id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
82,884 | Channels and neurons in a CNN | <p>I am in the process of learning what a convolutional layer is, and its functions. I have a couple of questions. One is what <code>in_channels</code> and <code>out_channels</code> are. In my code, I have the following:</p>
<pre><code>nn.Conv2d(in_channels=3, out_channels=64, kernel_size=(4,4), padding=1)
</co... | cnn pytorch | 1 | Channels and neurons in a CNN -- (cnn pytorch)
<p>I am in the process of learning what a convolutional layer is, and its functions. I have a couple of questions. One is what <code>in_channels</code> and <code>out_channels</code> are. In my code, I have the following:</p>
<pre><code>nn.Conv2d(in_channels=3, out_chan... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
82,889 | TicTacToe Linear Regression low accuracy and R^2 score | <p>Im using the python sklearn library to attempt a linear regression TicTacToe AI.</p>
<p>I create my training set by simply having the computer play random 'blind' games against itself. For example... Player one plays a random segment of the board. Next player two plays a random valid segment of the board etc. Th... | machine learning python scikit learn linear regression training | 1 | TicTacToe Linear Regression low accuracy and R^2 score -- (machine learning python scikit learn linear regression training)
<p>Im using the python sklearn library to attempt a linear regression TicTacToe AI.</p>
<p>I create my training set by simply having the computer play random 'blind' games against itself. For ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
82,915 | How to convert DataFrame column to Rows in Python? | <p>I have the following dataset in <code>df_1</code> which I want to convert into the format of <code>df_2</code>. In <code>df_2</code> I have converted the columns of <code>df_1</code> to rows in <code>df_2</code> (excluding <code>UserId</code> and <code>Date</code>). I looked up for similar answers but they are provi... | python pandas dataframe python 3.x | 1 | How to convert DataFrame column to Rows in Python? -- (python pandas dataframe python 3.x)
<p>I have the following dataset in <code>df_1</code> which I want to convert into the format of <code>df_2</code>. In <code>df_2</code> I have converted the columns of <code>df_1</code> to rows in <code>df_2</code> (excluding <co... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
82,917 | Why do we want the variance of the layers to remain the same throughout a deep network? | <p>I've been reading the literature on vanishing/exploding gradients and specifically how they connect to weight initialization. An idea I've come across a few times, which seems very important in this area, is that we want the variance to remain the same throughout the layers of a neural network, that is, if <span cla... | deep learning | 1 | Why do we want the variance of the layers to remain the same throughout a deep network? -- (deep learning)
<p>I've been reading the literature on vanishing/exploding gradients and specifically how they connect to weight initialization. An idea I've come across a few times, which seems very important in this area, is th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
82,918 | Counting the number of trainable parameters in a gradient boosted tree | <p>I recently ran the gradient boosted tree regressor using scikit-learn via:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>GradientBoostingRegressor()</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This model depends on the following hyperparameters:</p>
<ul>
<li>Estimators (<span class="math-container">$N_1$</span>)</li>
<li>Min Samples Lea... | decision trees xgboost boosting bagging | 1 | Counting the number of trainable parameters in a gradient boosted tree -- (decision trees xgboost boosting bagging)
<p>I recently ran the gradient boosted tree regressor using scikit-learn via:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>GradientBoostingRegressor()</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This model depends on the following hyper... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
82,925 | Does data anonymization conflict with GDPR rules? | <p>There are GDPR articles which relate to a persons ownership about their data e.g. <a href="https://gdpr-info.eu/art-17-gdpr/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Art. 17 GDPR Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’)</a> and <a href="https://gdpr-info.eu/art-20-gdpr/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Art. 20 GDPR Right to data port... | anonymization | 1 | Does data anonymization conflict with GDPR rules? -- (anonymization)
<p>There are GDPR articles which relate to a persons ownership about their data e.g. <a href="https://gdpr-info.eu/art-17-gdpr/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Art. 17 GDPR Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’)</a> and <a href="https://gdpr-info.eu/ar... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
83,932 | Determining whether a Machine Learning model is overfitted with regard to the stability of the features | <p>I need to know how would I get to know if I have overfitted my Machine Learning model on the train data. The performance metric I have used is Logistic Loss. Does the stability of the features affect the performance of my model? If yes, how do they relate?</p>
 | machine learning python logistic regression overfitting | 1 | Determining whether a Machine Learning model is overfitted with regard to the stability of the features -- (machine learning python logistic regression overfitting)
<p>I need to know how would I get to know if I have overfitted my Machine Learning model on the train data. The performance metric I have used is Logistic ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
83,940 | How to Set the Same Categorical Codes to Train and Test data? Python-Pandas | <p>NOTE:
If someone else it's wondering about this topic, I understand you're getting deeper in the Data Analysis world, so I did this question before to learn that:</p>
<p>You encode categorical values as INTEGERES only if you're dealing with Ordinal Classes, i.e. College degree, Customer Satisfaction Surveys ... | machine learning scikit learn pandas random forest categorical data | 1 | How to Set the Same Categorical Codes to Train and Test data? Python-Pandas -- (machine learning scikit learn pandas random forest categorical data)
<p>NOTE:
If someone else it's wondering about this topic, I understand you're getting deeper in the Data Analysis world, so I did this question before to learn that:</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
83,961 | Model accuracy: how to determine it? | <p>I have some doubts regarding the approach to build a classifier such as Multinomial Naive Bayes or SVM. I will go through the steps to see if the approach is fine. I have not a lot of experience in model build, so any suggestions would be great!
My dataset has approx. 1115 obs having positive value (0) and 66 ob... | machine learning python accuracy class imbalance confusion matrix | 1 | Model accuracy: how to determine it? -- (machine learning python accuracy class imbalance confusion matrix)
<p>I have some doubts regarding the approach to build a classifier such as Multinomial Naive Bayes or SVM. I will go through the steps to see if the approach is fine. I have not a lot of experience in model build... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
83,975 | How to interpret Low Pearson correlation coefficient between stable signals and high Pearson correlation coefficient between unstable signals? | <p>I calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient between two signals, that described the state of the unit. During normal operation of the unit, both signals were fairly stable and fluctuated very little.
