences of words and the outputs are "B-NP", "I-NP", and "O".</p>

<p>The problem I have is the output. The expected output is 2 dimensions, not 3 dimensions.</p>

<p... | deep learning keras tensorflow lstm | 1 | Error when checking target: expected Output to have 2 dimensions, but got array with shape (631, 80, 2641) -- (deep learning keras tensorflow lstm)
<p>I'm making a Text Chunking program using Bi-LSTM from the model I of the paper "Neural Models for Sequence Chunking". The inputs are sequences of words and the outputs a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,910 | Two-class model with predicted scores needed - classification or regression approach | <p>In my problem, step one is to build a model to classify cases as one of True or False (1 or 0 could also be used obviously). Once the optimum model is found, step two is to retrieve probabilities for these predictions and use these to work out the optimum threshold (based on an accuracy measure) to classify my data ... | classification regression predictive modeling svm prediction | 1 | Two-class model with predicted scores needed - classification or regression approach -- (classification regression predictive modeling svm prediction)
<p>In my problem, step one is to build a model to classify cases as one of True or False (1 or 0 could also be used obviously). Once the optimum model is found, step two... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,916 | Building a scorecard | <p>I would like to build a scorecard from scratch.</p>

<p>Currently I have been working on data cleaning, and I created a dataset for training and another for test.
What I have is a dataset of around 700 rows (maybe not so many as I could expect; it is for a computer science project), 20 columns. The targe... | python classification | 1 | Building a scorecard -- (python classification)
<p>I would like to build a scorecard from scratch.</p>

<p>Currently I have been working on data cleaning, and I created a dataset for training and another for test.
What I have is a dataset of around 700 rows (maybe not so many as I could expect; it is for a ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,918 | Bar plot with varying length | <p>Hello folks, 
 I am trying to plot a grouped bar plot of two variables with varying lengths, which means the x and y length of both the variables are different. The format of the data is given below:
This is for <strong>NRI</strong>.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/zvAic.png" re... | python pandas matplotlib | 1 | Bar plot with varying length -- (python pandas matplotlib)
<p>Hello folks, 
 I am trying to plot a grouped bar plot of two variables with varying lengths, which means the x and y length of both the variables are different. The format of the data is given below:
This is for <strong>NRI</strong>.</p>&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,952 | Time Series Data Multi-Class Classification | <p>This is a very general question, as I'm still very much in the learning phase with machine learning. I have some utility data around problematic meters. Even tho the data is "time series", I believe I can perform a multi-class classification (looking at 3 labels) towards the data, but would like some opinions befo... | classification time series multiclass classification multilabel classification | 1 | Time Series Data Multi-Class Classification -- (classification time series multiclass classification multilabel classification)
<p>This is a very general question, as I'm still very much in the learning phase with machine learning. I have some utility data around problematic meters. Even tho the data is "time series"... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,962 | How to best handle imbalanced text classification with Keras? | <p>I implemented a text classification model using Keras.</p>

<p>Most of the datasets that I use are imbalanced. Therefore, I would like to use SMOTE to handle said imbalance.</p>

<p>I tried both on plain text, and once the text was vectorized, but I don't seem to be able to apply SMOTE on text data.<... | classification keras class imbalance smote text classification | 1 | How to best handle imbalanced text classification with Keras? -- (classification keras class imbalance smote text classification)
<p>I implemented a text classification model using Keras.</p>

<p>Most of the datasets that I use are imbalanced. Therefore, I would like to use SMOTE to handle said imbalance.</p>&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,974 | Balanced Accuracy vs. F1 Score | <p>I've read plenty of online posts with clear explanations about the difference between accuracy and F1 score in a binary classification context. However, when I came across the concept of <em>balanced accuracy</em>, explained e.g. in the following image (<a href="http://mvpa.blogspot.com/2015/12/balanced-accuracy-wha... | classification accuracy metric f1score | 1 | Balanced Accuracy vs. F1 Score -- (classification accuracy metric f1score)
<p>I've read plenty of online posts with clear explanations about the difference between accuracy and F1 score in a binary classification context. However, when I came across the concept of <em>balanced accuracy</em>, explained e.g. in the follo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
73,989 | How to approach an extremely unbalanced time series dataset | <p>I need to classify a relatively small time series dataset.</p>

