id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
85,637 | How to find appropliate algorithm to bulid a model for natural language based two data | <h2>What I would like to do</h2>
<p>I would like to create a model to infer nationality from name and created the below data frame combining two dataset from Kaggle.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.kaggle.com/c/titanic" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Titanic: Machine Learning from Disaster （input/titanic/train.csv）</a><... | machine learning python nlp python 3.x kaggle | 1 | How to find appropliate algorithm to bulid a model for natural language based two data -- (machine learning python nlp python 3.x kaggle)
<h2>What I would like to do</h2>
<p>I would like to create a model to infer nationality from name and created the below data frame combining two dataset from Kaggle.</p>
<p><... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,692 | How to merge all the data to have a final dataset | <p>I am working with a problem that has different tables, end goal to predict if a customer will end up subscribing based on purchases.</p>
<p>Mother table containing user_id,register_reason</p>
<pre><code>|user_id|reason_reg|source|
|-------|----------|------|
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | ... | dataset data cleaning | 1 | How to merge all the data to have a final dataset -- (dataset data cleaning)
<p>I am working with a problem that has different tables, end goal to predict if a customer will end up subscribing based on purchases.</p>
<p>Mother table containing user_id,register_reason</p>
<pre><code>|user_id|reason_reg|source|&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,694 | Can I create a layer with multiple rnn cell ? [question about a paper] | <p>I am trying to implement <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3269206.3271794" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3269206.3271794</a> .</p>
<p>Structure:
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/uXPrq.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/uXPrq.png" al... | deep learning time series lstm rnn | 1 | Can I create a layer with multiple rnn cell ? [question about a paper] -- (deep learning time series lstm rnn)
<p>I am trying to implement <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3269206.3271794" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3269206.3271794</a> .</p>
<p>Structure:
<a href="h... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,703 | How to compute score and predict for outcome after N days | <p>Let's say I have a medical dataset/EHR dataset that is retrospective and longitudinal in nature. Meaning one person has multiple measurements across multiple time points (in the past). I did post <a href="https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/497205/how-to-predict-an-event-for-different-time-intervals-and-comput... | machine learning deep learning classification regression survival analysis | 1 | How to compute score and predict for outcome after N days -- (machine learning deep learning classification regression survival analysis)
<p>Let's say I have a medical dataset/EHR dataset that is retrospective and longitudinal in nature. Meaning one person has multiple measurements across multiple time points (in the p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,707 | List value in Pandas DataFrame column makes analysis harder | <p><strong>Should I move to database?</strong></p>
<p>I have a list of courses data in JSON format that looks like this:</p>
<pre><code>courses = [
 {
 course_id: "c_01",
 teachers: ["t_01", "t_02"]
 },
 {
 course_id: "c_02",
 te... | pandas data cleaning dataframe data analysis | 1 | List value in Pandas DataFrame column makes analysis harder -- (pandas data cleaning dataframe data analysis)
<p><strong>Should I move to database?</strong></p>
<p>I have a list of courses data in JSON format that looks like this:</p>
<pre><code>courses = [
 {
 course_id: "c_01",
 t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,712 | Difference between Word Embedding and Text Embedding | <p>I am working on a dataset of amazon alexa reviews and wish to cluster them in positive and negative clusters. I am using Word2Vec for vectorization so wanted to know the difference between Text Embedding and Word Embedding. Also, which one of them will be useful for my clustering of reviews (Please consider that I w... | python nlp word2vec gensim | 1 | Difference between Word Embedding and Text Embedding -- (python nlp word2vec gensim)
<p>I am working on a dataset of amazon alexa reviews and wish to cluster them in positive and negative clusters. I am using Word2Vec for vectorization so wanted to know the difference between Text Embedding and Word Embedding. Also, wh... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,716 | Why I would use TF-IDF after Bag-of-Words (CountVectorizer)? | <p>In my recent studies over Machine Learning NLP tasks I found this very nice tutorial teaching how to build your first text classifier:</p>
<p><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/machine-learning-nlp-text-classification-using-scikit-learn-python-and-nltk-c52b92a7c73a" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://towards... | nlp tfidf bag of words | 1 | Why I would use TF-IDF after Bag-of-Words (CountVectorizer)? -- (nlp tfidf bag of words)
