id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
74,442 | Why Scikit and statsmodel provide different Coefficient of determination? | <p>First of all, I know there is a similar question, however, I didn't find it so much helpful.</p>

<p>My issue is concerning simple Linear regression and the outcome of R-Squared. I founded that results can be quite different if I use statsmodels and Scikit-learn.</p>

<p>First of all my snippet: </p>... | python scikit learn linear regression statsmodels | 1 | Why Scikit and statsmodel provide different Coefficient of determination? -- (python scikit learn linear regression statsmodels)
<p>First of all, I know there is a similar question, however, I didn't find it so much helpful.</p>

<p>My issue is concerning simple Linear regression and the outcome of R-Squared. I... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,449 | Replace human judgements with mathematical approach/theories | <p>I would like to give a context of what I did.</p>

<p>1) Let's say there are two dictionaries (dict A and dict B) each containing a list of words/terms as shown below.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YKfJK.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YKfJK.png" alt="e... | machine learning deep learning classification data mining statistics | 1 | Replace human judgements with mathematical approach/theories -- (machine learning deep learning classification data mining statistics)
<p>I would like to give a context of what I did.</p>

<p>1) Let's say there are two dictionaries (dict A and dict B) each containing a list of words/terms as shown below.</p>&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,450 | Mean estimation for nested location data | <p>I want to estimate the average income for a location. I have nested data in the following way: A block is inside a neighborhood, which is inside a zipcode, which is inside a district, which is inside a region, which is inside a state.</p>

<p>I want to estimate the average income at a block level, and the is... | statistics feature engineering feature extraction bayesian | 1 | Mean estimation for nested location data -- (statistics feature engineering feature extraction bayesian)
<p>I want to estimate the average income for a location. I have nested data in the following way: A block is inside a neighborhood, which is inside a zipcode, which is inside a district, which is inside a region, wh... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,455 | Finding gender affinity for businesses | <p>What are the different models I can use to find the gender affinity of businesses using yelp dataset-- <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/yelp-dataset/yelp-dataset" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.kaggle.com/yelp-dataset/yelp-dataset</a> . I need to find Probablity (Male buying from a merchant) and Probablity (Fe... | nlp machine learning model probability | 1 | Finding gender affinity for businesses -- (nlp machine learning model probability)
<p>What are the different models I can use to find the gender affinity of businesses using yelp dataset-- <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/yelp-dataset/yelp-dataset" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.kaggle.com/yelp-dataset/yelp-datas... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,465 | How to understand ANOVA-F for feature selection in Python. Sklearn SelectKBest with f_classif | <p>I am trying to understand what it really means to calculate an ANOVA F value for feature selection for a binary classification problem.</p>

<p>As I understand from the calculation of ANOVA from basic statistics, we should have at least 2 samples for which we can calculate the ANOVA value. So does this mean ... | classification feature selection | 1 | How to understand ANOVA-F for feature selection in Python. Sklearn SelectKBest with f_classif -- (classification feature selection)
<p>I am trying to understand what it really means to calculate an ANOVA F value for feature selection for a binary classification problem.</p>

<p>As I understand from the calculat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,467 | Loss Function - Decreasing a lot at beginning of the epoch | <p>I noticed something when looking at the output of the verbose. When I train my model, in the early part of the epoch (first 20 %), the loss is decreasing a lot. And then in the rest of the epoch (last 80%), the loss is very stable and doesn't change that much until the next epoch. It does the same thing.</p>
&#x... | keras training loss function | 1 | Loss Function - Decreasing a lot at beginning of the epoch -- (keras training loss function)
<p>I noticed something when looking at the output of the verbose. When I train my model, in the early part of the epoch (first 20 %), the loss is decreasing a lot. And then in the rest of the epoch (last 80%), the loss is very ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,502 | Learning Resources for Recommendation system | <p>Beginner here:</p>

<p>Could you please suggest some of the learning resources (books/youtube/articles) for beginners who want to build a recommendation system for their organization.</p>

<p><em>Have no clue about it except for Amazon and Netflix example.</em></p>
 | recommender system beginner | 1 | Learning Resources for Recommendation system -- (recommender system beginner)
<p>Beginner here:</p>

<p>Could you please suggest some of the learning resources (books/youtube/articles) for beginners who want to build a recommendation system for their organization.</p>

<p><em>Have no clue about it excep... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,508 | Removing outliers with orders of magnitude differences | <p>I have a dataset of virtual currency earn and spend events from a mobile game app. Unfortunately, people cheat in the game to get more currencies. These cheaters use different techniques so its quite hard to detect them all in game. The dataset is also about 50 TB so the only option I have is to use SQL (on Google B... | outlier sql | 1 | Removing outliers with orders of magnitude differences -- (outlier sql)
<p>I have a dataset of virtual currency earn and spend events from a mobile game app. Unfortunately, people cheat in the game to get more currencies. These cheaters use different techniques so its quite hard to detect them all in game. The dataset ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,516 | Machine learning methods on 1 feature dataset | <p>Assuming I have following dataset but much longer. Can I use any machine learning methods having only one feature? Giving Name and predicting <code>Fullname</code>. I'm newbie and think that doesn't make any sense cause it applies just basic statistics computations as <code>mode</code>. But maybe is something better... | machine learning dataset | 1 | Machine learning methods on 1 feature dataset -- (machine learning dataset)
<p>Assuming I have following dataset but much longer. Can I use any machine learning methods having only one feature? Giving Name and predicting <code>Fullname</code>. I'm newbie and think that doesn't make any sense cause it applies just basic... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,525 | Transformer decoder output - how is it linear? | <p>I'm not quite sure how's the decoder output is flattened into a single vector.
As from my understanding, if we input the encoder with a length N sentence, it's output is N x units (e.g. N x 1000), and we input the decoder with a length M sentence, the output of the decoder will give us M x units output. M is not... | deep learning transformer attention mechanism | 1 | Transformer decoder output - how is it linear? -- (deep learning transformer attention mechanism)
<p>I'm not quite sure how's the decoder output is flattened into a single vector.
As from my understanding, if we input the encoder with a length N sentence, it's output is N x units (e.g. N x 1000), and we input the d... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,545 | BLEU_SCORE gives bad scores - what am I doing wrong? | <p>I want to calculate the BLEU_SCORE but it gives me bad results I don't know why?</p>
<p>For example, this is my reference and predicted sentences:</p>
<pre><code>ref : 
['electron', 'and', 'a', 'proton']
predicted : 
['electron', 'and', 'a', 'proton']
ref : 
['to', 'reach', 'the', 'nectar... | machine learning python nltk | 1 | BLEU_SCORE gives bad scores - what am I doing wrong? -- (machine learning python nltk)
<p>I want to calculate the BLEU_SCORE but it gives me bad results I don't know why?</p>
<p>For example, this is my reference and predicted sentences:</p>
<pre><code>ref : 
['electron', 'and', 'a', 'proton']
predicted ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,556 | Converting a column to a DataTimeIndex and query by day | <p>I've a time series dataset which I thrown into Pandas. I have later converted the Date column into a DateTime column and then transformed to an index.
To here, everything is ok.</p>

<p>Problems arise when I try to segment the data by day. If I do something like <code>df['2020-05-20']</code> python throw... | time series pandas | 1 | Converting a column to a DataTimeIndex and query by day -- (time series pandas)
<p>I've a time series dataset which I thrown into Pandas. I have later converted the Date column into a DateTime column and then transformed to an index.
To here, everything is ok.</p>

<p>Problems arise when I try to segment th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,571 | my xgboost model accuracy decreases after grid search with | <p>I tried grid search for hyperparameter tuning in XGBoost classifier but the best accuracy is less than the accuracy without any tuning </p>