<p>Training set dimensions are 5087 rows (to classify) by 3197 columns (time samples) which are (or should be as far as I understood) the features of the model. I don't know yet if every sample is important and I will think about downsample/filt... | scikit learn time series cross validation class imbalance | 1 | How to approach an extremely unbalanced time series dataset -- (scikit learn time series cross validation class imbalance)
<p>I need to classify a relatively small time series dataset.</p>

<p>Training set dimensions are 5087 rows (to classify) by 3197 columns (time samples) which are (or should be as far as I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,000 | How to Find the Average of the Input Vectors | <p>I want to find <strong>the average of input vectors</strong>. I tried to use tf.math.reduce_mean, but it went error.</p>

<p>If I have to use keras.layers.Average, I have to make a list of the hidden states.</p>

<p>Does anyone know how to solve this?</p>

<p>Using tf.math.reduce_mean</p>
... | deep learning keras tensorflow rnn | 1 | How to Find the Average of the Input Vectors -- (deep learning keras tensorflow rnn)
<p>I want to find <strong>the average of input vectors</strong>. I tried to use tf.math.reduce_mean, but it went error.</p>

<p>If I have to use keras.layers.Average, I have to make a list of the hidden states.</p>

<p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,002 | Correlation between words, then texts | <p>I have texts collected on different topics. I would like to study the possible correlation between these. 
I have started looking at the word frequency and it seems that in one dataset the word with highest frequency is cat; in another dataset is mice; 
in another one is house. </p>

<p>Do you know a... | similarity data analysis text classification | 1 | Correlation between words, then texts -- (similarity data analysis text classification)
<p>I have texts collected on different topics. I would like to study the possible correlation between these. 
I have started looking at the word frequency and it seems that in one dataset the word with highest frequency is cat; ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,005 | In backpropagation, scale is also important? | <p>I think backpropagation is needed to find the direction of gradient decent method.</p>

<p>I also wonder, the scale is also important? </p>

<p>I heard some issue of vanishing(or exploding) gradient problem.
If the direction of the backpropagation is remained,
we still could apply gradient de... | deep learning backpropagation activation function | 1 | In backpropagation, scale is also important? -- (deep learning backpropagation activation function)
<p>I think backpropagation is needed to find the direction of gradient decent method.</p>

<p>I also wonder, the scale is also important? </p>

<p>I heard some issue of vanishing(or exploding) gradient pr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,009 | How does time-series classification work? | <p>So I have the multiple time series data in this format --</p>

<pre>
id Week X1 X2 X3 y

1 201901 10. 34.9 52.8 0

1 201902 20. 44.1 12.6 1

1 201903 30. 54.2 84.3 1

1 201904 40. 64.4 77.1 0

2 201901 10. 64.9 62.8 1

2 ... | machine learning classification time series | 1 | How does time-series classification work? -- (machine learning classification time series)
<p>So I have the multiple time series data in this format --</p>

<pre>
id Week X1 X2 X3 y

1 201901 10. 34.9 52.8 0

1 201902 20. 44.1 12.6 1

1 201903 30. 54.2 84.3 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,018 | Tensor Flow Time Series Tutorial Question | <p>In the tutorial, they normalize the data and say "The mean and standard deviation should only be computed using the training data"</p>

<p>What does this refer to? Why should you only use the training data?</p>
 | feature engineering normalization | 1 | Tensor Flow Time Series Tutorial Question -- (feature engineering normalization)
<p>In the tutorial, they normalize the data and say "The mean and standard deviation should only be computed using the training data"</p>

<p>What does this refer to? Why should you only use the training data?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,034 | Suspiciously low False Positive rate with Naive Bayes Classifier? | <p>I am performing phishing URL classification, and I am comparing several ML classifiers on a balanced 2-class data-set (legitimate URL, phishy URL).</p>

<p>The ensemble and boosting classifiers such as Random Forest, Ada Boost, Extra Trees etc AND K-NN achieve an accuracy about 90%, and a False Positive Rat... | machine learning classification svm supervised learning naive bayes classifier | 1 | Suspiciously low False Positive rate with Naive Bayes Classifier? -- (machine learning classification svm supervised learning naive bayes classifier)
<p>I am performing phishing URL classification, and I am comparing several ML classifiers on a balanced 2-class data-set (legitimate URL, phishy URL).</p>

<p>The... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,035 | How to run a model stored as a .Rda file? | <p>I am using an already written R code which has a line of code as shown below</p>