At some point in time, the unit began to form a defect, in connection with which the oscillations of the sig... | regression correlation pearsons correlation coefficient | 1 | How to interpret Low Pearson correlation coefficient between stable signals and high Pearson correlation coefficient between unstable signals? -- (regression correlation pearsons correlation coefficient)
<p>I calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient between two signals, that described the state of the unit. Durin... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
83,978 | Can a Box plot be used for finding the useful features from the dataset? | <p>I am reading a book by professor Trevor Hastie and professor Robert Tibshirani called "Introduction to Statistical Learning". In the applied section of the chapter 4, there is a question 11(b) that says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Explore the data graphically in order to investigate the association betwee... | machine learning data mining predictive modeling visualization descriptive statistics | 1 | Can a Box plot be used for finding the useful features from the dataset? -- (machine learning data mining predictive modeling visualization descriptive statistics)
<p>I am reading a book by professor Trevor Hastie and professor Robert Tibshirani called "Introduction to Statistical Learning". In the applied se... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
83,983 | Scikit-learn SelectKBest is picking up obviously unwanted Features | <p><strong><a href="https://www.kaggle.com/sonujha090/xyzcorp-lendingdata" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Dataset</a></strong></p>
<p><strong>Dataset Summary</strong>: Bank Loan (classification) problem</p>
<p><strong>Problem Summary</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>I am exploring ways to simplify EDA Process (Explora... | python scikit learn feature selection | 1 | Scikit-learn SelectKBest is picking up obviously unwanted Features -- (python scikit learn feature selection)
<p><strong><a href="https://www.kaggle.com/sonujha090/xyzcorp-lendingdata" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Dataset</a></strong></p>
<p><strong>Dataset Summary</strong>: Bank Loan (classification) problem</p>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
83,991 | Summing three lexicon based approach methods for sentiment analysis? | <p>I'm doing sentiment analysis using a lexicon based approach and I have a bunch of news headlines that needs to be categorized as negative, positive and neutral or within a scale ranging from -1 (very negative sentiment) to +1 (very positive sentiment).</p>
<p>I'm considering using three different methods: TextBl... | nlp sentiment analysis nltk | 1 | Summing three lexicon based approach methods for sentiment analysis? -- (nlp sentiment analysis nltk)
<p>I'm doing sentiment analysis using a lexicon based approach and I have a bunch of news headlines that needs to be categorized as negative, positive and neutral or within a scale ranging from -1 (very negative sentim... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
83,992 | Terminology in machine learning: exogenous features vs external features | <p>I am currently writing a scientific paper and do not know whether to call some of my input features of my neural network either external or exogenous.</p>
<p>My neural network receives as input features like the outside temperature, which are completely independent of the mapped mathematical function.</p>
<p... | machine learning neural network feature selection terminology features | 1 | Terminology in machine learning: exogenous features vs external features -- (machine learning neural network feature selection terminology features)
<p>I am currently writing a scientific paper and do not know whether to call some of my input features of my neural network either external or exogenous.</p>
<p>My neu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
83,994 | Can we use feature selection and dimensionality reduction together? | <p>I have a dataset having about 10,000s of features. The features have a hierarchy inherent to them. I found an algorithm performing feature engineering, taking the hierarchy of the features into consideration. After the procedure the feature space will be changed and the original features may not exist. This algorith... | deep learning feature selection autoencoder dimensionality reduction | 1 | Can we use feature selection and dimensionality reduction together? -- (deep learning feature selection autoencoder dimensionality reduction)
<p>I have a dataset having about 10,000s of features. The features have a hierarchy inherent to them. I found an algorithm performing feature engineering, taking the hierarchy of... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
83,999 | Unable to successfully merge dataframes in pandas along labels | <p>I have two different dataframes, they both share the same labels, "Country" and "Year", I am trying to merge these together as one by these two columns.</p>
<p>This is my code:</p>
<pre><code>joined = pd.merge(left = df, right = df1, on = ["Year", "Country"])
</cod... | machine learning python pandas | 1 | Unable to successfully merge dataframes in pandas along labels -- (machine learning python pandas)
<p>I have two different dataframes, they both share the same labels, "Country" and "Year", I am trying to merge these together as one by these two columns.</p>
<p>This is my code:</p>
<pre><cod... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,007 | Python sklearn model.predict() gives me different results depending on the amount of data | <p>I train my XGBoostClassifier().
If my testing set has:</p>
<pre><code>0: 100 
1: 884
</code></pre>
<p>It attempts to predict 210 1's. Around 147 are wrong (False positives) and 63 1's correctly predicted (True positives).</p>
<p>Then I increase my testing sample:</p>
<pre><code>0: 15,000&... | machine learning python xgboost predict | 1 | Python sklearn model.predict() gives me different results depending on the amount of data -- (machine learning python xgboost predict)
<p>I train my XGBoostClassifier().
If my testing set has:</p>
<pre><code>0: 100 
1: 884
</code></pre>
<p>It attempts to predict 210 1's. Around 147 are wrong (False ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,016 | Equation of a Multi-Layer Perceptron Network | <p>I'm writing an article about business management of wine companies where I use a Multi-Layer Perceptron Network.</p>
<p>My teacher then asked me to write an equation that lets me calculate the output of the network. My answer was that due to the nature of multi-layer perceptron networks there is no single equati... | neural network perceptron | 1 | Equation of a Multi-Layer Perceptron Network -- (neural network perceptron)
<p>I'm writing an article about business management of wine companies where I use a Multi-Layer Perceptron Network.</p>
<p>My teacher then asked me to write an equation that lets me calculate the output of the network. My answer was that du... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,027 | For a linear model without intercept, why does the redundent term in one-hot encoding function as intercept? | <p>In <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/27957/why-do-we-need-to-discard-one-dummy-variable/27993#27993?newreg=78d94308734649308c87ec6554fe057b">this question</a> Elias Strehle pointed out that if we keep all the levels during one hot encoding on a linear model without an intercept, the redundant ... | linear regression | 1 | For a linear model without intercept, why does the redundent term in one-hot encoding function as intercept? -- (linear regression)
<p>In <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/27957/why-do-we-need-to-discard-one-dummy-variable/27993#27993?newreg=78d94308734649308c87ec6554fe057b">this question</a> Eli... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,028 | finding the mean for each of the channels (RGB) across an array of images | <p>How can I find the mean for each of the channels (RGB) across an array of images?</p>
<p>For example <code>train_dataset[0]['image'].shape</code> is <code>(600, 800, 3)</code> and <code>len(train_dataset)</code> is 720 meaning it includes 720 images of dimension 600x800 and 3 channels. <code>train_dataset[0]['im... | python numpy mean | 1 | finding the mean for each of the channels (RGB) across an array of images -- (python numpy mean)
<p>How can I find the mean for each of the channels (RGB) across an array of images?</p>
<p>For example <code>train_dataset[0]['image'].shape</code> is <code>(600, 800, 3)</code> and <code>len(train_dataset)</code> is 7... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,036 | Rolling window features for multiclass classification | <p>I'm doing a multiclass classification and data is considered as not being a time-series. Working on a feature engineering and trying to solve the problem with classic KNN, RF, boosting etc. I'm creating new features based on rolling window and found out that people usually do mean aggregation.</p>
<ol>
<li>D... | preprocessing | 1 | Rolling window features for multiclass classification -- (preprocessing)
<p>I'm doing a multiclass classification and data is considered as not being a time-series. Working on a feature engineering and trying to solve the problem with classic KNN, RF, boosting etc. I'm creating new features based on rolling window and ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,038 | Using pretrained LSTM and Bert Models in CPU Only Environment - How to speed up Predictions? | <p>I have trained two text classification models using GPU on Azure. The models are the following</p>
<ol>
<li>Bert (ktrain)</li>
<li>Lstm Word2Vec (tensorflow)</li>
</ol>
<p>Exaples of the code can be found here: <a href="https://github.com/lukasgarbas/nlp-text-emotion" rel="nofollow noreferrer">nl... | python tensorflow nlp lstm bert | 1 | Using pretrained LSTM and Bert Models in CPU Only Environment - How to speed up Predictions? -- (python tensorflow nlp lstm bert)
<p>I have trained two text classification models using GPU on Azure. The models are the following</p>
<ol>
<li>Bert (ktrain)</li>
<li>Lstm Word2Vec (tensorflow)</li>
</ol>&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,044 | why R-square always keep increasing | <p>I have read in multiple articles that R-square always increases with the number of features, even though a feature may not be of any significance.</p>
<p>The formula for R-square is</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$1 - \frac{\sum(y-\hat{y})^2}{\sum(y-\bar{y}^2)}$$</span></p>
<p>If the denominator is... | linear regression | 1 | why R-square always keep increasing -- (linear regression)
<p>I have read in multiple articles that R-square always increases with the number of features, even though a feature may not be of any significance.</p>
<p>The formula for R-square is</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$1 - \frac{\sum(y-\hat{y})^2}{\... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,045 | How to choose variables to perform Exploratory Data Analysis | <p>I have a dataset with about 110 variables. I have a target variable and I want to do an exploratory data analysis to find out what factors affect this target variable.</p>