<p>In my recent studies over Machine Learning NLP tasks I found this very nice tutorial teaching how to build your first text classifier:</p>
<p><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/machine-learning-nlp-text-classification-u... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,721 | Why use regularization? | <p>In a linear model, regularization decreases the slope. Do we just assume that fitting a lin model on training data overfits by almost always creating a slope which is higher than it would be with infinite observations instead? What is the intuition?</p>
 | regression machine learning model overfitting regularization | 1 | Why use regularization? -- (regression machine learning model overfitting regularization)
<p>In a linear model, regularization decreases the slope. Do we just assume that fitting a lin model on training data overfits by almost always creating a slope which is higher than it would be with infinite observations instead? ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,723 | Can we identify that an academic dataset was used for commercial purpose | <p>There are many datasets released on the internet. Authors of many of these datasets state that the datasets are strictly for academic usage and not for commercial purposes. Although some datasets are released for both academic and commercial use, many of them are restricted from commercial use.</p>
<p>If someone... | machine learning deep learning dataset data api | 1 | Can we identify that an academic dataset was used for commercial purpose -- (machine learning deep learning dataset data api)
<p>There are many datasets released on the internet. Authors of many of these datasets state that the datasets are strictly for academic usage and not for commercial purposes. Although some data... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,729 | How to collect info about unseen bugs given user's comments/feedbacks? | <p>I have a dataframe which looks like:</p>
<pre><code>user_id, comment
0, 'Functional but Horrible UI'
1, 'Great everything works well'
2, 'I struggled finding plus button because of theme colors in dark mode'
3, 'Keeps stopping on Android 10'
4, 'I like the functionaity but color theme could b... | python nlp data cleaning | 1 | How to collect info about unseen bugs given user's comments/feedbacks? -- (python nlp data cleaning)
<p>I have a dataframe which looks like:</p>
<pre><code>user_id, comment
0, 'Functional but Horrible UI'
1, 'Great everything works well'
2, 'I struggled finding plus button because of theme colors in dar... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,731 | Choose-many categorical features: alternatives to one-hot encoding? | <p>I'm building a model to predict the lifetime value of a client based on the relational data we have on them. The user table has a bunch of one-to-many child tables that might be predictive. Grossly simplified, the child features boil down to things like:</p>
<ul>
<li>a list of item categories that they've ... | encoding categorical encoding | 1 | Choose-many categorical features: alternatives to one-hot encoding? -- (encoding categorical encoding)
<p>I'm building a model to predict the lifetime value of a client based on the relational data we have on them. The user table has a bunch of one-to-many child tables that might be predictive. Grossly simplified, th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,763 | Can neural networks have multi-dimensional output nodes? | <p>I'm trying to understand what's possible with TensorFlow's output layer. Specifically, are outputs always a flat array?</p>
<p>Since a neuron (or 'unit', in TF) has just one number, and there is only one set of outputs, it seems that output must have a single dimension. With one-hot probabilities, this is easy t... | neural network tensorflow | 1 | Can neural networks have multi-dimensional output nodes? -- (neural network tensorflow)
<p>I'm trying to understand what's possible with TensorFlow's output layer. Specifically, are outputs always a flat array?</p>
<p>Since a neuron (or 'unit', in TF) has just one number, and there is only one set of outputs, it se... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,773 | Does GridSearchCV not save the best parameters? | <p>So I tuned the hyperparameters using <code>GridSearchCV</code>, fitted the model to the data, and then used <code>best_params_</code>. I'm just curious why <code>GridSearchCV</code> takes too long to run <code>best_params_</code>, unlike RandomSearchCV where it instantly gives answers. The time it takes for GridSear... | machine learning scikit learn hyperparameter tuning grid search gridsearchcv | 1 | Does GridSearchCV not save the best parameters? -- (machine learning scikit learn hyperparameter tuning grid search gridsearchcv)
<p>So I tuned the hyperparameters using <code>GridSearchCV</code>, fitted the model to the data, and then used <code>best_params_</code>. I'm just curious why <code>GridSearchCV</code> takes... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,777 | Differentiate between positive and negative clusters | <p>I have applied k-means clustering on my dataset of Amazon Alexa reviews.</p>
<pre><code>model = KMeans(n_clusters=2, max_iter=1000, random_state=True, n_init=50).fit(X=word_vectors.vectors.astype('double'))
</code></pre>