<pre><code>// this is the code before the grid search
xg_cl = xgb.XGBClassifier(objective='binary:logistic', seed = 22)
xg_cl.fit(x_train, y_train)
y_pred =... | xgboost grid search | 1 | my xgboost model accuracy decreases after grid search with -- (xgboost grid search)
<p>I tried grid search for hyperparameter tuning in XGBoost classifier but the best accuracy is less than the accuracy without any tuning </p>

<pre><code>// this is the code before the grid search
xg_cl = xgb.XGBClassifier(... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,579 | VAE generates blue images | <p>I'm trying to train a VAE to generates celebA faces. </p>

<ul>
<li><strong>The problem</strong> I'm facing is that the model only generates blue faces and I'm not sure why and how to fix it.</li>
</ul>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/8IR67.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="http... | machine learning | 1 | VAE generates blue images -- (machine learning)
<p>I'm trying to train a VAE to generates celebA faces. </p>

<ul>
<li><strong>The problem</strong> I'm facing is that the model only generates blue faces and I'm not sure why and how to fix it.</li>
</ul>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/8IR... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,583 | How do I train a model with pre-saved weights? | <p>I need to train a model but the data after preprocessing is too large to fit in the RAM. Is it possible to preprocess the data in batches and train a model for the small data set and then save the weights and then train it again for the next batches with the saved weights?</p>

<p>the workflow would be this ... | python neural network tensorflow training data science model | 1 | How do I train a model with pre-saved weights? -- (python neural network tensorflow training data science model)
<p>I need to train a model but the data after preprocessing is too large to fit in the RAM. Is it possible to preprocess the data in batches and train a model for the small data set and then save the weights... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,588 | How to save and load a Q-Learning Agent | <p>I know this may sound nooby, but how do I save a Deep Q-Learning agent's progress? I mean when I close at i.e. episode 500 when my agent is trained and I restart (in my case a pygame) my agent is going to load its data and it will continue with its progress ( does not start again very stupid :) ). How can it be done... | python training q learning | 1 | How to save and load a Q-Learning Agent -- (python training q learning)
<p>I know this may sound nooby, but how do I save a Deep Q-Learning agent's progress? I mean when I close at i.e. episode 500 when my agent is trained and I restart (in my case a pygame) my agent is going to load its data and it will continue with ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,620 | Plot Decision boundary in 3D plot | <p>I am running logistic regression on iris dataset. I computed thetas and this is how I draw a decision boundary line.</p>

<pre><code>x_values = ([min(X_train[:,0]), max(X_train[:,0])])
y_values = - (theta[0] + np.dot(theta[1], x_values)) / theta[2]
plt.scatter(X_train[:, 0], X_train[:, 1], c=y_train... | machine learning visualization matplotlib | 1 | Plot Decision boundary in 3D plot -- (machine learning visualization matplotlib)
<p>I am running logistic regression on iris dataset. I computed thetas and this is how I draw a decision boundary line.</p>

<pre><code>x_values = ([min(X_train[:,0]), max(X_train[:,0])])
y_values = - (theta[0] + np.dot(theta[... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,634 | Model stacking with instance attributes | <p>From what I have understood about model stacking: the meta estimator trains to combine the N-models predictions to fit the ground truth. Once trained, it combines the 1st level output to approach the ground truth.</p>

<p>The meta estimator is a model of type :
<span class="math-container">$ (y_{pred1}, ... | ensemble modeling | 1 | Model stacking with instance attributes -- (ensemble modeling)
<p>From what I have understood about model stacking: the meta estimator trains to combine the N-models predictions to fit the ground truth. Once trained, it combines the 1st level output to approach the ground truth.</p>

<p>The meta estimator is a ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,636 | Is using unsupervised learning to setup supervised classification reasonable? | <p>I've got a biological dataset describing genes. The overall idea is that there are thousands of these genes to sort through, so if ML can rank them I can then know which should be going into the lab for functional research first. Currently, I make labels for supervised classification of these genes based on their kn... | machine learning unsupervised learning supervised learning | 1 | Is using unsupervised learning to setup supervised classification reasonable? -- (machine learning unsupervised learning supervised learning)
<p>I've got a biological dataset describing genes. The overall idea is that there are thousands of these genes to sort through, so if ML can rank them I can then know which shoul... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,638 | Online Audio annotation tools | <p>I need to find a decent online annotation tool to transcribe audio.</p>

<p>There are some requirements for a potential tool:</p>

<ul>
<li>I should be able to deliver audio files to a few labelers. I should</li>
<li>be able to track which files went to which labeler. </li>
<li>It should ... | annotation labelling | 1 | Online Audio annotation tools -- (annotation labelling)
<p>I need to find a decent online annotation tool to transcribe audio.</p>

<p>There are some requirements for a potential tool:</p>

<ul>
<li>I should be able to deliver audio files to a few labelers. I should</li>
<li>be able to track whi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,640 | spaCy - Text Preprocessing - Keeping "Pronouns" in text | <p>I am fairly new to machine learning and NLP in general. I am trying to wrap my head around how to do proper text pre-processing (cleaning the text).</p>

<p>I have built a custom text classification model. I have below method that I run on all input text, before serving it to my model. (both in training and ... | machine learning python nlp spacy | 1 | spaCy - Text Preprocessing - Keeping "Pronouns" in text -- (machine learning python nlp spacy)
<p>I am fairly new to machine learning and NLP in general. I am trying to wrap my head around how to do proper text pre-processing (cleaning the text).</p>

<p>I have built a custom text classification model. I have b... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,658 | How to choose the best algorithm | <p>this might be simple but I need to know how to choose a best algorithm based on a scenario.</p>

<p>I have a dataset. The target class is, let's say <code>color</code>, this <code>color</code> attribute can have upto 5 values (red, yellow, blue, green, pink)</p>

<p>So I have:</p>

<p>1.) 1 ... | machine learning machine learning model algorithms | 1 | How to choose the best algorithm -- (machine learning machine learning model algorithms)
<p>this might be simple but I need to know how to choose a best algorithm based on a scenario.</p>

<p>I have a dataset. The target class is, let's say <code>color</code>, this <code>color</code> attribute can have upto 5 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,661 | Feature importance in neural networks | <p>Hello I am using keras to develop a neural network model and I have a data of 45 numerical predictor variables, 2 categorical targets that will be predicted each with a different model. As I found, there is no feature importance model in keras. There are three options I can use, correlation ratio between the variabl... | neural network keras feature selection feature engineering correlation | 1 | Feature importance in neural networks -- (neural network keras feature selection feature engineering correlation)
<p>Hello I am using keras to develop a neural network model and I have a data of 45 numerical predictor variables, 2 categorical targets that will be predicted each with a different model. As I found, there... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,666 | Is it possible to train stylegan2 with a custom dataset using a graphics card that only has 6GB of VRAM (GeForce GTX 1660)? | <p>I'm attempting to train <a href="https://github.com/NVlabs/stylegan2" rel="nofollow noreferrer">stylegan2</a> using a custom dataset, but no matter what settings I use I see the same error:</p>

<pre><code>2020-05-22 11:15:05.261933: W tensorflow/core/common_runtime/bfc_allocator.cc:305] Garbage collection: ... | tensorflow gpu generative models | 1 | Is it possible to train stylegan2 with a custom dataset using a graphics card that only has 6GB of VRAM (GeForce GTX 1660)? -- (tensorflow gpu generative models)
<p>I'm attempting to train <a href="https://github.com/NVlabs/stylegan2" rel="nofollow noreferrer">stylegan2</a> using a custom dataset, but no matter what se... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,673 | How do I build a DQN which selects the correct objects in an environment based on the environment state? | <p>I have an environment with 4 objects in it. All of these objects can either be selected or not selected. So the actions taken by my DQN should look like - <code>[1,0,1,1],[0,0,0,1],[1,1,0,0]</code>...etc</p>