<p>In such scenarios when we have a lot of variables,how do we choose which variables to analyze? Should we consider all the variables wrt to... | machine learning feature selection data analysis | 1 | How to choose variables to perform Exploratory Data Analysis -- (machine learning feature selection data analysis)
<p>I have a dataset with about 110 variables. I have a target variable and I want to do an exploratory data analysis to find out what factors affect this target variable.</p>
<p>In such scenarios when ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,060 | Questions about a multivariate timeseries forecasting model - keras | <p>I have trouble understanding the model I'm trying to create.<br>
I have few questions so I'll explain my model first and what I'm trying to do:</p>
<br>
I have created sequences of data (input and ouput of the model) 7 timesteps each so the input would be the values of the days of a certain week and the ... | python deep learning keras tensorflow time series | 1 | Questions about a multivariate timeseries forecasting model - keras -- (python deep learning keras tensorflow time series)
<p>I have trouble understanding the model I'm trying to create.<br>
I have few questions so I'll explain my model first and what I'm trying to do:</p>
<br>
I have created sequences of d... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,062 | Backpropagation and gradient descent | <p>I just want to clear one doubt - we use gradient descent to optimize the weights and biases of the neural network, and we use backpropagation for the step that requires calculating partial derivatives of the loss function, or am I misinterpreting something?</p>
 | machine learning neural network | 1 | Backpropagation and gradient descent -- (machine learning neural network)
<p>I just want to clear one doubt - we use gradient descent to optimize the weights and biases of the neural network, and we use backpropagation for the step that requires calculating partial derivatives of the loss function, or am I misinterpret... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,065 | Tree-based algorithms and ordinal features | <p>For tree-based methods (e.g., DT, Random Forest, Gradient boosting, etc.), does the conversion interval of an ordinal feature to continuous matter matters? (I can see why it matters for linear model, but I am not clear for tree-based methods)</p>
<p><em>For example:</em>
Is there a difference between convert... | random forest decision trees xgboost boosting | 1 | Tree-based algorithms and ordinal features -- (random forest decision trees xgboost boosting)
<p>For tree-based methods (e.g., DT, Random Forest, Gradient boosting, etc.), does the conversion interval of an ordinal feature to continuous matter matters? (I can see why it matters for linear model, but I am not clear for ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,112 | Subsequence parttern matching for time series | <p>I have a set of time series data (just like voice sequence data) with the pattern as shown in the first figure (theoratical data). The measured data is given as presented in the second figure. What I want to do is localizing/finding the subsequece pattern as shown in the red squares. Is there any algorithm to solve ... | machine learning classification time series regression pattern recognition | 1 | Subsequence parttern matching for time series -- (machine learning classification time series regression pattern recognition)
<p>I have a set of time series data (just like voice sequence data) with the pattern as shown in the first figure (theoratical data). The measured data is given as presented in the second figure... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,120 | What is the correct formula for Jaccard coefficient with integer vectors? | <p>I understand the Jaccard index is the number of elements in common divided by the total number of distinct elements. But it seems to be some discrepancy or terminology confusion about Jaccard being applied to "binary vectors", meaning a vector with binary attributes (0, 1), or, "integer vectors",... | clustering similarity metric jaccard coefficient | 1 | What is the correct formula for Jaccard coefficient with integer vectors? -- (clustering similarity metric jaccard coefficient)
<p>I understand the Jaccard index is the number of elements in common divided by the total number of distinct elements. But it seems to be some discrepancy or terminology confusion about Jacca... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,136 | ML to find relationship between a number and 50 other characteristics values | <p>I have 10K records of football Players, their market value and about 50+ characteristics values of each player (i.e. Shot Power, Attacking, Defending, Position, Stamina and etc.) --> 80% are numerical values out of 100, 20% are categorical.</p>
<p><strong>My goal</strong> is to know what features (or group of... | machine learning regression | 1 | ML to find relationship between a number and 50 other characteristics values -- (machine learning regression)
<p>I have 10K records of football Players, their market value and about 50+ characteristics values of each player (i.e. Shot Power, Attacking, Defending, Position, Stamina and etc.) --> 80% are numerical val... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,141 | Precision Accuracy and recall rate of a confusion rate of confusion matrix | <pre><code>Assume you are solving a 4-class problem. Your test set is as follows: 
• 5 samples from class 1, 
• 10 samples from class 2, 
• 5 samples from class 3,
• 10 samples from class 4. 
• Total Samples: 30
The decision made by your classifier is as follows:
• 2 samples from... | accuracy confusion matrix | 1 | Precision Accuracy and recall rate of a confusion rate of confusion matrix -- (accuracy confusion matrix)
<pre><code>Assume you are solving a 4-class problem. Your test set is as follows: 
• 5 samples from class 1, 
• 10 samples from class 2, 
• 5 samples from class 3,
• 10 samples from class 4.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,143 | Which ml framework/library makes you do the most of the work but still eases the process for you? | <p>This may sound like a stupid question, but trust me it's not, I am searching for a ml framework/library that makes you do most of the work yourself so I can learn rather than depending on a framework/library but STILL I do not wanna code ALL ml algorithms from scratch as that would be pretty painful</p>
<p>Hope... | machine learning | 1 | Which ml framework/library makes you do the most of the work but still eases the process for you? -- (machine learning)
<p>This may sound like a stupid question, but trust me it's not, I am searching for a ml framework/library that makes you do most of the work yourself so I can learn rather than depending on a framew... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,152 | Can my neural network learn conditional rules when classifying? | <p>I'm concerned that I'm attempting the impossible with my neural network. This is the scenario:</p>
<p>I have a 2D square world. In it, I create five circles of random size and position. I then classify one of them as the correct answer, based on the following rules:</p>
<ul>
<li>If <em>any</em> circle's ... | neural network classification | 1 | Can my neural network learn conditional rules when classifying? -- (neural network classification)
<p>I'm concerned that I'm attempting the impossible with my neural network. This is the scenario:</p>
<p>I have a 2D square world. In it, I create five circles of random size and position. I then classify one of them ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,153 | Machine learning algorithms for identification and classification of Microorganisms | <p><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Viruses+images&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiB9-fsoL3sAhUJyHMBHWRZB-sQ2-cCegQIABAC&oq=Viruses+images&gs_lcp=ChJtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1pbWcQA1AAWABgo_sCaABwAHgAgAEAiAEAkgEAmAEAwAEB&sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-img&ei=HL6LX4H5DImQz7sP5LKd2A4&bih=592&biw=360&cl... | machine learning image classification computer vision image recognition | 1 | Machine learning algorithms for identification and classification of Microorganisms -- (machine learning image classification computer vision image recognition)
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Viruses+images&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiB9-fsoL3sAhUJyHMBHWRZB-sQ2-cCegQIABAC&oq=Viruses+images&gs_lcp=... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,163 | How to set a class_weight Dictionary for Random Forest? | <p>I'm dealing with an unbalanced dataset, so I decided to use a weight dictionary for classification.</p>
<p>Documentation says that a weight dict must be defined as shown below:
<a href="https://imbalanced-learn.org/stable/generated/imblearn.ensemble.BalancedRandomForestClassifier.html" rel="nofollow noreferr... | classification random forest class imbalance | 1 | How to set a class_weight Dictionary for Random Forest? -- (classification random forest class imbalance)
<p>I'm dealing with an unbalanced dataset, so I decided to use a weight dictionary for classification.</p>
<p>Documentation says that a weight dict must be defined as shown below:
<a href="https://imbalance... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,167 | What is momentum in neural network? | <p>While using "Two class neural network" in Azure ML, I encountered "Momentum" property. As per <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/machine-learning/studio-module-reference/neural-network-regression" rel="nofollow noreferrer">documentation</a>, which is not clear, it says</p>
<block... | neural network gradient descent | 1 | What is momentum in neural network? -- (neural network gradient descent)
<p>While using "Two class neural network" in Azure ML, I encountered "Momentum" property. As per <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/machine-learning/studio-module-reference/neural-network-regression" rel="nofollow ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,179 | Correlation among features (e.g. doc length, punctuation, ... ) in classifying spam emails | <p>I extracted some other features from my dataset regarding punctuation, capital letters, upper case words. I got these value:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/3LjM7.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/3LjM7.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>looking a... | python classification text mining correlation | 1 | Correlation among features (e.g. doc length, punctuation, ... ) in classifying spam emails -- (python classification text mining correlation)
<p>I extracted some other features from my dataset regarding punctuation, capital letters, upper case words. I got these value:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/3LjM... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,187 | Merging Training and Validation Sets for better accuracy | <p>I am training an Image Classification Model and my train-test set distribution is 80-20.</p>