<p>Now I want to check which cluster is positive and which is negative, can anyone s... | python nlp k means word2vec sentiment analysis | 1 | Differentiate between positive and negative clusters -- (python nlp k means word2vec sentiment analysis)
<p>I have applied k-means clustering on my dataset of Amazon Alexa reviews.</p>
<pre><code>model = KMeans(n_clusters=2, max_iter=1000, random_state=True, n_init=50).fit(X=word_vectors.vectors.astype('double'))&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,780 | TensorFlow 2 one-hot encoding of labels | <p>I was following <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/images/classification" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> basic TensorFlow Image Classification problem, where images of flowers have to be classified into one of 5 possible classes. The labels in the training set are not one-hot encoded, and are individu... | neural network keras tensorflow one hot encoding convolutional neural network | 1 | TensorFlow 2 one-hot encoding of labels -- (neural network keras tensorflow one hot encoding convolutional neural network)
<p>I was following <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/images/classification" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> basic TensorFlow Image Classification problem, where images of flowers hav... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,789 | Use a GPU to speed up neural net training in R | <p>I'm currently training a neural net model in R and am wanting to use a GPU to speed up this process. I've looked into this but it appears that this is unavailable to Mac users as Apple no longer uses NVIDIA GPUs.</p>
<p>Can anyone tell me if this is the case, and if not how I can go about utilizing a GPU?</p>&#... | machine learning neural network r gpu | 1 | Use a GPU to speed up neural net training in R -- (machine learning neural network r gpu)
<p>I'm currently training a neural net model in R and am wanting to use a GPU to speed up this process. I've looked into this but it appears that this is unavailable to Mac users as Apple no longer uses NVIDIA GPUs.</p>
<p>Ca... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,790 | Why this TensorFlow Transformer model has Linear output instead of Softmax? | <p>I am checking this official TensorFlow tutorial on a <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/text/transformer" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Transformer model for Portuguese-English translation</a>.</p>
<p>I am quite surprised that <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/text/transformer#create_the_trans... | deep learning tensorflow nlp transformer attention mechanism | 1 | Why this TensorFlow Transformer model has Linear output instead of Softmax? -- (deep learning tensorflow nlp transformer attention mechanism)
<p>I am checking this official TensorFlow tutorial on a <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/text/transformer" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Transformer model for Portuguese... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,792 | sine, cosine transformed cyclical features - am I losing information? | <p>If I use sine, cosine transformation for cyclical features (e.g. weekday or hour of the day), do I lose information if the first ordinal value was 0 respectively?</p>
<p>Assume hours of the day are encoded as follows: 0, 1, ..., 23</p>
<p>If I apply the sine, cosine transformation, I get 23 data points inste... | neural network feature engineering preprocessing | 1 | sine, cosine transformed cyclical features - am I losing information? -- (neural network feature engineering preprocessing)
<p>If I use sine, cosine transformation for cyclical features (e.g. weekday or hour of the day), do I lose information if the first ordinal value was 0 respectively?</p>
<p>Assume hours of the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,813 | What exactly is a dummy trap? Is dropping one dummy feature really a good practice? | <p>So I'm going through a Machine Learning course, and this course explains that to avoid the dummy trap, a common practice is to drop one column. It also explains that since the info on the dropped column can be inferred from the other columns, we don't really lose anything by doing that.</p>
<p>This course does n... | one hot encoding dummy variables | 1 | What exactly is a dummy trap? Is dropping one dummy feature really a good practice? -- (one hot encoding dummy variables)
<p>So I'm going through a Machine Learning course, and this course explains that to avoid the dummy trap, a common practice is to drop one column. It also explains that since the info on the dropped... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,830 | Evaluate document similarity / content-based recommender system | <p>I'm planning on building a basic content-based recommender system with word2vec and cosine similarity.
The data consists of 300k documents in varying length.</p>
<p>How do I evaluate my model if I have no labels / categories whatsoever?</p>
 | recommender system word2vec cosine distance similar documents | 1 | Evaluate document similarity / content-based recommender system -- (recommender system word2vec cosine distance similar documents)
<p>I'm planning on building a basic content-based recommender system with word2vec and cosine similarity.