<p>Where 1 denotes that the object was selected and 0 denotes that the object was not selected. 
... | neural network deep learning reinforcement learning dqn | 1 | How do I build a DQN which selects the correct objects in an environment based on the environment state? -- (neural network deep learning reinforcement learning dqn)
<p>I have an environment with 4 objects in it. All of these objects can either be selected or not selected. So the actions taken by my DQN should look lik... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,675 | Decision tree on big categorical dataset | <p>I would like to use algorithm ID3 in order to find a decision tree of my <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings" rel="nofollow noreferrer">dataset</a>. I would like to see which of the attributes and values lead to the different value of rating (1<= x <= 5). Do you think it is possible t... | decision trees | 1 | Decision tree on big categorical dataset -- (decision trees)
<p>I would like to use algorithm ID3 in order to find a decision tree of my <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings" rel="nofollow noreferrer">dataset</a>. I would like to see which of the attributes and values lead to the different valu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,680 | Text analysis: structure and sentiment | <p>I would need to analyse the structure of texts like this: </p>

<pre><code>******VIRUS ALERT****** ******VIRUS ALERT****** ******VIRUS ALERT ******

There is NEW VIRUS rapidly affecting computers on the internet. This new virus is insidious, in that it transmitted as a USENET message. Usenet is the "... | python nlp sentiment analysis nltk | 1 | Text analysis: structure and sentiment -- (python nlp sentiment analysis nltk)
<p>I would need to analyse the structure of texts like this: </p>

<pre><code>******VIRUS ALERT****** ******VIRUS ALERT****** ******VIRUS ALERT ******

There is NEW VIRUS rapidly affecting computers on the internet. This new ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,682 | Is over fitting okay if test accuracy is high enough? | <p>I am trying to build a binary classifier. I have tried deep neural networks with various different structures and parameters and I was not able to get anything better than</p>

<pre><code>Train set accuracy : 0.70102
Test set accuracy : 0.70001
</code></pre>

<p>Then I tried machine learning ... | scikit learn random forest overfitting | 1 | Is over fitting okay if test accuracy is high enough? -- (scikit learn random forest overfitting)
<p>I am trying to build a binary classifier. I have tried deep neural networks with various different structures and parameters and I was not able to get anything better than</p>

<pre><code>Train set accuracy : 0.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,692 | Plotting grafic result | <p>I am learning how to plot data. I am trying to obtain <a href="https://www.kaggleusercontent.com/kf/2288702/eyJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0..-yXfnyD9l_1R8kFRITL2fQ.FPEmCVs1dPOAZwwhePd8g25t7wOZK1kMbAYfILjG3h7DxBM1Nd1DBRagx4w7TwCBs0AKgcINU11ClAFTlwfDmb_1WMbqRiYzTmngWi2z4tLVLuDAcUW2asZOqaNjFhXb730M9Rt8V... | plotting | 1 | Plotting grafic result -- (plotting)
<p>I am learning how to plot data. I am trying to obtain <a href="https://www.kaggleusercontent.com/kf/2288702/eyJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0..-yXfnyD9l_1R8kFRITL2fQ.FPEmCVs1dPOAZwwhePd8g25t7wOZK1kMbAYfILjG3h7DxBM1Nd1DBRagx4w7TwCBs0AKgcINU11ClAFTlwfDmb_1WMbqRiYzTmng... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,694 | Chi-square test - how can I say if attributes are correlated? | <p>I am experimenting a course's teorical contents on <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> dataset. After data cleaning, I am trying to use chi-square test. I wrote the following code:</p>

<pre><code>chisq.test(chocolate<span class="math-container">$... | correlation chi square test | 1 | Chi-square test - how can I say if attributes are correlated? -- (correlation chi square test)
<p>I am experimenting a course's teorical contents on <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> dataset. After data cleaning, I am trying to use chi-square test. I wrote... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,702 | text classification : comparing classification reports | <p>I have a 4-leabelled text classification problem.</p>

<p>Could someone help me choose among the below text classifiers ?</p>

<p>I was advised to select the second one ( the one which uses both unigrams and bigrams ) but I cannot really see why.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/FxC... | classification confusion matrix text classification | 1 | text classification : comparing classification reports -- (classification confusion matrix text classification)
<p>I have a 4-leabelled text classification problem.</p>

<p>Could someone help me choose among the below text classifiers ?</p>

<p>I was advised to select the second one ( the one which uses... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,703 | How to make custom callback in keras to generate sample image in VAE training? | <p>I'm training a simple VAE model on 64*64 images and I would like to see the images generated after every epoch or every couple batches to see the progress.</p>

<p>when I train the model I wait until the training is done and then I look at the results.</p>

<p>I tried to make a custom callback functi... | python keras autoencoder generative models vae | 1 | How to make custom callback in keras to generate sample image in VAE training? -- (python keras autoencoder generative models vae)
<p>I'm training a simple VAE model on 64*64 images and I would like to see the images generated after every epoch or every couple batches to see the progress.</p>

<p>when I train t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,704 | Create new column with rounded values | <p>I am trying to create a new column in this <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">dataset</a>. I would like to have rating to be 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 instead of 1.25, 2.00, 3.75, ..., 5.00. 
Can you help me? The only solution I found is this</p>

<pre><code>c... | data cleaning | 1 | Create new column with rounded values -- (data cleaning)
<p>I am trying to create a new column in this <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">dataset</a>. I would like to have rating to be 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 instead of 1.25, 2.00, 3.75, ..., 5.00. 
Can you help me? Th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,710 | Robustness of hyperparameter tuning | <p>I use a Bayesian hyperparameter (HP) optimization approach (<a href="https://docs.ray.io/en/master/_modules/ray/tune/suggest/bohb.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">BOHB</a>) to tune a deep learning model. However, the resulting model is not robust when repeatedly applied to the same data. I know, I could use a seed to... | machine learning deep learning cross validation hyperparameter tuning | 1 | Robustness of hyperparameter tuning -- (machine learning deep learning cross validation hyperparameter tuning)
<p>I use a Bayesian hyperparameter (HP) optimization approach (<a href="https://docs.ray.io/en/master/_modules/ray/tune/suggest/bohb.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">BOHB</a>) to tune a deep learning model. How... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,713 | Apriori gives 0 rules | <p>I am trying to use apriori() on <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> dataset.
After cleaning it, I made all attributes categorical with as.factor(). Then I uset these instruction:</p>

<pre><code>chocolate_rules <- apriori(chocolateApriori,... | dataset association rules | 1 | Apriori gives 0 rules -- (dataset association rules)
<p>I am trying to use apriori() on <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> dataset.
After cleaning it, I made all attributes categorical with as.factor(). Then I uset these instruction:</p>

<pre>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,720 | How to improve results in classification problems (SVM, Logistic Regression and MultiNaive Bayes)? | <p>I am new on Machine Learning and building models but a lot of tutorials has given me the chance to learn more about this topic.
I am trying to build a predictive model for detecting fake news.
The percentage of data with labels 1 e 0 is the following:</p>
<pre><code> T
0 2015
1 798&#... | machine learning predictive modeling logistic regression svm naive bayes classifier | 1 | How to improve results in classification problems (SVM, Logistic Regression and MultiNaive Bayes)? -- (machine learning predictive modeling logistic regression svm naive bayes classifier)
<p>I am new on Machine Learning and building models but a lot of tutorials has given me the chance to learn more about this topic.&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,724 | Image Classification low accuracy | <p>I have a dataset that has two folders for training and testing. I am trying to determine whether a patient has an eye disease or not. However, the images I have are hard to work with. I've ran this code below, tweaked it by changing the epochs, batch size, adding more conv2D, and adjusting the image size, and still ... | python neural network deep learning keras image classification | 1 | Image Classification low accuracy -- (python neural network deep learning keras image classification)
<p>I have a dataset that has two folders for training and testing. I am trying to determine whether a patient has an eye disease or not. However, the images I have are hard to work with. I've ran this code below, tweak... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,732 | Untrained Network Giving 80% Accuracy | <p>I have a two class classification problem and my neural network prior to training predicts with an accuracy of 80%. After training i have an accuracy of 75%. Can you tell me how this is possible?</p>
 | machine learning neural network deep learning | 1 | Untrained Network Giving 80% Accuracy -- (machine learning neural network deep learning)
<p>I have a two class classification problem and my neural network prior to training predicts with an accuracy of 80%. After training i have an accuracy of 75%. Can you tell me how this is possible?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,750 | How to make prediction using tensorflow models? | <p>As a newbie to tensorflow, I am using <a href="https://tinyurl.com/yb4pwjv6" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this tutorial</a> from google for binary classification using a simple dense neural network.</p>