<ul>
<li>After Training my train-test loss curve looks like this</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lPh9N.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lPh9N.png" alt="Train... | machine learning image classification machine learning model training | 1 | Merging Training and Validation Sets for better accuracy -- (machine learning image classification machine learning model training)
<p>I am training an Image Classification Model and my train-test set distribution is 80-20.</p>
<ul>
<li>After Training my train-test loss curve looks like this</li>
</ul>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,193 | How does layer normalization work exactly? | <p>As far as I understand, layer normalization normalizes across all the features for fully connected layers. Does that mean that for each batch dimension we have to learn the normalization parameters? Also, what do we do at test time if our batch dimension is different?</p>
 | deep learning normalization | 1 | How does layer normalization work exactly? -- (deep learning normalization)
<p>As far as I understand, layer normalization normalizes across all the features for fully connected layers. Does that mean that for each batch dimension we have to learn the normalization parameters? Also, what do we do at test time if our ba... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,203 | How to get DATE column from dataframe in pandas without using CSV | <p>This is my code.</p>
<pre><code>import pandas as pd
import pandas_datareader.data as web
import datetime as dt

start = dt.datetime(2019, 2, 1)
end = datetime.today().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
slug = "tsla"
df = web.DataReader(slug, 'yahoo', start, end)

print(df)
</c... | python pandas dataframe python 3.x | 1 | How to get DATE column from dataframe in pandas without using CSV -- (python pandas dataframe python 3.x)
<p>This is my code.</p>
<pre><code>import pandas as pd
import pandas_datareader.data as web
import datetime as dt

start = dt.datetime(2019, 2, 1)
end = datetime.today().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,209 | Predictive modeling when output affects future input | <p>Assume I have a model which predicts the outcome of number of icecream sold in a store.</p>
<p>The model is trained on data for the last 5 years while keep the last year as a validation set and has produced very good results.</p>
<p>We now put the model into production such that the CFO can create an estima... | machine learning predictive modeling bias methodology concept drift | 1 | Predictive modeling when output affects future input -- (machine learning predictive modeling bias methodology concept drift)
<p>Assume I have a model which predicts the outcome of number of icecream sold in a store.</p>
<p>The model is trained on data for the last 5 years while keep the last year as a validation ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,222 | how print f1-score with scikit´s accuracy_score or accuracy of confusion_matrix? | <p>I would like to print the f1-score. I got confused about the wording f1-accuracy score and accuracy score. What is the difference of these 2 scikit-learn metrics and how can I print the f1-score out of this code?</p>
<pre><code>from xgboost import XGBClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, cla... | python scikit learn multiclass classification accuracy f1score | 1 | how print f1-score with scikit´s accuracy_score or accuracy of confusion_matrix? -- (python scikit learn multiclass classification accuracy f1score)
<p>I would like to print the f1-score. I got confused about the wording f1-accuracy score and accuracy score. What is the difference of these 2 scikit-learn metrics and ho... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,228 | Does the output of the Sequence-to-Sequence encoder model exist in the same semantic space as the inputs (Word2vec)? | <p>Does the output generated from the LSTM encoder module exist in the same semantic space as the original word vectors?
If so, say for example we have a sentence and we pass it through the encoder to get an encoded output and then we also calculate the average of word vectors for the same sentence separately, will... | nlp lstm word embeddings word2vec sequence to sequence | 1 | Does the output of the Sequence-to-Sequence encoder model exist in the same semantic space as the inputs (Word2vec)? -- (nlp lstm word embeddings word2vec sequence to sequence)
<p>Does the output generated from the LSTM encoder module exist in the same semantic space as the original word vectors?
If so, say for exa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,233 | What does n means in neural network neuron output? | <p>I've found this equation that explains the output of a neuron in a MLP network:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$y(n) = f(\mathbf{w}^T \mathbf{x}(n) + b)$</span></p>
<p>I can understand the general context, but since i have no background with mathematical notation, i don't understand what the <span class... | machine learning neural network perceptron | 1 | What does n means in neural network neuron output? -- (machine learning neural network perceptron)
<p>I've found this equation that explains the output of a neuron in a MLP network:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$y(n) = f(\mathbf{w}^T \mathbf{x}(n) + b)$</span></p>
<p>I can understand the general context,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,240 | Loading collections of datasets - Python code examples | <p>Sometimes you might want to check your ideas on multiple datasets.
There are several places with datasets collections.</p>
<p><strong>Question:</strong> Please share some Python scripts how to download multiple datasets from these (or other)
datasets collection ?</p>
<p>Ideally one should be able to... | dataset | 1 | Loading collections of datasets - Python code examples -- (dataset)
<p>Sometimes you might want to check your ideas on multiple datasets.
There are several places with datasets collections.</p>
<p><strong>Question:</strong> Please share some Python scripts how to download multiple datasets from these (or other)... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,258 | How to choose between Tensorflow and Pytorch? | <p>Recently I've been working on a pretty vanilla ANN model in Python with sklearn (and its preprocessing pipeline), mostly in jupyterhub notebooks if that matters.</p>
<p>I am considering changing the framework I work with as I need some more tools (drop out at least). but I am not so familiar with Python framewor... | python scikit learn tensorflow pytorch jupyter | 1 | How to choose between Tensorflow and Pytorch? -- (python scikit learn tensorflow pytorch jupyter)
<p>Recently I've been working on a pretty vanilla ANN model in Python with sklearn (and its preprocessing pipeline), mostly in jupyterhub notebooks if that matters.</p>
<p>I am considering changing the framework I work... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,271 | I want to run PCA on a data set that will be aggregated by country. Should I aggregate the data before or after I standardize the data, and why? | <p>Basically the title asks my question. I have the results of a survey that was filled out by people from different countries. I have been asked to analyze the data using PCA and see what findings I can get on each country from my analysis. Now of course this means I have to aggregate my data, but should I aggregate t... | statistics pca | 1 | I want to run PCA on a data set that will be aggregated by country. Should I aggregate the data before or after I standardize the data, and why? -- (statistics pca)
<p>Basically the title asks my question. I have the results of a survey that was filled out by people from different countries. I have been asked to analyz... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,278 | Scaling of variables considering the values of a single column or the whole dataset | <p>I read many time that for machine learning and data mining algorithms the multi-dimensional input data should be scaled (e.g. normalized or standardized). Now my question is whether the average, min or max value shall be calculated for each row (variable) or for the dataset as a whole.</p>
<p>Let's say we have 3... | python normalization | 1 | Scaling of variables considering the values of a single column or the whole dataset -- (python normalization)
<p>I read many time that for machine learning and data mining algorithms the multi-dimensional input data should be scaled (e.g. normalized or standardized). Now my question is whether the average, min or max v... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,281 | Item-to-Item recommendation using DNN | <p>I am new to DNN still learning, have a need to build item-to-item content based recommendation using DNN. For example, say I have a column of strings where each row represents a document I need to compute the cosine similarity of this column and recommend similar documents.</p>
<pre><code>id document

... | neural network recommender system cosine distance | 1 | Item-to-Item recommendation using DNN -- (neural network recommender system cosine distance)
<p>I am new to DNN still learning, have a need to build item-to-item content based recommendation using DNN. For example, say I have a column of strings where each row represents a document I need to compute the cosine similari... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,298 | Effect of weights on the Louvain communities detected | <p>The Louvain method for community detection aims to optimize modularity and hence detect communities in the given graph. In case of a weighted graph would it be valid to assume that an edge with a higher weight would be prioritized to be part of a community as against an edge with a lower weight while optimizing modu... | graphs community | 1 | Effect of weights on the Louvain communities detected -- (graphs community)
<p>The Louvain method for community detection aims to optimize modularity and hence detect communities in the given graph. In case of a weighted graph would it be valid to assume that an edge with a higher weight would be prioritized to be part... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,299 | How is an ASR's output compared to ground truth for validation? | <p>I am curious how it is done as I am interested in doing something similar. I have some manually transcribed data that contains tags for multiple speakers. I want to compare how well the out of the box ASRs (Google, AWS Transcribe) are able to diarise speakers (or in simple words identify and transcribe audio with mu... | nlp similarity speech to text | 1 | How is an ASR's output compared to ground truth for validation? -- (nlp similarity speech to text)
<p>I am curious how it is done as I am interested in doing something similar. I have some manually transcribed data that contains tags for multiple speakers. I want to compare how well the out of the box ASRs (Google, AWS... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,326 | Performing a linear regression with Perceptron | <p>I was wondering about the link between the linear regression and the perceptron!