<pre><code>model_predictors <- buildModel(flag, data, outcomeName, folder)
model<-model_predictors<span class="math-container">$model
predictorsNames<-model_predictors$</span>predictorsNames
auc <- model... | machine learning neural network deep learning classification r | 1 | How to run a model stored as a .Rda file? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning classification r)
<p>I am using an already written R code which has a line of code as shown below</p>

<pre><code>model_predictors <- buildModel(flag, data, outcomeName, folder)
model<-model_predictors<span cla... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,045 | Can we use one hot encoding instead of for loops? | <p>I have an anomaly detection model, that I run per store with a bunch of features. 
I intend to run this code, everyday, per store. Now, lets say I have 8000 stores, I would imagine, I should write a for loop and iterate and create the model per store:</p>

<p><code>final</code> is the dataframe that cons... | machine learning data science model anomaly detection | 1 | Can we use one hot encoding instead of for loops? -- (machine learning data science model anomaly detection)
<p>I have an anomaly detection model, that I run per store with a bunch of features. 
I intend to run this code, everyday, per store. Now, lets say I have 8000 stores, I would imagine, I should write a for l... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,059 | Regime detection to identify transitions between habitats | <p>The following figure represents the concentration of a substance (referred to as <code>Element</code> in the code) measured in an organism throughout its life. There are several distinct regimes in the data that correspond with this organism moving in and out of a certain area. I know this organism moved between th... | r time series markov process markov hidden model | 1 | Regime detection to identify transitions between habitats -- (r time series markov process markov hidden model)
<p>The following figure represents the concentration of a substance (referred to as <code>Element</code> in the code) measured in an organism throughout its life. There are several distinct regimes in the da... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,074 | Why is the testing set standardized using fit values from the training set | <p>I was wondering, in the feature scaling part of data preprocessing, why is the data in the testing set standardized using the fit values from the training set? Why aren't the fit values recalculated separately for the testing set and then used for transforming the testing set? Here is the code I am using as referenc... | feature scaling | 1 | Why is the testing set standardized using fit values from the training set -- (feature scaling)
<p>I was wondering, in the feature scaling part of data preprocessing, why is the data in the testing set standardized using the fit values from the training set? Why aren't the fit values recalculated separately for the tes... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,078 | Setting activation function to a leaky relu in a Sequential model | <p>I'm doing a beginner's TensorFlow course, we are given a mini-project about predicting the MNIST data set (hand written digits) and we have to finish the code such that we get a 99% accuracy (measured as 0.01 loss) in less than 10 epochs. 
In principle I am getting the accuracy, but the loss only reaches <0.0... | keras tensorflow activation function | 1 | Setting activation function to a leaky relu in a Sequential model -- (keras tensorflow activation function)
<p>I'm doing a beginner's TensorFlow course, we are given a mini-project about predicting the MNIST data set (hand written digits) and we have to finish the code such that we get a 99% accuracy (measured as 0.01 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,083 | Is this over-fitting or something else? | <p>I recently put together an entry for the House Prices Kaggle competition for beginners. I decided to try my hand at understanding and using XGBoost. </p>

<p>I split Kaggle's 'training' data into 'training' and 'testing'. Then I fit and tuned my model on the new training data using KFold CV and got a score ... | xgboost cross validation overfitting kaggle | 1 | Is this over-fitting or something else? -- (xgboost cross validation overfitting kaggle)
<p>I recently put together an entry for the House Prices Kaggle competition for beginners. I decided to try my hand at understanding and using XGBoost. </p>