<p>The slightly annoying thing about this (and a few other) tutorials is they completely gloss over the part... | neural network tensorflow predictive modeling preprocessing | 1 | How to make prediction using tensorflow models? -- (neural network tensorflow predictive modeling preprocessing)
<p>As a newbie to tensorflow, I am using <a href="https://tinyurl.com/yb4pwjv6" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this tutorial</a> from google for binary classification using a simple dense neural network.</p>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,780 | How to implement custom loss function that has more parameters with XGBClassifier in scikit-learn? | <p>I have following problem with implementing custom loss function with scikit-learn:</p>

<p>I would like to implement Focal Loss as my objective function in XGBClassifier. However, I dont know how to pass additional arguments as a parameter(objective parameter):</p>

<pre><code> def focal_loss(y_pred,... | scikit learn xgboost | 1 | How to implement custom loss function that has more parameters with XGBClassifier in scikit-learn? -- (scikit learn xgboost)
<p>I have following problem with implementing custom loss function with scikit-learn:</p>

<p>I would like to implement Focal Loss as my objective function in XGBClassifier. However, I do... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,787 | Reinforcement (Q) learning: does it learn while in production? | <p>I have a question for which I could not find the answer to it:</p>

<p>While training reinforcement learning (using DQN), I get a model for the best reward for the next action. Now, if I deploy this model (i.e., use this model to make predictions), does it keep learning (i.e., updating the Q values)? </p>&#x... | reinforcement learning training dqn | 1 | Reinforcement (Q) learning: does it learn while in production? -- (reinforcement learning training dqn)
<p>I have a question for which I could not find the answer to it:</p>

<p>While training reinforcement learning (using DQN), I get a model for the best reward for the next action. Now, if I deploy this model ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,790 | when x is a vector, derivative of vector diag(f'(x)) is formal notation? | <p><a href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224n/readings/gradient-notes.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224n/readings/gradient-notes.pdf</a></p>

<p>(4)</p>

<p>this note says this</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$
\frac{\partial \textbf{z}}{\partial \... | backpropagation mathematics gradient | 1 | when x is a vector, derivative of vector diag(f'(x)) is formal notation? -- (backpropagation mathematics gradient)
<p><a href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224n/readings/gradient-notes.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224n/readings/gradient-notes.pdf</a></p>

<p>(4)</p>
&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,791 | Why when my local cv of loss decreases, my leaderboard's loss increases? | <p>I got a cv log_loss of <strong>0.3025410331400577</strong> when using 4-fold cross-validation and my leaderboard (with 30% of test dataset) got <strong>0.26514</strong>.
I further did feature engineering and added some features to the model, which decreased my cv log_loss to <strong>0.2946628055452142</strong> b... | machine learning classification xgboost cross validation generalization | 1 | Why when my local cv of loss decreases, my leaderboard's loss increases? -- (machine learning classification xgboost cross validation generalization)
<p>I got a cv log_loss of <strong>0.3025410331400577</strong> when using 4-fold cross-validation and my leaderboard (with 30% of test dataset) got <strong>0.26514</strong... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,794 | How distribution of data effects model performance? | <p>I am working on <strong>House Prices: Advanced Regression Techniques</strong> dataset. I was going through some kernels noticed many people converted <code>SalePrice</code> to <code>log(SalePrice)</code> see below:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/3WbPA.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.im... | machine learning statistics preprocessing | 1 | How distribution of data effects model performance? -- (machine learning statistics preprocessing)
<p>I am working on <strong>House Prices: Advanced Regression Techniques</strong> dataset. I was going through some kernels noticed many people converted <code>SalePrice</code> to <code>log(SalePrice)</code> see below:</p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,796 | Is my bayes classification right or meaningful? | <p>I have <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> dataset and I am learning about Bayes Classifier. After data cleaning, I have tried to use bayes classifier on it. I used R with this code:</p>

<pre><code>library(klaR)
trainingChoco <- chocolateA... | classification r dataset naive bayes classifier | 1 | Is my bayes classification right or meaningful? -- (classification r dataset naive bayes classifier)
<p>I have <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/chocolate-bar-ratings" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> dataset and I am learning about Bayes Classifier. After data cleaning, I have tried to use bayes classifier on ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,803 | What is the concept of Normalized Mutual Information in the evaluation of Clustering? | <p>I know what mutual information basically is but not quite sure about why and how it is used in the <strong>context of evaluation of clustering mechanisms</strong> ? Can someone please explain the intuition behind it ? 
i.e, how it is defined in the case of clustering evaluation ? </p>
 | machine learning nlp clustering probability evaluation | 1 | What is the concept of Normalized Mutual Information in the evaluation of Clustering? -- (machine learning nlp clustering probability evaluation)
<p>I know what mutual information basically is but not quite sure about why and how it is used in the <strong>context of evaluation of clustering mechanisms</strong> ? Can so... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,807 | droplevels not dropping anything | <p>I am trying to use droplevels.
First I create a subsect of my dataset where the value of attribute Rat must be different from 1 or 5. That value must be a factor. Then, I can see levels are "1", "2", "3", "4" and "5". As I use droplevels() nothing changes. How can I do properly? I wrote this code:</p>

<... | r | 1 | droplevels not dropping anything -- (r)
<p>I am trying to use droplevels.
First I create a subsect of my dataset where the value of attribute Rat must be different from 1 or 5. That value must be a factor. Then, I can see levels are "1", "2", "3", "4" and "5". As I use droplevels() nothing changes. How can I do pro... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,808 | I need some guidance how to develop myself in deep learning | <p>Few months ago I've taken an Andrew Ng course at coursera and started my data science/machine learning journey.</p>

<p>During those months, I've take another courses from the internet - about Deep Learning, statistics - read articles from towardsdatascience website, now I'm reading a book "Hands on Machine ... | machine learning deep learning | 1 | I need some guidance how to develop myself in deep learning -- (machine learning deep learning)
<p>Few months ago I've taken an Andrew Ng course at coursera and started my data science/machine learning journey.</p>

<p>During those months, I've take another courses from the internet - about Deep Learning, stati... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,812 | BPR TripletLoss Recommender System | <p>I am trying to modify the code of this <a href="https://github.com/CrimyTheBold/tripletloss/blob/master/02%20-%20tripletloss%20MNIST.ipynb" rel="nofollow noreferrer">repo</a> to build a recommender system based on BPR triplet loss.</p>