Perceptrons were used as binary classifiers i.e to classify binary labels ( 0 or 1 ).</p>
<p>My question is How can you perform a linear regression with perceptron and what is the link?</p>
<p>I think the point is hidden in ... | neural network regression linear regression perceptron | 1 | Performing a linear regression with Perceptron -- (neural network regression linear regression perceptron)
<p>I was wondering about the link between the linear regression and the perceptron!
Perceptrons were used as binary classifiers i.e to classify binary labels ( 0 or 1 ).</p>
<p>My question is How can you p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,347 | Including column of indices as predictor for model? | <p>I have a small dataset consisting of 1000 observations (rows), 11 predictors + 1 response (12 columns). It is a toy dataset used for learning purposes in a machine learning class at university -- binary classification (heart disease vs. no heart disease).</p>
<p>I have fitted a logistic regression, SVM, and KNN.... | machine learning classification logistic regression | 1 | Including column of indices as predictor for model? -- (machine learning classification logistic regression)
<p>I have a small dataset consisting of 1000 observations (rows), 11 predictors + 1 response (12 columns). It is a toy dataset used for learning purposes in a machine learning class at university -- binary class... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,357 | Loss function in GradientBoostingRegressor | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OHIif.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OHIif.png" alt="Sickit Learn GradientBoostingRegressor" /></a></p>
<p>I was looking at the Scikit-Learn documentation for <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.Gradien... | machine learning scikit learn loss function terminology gbm | 1 | Loss function in GradientBoostingRegressor -- (machine learning scikit learn loss function terminology gbm)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OHIif.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OHIif.png" alt="Sickit Learn GradientBoostingRegressor" /></a></p>
<p>I was looking at the Scikit... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,372 | Is there a RandomForest implementation that handles categorical data without encoding in python? | <p>I am working on a binary classification project with both continuous and categorical features. I know that the R implementation of RandomForest can handle categorical data passed in as factor type data. Python's scikit-learn implementation requires encoding of categorical data however (e.g. one-hot). I'm curious abo... | python r random forest categorical data encoding | 1 | Is there a RandomForest implementation that handles categorical data without encoding in python? -- (python r random forest categorical data encoding)
<p>I am working on a binary classification project with both continuous and categorical features. I know that the R implementation of RandomForest can handle categorical... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,384 | Same confusion matrix when changing DecisionTreeClassifier parameters | <p>I'm trying to build my first Decision Tree Classifier using the Iris dataset in the sklearn library. This is my first sample code:</p>
<pre><code>from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
from sklearn.metrics import f1_score
from sklearn.model_selection import ... | python classification decision trees cross validation confusion matrix | 1 | Same confusion matrix when changing DecisionTreeClassifier parameters -- (python classification decision trees cross validation confusion matrix)
<p>I'm trying to build my first Decision Tree Classifier using the Iris dataset in the sklearn library. This is my first sample code:</p>
<pre><code>from sklearn.datasets... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,388 | How to determine layers structures appropriate for a specific application? | <p>I'm playing around with Keras. I went through their example of MNIST data, cats vs dog etc.</p>
<p>The structure of the network they suggest is different in each case. The MNIST stucture:</p>
<pre><code># Build a simple model
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(28, 28))
x = layers.experimental.preprocessing.... | neural network keras | 1 | How to determine layers structures appropriate for a specific application? -- (neural network keras)
<p>I'm playing around with Keras. I went through their example of MNIST data, cats vs dog etc.</p>
<p>The structure of the network they suggest is different in each case. The MNIST stucture:</p>
<pre><code># Bui... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,391 | How much data do you need to build a classifier? | <p>I would like to ask you what a good size of dataset would be for building a classifier.
I know that there are datasets of 1000 obs and datasets of 1m obs. But I also read papers where classifiers were built on datasets of 300 obs.
I think the size may affect the accuracy/precision of a classifier, but I am n... | machine learning classification logistic regression svm naive bayes classifier | 1 | How much data do you need to build a classifier? -- (machine learning classification logistic regression svm naive bayes classifier)
<p>I would like to ask you what a good size of dataset would be for building a classifier.
I know that there are datasets of 1000 obs and datasets of 1m obs. But I also read papers wh... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,395 | What is the next step after k fold CV? | <p>I came across this video lecture <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjILv3-UGM8" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjILv3-UGM8</a>
on k fold cross validation (CV). The algorithm given in the video lecture is presented below:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>for k = 1:5</p>
<p>train o... | machine learning cross validation training | 1 | What is the next step after k fold CV? -- (machine learning cross validation training)
<p>I came across this video lecture <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjILv3-UGM8" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjILv3-UGM8</a>
on k fold cross validation (CV). The algorithm given in the video... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,397 | Multiclass ROC Curve using DecisionTreeClassifier | <p>I built a DecisionTreeClassifier with custom parameters to try to understand what happens modifying them and how the final model classifies the instances of the iris dataset. Now My task is to create a ROC curve taking by turn each classes as positive (this means I need to create 3 curves in my final graph). To do t... | python scikit learn decision trees multiclass classification | 1 | Multiclass ROC Curve using DecisionTreeClassifier -- (python scikit learn decision trees multiclass classification)
<p>I built a DecisionTreeClassifier with custom parameters to try to understand what happens modifying them and how the final model classifies the instances of the iris dataset. Now My task is to create a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,406 | How to deal with nan values after merging / joining two dataframes? | <p>A lot of time after merging two pandas dataframes, I end up with NaNs in the new dataframe, that's just how the way it is, because one csv does not have all the ID's that the other has (Two dataframes of different sizes for example). Those NaNs have not been present before, it's just the nature of the left join in p... | dataset pandas data cleaning data engineering | 1 | How to deal with nan values after merging / joining two dataframes? -- (dataset pandas data cleaning data engineering)
<p>A lot of time after merging two pandas dataframes, I end up with NaNs in the new dataframe, that's just how the way it is, because one csv does not have all the ID's that the other has (Two datafram... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,437 | How to achieve better accuracy of 90+ on a 3 class highly skewed dataset? | <p>I have a 3 class dataset with very high imbalance classes:</p>
<pre><code>class 1: 75000
class 2: 27000
class 3: 3000
</code></pre>
<p>With simple learning algorithms, accuracy is <code>84.6%</code> but as expected mostly predicts <code>class 1</code>, few <code>class 2</code> and no <code>class ... | machine learning deep learning class imbalance | 1 | How to achieve better accuracy of 90+ on a 3 class highly skewed dataset? -- (machine learning deep learning class imbalance)
<p>I have a 3 class dataset with very high imbalance classes:</p>
<pre><code>class 1: 75000
class 2: 27000
class 3: 3000
</code></pre>
<p>With simple learning algorithms, acc... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,451 | Correctness of a ROC Curve | <p>I've built a Decision Tree Classifier to practice with the sklearn library. My first task was to shuffle the iris dataset and split it keeping only the last 10 elements for the test. Then, after the training part I predicted the class of these elements and printed other useful metrics to understand what I'm doing. M... | python scikit learn decision trees implementation roc | 1 | Correctness of a ROC Curve -- (python scikit learn decision trees implementation roc)