<p>I split Kaggle's 'training' data into 'training' and 'testing... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,089 | Can I plug models like Linear Regression into a CNN feature map result? | <p>I was learning about image recognition on the Orange Software and I saw that I can feed my image database into a CNN(they call image embedding) that has as output a feature map of the image and then I can feed that feature map into models like Logistic/Linear Regression. And that is my objective, compare those model... | image classification image recognition image preprocessing orange3 | 1 | Can I plug models like Linear Regression into a CNN feature map result? -- (image classification image recognition image preprocessing orange3)
<p>I was learning about image recognition on the Orange Software and I saw that I can feed my image database into a CNN(they call image embedding) that has as output a feature ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,090 | Number of internal nodes in a Decision Tree | <p>The number of internal nodes in a decision tree is not equal to the size (n) of the input feature vector? It is always less than n or the upper bound on the number of decision nodes will be n? How to draw a relation?</p>
 | machine learning classification | 1 | Number of internal nodes in a Decision Tree -- (machine learning classification)
<p>The number of internal nodes in a decision tree is not equal to the size (n) of the input feature vector? It is always less than n or the upper bound on the number of decision nodes will be n? How to draw a relation?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,092 | How to view entire 5788 rows and 7 columns.? | <p>I want to see entire 5788 rows and 7 columns of my CSV data. I used below code and it is giving little data by stating [5788 rows x 7 columns] but showing only 10 rows and 5 columns in python prompt. How to get display of entire rows and column there?</p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv(... | python pandas data science model data analysis csv | 1 | How to view entire 5788 rows and 7 columns.? -- (python pandas data science model data analysis csv)
<p>I want to see entire 5788 rows and 7 columns of my CSV data. I used below code and it is giving little data by stating [5788 rows x 7 columns] but showing only 10 rows and 5 columns in python prompt. How to get displ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,102 | Reason for Huge Jump in Loss For One Epoch Only? | <p>I was wondering what possible reasons there could be for a huge jump in loss for only one epoch during training. I am getting a result like...</p>

<pre><code>Epoch 1/10
2020-05-13 18:42:19.436235: I tensorflow/core/kernels/data/shuffle_dataset_op.cc:184] Filling up shuffle buffer (this may take a while... | neural network keras lstm training | 1 | Reason for Huge Jump in Loss For One Epoch Only? -- (neural network keras lstm training)
<p>I was wondering what possible reasons there could be for a huge jump in loss for only one epoch during training. I am getting a result like...</p>

<pre><code>Epoch 1/10
2020-05-13 18:42:19.436235: I tensorflow/core... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,115 | Is BERT a language model? | <p>Is BERT a language model in the sense of a function that gets a sentence and returns a probability?
I know its main usage is sentence embedding, but can it also provide this functionality?</p>
 | nlp bert transformer language model | 1 | Is BERT a language model? -- (nlp bert transformer language model)
<p>Is BERT a language model in the sense of a function that gets a sentence and returns a probability?
I know its main usage is sentence embedding, but can it also provide this functionality?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,118 | How can I improve my model on a very very small dataset? | <p>I am starting as a PhD student and we want to find appropriate materials (with certain qualities) from basic chemical properties like charge, etc. There are a lot of models and datasets in similar works, but since our work is pretty novel, we have to make and test each data sample ourselves. This makes the data acqu... | machine learning regression data augmentation ensemble learning | 1 | How can I improve my model on a very very small dataset? -- (machine learning regression data augmentation ensemble learning)
<p>I am starting as a PhD student and we want to find appropriate materials (with certain qualities) from basic chemical properties like charge, etc. There are a lot of models and datasets in si... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,134 | How does the Naive Bayes algorithm function effectively as a classifier, despite the assumptions of conditional indpendence and bag of words? | <p>Naive Bayes algorithm used for text classification relies on 2 assumptions to make it computationally speedy:</p>

<ul>
<li><p>Bag of Words assumption: the position of words is not considered</p></li>
<li><p>Conditional Independence: words are independent of one another</p></li>
</ul>

<p... | naive bayes classifier naive bayes algorithim | 1 | How does the Naive Bayes algorithm function effectively as a classifier, despite the assumptions of conditional indpendence and bag of words? -- (naive bayes classifier naive bayes algorithim)
<p>Naive Bayes algorithm used for text classification relies on 2 assumptions to make it computationally speedy:</p>

<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,155 | Trainer Component Error in Tensorflow Extension : AttributeError: module 'user_module' has no attribute 'trainer_fn' | <p>I want to build a tfx pipeline on own dataset.
I could use some advice on the transform code that I wrote and understand better.</p>

<p>I've done the ExampleGen, StatisticsGen, SchemaGen, ExampleValidator, Transform, and having an error in Trainer components.</p>

<p>How I could fix these issues... | python tensorflow | 1 | Trainer Component Error in Tensorflow Extension : AttributeError: module 'user_module' has no attribute 'trainer_fn' -- (python tensorflow)
<p>I want to build a tfx pipeline on own dataset.
I could use some advice on the transform code that I wrote and understand better.</p>