<p>In particular I modified the TripletLoss layer class like this</p>&#x... | deep learning keras recommender system bayesian | 1 | BPR TripletLoss Recommender System -- (deep learning keras recommender system bayesian)
<p>I am trying to modify the code of this <a href="https://github.com/CrimyTheBold/tripletloss/blob/master/02%20-%20tripletloss%20MNIST.ipynb" rel="nofollow noreferrer">repo</a> to build a recommender system based on BPR triplet los... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,870 | How to solve XNOR problem with neural network? | <p>How do we design a neural network with one hidden layer, two hidden neurons and an output neuron that implements an XNOR function? The truth table of XNOR is given below:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/O51CW.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/O51CW.png" alt="enter ... | neural network | 1 | How to solve XNOR problem with neural network? -- (neural network)
<p>How do we design a neural network with one hidden layer, two hidden neurons and an output neuron that implements an XNOR function? The truth table of XNOR is given below:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/O51CW.png" rel="nofollow nor... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,879 | Web Scraping: Multiple small files or one large file? | <p>I plan to scrape some forums (Reddit, 4chan) for a research project. We will scrape the newest posts, every 10 minutes for around 3 months. I am wondering how best to store the JSON data from each scrape, so that pre-processing (via <strong>Python</strong>) later would be as simple as possible. My options are the fo... | python nlp preprocessing web scraping | 1 | Web Scraping: Multiple small files or one large file? -- (python nlp preprocessing web scraping)
<p>I plan to scrape some forums (Reddit, 4chan) for a research project. We will scrape the newest posts, every 10 minutes for around 3 months. I am wondering how best to store the JSON data from each scrape, so that pre-pro... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,891 | Generating Dinosaur names with Tensorflow RNN | <p>I try to adapt <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/text/text_generation#build_the_model" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"Text generation with an RNN"</a> tutorial to generate new dinosaur names from a list of the existing ones. For training RNN tutorial text is divided into example character sequences of equal ... | python tensorflow rnn | 1 | Generating Dinosaur names with Tensorflow RNN -- (python tensorflow rnn)
<p>I try to adapt <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/text/text_generation#build_the_model" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"Text generation with an RNN"</a> tutorial to generate new dinosaur names from a list of the existing ones. For trainin... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,898 | Cat Classifier becomes worse the more you train it | <p>I am using a dataset from <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/tongpython/cat-and-dog" rel="nofollow noreferrer">kaggle</a> to train a feed forward neural-neteork with no convolutional layers. I wanted to try it this was as a learning exercise with <strong>Pytorch</strong> without Transfer Learning and Convolutional Laye... | image classification optimization pytorch binary learning rate | 1 | Cat Classifier becomes worse the more you train it -- (image classification optimization pytorch binary learning rate)
<p>I am using a dataset from <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/tongpython/cat-and-dog" rel="nofollow noreferrer">kaggle</a> to train a feed forward neural-neteork with no convolutional layers. I wanted t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,911 | Data augmentation for multiple output heads in Keras | <p>I have a transfer learning based two output classification problem. So, accordingly, I have formatted my data to have <code>X_train</code> as a <code>(number of samples, height, width, channels)</code> numpy array, <code>y_train1</code> as <code>(number of samples,)</code> numpy array and <code>y_train2</code> as <c... | deep learning keras data preprocessing data augmentation | 1 | Data augmentation for multiple output heads in Keras -- (deep learning keras data preprocessing data augmentation)
<p>I have a transfer learning based two output classification problem. So, accordingly, I have formatted my data to have <code>X_train</code> as a <code>(number of samples, height, width, channels)</code> ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,930 | Is it conscientious to use a threshold for a model output in order to play on the recall and precision? | <p>I have just finished reading an article about the F1 score, recall and precision. Everything was clear except the fact that the author, in his example (see <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/beyond-accuracy-precision-and-recall-3da06bea9f6c#a9f0" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://towardsdatascience.com/beyond-a... | accuracy f1score | 1 | Is it conscientious to use a threshold for a model output in order to play on the recall and precision? -- (accuracy f1score)
<p>I have just finished reading an article about the F1 score, recall and precision. Everything was clear except the fact that the author, in his example (see <a href="https://towardsdatascience... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,949 | Visualization Tools that can show proper branch and merge in Graphs | <p>I want help finding the visualization tool can draw similar architecture as given in the image below</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LZDfU.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LZDfU.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Keras visualization produ... | python neural network visualization pytorch graphviz | 1 | Visualization Tools that can show proper branch and merge in Graphs -- (python neural network visualization pytorch graphviz)
<p>I want help finding the visualization tool can draw similar architecture as given in the image below</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LZDfU.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,955 | Classify event announcement | <p>I would like train a classifier to spot news articles which would spot articles that announce an event. The issue is that I do not have a large pre-labeled dataset for this task (I only have 200 examples). So here are my two questions: </p>

<ol>
<li>Have you heard of a training set labeled for such tas... | classification nlp | 1 | Classify event announcement -- (classification nlp)
<p>I would like train a classifier to spot news articles which would spot articles that announce an event. The issue is that I do not have a large pre-labeled dataset for this task (I only have 200 examples). So here are my two questions: </p>

<ol>
<li>H... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
74,978 | Should dimensionality reduction be done before k-means clustering if there are many features? | <p>My data contains over 200 features and over 500 observations. I want to place the observations into a number of clusters based on the features that make them different.</p>

<p>There are numerous ideas I have and I'm not sure which one is apt:</p>

<p>1) Conduct principal component analysis (PCA) to ... | machine learning clustering k means pca dimensionality reduction | 1 | Should dimensionality reduction be done before k-means clustering if there are many features? -- (machine learning clustering k means pca dimensionality reduction)
<p>My data contains over 200 features and over 500 observations. I want to place the observations into a number of clusters based on the features that make ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,003 | Disparity between training and testing errors with deep learning: the bias-variance tradeoff and model selection | <p>I am developing a convolutional neural network and have a dataset with 13,000 datapoints that is split 80%/10%/10% train/validation/test. In tuning the model architecture, I found the following, after averaging results over several runs with different random seeds:</p>

<pre><code>3 conv layers: training MAE... | machine learning neural network overfitting convolutional neural network | 1 | Disparity between training and testing errors with deep learning: the bias-variance tradeoff and model selection -- (machine learning neural network overfitting convolutional neural network)
<p>I am developing a convolutional neural network and have a dataset with 13,000 datapoints that is split 80%/10%/10% train/valid... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,006 | Linear Regression not working due to wrong kind of array | <p>I try to deal with my homework. The Job is to take <a href="http://www.statsci.org/data/general/uscrime.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this Data</a> and perform a linear regression on it.</p>
<p>The code is published <a href="https://github.com/d3v3lop3rDE/DataScience" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>&#x... | python scikit learn pandas | 1 | Linear Regression not working due to wrong kind of array -- (python scikit learn pandas)
<p>I try to deal with my homework. The Job is to take <a href="http://www.statsci.org/data/general/uscrime.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this Data</a> and perform a linear regression on it.</p>
<p>The code is published <a hre... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,015 | Where to upload large (0.5Gb) weights anonymously? | <p>I need to upload a number of checkpoints for ConvNets (weights + optimizers, all dicts of pytorch tensors), each about 0.5Gb anonymously. I don't want to use Google Drive. I trained models on the university cluster (if it's relevant). </p>

<p>Where can I load these files anonymously? The files must be publi... | reference request | 1 | Where to upload large (0.5Gb) weights anonymously? -- (reference request)
<p>I need to upload a number of checkpoints for ConvNets (weights + optimizers, all dicts of pytorch tensors), each about 0.5Gb anonymously. I don't want to use Google Drive. I trained models on the university cluster (if it's relevant). </p>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,018 | Formal math notation of masked vector | <p>I'm struggling to write my algorithm in a concise and correct way.
The following is an explanation for an optimizer's update step of <strong>part of a</strong> vector of weights (not a matrix in my case).</p>

<p>I have a vector <span class="math-container">$\alpha \in \mathbb{R}^d$</span>, and a set <sp... | optimization mathematics notation | 1 | Formal math notation of masked vector -- (optimization mathematics notation)
<p>I'm struggling to write my algorithm in a concise and correct way.
The following is an explanation for an optimizer's update step of <strong>part of a</strong> vector of weights (not a matrix in my case).</p>

<p>I have a vector... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,023 | When exactly should I use weighted loss? | <p>Do I have to use it in any case when the class distribution is imbalance
(Train: class A:10%, B:90% and Test: class A:10%, B:90%) </p>