<p>I've built a Decision Tree Classifier to practice with the sklearn library. My first task was to shuffle the iris dataset and split it keeping only the last 10 elements for the test. Then, after the training part I predicted the cl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,460 | How do I deal with additional input information other than images in a convolutional neural network? | <p>I try to convert a game state of a board game into the input for a convolutional neural network. A convolutional neural network is useful because the players have to place items on the board, and the convolutional neural network can take advantage of that spatial structure. Therefore I can describe the board well wi... | machine learning deep learning neural network convolutional neural network | 1 | How do I deal with additional input information other than images in a convolutional neural network? -- (machine learning deep learning neural network convolutional neural network)
<p>I try to convert a game state of a board game into the input for a convolutional neural network. A convolutional neural network is usefu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,463 | What does this formula in Glorot & Bengio mean? | <p>In <a href="http://proceedings.mlr.press/v9/glorot10a/glorot10a.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> paper, on page 5, we find the formula</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$Var(z^i)=Var(x)\prod_{i'=0}^{i-1}n_{i'}Var(W^{i'})$$</span></p>
<p>I am really struggling to understand what is meant by this for... | deep learning | 1 | What does this formula in Glorot & Bengio mean? -- (deep learning)
<p>In <a href="http://proceedings.mlr.press/v9/glorot10a/glorot10a.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> paper, on page 5, we find the formula</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$Var(z^i)=Var(x)\prod_{i'=0}^{i-1}n_{i'}Var(W^{i'})$$</span></p>&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,475 | model.predict() accuracy extremely low on training dataset | <p>This question is similar to <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/76085/cnn-training-accuracy-shown-during-model-fit-is-not-matching-the-predictions-obt">this</a>.</p>
<p>I'm new to ML, and I am trying to classify breast cancer histology images using EfficientNets with Transfer Learning. The d... | keras cnn transfer learning | 1 | model.predict() accuracy extremely low on training dataset -- (keras cnn transfer learning)
<p>This question is similar to <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/76085/cnn-training-accuracy-shown-during-model-fit-is-not-matching-the-predictions-obt">this</a>.</p>
<p>I'm new to ML, and I am trying ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,492 | Where are the 60 million params of AlexNet? | <p>On the abstract of the <a href="https://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824-imagenet-classification-with-deep-convolutional-neural-networks.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">AlexNet paper</a>, they claimed to have 60 million parameters:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The neural network, which has 60 million parameters and 650,000 n... | neural network keras cnn convolutional neural network alex net | 1 | Where are the 60 million params of AlexNet? -- (neural network keras cnn convolutional neural network alex net)
<p>On the abstract of the <a href="https://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824-imagenet-classification-with-deep-convolutional-neural-networks.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">AlexNet paper</a>, they claimed to have 60 m... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,517 | How is a policy expressed? | <p>In my work in behavioural cloning, I have been asked 'how is your policy expressed?' and I didn't know the answer to this. I was trying to create apply a behavioural cloning algorithm from the context of driving. I wanted to know what is the answer to the question 'how is your policy expressed'?</p>
<p>Am I supp... | supervised learning policy gradients | 1 | How is a policy expressed? -- (supervised learning policy gradients)
<p>In my work in behavioural cloning, I have been asked 'how is your policy expressed?' and I didn't know the answer to this. I was trying to create apply a behavioural cloning algorithm from the context of driving. I wanted to know what is the answer... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,519 | Interpreting Learning Curves | <p>I'm curious on how to interpret the following learning curves, which can be considered an actual good learning curve of the three learning curves. I'm not sure when to consider if there is a high variance or bias, likewise the presence of underfitting or overfitting respectively. Thank you in advanced.</p>
<p>1.... | machine learning neural network deep learning | 1 | Interpreting Learning Curves -- (machine learning neural network deep learning)
<p>I'm curious on how to interpret the following learning curves, which can be considered an actual good learning curve of the three learning curves. I'm not sure when to consider if there is a high variance or bias, likewise the presence o... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,524 | What's the most effective way to measure the accuracy of my multi-class classification NN? | <p>I'm relatively new to data science, and am confused about how to measure the accuracy of a multi-class neural network. The model I'm building is attempting to predict the outcome of a given event with 20 different outcomes - there is some imbalance in the labels, the most frequency label is around 15% of the total, ... | neural network keras multiclass classification accuracy | 1 | What's the most effective way to measure the accuracy of my multi-class classification NN? -- (neural network keras multiclass classification accuracy)
<p>I'm relatively new to data science, and am confused about how to measure the accuracy of a multi-class neural network. The model I'm building is attempting to predic... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,535 | Reuters Dataset Labels description | <p>the list of Reuters dataset labels are provided with the dataset and also available in varous online resources. <a href="https://martin-thoma.com/nlp-reuters/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Here is an example.</a></p>
<p>But I couldn't find what each of these labels actually means.<br />
I was able to find out '... | nlp dataset | 1 | Reuters Dataset Labels description -- (nlp dataset)
<p>the list of Reuters dataset labels are provided with the dataset and also available in varous online resources. <a href="https://martin-thoma.com/nlp-reuters/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Here is an example.</a></p>
<p>But I couldn't find what each of these label... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,544 | How to normalize the data correctly in spam dataset | <ul>
<li>I'm working on the <a href="https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/spambase" rel="nofollow noreferrer">spam dataset</a> to classify the inputs into binary classes.</li>
<li>my problem is that: the observations in the dataset are floats small numbers in the first 53 column, and the 54 is float larger n... | python dataset normalization | 1 | How to normalize the data correctly in spam dataset -- (python dataset normalization)
<ul>
<li>I'm working on the <a href="https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/spambase" rel="nofollow noreferrer">spam dataset</a> to classify the inputs into binary classes.</li>
<li>my problem is that: the observations in the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,545 | Pandas loads a csv file incorrectly, but without throwing an error | <p>So I tried loading some data through pandas to practice manipulating it, but I ran into a slight problem. Basically, the pandas loads the data improperly. And it does so consistently. Let me show you what I mean.</p>
<p>This is a snapshot of the dataset (a csv file)
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2ZKln.p... | python pandas csv | 1 | Pandas loads a csv file incorrectly, but without throwing an error -- (python pandas csv)
<p>So I tried loading some data through pandas to practice manipulating it, but I ran into a slight problem. Basically, the pandas loads the data improperly. And it does so consistently. Let me show you what I mean.</p>
<p>Thi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,567 | Why does my model produce too good to be true output? | <p>I am trying to run a binary classification problem on people with diabetes and non-diabetes.</p>
<p>For labeling my datasets, I followed a simple rule. If a person has <code>T2DM</code> in his medical records, we label him as positive cases (<code>diabetes</code>) and if he doesn't have T2DM, we label him as <co... | machine learning deep learning classification data mining overfitting | 1 | Why does my model produce too good to be true output? -- (machine learning deep learning classification data mining overfitting)
<p>I am trying to run a binary classification problem on people with diabetes and non-diabetes.</p>
<p>For labeling my datasets, I followed a simple rule. If a person has <code>T2DM</code... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,569 | Model Architecture Design | <p>I have two different model architectures, I am just curious if one would be better then the other. I have tested both and they vary in performance each time I train them, but the second model generally performs a bit better, however not a major difference.</p>
<p><strong>Question:</strong></p>