<p>I've done the ExampleGen, St... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,160 | What is the meaning of colors in activation maps? | <p>I am trying to understand how the neural network works. I plotted the intermediate layer activations and I got the following image. </p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SfdQ4.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SfdQ4.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
&... | deep learning keras visualization activation function | 1 | What is the meaning of colors in activation maps? -- (deep learning keras visualization activation function)
<p>I am trying to understand how the neural network works. I plotted the intermediate layer activations and I got the following image. </p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SfdQ4.png" rel="nofollow... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,176 | Value on Decision Tree plot | <p>After plotting a <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.tree.plot_tree.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">sklearn decision</a> tree I check what it says in each box and there is one feature "value"
that I am not sure what it refers.</p>

<p>The first line will be the column and t... | machine learning scikit learn decision trees | 1 | Value on Decision Tree plot -- (machine learning scikit learn decision trees)
<p>After plotting a <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.tree.plot_tree.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">sklearn decision</a> tree I check what it says in each box and there is one feature "value"
that I am no... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,192 | Does regularisation make the loss noisy? | <p>I implemented dropout and got a loss plot like this
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/6SWbo.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/6SWbo.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Before implementing regularisation the loss the was not noisy at all</p>

<p>I... | machine learning regularization | 1 | Does regularisation make the loss noisy? -- (machine learning regularization)
<p>I implemented dropout and got a loss plot like this
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/6SWbo.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/6SWbo.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Before i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,227 | What is the purpose of a confusion matrix in a classification problem? | <p>I am studying machine learning. After some research I understood that a typical workflow for a <strong>classification problem</strong> (after having prepared the data) is the following:</p>

<ol>
<li>Split data in test, train and validation sets</li>
<li>Train the model</li>
<li>Generate the <st... | classification cross validation metric confusion matrix grid search | 1 | What is the purpose of a confusion matrix in a classification problem? -- (classification cross validation metric confusion matrix grid search)
<p>I am studying machine learning. After some research I understood that a typical workflow for a <strong>classification problem</strong> (after having prepared the data) is t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,228 | Organization finder in spaCy | <p>I am trying to find the parties between which the agreement is executed from the statement below.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>AGREEMENT, dated as of January 10, 2000, is entered into by and between ABC-EFG GROUP Inc. having an address at 418 Mona Drive, Prominade 34, Florida 34673, United States of America and Rob C... | machine learning python nlp named entity recognition spacy | 1 | Organization finder in spaCy -- (machine learning python nlp named entity recognition spacy)
<p>I am trying to find the parties between which the agreement is executed from the statement below.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>AGREEMENT, dated as of January 10, 2000, is entered into by and between ABC-EFG GROUP Inc. having ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,233 | What is the best ML/DL model to choose to calculate mobile network utilization increase | <p>Let’s imagine the following scenario:</p>

<p>The marketing department decides to do the promotion next month and would like to give to every single mobile customer extra 10GB of data. </p>

<p>Due to simplicity, I have the following 5 features:</p>

<p>A: Amount of data volume downloaded by ... | machine learning deep learning | 1 | What is the best ML/DL model to choose to calculate mobile network utilization increase -- (machine learning deep learning)
<p>Let’s imagine the following scenario:</p>

<p>The marketing department decides to do the promotion next month and would like to give to every single mobile customer extra 10GB of data. ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,236 | AWS SageMaker Model as endpoint size limit | <p>Is there a size limit imposed on models deployed on AWS SageMaker as endpoints? I first tried to deploy a simple TensorFlow/Keras Iris classification model by converting to protobuf, tarring the model, and deploying. The size of the tarred file was around 10KB, and I was able to deploy that successfully as an endpoi... | keras tensorflow aws sagemaker | 1 | AWS SageMaker Model as endpoint size limit -- (keras tensorflow aws sagemaker)
<p>Is there a size limit imposed on models deployed on AWS SageMaker as endpoints? I first tried to deploy a simple TensorFlow/Keras Iris classification model by converting to protobuf, tarring the model, and deploying. The size of the tarre... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,253 | What needs to be done to make n_jobs work properly on sklearn? in particular on ElasticNetCV? | <p>The constructor of <code>sklearn.linear_model.ElasticNetCV</code> takes<code>n_jobs</code> as an argument.
Quoting the documentation <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.ElasticNetCV.html?highlight=elasticnetcv" rel="noreferrer">here</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>n_jo... | machine learning scikit learn cross validation parallel elastic net | 1 | What needs to be done to make n_jobs work properly on sklearn? in particular on ElasticNetCV? -- (machine learning scikit learn cross validation parallel elastic net)
<p>The constructor of <code>sklearn.linear_model.ElasticNetCV</code> takes<code>n_jobs</code> as an argument.
Quoting the documentation <a href="http... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,279 | LSTM Multivariate time series forecasting with multiple inputs for each time step | <p>I want to predict an output variable for the next day, for each of the users in my dataset. I was thinking of using LSTMs for achieving this.</p>