<p>or when it is different
(Train: class A:10%, B:90% and Test: class A:50%, B:50%)</p>

<p>Thanks!</p>
 | classification loss function weighted data | 1 | When exactly should I use weighted loss? -- (classification loss function weighted data)
<p>Do I have to use it in any case when the class distribution is imbalance
(Train: class A:10%, B:90% and Test: class A:10%, B:90%) </p>

<p>or when it is different
(Train: class A:10%, B:90% and Test: class A:50%,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,041 | How to deal with missing continuous data | <p>So I have a dataset where I have a continuous variable for only about 10% of the entries. How would you incorporate this in a model. Imputing does not make much sense to me, because there are so few values, however for those entries where I do have it, it is quite an important feature.</p>
 | missing data | 1 | How to deal with missing continuous data -- (missing data)
<p>So I have a dataset where I have a continuous variable for only about 10% of the entries. How would you incorporate this in a model. Imputing does not make much sense to me, because there are so few values, however for those entries where I do have it, it is... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,048 | (RL Curiosity) - "Exploration by Random Network Distillation" - what's the benefit? | <p><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.05363.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Curiosity-Driven learning</a> motivates the agent to explore unseen states. It does it by rewarding the agent more when its expectation differs from the actual next state. (orange color on the diagram). This extra reward is called "intrinsic re... | reinforcement learning | 1 | (RL Curiosity) - "Exploration by Random Network Distillation" - what's the benefit? -- (reinforcement learning)
<p><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.05363.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Curiosity-Driven learning</a> motivates the agent to explore unseen states. It does it by rewarding the agent more when its expectat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,052 | Tuning SVM C parameter | <p>I would like to ask for help regarding my model.</p>

<p>I have a dataset of preprocessed images and I performed a binary classification with SVM on Python.
I tuned the value of the c parameter from 0.001 to 1 with 10-fold CV and I obtained the following results.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.... | python svm overfitting hyperparameter tuning hyperparameter | 1 | Tuning SVM C parameter -- (python svm overfitting hyperparameter tuning hyperparameter)
<p>I would like to ask for help regarding my model.</p>

<p>I have a dataset of preprocessed images and I performed a binary classification with SVM on Python.
I tuned the value of the c parameter from 0.001 to 1 with 10... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,057 | What is the difference between ensemble methods and hybrid methods, or is there none? | <p>I have the feeling that these terms often are used as synonyms for one another, however they have the same goal, namely increasing prediction accuracy by combining different algorithms.</p>

<p>My question thus is, is there a difference between them? And if so is there some book/paper that explains the diffe... | machine learning ensemble modeling ensemble learning | 1 | What is the difference between ensemble methods and hybrid methods, or is there none? -- (machine learning ensemble modeling ensemble learning)
<p>I have the feeling that these terms often are used as synonyms for one another, however they have the same goal, namely increasing prediction accuracy by combining different... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,077 | Does converting continuous variable to discrete(categorical) variable increases accuracy of a tree based model? | <p>I've read other questions regarding if a continuous feature should be converted to categorical or not. But I'm interested in case of tree based classifiers such as Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosted etc.</p>

<p>My intuition is that since tree based classifiers try to find the optimal split or th... | decision trees categorical data | 1 | Does converting continuous variable to discrete(categorical) variable increases accuracy of a tree based model? -- (decision trees categorical data)
<p>I've read other questions regarding if a continuous feature should be converted to categorical or not. But I'm interested in case of tree based classifiers such as Deci... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,095 | What is the 1 Unit in the contraint of SVM: $y_i(wx_i+b) \geq1$ | <p>I am following this <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs4780/2018fa/lectures/lecturenote09.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">note</a> on SVM.</p>

<p>The constraint, <span class="math-container">$y_i(wx_i+b) \geq 1$</span>, basically said all inputs, <span class="math-container">$x_i$</span>, lie at ... | machine learning svm | 1 | What is the 1 Unit in the contraint of SVM: $y_i(wx_i+b) \geq1$ -- (machine learning svm)
<p>I am following this <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs4780/2018fa/lectures/lecturenote09.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">note</a> on SVM.</p>

<p>The constraint, <span class="math-container">$y_i(wx_i+b) \ge... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,116 | How does scaling affect Logistic Regression? | <p>I have searched a lot on the web for this question, but I never seem to find a consistent yet straight forward answer. Simply put, the question is: How <em>exactly</em> does scaling affect logistic regression? What should you expect from a logistic regression classifier when the data is scaled and when it is not? Is... | machine learning logistic regression feature scaling | 1 | How does scaling affect Logistic Regression? -- (machine learning logistic regression feature scaling)
<p>I have searched a lot on the web for this question, but I never seem to find a consistent yet straight forward answer. Simply put, the question is: How <em>exactly</em> does scaling affect logistic regression? What... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,124 | Which insights a data scientist could derive from text-analysis? | <p>I have many texts and I am trying to analyse them. After tokenising them, studying words frequency, spotting any typos, studying punctuations, I have been working on POS tagging. 
Since it is my first time in text mining and manipulation, I would like to know which kind of insights I could get from this informat... | python text mining nltk text classification | 1 | Which insights a data scientist could derive from text-analysis? -- (python text mining nltk text classification)
<p>I have many texts and I am trying to analyse them. After tokenising them, studying words frequency, spotting any typos, studying punctuations, I have been working on POS tagging. 
Since it is my firs... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,147 | Don't know how to preprocess my dataset for image classification | <p>I'm trying to do image classification using CNN. The exact model isn't important but I decided to try use AlexNet and I'm getting <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/BT15I.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">abysmal accuracy</a>. </p>

<p>I believe the issue might be with my data preprocessing. My dataset director... | python deep learning keras cnn alex net | 1 | Don't know how to preprocess my dataset for image classification -- (python deep learning keras cnn alex net)
<p>I'm trying to do image classification using CNN. The exact model isn't important but I decided to try use AlexNet and I'm getting <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/BT15I.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">abysm... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,178 | Is it acceptable not to transform() test data after train data is being fit_transform()-ed | <p>We know that the best practice in data preprocessing (such as standardization, Normalization, ... etc) is that while we perform <code>fit_trasform()</code> on the training data, we apply <code>transform()</code> testing data so that the learned parameters from scaling the train data are applied on testing data. Simi... | machine learning python data preprocessing | 1 | Is it acceptable not to transform() test data after train data is being fit_transform()-ed -- (machine learning python data preprocessing)
<p>We know that the best practice in data preprocessing (such as standardization, Normalization, ... etc) is that while we perform <code>fit_trasform()</code> on the training data, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,193 | Creating a generic mathematical formula using a genetic algorithm | <p>Assuming all of the following;</p>

<ul>
<li>I have 4 known numbers, all within a 0-400 range, like this:</li>
</ul>

<pre><code>Variable1 Variable2 Variable3 Variable4
0-400 0-400 0-400 0-400
</code></pre>

<ul>
<li><p>I know that there is a mathem... | algorithms genetic algorithms evolutionary algorithms genetic genetic programming | 1 | Creating a generic mathematical formula using a genetic algorithm -- (algorithms genetic algorithms evolutionary algorithms genetic genetic programming)
<p>Assuming all of the following;</p>

<ul>
<li>I have 4 known numbers, all within a 0-400 range, like this:</li>
</ul>

<pre><code>Variable1 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,201 | TensorFlow1.15, multi-GPU-1-machine, how to set batch_size? | <p>The input function code:</p>

<pre><code> def input_fn(params):
 """The actual input function."""
 batch_size = FLAGS.train_batch_size

 name_to_features = {
 "input_ids":
 tf.FixedLenFeature([max_seq_length], tf.int64),
 ... | deep learning tensorflow bert transformer | 1 | TensorFlow1.15, multi-GPU-1-machine, how to set batch_size? -- (deep learning tensorflow bert transformer)
<p>The input function code:</p>