The data consists of 300k documents in varying length.</p>
<p>How do I eval... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,843 | distribution difference between image and text | <p>Once for the task of image captioning I've read that, the features extracted from image and text by deep networks are from two different worlds and got different distribution. My question is how is the distribution in two of them and how are they different?</p>
 | distribution text features image | 1 | distribution difference between image and text -- (distribution text features image)
<p>Once for the task of image captioning I've read that, the features extracted from image and text by deep networks are from two different worlds and got different distribution. My question is how is the distribution in two of them an... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,847 | Role of decoder in Transformer? | <p>I understand the mechanics of Encoder-Decoder architecture used in the <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.03762.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Attention Is All You Need</a> paper. My question is more high level about the role of the decoder. Say we have a sentence translation task: <em>Je suis ètudiant</em> -> <... | transformer attention mechanism encoder | 1 | Role of decoder in Transformer? -- (transformer attention mechanism encoder)
<p>I understand the mechanics of Encoder-Decoder architecture used in the <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.03762.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Attention Is All You Need</a> paper. My question is more high level about the role of the decode... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,855 | Why transform embedding dimension in sin-cos positional encoding? | <p>Positional encoding using sine-cosine functions is often used in transformer models.</p>
<p>Assume that <span class="math-container">$X \in R^{l\times d}$</span> is the embedding of an example, where <span class="math-container">$l$</span> is the sequence length and <span class="math-container">$d$</span> is the... | transformer encoder | 1 | Why transform embedding dimension in sin-cos positional encoding? -- (transformer encoder)
<p>Positional encoding using sine-cosine functions is often used in transformer models.</p>
<p>Assume that <span class="math-container">$X \in R^{l\times d}$</span> is the embedding of an example, where <span class="math-cont... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,861 | Is it possible to get an ROC curve using Relu activation? | <p>Based on my understanding, given that Relu doesn't provide probabilities unlike Softmax, it's not possible to plot an ROC curve. However, is there some way to convert the output from a Relu to something like an ROC curve. I'm interested in doing so because it's important for my project (image classification) to be a... | image classification activation function roc | 1 | Is it possible to get an ROC curve using Relu activation? -- (image classification activation function roc)
<p>Based on my understanding, given that Relu doesn't provide probabilities unlike Softmax, it's not possible to plot an ROC curve. However, is there some way to convert the output from a Relu to something like a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,871 | MSE relevance as a metric when errors < 1 | <p>I'm trying to build my first models for regression after taking MOOCs on deep learning. I'm currently working on a dataset whose labels are between 0 and 2. Again, this is a regression task, not classification.</p>
<p>The low y values imply that the loss for each sample is quite low, always < 1. My question i... | regression metric mse | 1 | MSE relevance as a metric when errors < 1 -- (regression metric mse)
<p>I'm trying to build my first models for regression after taking MOOCs on deep learning. I'm currently working on a dataset whose labels are between 0 and 2. Again, this is a regression task, not classification.</p>
<p>The low y values imply tha... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,881 | Are LDA clusters identical across different runs? | <p>for a given corpus are the Latent Dirichlet Allocation clusters for it is unique in general?
How about the <code>gensim</code> multi-process implementation of LDA? are there unique or they will be different for every run of code?</p>
 | nlp clustering lda | 1 | Are LDA clusters identical across different runs? -- (nlp clustering lda)
<p>for a given corpus are the Latent Dirichlet Allocation clusters for it is unique in general?
How about the <code>gensim</code> multi-process implementation of LDA? are there unique or they will be different for every run of code?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,887 | Random Forest: how efficient is it for features in a range of values (not binary thresholding)? | <p>Is it correct that each feature is only used once in one decision tree ? Then, if a feature (the most decisive for the classification) determines a classification for a <strong>range of values</strong>, can the algorithm detect that in any way or will it fail ?</p>
<p>To be more clear, let's say the classificati... | random forest | 1 | Random Forest: how efficient is it for features in a range of values (not binary thresholding)? -- (random forest)
<p>Is it correct that each feature is only used once in one decision tree ? Then, if a feature (the most decisive for the classification) determines a classification for a <strong>range of values</strong>,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,895 | MLflow real world experience | <p>Can someone provide a summary of the real world deployment experience of MLflow? We have a few ML models (e.g., LightGBM, tensorflow v2, etc.) and want to avoid framework like SageMaker (due to customer requirement). So we are looking into various ways of hosting ML models for inferencing. Latency is one key perform... | mlflow mlops | 1 | MLflow real world experience -- (mlflow mlops)