<p><strong>The dataset</strong></p>

<p>The dataset I am using has multiple inputs for each time step and it is dependent on the value from one of the inp... | time series lstm rnn forecasting | 1 | LSTM Multivariate time series forecasting with multiple inputs for each time step -- (time series lstm rnn forecasting)
<p>I want to predict an output variable for the next day, for each of the users in my dataset. I was thinking of using LSTMs for achieving this.</p>

<p><strong>The dataset</strong></p>
&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,300 | Split a string and create a news columns with parents | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SSL0O.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SSL0O.png" alt="dataframe " /></a></p>
<p>let's say I have this dataframe, and I would like to split it into several after (.) and have it like that, with levels</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.c... | python pandas jupyter | 1 | Split a string and create a news columns with parents -- (python pandas jupyter)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SSL0O.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SSL0O.png" alt="dataframe " /></a></p>
<p>let's say I have this dataframe, and I would like to split it into several after (... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,301 | What is the form of data used for prediction with generalized stacking ensemble? | <p>I am very confused as to how training data is split and on what data level 0 predictions are made when using generalized stacking. This question is similar to mine, but the answer is not sufficiently clear:</p>

<p><a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/19692/how-predictions-of-level-1-mode... | ensemble modeling generalization ensemble learning | 1 | What is the form of data used for prediction with generalized stacking ensemble? -- (ensemble modeling generalization ensemble learning)
<p>I am very confused as to how training data is split and on what data level 0 predictions are made when using generalized stacking. This question is similar to mine, but the answer ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,307 | sklearn serialize label encoder for multiple categorical columns | <p>I have a model with several categorical features that need to be converted to numeric format. I am using a combination of <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.LabelEncoder.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">LabelEncoder</a> and <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules... | scikit learn categorical data labels categorical encoding encoder | 1 | sklearn serialize label encoder for multiple categorical columns -- (scikit learn categorical data labels categorical encoding encoder)
<p>I have a model with several categorical features that need to be converted to numeric format. I am using a combination of <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,310 | how does gradient descent update weigths in neural network | <p>Im currently trying to learn about back propagation, and it's going forward, but theres one thing that keeps me scratching my head, and doesnt really seems to be answered in any of the videos or articles im looking at.
I understand now, that based on my loss, the weigths of my network is updated. But what i dont... | neural network gradient descent backpropagation | 1 | how does gradient descent update weigths in neural network -- (neural network gradient descent backpropagation)
<p>Im currently trying to learn about back propagation, and it's going forward, but theres one thing that keeps me scratching my head, and doesnt really seems to be answered in any of the videos or articles i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,315 | Fitting models to 2d data | <p>I am reading the documentation on tf.lattice (<a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/lattice/overview" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.tensorflow.org/lattice/overview</a>)</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0JFAO.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0JFAO.png" alt="en... | tensorflow | 1 | Fitting models to 2d data -- (tensorflow)
<p>I am reading the documentation on tf.lattice (<a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/lattice/overview" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.tensorflow.org/lattice/overview</a>)</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0JFAO.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="ht... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,316 | How much features are needed for Reinforcement learning? | <p>I am trying to learn and use reinforcement learning. Now I have only 6 numeric features in my dataset. Can I still use RL? in other words can be using RL for a such a number of features sensible? </p>
 | machine learning reinforcement learning | 1 | How much features are needed for Reinforcement learning? -- (machine learning reinforcement learning)
<p>I am trying to learn and use reinforcement learning. Now I have only 6 numeric features in my dataset. Can I still use RL? in other words can be using RL for a such a number of features sensible? </p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,322 | Norm type in cost function of ANN | <p>I'm reading <a href="https://adventuresinmachinelearning.com/neural-networks-tutorial/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">a tutorial about ANN</a>. They use the following cost function:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/aGqdS.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/aGqdS.png" alt=... | neural network deep learning mathematics cost function | 1 | Norm type in cost function of ANN -- (neural network deep learning mathematics cost function)
<p>I'm reading <a href="https://adventuresinmachinelearning.com/neural-networks-tutorial/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">a tutorial about ANN</a>. They use the following cost function:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,328 | Chain function in backpropagation | <p>I'm reading a <a href="https://adventuresinmachinelearning.com/neural-networks-tutorial/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Neural Networks Tutorial</a>. In order to answer my question you might have to take a brief look at it.</p>
<p>I understand everything until something they declare as "chain function":</p... | neural network deep learning backpropagation cost function mathematics | 1 | Chain function in backpropagation -- (neural network deep learning backpropagation cost function mathematics)
<p>I'm reading a <a href="https://adventuresinmachinelearning.com/neural-networks-tutorial/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Neural Networks Tutorial</a>. In order to answer my question you might have to take a brief... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,341 | difference in l1 and l2 regularization | <p>I have seen at different places saying that: l1 regularization penalizes weights more than l2.</p>