<pre><code> def input_fn(params):
 """The actual input function."""
 batch_size = FLAGS.train_batch_size

 name_to_features = {
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,214 | PCA shows overlapping boundaries, then why SVM performs best | <p>I am trying to understand which model might work for a given problem before trying the models, I find this case against my knowledge. Please guide what I am missing. I am new to Data Science.</p>

<p>Here is the graph which I got through PCA :
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/VjXbc.png" rel="nofollow n... | random forest logistic regression svm pca | 1 | PCA shows overlapping boundaries, then why SVM performs best -- (random forest logistic regression svm pca)
<p>I am trying to understand which model might work for a given problem before trying the models, I find this case against my knowledge. Please guide what I am missing. I am new to Data Science.</p>

<p>H... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,217 | static and dynamic data in clinical trials | <p>Hi everybody and thanks in advance for those who will help me for this problem.
I have multiple data regarding patients involved in a clinical trial and my goal is to predict their death/non death. These data are composed by two datasets , the first is static (age, gender ecc) and the second is dynamic (analysis... | machine learning classification time series lstm | 1 | static and dynamic data in clinical trials -- (machine learning classification time series lstm)
<p>Hi everybody and thanks in advance for those who will help me for this problem.
I have multiple data regarding patients involved in a clinical trial and my goal is to predict their death/non death. These data are com... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,239 | Data Imbalance in Regression Tasks | <p>Having read a lot about class imbalance in classification tasks, I'd like to know what is the methodology for data imbalance in regression tasks.</p>

<p>Particularly, 
- What is the procedure to check for it (for example in classification, we'd check if all classes have the same training examples)
-... | regression data class imbalance | 1 | Data Imbalance in Regression Tasks -- (regression data class imbalance)
<p>Having read a lot about class imbalance in classification tasks, I'd like to know what is the methodology for data imbalance in regression tasks.</p>

<p>Particularly, 
- What is the procedure to check for it (for example in classifi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,243 | How to adjust/smooth a certain number using constants or rules | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/TZBgf.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/TZBgf.png" alt="table"></a></p>

<p>Hi, I am handling a dataset with a customer purchase history.
The field ord_cnt represents the purchase without coupon usage, and cpn_ord_cnt represents the purc... | predictive modeling statistics data preprocessing ranking | 1 | How to adjust/smooth a certain number using constants or rules -- (predictive modeling statistics data preprocessing ranking)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/TZBgf.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/TZBgf.png" alt="table"></a></p>

<p>Hi, I am handling a dataset with a cust... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,246 | How to implement a YOLO model using TensorFlow? | <p>I want to implement a face detection model using TensorFlow. I have a dataset downloaded from Google's OID. I have prepared the annotation file as required in the YOLO. But I don't understand how to convert the annotations to the required output tensors.</p>
<p>Is learning Darknet a simpler option?</p>
 | tensorflow object detection yolo | 1 | How to implement a YOLO model using TensorFlow? -- (tensorflow object detection yolo)
<p>I want to implement a face detection model using TensorFlow. I have a dataset downloaded from Google's OID. I have prepared the annotation file as required in the YOLO. But I don't understand how to convert the annotations to the r... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,248 | How to use hashing trick with field-aware factorization machines | <p><a href="https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libffm/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Field-aware factorization machines</a> (FFM) have proved to be useful in click-through rate prediction tasks. One of their strengths comes from the <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/c/criteo-display-ad-challenge/discussion/10555" rel="nofol... | scikit learn recommender system field aware factorization machines hashing trick | 1 | How to use hashing trick with field-aware factorization machines -- (scikit learn recommender system field aware factorization machines hashing trick)
<p><a href="https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libffm/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Field-aware factorization machines</a> (FFM) have proved to be useful in click-through ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,264 | Google OR-Tools - Routing - Penalties - Adding Different Penalty to Different Location (Python) | <p>I am using Google's OR-Tools for route optimisation. References can be found <a href="https://developers.google.com/optimization/routing/penalties" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>

<p>I am performing an optimisation where certain pick-up locations are dropped based on a penalty at each location. The ... | python optimization | 1 | Google OR-Tools - Routing - Penalties - Adding Different Penalty to Different Location (Python) -- (python optimization)
<p>I am using Google's OR-Tools for route optimisation. References can be found <a href="https://developers.google.com/optimization/routing/penalties" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>

... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,265 | Variance as criteria for feature selection | <p>I'm working on an unsupervised clustering problem. I read multiple times that a variable with higher variance can be chosen over a variable with a lower variance. For example, scikit-learn implements a function that removes features with a variance lower than a threshold. (sklearn.feature_selection.VarianceThreshold... | feature selection variance | 1 | Variance as criteria for feature selection -- (feature selection variance)
<p>I'm working on an unsupervised clustering problem. I read multiple times that a variable with higher variance can be chosen over a variable with a lower variance. For example, scikit-learn implements a function that removes features with a va... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,267 | Treatment and Control selection in A/B Testing | <p>I'm hoping to get a better understanding of A/B Testing design. In particular, I'm interested in understanding how treatment and control units are selected. I read that these 2 groups are selected randomly (for example, <a href="https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/05/must-know-key-issues-problems-ab-testing.html" rel="no... | statistics ab test causalimpact | 1 | Treatment and Control selection in A/B Testing -- (statistics ab test causalimpact)
<p>I'm hoping to get a better understanding of A/B Testing design. In particular, I'm interested in understanding how treatment and control units are selected. I read that these 2 groups are selected randomly (for example, <a href="http... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,314 | How to understand Inconsistent and ambiguous dimensions of matrices used in the Attention layer? | <p>Attention-scoring mechanism seems to be a commonly-used component in various seq2seq models, and I was reading about the original "Location-based Attention" in Bahadanau well-known paper at <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.07503.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.07503.pdf</a>. (it seems th... | deep learning rnn transformer attention mechanism | 1 | How to understand Inconsistent and ambiguous dimensions of matrices used in the Attention layer? -- (deep learning rnn transformer attention mechanism)
<p>Attention-scoring mechanism seems to be a commonly-used component in various seq2seq models, and I was reading about the original "Location-based Attention" in Bahad... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,317 | I need to find Simplest exercises available for learning neural networks | <p>I'm learning neural networks, and I'd like to give myself simple exercises and try to train neural networks to solve them.</p>

<p>I know that classifying hand-written digits is a classic problem, but I'm hoping for something much simpler than that. No image recognition, no thousand of input neurons.</p>
... | neural network beginner | 1 | I need to find Simplest exercises available for learning neural networks -- (neural network beginner)
<p>I'm learning neural networks, and I'd like to give myself simple exercises and try to train neural networks to solve them.</p>

<p>I know that classifying hand-written digits is a classic problem, but I'm ho... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,320 | Predicting parameters of simple configured trajectories using RNN | <ol>
<li><strong>What I'd like to do:</strong> predict orbital elements given an input observation sequence in 2D, that is </li>
</ol>

<p><span class="math-container">$$input = X = [position_{t_{0}}, position_{t_{1}},\ ..., position_{T}]$$</span>
<span class="math-container">$$output = y = paramete... | time series regression lstm rnn | 1 | Predicting parameters of simple configured trajectories using RNN -- (time series regression lstm rnn)
<ol>
<li><strong>What I'd like to do:</strong> predict orbital elements given an input observation sequence in 2D, that is </li>
</ol>

<p><span class="math-container">$$input = X = [position_{t_{0}}, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,323 | Info obtained from a confusion matrix | <p>I am new to data science and I am trying to understand the use/importance of accuracy, precision, recall, sensitivity and f1-score when I have a confusion matrix.</p>

<p>I know how to compute all of them but I cannot really understand which of them to use each time.</p>