<p>Can someone provide a summary of the real world deployment experience of MLflow? We have a few ML models (e.g., LightGBM, tensorflow v2, etc.) and want to avoid framework like SageMaker (due to customer requirement). So we are looking into various ways of hosting ML mod... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,899 | Can the use of EarlyStopping() offset overfitting problems caused by validation_split? | <p>Keras gives users the option, <strong>while</strong> fitting a model, to split the data into train/test samples using the parameter "validation_split.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre><code>model = Sequential()
model.add(Dense(3, activation = 'relu'))
</code></pre>
<p>/// Compile model ///</p>
... | keras cross validation early stopping | 1 | Can the use of EarlyStopping() offset overfitting problems caused by validation_split? -- (keras cross validation early stopping)
<p>Keras gives users the option, <strong>while</strong> fitting a model, to split the data into train/test samples using the parameter "validation_split.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<pr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,901 | Does auto.arima of the forecast package deal with seasonality and trend automatically | <p>I'm reading some code involving <code>auto.arima</code> method from the <code>forecast</code> package in R. What I'm curious is whether there is a necessity for decomposing the time series data into seasonal, trend and stochastic compoents before passing to the <code>auto.arima</code> method, or is it automatically ... | r time series | 1 | Does auto.arima of the forecast package deal with seasonality and trend automatically -- (r time series)
<p>I'm reading some code involving <code>auto.arima</code> method from the <code>forecast</code> package in R. What I'm curious is whether there is a necessity for decomposing the time series data into seasonal, tre... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,922 | How to train a neural network on multiple objectives? | <p>I have a multi-class neural network classifier that has K classes(products). For every row, only one of the classes will be 1 at a time. Now, this approach works fine if I have only 1 objective to optimize i.e Which of these N products was "clicked" by the user.</p>
<p>But how will I solve this problem... | machine learning neural network deep learning tensorflow pytorch | 1 | How to train a neural network on multiple objectives? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning tensorflow pytorch)
<p>I have a multi-class neural network classifier that has K classes(products). For every row, only one of the classes will be 1 at a time. Now, this approach works fine if I have only 1 objective... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,937 | Can I apply Feature Selection even though the number of features is smaller than the number of observations? | <p>I was reading <em>An Introduction to Statistical Learning</em> when I came across the High Dimensional section, they argue that high-dimensional data causes a lot of problems. My question is, it is necesary to have more features than observations to apply any feature selection model?</p>
<p>If so, can you provid... | machine learning feature selection data analysis | 1 | Can I apply Feature Selection even though the number of features is smaller than the number of observations? -- (machine learning feature selection data analysis)
<p>I was reading <em>An Introduction to Statistical Learning</em> when I came across the High Dimensional section, they argue that high-dimensional data caus... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,942 | Why should I use data augmentation as Keras layer | <p>I've seen in several Tensorflow/Keras tutorials that data augmentation functions are added as keras layers. When I converted my Keras Python model (for production purpose) to TensorflowJS I faced the issue that e.g. the RandomFlip layer is not available in TensorflowJS. So I have to use the ImageDataGenerator.</p>&#... | python keras tensorflow machine learning model data augmentation | 1 | Why should I use data augmentation as Keras layer -- (python keras tensorflow machine learning model data augmentation)
<p>I've seen in several Tensorflow/Keras tutorials that data augmentation functions are added as keras layers. When I converted my Keras Python model (for production purpose) to TensorflowJS I faced t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,952 | label encoding or one-hot encoding or none when using decision tree? | <p>I've been learning about decision tree from multiple resources but still not fully understanding data preprocessing step.</p>
<p>from <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHxYNGo8NcI&t=535s&ab_channel=codebasics" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHxYNGo8NcI&t=535s&ab_... | machine learning decision trees | 1 | label encoding or one-hot encoding or none when using decision tree? -- (machine learning decision trees)
<p>I've been learning about decision tree from multiple resources but still not fully understanding data preprocessing step.</p>
<p>from <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHxYNGo8NcI&t=535s&ab_ch... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,966 | In sequence models, is it possible to have training batches with different timesteps each to reduce the required padding per input sequence? | <p>I want to train an LSTM model with variable length inputs. Specifically I want to use as little padding as possible while still using minibatches.</p>
<p>As far as I understand each batch requires a fixed number of timesteps for all inputs, necessitating padding. But different batches can have different numbers ... | keras tensorflow nlp sequence mini batch gradient descent | 1 | In sequence models, is it possible to have training batches with different timesteps each to reduce the required padding per input sequence? -- (keras tensorflow nlp sequence mini batch gradient descent)