<p>But the derivative of l1 norm is <span class="math-container">$\lambda$</span> and l2 norm is 2<span class="math-container">$\lambda$</span>w. So l1 regularization subtracts smaller value than l2. Then why ... | regularization | 1 | difference in l1 and l2 regularization -- (regularization)
<p>I have seen at different places saying that: l1 regularization penalizes weights more than l2.</p>

<p>But the derivative of l1 norm is <span class="math-container">$\lambda$</span> and l2 norm is 2<span class="math-container">$\lambda$</span>w. So l... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,347 | How would you - on-the-fly - prevent a neural network from overfitting using a Keras callback? | <p>I have a neural network that starts to overfit in that the validation loss begins to increase while the training loss stays ~ flat with epochs.</p>

<p>Is there a generic algorithm - obvious or otherwise, well-known or not - to stop the training early if overfitting is somehow detected?</p>

<p>I not... | machine learning python keras tensorflow overfitting | 1 | How would you - on-the-fly - prevent a neural network from overfitting using a Keras callback? -- (machine learning python keras tensorflow overfitting)
<p>I have a neural network that starts to overfit in that the validation loss begins to increase while the training loss stays ~ flat with epochs.</p>

<p>Is t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,364 | Random Forrest Sklearn gives different accuracy for different target label encoding with same input features | <p>I'm using sklearn Random Forrest to train my model. With the same input features for the model I tried passing the target labels first with label_binarize to create one hot encodings of my target labels and second I tried using label_encoder to encode my target labels. In both cases I'm getting different accuracy sc... | scikit learn random forest multilabel classification one hot encoding | 1 | Random Forrest Sklearn gives different accuracy for different target label encoding with same input features -- (scikit learn random forest multilabel classification one hot encoding)
<p>I'm using sklearn Random Forrest to train my model. With the same input features for the model I tried passing the target labels firs... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,374 | How is learning rate calculated in sklearn Lasso regression? | <p>I was applying different regression models to Kaggle Housing dataset for advanced regression. I am planning to test out <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.Lasso.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">lasso</a>, <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.l... | linear regression regularization learning rate ridge regression lasso | 1 | How is learning rate calculated in sklearn Lasso regression? -- (linear regression regularization learning rate ridge regression lasso)
<p>I was applying different regression models to Kaggle Housing dataset for advanced regression. I am planning to test out <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sk... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,378 | How to handle columns with large/infinte values in dataset for ML classification | <p>Computed a column using a formula (formula does't involve any log functions, just a group by with <code>.sum()</code>), but as expected this column would result in <code>infinite/exponential values</code> like below:</p>

<pre><code>-inf
 nan
 inf
-3.000e+32
 7.3297+23 ...etc (similar data)&#... | machine learning python classification missing data | 1 | How to handle columns with large/infinte values in dataset for ML classification -- (machine learning python classification missing data)
<p>Computed a column using a formula (formula does't involve any log functions, just a group by with <code>.sum()</code>), but as expected this column would result in <code>infinite/... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,386 | While downsampling training data should we also downsample the validation data or retain validation split as it is? | <p>I am dealing with class imbalance problem.
In this case, I am down sampling the majority class lables in the training set.</p>

<p>Among training, validation and test splits, the majority class in training split is down-sampled, and test split is retained as it is. However, should the validation split be... | training class imbalance | 1 | While downsampling training data should we also downsample the validation data or retain validation split as it is? -- (training class imbalance)
<p>I am dealing with class imbalance problem.
In this case, I am down sampling the majority class lables in the training set.</p>