<p>Could you give examples w... | machine learning classification accuracy confusion matrix | 1 | Info obtained from a confusion matrix -- (machine learning classification accuracy confusion matrix)
<p>I am new to data science and I am trying to understand the use/importance of accuracy, precision, recall, sensitivity and f1-score when I have a confusion matrix.</p>

<p>I know how to compute all of them but... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,329 | How do we implement a custom loss that backpropagates with PyTorch? | <p>In a neural network code written in PyTorch, we have defined and used this custom loss, that should replicate the behavior of the Cross Entropy loss:</p>

<pre><code>def my_loss(output, target):
 global classes 

 v = torch.empty(batchSize)
 xi = torch.empty(batchSize)

 ... | loss function pytorch | 1 | How do we implement a custom loss that backpropagates with PyTorch? -- (loss function pytorch)
<p>In a neural network code written in PyTorch, we have defined and used this custom loss, that should replicate the behavior of the Cross Entropy loss:</p>

<pre><code>def my_loss(output, target):
 global clas... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,343 | What are the simplest methods for the label noise problem? | <p>If I have enough low quality data from unsupervised methods or rule-based methods.</p>

<p>I read from <a href="https://github.com/subeeshvasu/Awesome-Learning-with-Label-Noise" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/subeeshvasu/Awesome-Learning-with-Label-Noise</a> ,but these methods are a little comp... | machine learning neural network deep learning bert transformer | 1 | What are the simplest methods for the label noise problem? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning bert transformer)
<p>If I have enough low quality data from unsupervised methods or rule-based methods.</p>

<p>I read from <a href="https://github.com/subeeshvasu/Awesome-Learning-with-Label-Noise" rel=... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,345 | Need help understanding data leakage | <p>I am a newbie to this stuff so I am sorry if my question is stupid~</p>

<p>I need help understanding what data leakage between X_train and X_test is and when exactly it happens. 
I am currently working on a dataset where I am using KNN imputer to fill in the missing values. I need to scale the data for ... | data mining feature scaling k nn data leakage | 1 | Need help understanding data leakage -- (data mining feature scaling k nn data leakage)
<p>I am a newbie to this stuff so I am sorry if my question is stupid~</p>

<p>I need help understanding what data leakage between X_train and X_test is and when exactly it happens. 
I am currently working on a dataset w... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,347 | Keras Model Predict is not predicting all images flowing from directory? | <p>I have the following code where I have done all the training and passed the testing set as a flow from directory. After that when I pass that object into the model.predict option, the array received is not of the same length as the test set length. Code:</p>

<pre><code>PATH = '/content/testing'
testGen.... | keras image classification prediction inception | 1 | Keras Model Predict is not predicting all images flowing from directory? -- (keras image classification prediction inception)
<p>I have the following code where I have done all the training and passed the testing set as a flow from directory. After that when I pass that object into the model.predict option, the array r... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,349 | What would be the mse (mean squared error) of my scaled dataset on the original scale? | <p>I build an LSTM model on a standardized dataset using sklearn's MinMaxScaler. All values of the dataset are between 0 and 1. Features and target variables were standardized between 0 and 1.
I achieve an mse of around 0.02 . </p>

<p>Now this mse is valid for the standardized dataset. What would the mse b... | lstm feature scaling mse | 1 | What would be the mse (mean squared error) of my scaled dataset on the original scale? -- (lstm feature scaling mse)
<p>I build an LSTM model on a standardized dataset using sklearn's MinMaxScaler. All values of the dataset are between 0 and 1. Features and target variables were standardized between 0 and 1.
I achi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,364 | Better approach to assign values to determine potential fake sentences | <p>I am trying to assign different values for each sentences based on information about the presence of hashtags, upper case letters/words (e.g. HATE) and some others.</p>
<p>I created a data frame which includes some binary values (1 or 0):</p>
<pre><code>Sentence Upper case Hashtags
 
I HA... | machine learning python decision trees text mining unsupervised learning | 1 | Better approach to assign values to determine potential fake sentences -- (machine learning python decision trees text mining unsupervised learning)
<p>I am trying to assign different values for each sentences based on information about the presence of hashtags, upper case letters/words (e.g. HATE) and some others.</p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,373 | Handling a Pandas Data Frame containing multiple non-ordinal categorical features | <p>I'm currently trying to analyse a dataset containing multiple non-ordinal categorical features and a binary target variable. The table looks something like this:</p>

<pre><code>+------------+---------+------------+--------+
| Col1 | .... | Col14 | Target |
+------------+---------+-----... | machine learning python feature selection feature engineering | 1 | Handling a Pandas Data Frame containing multiple non-ordinal categorical features -- (machine learning python feature selection feature engineering)
<p>I'm currently trying to analyse a dataset containing multiple non-ordinal categorical features and a binary target variable. The table looks something like this:</p>&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,380 | How much data should I allocate for my training and and test sets? (in R) | <p>I have a matrix of 358.367 data.
Each row is a DNA sequence from the human genome.
I want to build a classification model in R, using XGBoost algorithm and 83 features (dinucleotides, trinucleotides, etc.).</p>

<p>How should I split the data for the train and test set?</p>

<p><em>For exampl... | machine learning classification r dataset training | 1 | How much data should I allocate for my training and and test sets? (in R) -- (machine learning classification r dataset training)
<p>I have a matrix of 358.367 data.
Each row is a DNA sequence from the human genome.
I want to build a classification model in R, using XGBoost algorithm and 83 features (dinucleoti... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,394 | How to determine what algorithm to apply in the following dataset (included) | <p>I have a dataset that I will be using to build a classifier on. Below I have plotted the First and the Second Principal Component of the data using <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.decomposition.PCA.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>sklearn.preprocessing.PCA</code></a>. Since th... | machine learning pca | 1 | How to determine what algorithm to apply in the following dataset (included) -- (machine learning pca)
<p>I have a dataset that I will be using to build a classifier on. Below I have plotted the First and the Second Principal Component of the data using <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,401 | Training models from sklearn using tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy | <p>I want to distribute the training of a simple model, such as a support vector classifier like sklearn.svm.SVC() across some or all CPUs and GPUs on a single device. I have never utilized a GPU before and I'm confused as to how this works or if using tensorflow is even the right choice for this simple task. What i th... | scikit learn tensorflow bigdata | 1 | Training models from sklearn using tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy -- (scikit learn tensorflow bigdata)
<p>I want to distribute the training of a simple model, such as a support vector classifier like sklearn.svm.SVC() across some or all CPUs and GPUs on a single device. I have never utilized a GPU before and I'm confus... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,404 | What are some good loss functions used to minimize extreme errors in regression and time series forecasting? | <p>E.g. In detriment of a smaller mean error, I want to have fewer big mistakes</p>

<p>I'm working on a time series forecasting task and in some specific cases I don't need perfect accuracy, but the network cannot by any mean miss by a lot.</p>

<p>Any suggestions of loss functions or other methods to ... | machine learning deep learning time series loss function forecasting | 1 | What are some good loss functions used to minimize extreme errors in regression and time series forecasting? -- (machine learning deep learning time series loss function forecasting)
<p>E.g. In detriment of a smaller mean error, I want to have fewer big mistakes</p>

<p>I'm working on a time series forecasting ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
75,408 | approach for multi label text classification | <p>I want to make a classifier that will label each text in a corpus with the correct label(s).
I can go straight to ML using sklearn multi-label text classification, or even to DL using LSTM.
But is it not better to start simple, and first use a rule-based system. That will help me understand the problem, and ... | nlp | 1 | approach for multi label text classification -- (nlp)
<p>I want to make a classifier that will label each text in a corpus with the correct label(s).
I can go straight to ML using sklearn multi-label text classification, or even to DL using LSTM.
But is it not better to start simple, and first use a rule-based ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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