<p>Are these m... | machine learning neural network deep learning tensorflow | 1 | Model Architecture Design -- (machine learning neural network deep learning tensorflow)
<p>I have two different model architectures, I am just curious if one would be better then the other. I have tested both and they vary in performance each time I train them, but the second model generally performs a bit better, howe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,571 | Understanding the generality of the NER problem | <p>Named-entity recognition (NER) is a well-known problem in the NLP literature.</p>
<p>It typically addresses the problem to locate and classify named entities in text, e.g. <code>Organizations</code> and <code>Products</code>.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/xHiox.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img... | nlp named entity recognition text classification | 1 | Understanding the generality of the NER problem -- (nlp named entity recognition text classification)
<p>Named-entity recognition (NER) is a well-known problem in the NLP literature.</p>
<p>It typically addresses the problem to locate and classify named entities in text, e.g. <code>Organizations</code> and <code>Pr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,584 | How to represent genre or artist name in a neural network | <p>I am writing a music recommendation system using machine learning. I'm attempting to make sense of ensemble networks to allow the system to learn from both the content-based features, as well as the global 'meta' features, such as the genre, year, artist etc.</p>
<p>However, I do not know how I should represent ... | machine learning recommender system | 1 | How to represent genre or artist name in a neural network -- (machine learning recommender system)
<p>I am writing a music recommendation system using machine learning. I'm attempting to make sense of ensemble networks to allow the system to learn from both the content-based features, as well as the global 'meta' featu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,587 | Bug in sentiment analysis and classification for unlabeled text | <p>I'm working on the transcript of Trump and Biden's debate and want to analyze the sentences and classify negative, positive, or neutral comments, but I ran into one problem. I used both TextBlob and the transformers pipeline to analyze the sentiment but unfortunately in both ways, there are some very disastrous flaw... | machine learning deep learning nlp sentiment analysis text classification | 1 | Bug in sentiment analysis and classification for unlabeled text -- (machine learning deep learning nlp sentiment analysis text classification)
<p>I'm working on the transcript of Trump and Biden's debate and want to analyze the sentences and classify negative, positive, or neutral comments, but I ran into one problem. ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,594 | what is criterion in flcuster of scipy package? | <p>Could some one explain what does criterion of fcluster indicate? I tried to read the documentation but I am unable to understand. What does maxclust criterion indicate?</p>
 | python clustering data mining scipy | 1 | what is criterion in flcuster of scipy package? -- (python clustering data mining scipy)
<p>Could some one explain what does criterion of fcluster indicate? I tried to read the documentation but I am unable to understand. What does maxclust criterion indicate?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,596 | Is active learning able to detect challenging cases? | <p>Let's say we have a set of data points that need to be labelled for a classification task. In the pool-based active learning, if we go with the <strong>uncertainty measure</strong>, is the AL approach able to detect challenging cases? By challenging cases I mean samples that receive a high prediction score for <span... | classification active learning | 1 | Is active learning able to detect challenging cases? -- (classification active learning)
<p>Let's say we have a set of data points that need to be labelled for a classification task. In the pool-based active learning, if we go with the <strong>uncertainty measure</strong>, is the AL approach able to detect challenging ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,609 | Hyperparameter tuning XGBoost | <p>I'm trying to tune hyperparameters with bayesian optimization. It is a regression problem with the objective function: objective = 'reg:squaredlogerror'<br />
<span class="math-container">$\frac{1}{2}[log(pred+1)-log(true+1)]^2$</span></p>
<p>My dataset consists of 20k vectors, each vector has length 12 (twe... | regression xgboost hyperparameter tuning | 1 | Hyperparameter tuning XGBoost -- (regression xgboost hyperparameter tuning)
<p>I'm trying to tune hyperparameters with bayesian optimization. It is a regression problem with the objective function: objective = 'reg:squaredlogerror'<br />
<span class="math-container">$\frac{1}{2}[log(pred+1)-log(true+1)]^2$</span></... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,619 | Model to choose with Cross Validation or not? | <p>I made different tests on an imbalanced dataset and got these results:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Model 1 = train test validation split + Cross Validation(cv=10) --> f1'micro' 0,95</p>
</li>
<li><p>Model 2 = train test split + smote method for imbalanced data. No Cross Validation -->f1'micro' 0,97</p>
... | python cross validation metric smote f1score | 1 | Model to choose with Cross Validation or not? -- (python cross validation metric smote f1score)
<p>I made different tests on an imbalanced dataset and got these results:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Model 1 = train test validation split + Cross Validation(cv=10) --> f1'micro' 0,95</p>
</li>
<li><p>Model 2 = train... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,626 | Handling dimensions for RGB data with Keras CNN | <p>I'm trying to make work the code from Keras' documentation <a href="https://keras.io/getting_started/intro_to_keras_for_engineers/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">getting started</a>. There is something I do not understand about handling RGB data. I made one work with MNIST data (which is greyscale), but I can't seem to ... | keras cnn | 1 | Handling dimensions for RGB data with Keras CNN -- (keras cnn)
<p>I'm trying to make work the code from Keras' documentation <a href="https://keras.io/getting_started/intro_to_keras_for_engineers/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">getting started</a>. There is something I do not understand about handling RGB data. I made one ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,639 | Negative examples and false positives in object detection using SSD model | <p>I am training a model to detect some objects. I have 8 classes and there are other similar objects that I don't want the model to detect. I have tried to make an unknown class for them but they are so many and there are no pattern for the model to recognize.</p>
<p>How can I provide a negative examples for the m... | tensorflow dataset object detection | 1 | Negative examples and false positives in object detection using SSD model -- (tensorflow dataset object detection)
<p>I am training a model to detect some objects. I have 8 classes and there are other similar objects that I don't want the model to detect. I have tried to make an unknown class for them but they are so m... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,643 | accuracy at a false positive rate of 1% | <p>I need to calculate the accuracy but at a false positive rate of 1%.
I am not sure if it is the normal accuracy that we can calculate with sklearn or I need a customized formula?</p>
 | scikit learn accuracy | 1 | accuracy at a false positive rate of 1% -- (scikit learn accuracy)
<p>I need to calculate the accuracy but at a false positive rate of 1%.
I am not sure if it is the normal accuracy that we can calculate with sklearn or I need a customized formula?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,652 | Stemmer or dictionary? | <p>I have recently ported a stemmer from Java to Python for a highly inflectional language.</p>
<p>The stemmer learns how to change suffixes from the dictionary of words and their inflected forms. It basically builds a stemming table with learned stemming rules. As I was porting the algorithm I decided to train it ... | nlp | 1 | Stemmer or dictionary? -- (nlp)
<p>I have recently ported a stemmer from Java to Python for a highly inflectional language.</p>
<p>The stemmer learns how to change suffixes from the dictionary of words and their inflected forms. It basically builds a stemming table with learned stemming rules. As I was porting the ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,657 | Normal distribution and Random Forest | <p>I have big table in dataframe (600k rows) which has y column (the variable I want to predict) and other 4 other columns that are the X.
I have run <strong>RF regressor</strong> and I got s<strong>core of 0.87</strong> when I run it on the train and test.</p>
<p>However, when I tried to predict another set ... | scikit learn regression random forest overfitting distribution | 1 | Normal distribution and Random Forest -- (scikit learn regression random forest overfitting distribution)
<p>I have big table in dataframe (600k rows) which has y column (the variable I want to predict) and other 4 other columns that are the X.