<p>Among training, validation a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,394 | What are the differences and advantages of TensorFlow and Octave for machine learning? | <p>I have been exploring the different libraries and languages you can use in order to implement machine learning. During this, I have stumbled upon a library <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">TensorFlow</a> and <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/octave/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Octav... | machine learning tensorflow octave | 1 | What are the differences and advantages of TensorFlow and Octave for machine learning? -- (machine learning tensorflow octave)
<p>I have been exploring the different libraries and languages you can use in order to implement machine learning. During this, I have stumbled upon a library <a href="https://www.tensorflow.or... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,400 | How to pre-process the name String of a customer? | <p>I implement logistic regression to predict if a customer is a business or a non-business customer with the help of TensorFlow in Python. I have several feature candidates like name, street, zip, longitude and latitude. At them moment I am thinking of how to use the name field. The name often has repeating parts like... | machine learning classification feature engineering categorical data | 1 | How to pre-process the name String of a customer? -- (machine learning classification feature engineering categorical data)
<p>I implement logistic regression to predict if a customer is a business or a non-business customer with the help of TensorFlow in Python. I have several feature candidates like name, street, zip... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,419 | Evaluate Keras model with scikit-learn metrics | <p>How does Keras calculate accuracy, precision, recall, and AUC?
I've created a model for categorical classification (i.e., multiple classes) by using <code>keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy()</code> as loss function, and in the <code>model.compile()</code> method I've specified the following metrics:</p>
&... | keras scikit learn evaluation | 1 | Evaluate Keras model with scikit-learn metrics -- (keras scikit learn evaluation)
<p>How does Keras calculate accuracy, precision, recall, and AUC?
I've created a model for categorical classification (i.e., multiple classes) by using <code>keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy()</code> as loss function, and in the <... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,427 | How does graph classification work with graph neural networks | <p>I am reading the paper <a href="https://persagen.com/files/misc/scarselli2009graph.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The Graph Neural Network Model</a> by Scarselli et al. I understand how node classification works. I am having trouble understanding how graph classification works however. In particular, in the section ... | neural network deep learning classification graph neural network | 1 | How does graph classification work with graph neural networks -- (neural network deep learning classification graph neural network)
<p>I am reading the paper <a href="https://persagen.com/files/misc/scarselli2009graph.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The Graph Neural Network Model</a> by Scarselli et al. I understand how... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,429 | Should I apply 1D or 2D CNN on binary text classification? | <p>I am trying to train a text classification model. For all sentence examples, I limit them up to 32 words, and if there are not exist 32 words, I am creating zero pad arrays. To convert each word to vector, I used a pre-trained word2vec model.</p>

<p>In the final setting, the shape of my data is :</p>
&#... | deep learning cnn convolution | 1 | Should I apply 1D or 2D CNN on binary text classification? -- (deep learning cnn convolution)
<p>I am trying to train a text classification model. For all sentence examples, I limit them up to 32 words, and if there are not exist 32 words, I am creating zero pad arrays. To convert each word to vector, I used a pre-trai... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,431 | Could you help me to resolve this exercise of K-NN? | <p>I am just a young learner in Data Science. Could you help me to resolve this exercise of K-NN?</p>

<p><strong>Ex.1</strong> </p>

<p>The table below provides a training data set containing six observations, three predictors, and one qualitative response variable:</p>

<pre><code>x1 x2 x3 ... | k nn | 1 | Could you help me to resolve this exercise of K-NN? -- (k nn)
<p>I am just a young learner in Data Science. Could you help me to resolve this exercise of K-NN?</p>

<p><strong>Ex.1</strong> </p>

<p>The table below provides a training data set containing six observations, three predictors, and one quali... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,436 | What's my target variable? | <p>I am beginner in data science. I have this "aids" dataset from "mdhglm" package in R. <br></p>

<p>dataset = aids, info = Repatead Measures on AIDS Data <br></p>

<pre><code>data("aids", package = "mdhglm")
</code></pre>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/huX9u.png" rel="nofollow nore... | machine learning r dataset data data science model | 1 | What's my target variable? -- (machine learning r dataset data data science model)
<p>I am beginner in data science. I have this "aids" dataset from "mdhglm" package in R. <br></p>

<p>dataset = aids, info = Repatead Measures on AIDS Data <br></p>

<pre><code>data("aids", package = "mdhglm")
</code>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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