I have run <strong>RF regressor</strong> and I got s<strong>core of 0... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,662 | Is there a clustering algorithm that works with only pairwise distances as input? | <p>My data are places for which I know all pairwise travel times (='distances'), and I want to cluster those places minimising the total pairwise travel time inside a cluster.</p>
<ul>
<li>K-means can't be used because it's centroid-based and the 'distance' is a duration that is provided, not computed thanks to... | clustering | 1 | Is there a clustering algorithm that works with only pairwise distances as input? -- (clustering)
<p>My data are places for which I know all pairwise travel times (='distances'), and I want to cluster those places minimising the total pairwise travel time inside a cluster.</p>
<ul>
<li>K-means can't be used bec... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,664 | Role of Image Resolution in Deep Learning | <p>I have multiple image datasets about the same topic that I want to use for a classification task utilizing Deep Learning. The datasets differ in the resolution of images (i.e. some pictures are 128x128px, some 512x512, others 2048x2048).</p>
<p>If I used the dataset with the highest resolution for training my in... | deep learning image classification | 1 | Role of Image Resolution in Deep Learning -- (deep learning image classification)
<p>I have multiple image datasets about the same topic that I want to use for a classification task utilizing Deep Learning. The datasets differ in the resolution of images (i.e. some pictures are 128x128px, some 512x512, others 2048x2048... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,667 | Is it better to use separately regularization methods for Neural Networks (L2/L1 & Dropout) | <p>I have been exploring different regularization approaches and observed the most common to be using either Dropout Layers or L1/L2 Regularization. I have seen many debates of whether it is of interest to either combine or seperate regularization methods.</p>
<p>In my case I have implemented/integrated both approa... | machine learning neural network deep learning regularization | 1 | Is it better to use separately regularization methods for Neural Networks (L2/L1 & Dropout) -- (machine learning neural network deep learning regularization)
<p>I have been exploring different regularization approaches and observed the most common to be using either Dropout Layers or L1/L2 Regularization. I have seen m... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,674 | Machine Learning validation data returns 100% accuracy | <p>I'm Testing a Machine Learning model with validation data returns that return 100% correct answers, is it overfitting or the model works extremely well, do I need to continue training on more data?</p>
<p>I'm not sure how to interpret the result, any guidance please?</p>
 | cross validation accuracy evaluation | 1 | Machine Learning validation data returns 100% accuracy -- (cross validation accuracy evaluation)
<p>I'm Testing a Machine Learning model with validation data returns that return 100% correct answers, is it overfitting or the model works extremely well, do I need to continue training on more data?</p>
<p>I'm not sur... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,676 | DecisionTreeRegressor under the hood of GradientBoostingClassifier | <p>I'm inspecting the weak estimators of my GradientBoostingClassifier model. This model was fit on a binary class dataset.</p>
<p>I noticed that all the weak estimators under this ensemble classifier are decision tree regressor objects. This seems strange to me intuitively.</p>
<p>I took the first decision tre... | classification scikit learn regression ensemble modeling natural gradient boosting | 1 | DecisionTreeRegressor under the hood of GradientBoostingClassifier -- (classification scikit learn regression ensemble modeling natural gradient boosting)
<p>I'm inspecting the weak estimators of my GradientBoostingClassifier model. This model was fit on a binary class dataset.</p>
<p>I noticed that all the weak es... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,680 | How to maximize recall score for specific label in multiclass classification? | <p>Thought I had solved the problem but I'm having inconsistent issues with it so reaching out here.</p>
<p>I have a multilabel classification problem with four labels ['--','-','+','++'] and with a basic random forest model, I have significant performance issues with one label '-', while the other three labels are... | machine learning | 1 | How to maximize recall score for specific label in multiclass classification? -- (machine learning)
<p>Thought I had solved the problem but I'm having inconsistent issues with it so reaching out here.</p>
<p>I have a multilabel classification problem with four labels ['--','-','+','++'] and with a basic random fore... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,692 | Can I fine-tune the BERT on a dissimilar/unrelated task? | <p>In the original BERT paper, section 3 (arXiv:1810.04805) it is mentioned:</p>
<p>"During pre-training, the model is trained on unlabeled data over <strong>different</strong> pre-training tasks."</p>
<p>I am not sure if I correctly understood the meaning of the word <strong>"different"</st... | bert transformer language model tokenization | 1 | Can I fine-tune the BERT on a dissimilar/unrelated task? -- (bert transformer language model tokenization)
<p>In the original BERT paper, section 3 (arXiv:1810.04805) it is mentioned:</p>
<p>"During pre-training, the model is trained on unlabeled data over <strong>different</strong> pre-training tasks."</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,703 | How to train a model on top of a transformer to output a sequence? | <p>I am using huggingface to build a model that is capable of identifying mistakes in a given sentence.
Say I have a given sentence and a corresponding label as follows -></p>
<pre><code>correct_sentence = "we used to play together."
correct_label = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

changed_sentence = &... | pytorch transformer sequence sequence to sequence | 1 | How to train a model on top of a transformer to output a sequence? -- (pytorch transformer sequence sequence to sequence)
<p>I am using huggingface to build a model that is capable of identifying mistakes in a given sentence.
Say I have a given sentence and a corresponding label as follows -></p>
<pre><code>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,727 | add labels bar chart | <p>There is this dataframe:</p>
<pre><code>print(df)
</code></pre>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/yqp75.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/yqp75.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<pre><code>df.plot.bar(figsize=(10,5),fontsize=14,)
plt.title('co... | visualization matplotlib | 1 | add labels bar chart -- (visualization matplotlib)
<p>There is this dataframe:</p>
<pre><code>print(df)
</code></pre>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/yqp75.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/yqp75.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<pre><code>df.plot... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,742 | SMOTE train test split with validation data | <p>Would like to ask, in which way to use SMOTE?
My dataset is imbalanced and a multiclass problem. As I read in many posts, use SMOTE method only for the training dataset (X_train and y_train). Not for the test dataset (X_test and y_test). There I include validation data. How do you handle SMOTE with validation da... | training smote validation | 1 | SMOTE train test split with validation data -- (training smote validation)
<p>Would like to ask, in which way to use SMOTE?
My dataset is imbalanced and a multiclass problem. As I read in many posts, use SMOTE method only for the training dataset (X_train and y_train). Not for the test dataset (X_test and y_test). ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,746 | Books about statistical inference | <p>I'm currently taking a course "Introduction to Machine Learning" which covers the following topics:
linear regression, overfitting, classification problems, parametric & non-parametric models, Bayesian & non Bayesian models, generative classification, neural networks, SVM, boosting & baggin... | machine learning neural network bayesian parameter estimation non parametric | 1 | Books about statistical inference -- (machine learning neural network bayesian parameter estimation non parametric)
<p>I'm currently taking a course "Introduction to Machine Learning" which covers the following topics:
linear regression, overfitting, classification problems, parametric & non-parametri... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,762 | Emotion detection on audio | <p>I'm trying to apply emotion detection on audio. Basically, given an audio file, it must generate emotional labels for a segment of any durations, say every 5s chunks, like happy, sad, angry, etc.</p>
<p>Is there a working example with pretrained models available to test? I was looking for a sample on GitHub, but... | machine learning deep learning cnn audio recognition ai | 1 | Emotion detection on audio -- (machine learning deep learning cnn audio recognition ai)
<p>I'm trying to apply emotion detection on audio. Basically, given an audio file, it must generate emotional labels for a segment of any durations, say every 5s chunks, like happy, sad, angry, etc.</p>
<p>Is there a working exa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
84,763 | How to train with cross validation? and which f1 score to choose? | <p>I got similar results in 2 models which consists of similar algorithms.</p>
<p>Model 1 with cv=10 has a f1'micro' of 0.941. See code below.
Model 2 only train test split (no cv) has f1'micro' 0.953.</p>
<p>Now here is my understanding problem. Before I did a Grid-Search to find best hyperparameters. Now ... | cross validation ensemble modeling ensemble learning ensemble | 1 | How to train with cross validation? and which f1 score to choose? -- (cross validation ensemble modeling ensemble learning ensemble)
<p>I got similar results in 2 models which consists of similar algorithms.</p>
<p>Model 1 with cv=10 has a f1'micro' of 0.941. See code below.
Model 2 only train test split (no cv... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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