<p>I want to train an LSTM model with variable length inputs. Specifically I want to use as little padding as possib... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,973 | BERT minimal batch size | <p>Is there a minimum batch size for training/re-fining a BERT model on custom data?</p>
<p>Could you name any cases where a mini batch size between 1-8 would make sense?</p>
<p>Would a batch size of 1 make sense at all?</p>
 | bert hyperparameter | 1 | BERT minimal batch size -- (bert hyperparameter)
<p>Is there a minimum batch size for training/re-fining a BERT model on custom data?</p>
<p>Could you name any cases where a mini batch size between 1-8 would make sense?</p>
<p>Would a batch size of 1 make sense at all?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,979 | Recommender System for mostly unique user and items | <p>I am trying to develop a recommender system for a job matching problem. My data consists of past matched candidate profiles and job profiles as well as if there was a success such that both, candidate and employer, accepted the offer.</p>
<p>Now, what I want is to build a recommendation system for future candida... | data mining recommender system similarity | 1 | Recommender System for mostly unique user and items -- (data mining recommender system similarity)
<p>I am trying to develop a recommender system for a job matching problem. My data consists of past matched candidate profiles and job profiles as well as if there was a success such that both, candidate and employer, acc... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
85,981 | Micro Average vs Macro Average for Class Imbalance | <p>I have a dataset consisting of around 30'000 data points and 3 classes. The classes are imbalanced (around 5'000 in class 1, 10'000 in class 2 and 15'000 in class 3). I'm building a convolutional neural network model for classification of the data. For evaluation I'm looking at the AUC and ROC curves. Because I have... | multiclass classification evaluation auc roc | 1 | Micro Average vs Macro Average for Class Imbalance -- (multiclass classification evaluation auc roc)
<p>I have a dataset consisting of around 30'000 data points and 3 classes. The classes are imbalanced (around 5'000 in class 1, 10'000 in class 2 and 15'000 in class 3). I'm building a convolutional neural network model... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,006 | Which are the worse machine learning models for text classifications? | <p>I was looking at text classification, and for curiosity I was searching online for which were the best models for text classifications. About this, I found that they are linear support vector machines and naive bayes.</p>
<p>But which are the worse models to use in text classification? And, if possible, why?</p>... | machine learning classification text classification | 1 | Which are the worse machine learning models for text classifications? -- (machine learning classification text classification)
<p>I was looking at text classification, and for curiosity I was searching online for which were the best models for text classifications. About this, I found that they are linear support vecto... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,014 | Is there an inherent recency bias in deep learning? | <p>When working with very large models within Deep Learning, training often takes long and requires small batch sizes due to memory restrictions.<br />
Usually, we are left with a model checkpoint after training has commenced. I am wondering whether the exact time at which we take that checkpoint significantly fact... | machine learning deep learning | 1 | Is there an inherent recency bias in deep learning? -- (machine learning deep learning)
<p>When working with very large models within Deep Learning, training often takes long and requires small batch sizes due to memory restrictions.<br />
Usually, we are left with a model checkpoint after training has commenced. I... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,038 | How to Present All Categories in All Samples | <p>I have a data contains many categorical columns. When I sampled this data randomly a few times and applied one-hot encoding to categorical columns I noticed that it ended up with datasets with different column counts. Because not all categories in columns preserved in samples and different samples includes different... | categorical data sampling categorical encoding | 1 | How to Present All Categories in All Samples -- (categorical data sampling categorical encoding)
<p>I have a data contains many categorical columns. When I sampled this data randomly a few times and applied one-hot encoding to categorical columns I noticed that it ended up with datasets with different column counts. Be... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,053 | Attention for time-series in neural networks | <p>Neural networks in many domains (audio, video, image text/NLP) can achieve great results.
In particular in NLP using a mechanism named attention (transformer, BERT) have achieved astonishing results - without manual preprocessing of the data (text documents).</p>
<p>I am interested in applying neural network... | neural network deep learning time series attention mechanism | 1 | Attention for time-series in neural networks -- (neural network deep learning time series attention mechanism)
<p>Neural networks in many domains (audio, video, image text/NLP) can achieve great results.
In particular in NLP using a mechanism named attention (transformer, BERT) have achieved astonishing results - w... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,077 | Why does GPU speed up inference? | <p>I understand that GPU can speed up training for each batch multiple data records can be fed to the network which can be parallelized for computation. However, for inference, typically, each time the network only processes one record, for instance, for text classification, only one text (i.e., a tweet) is fed to the ... | nlp cnn gpu | 1 | Why does GPU speed up inference? -- (nlp cnn gpu)
<p>I understand that GPU can speed up training for each batch multiple data records can be fed to the network which can be parallelized for computation. However, for inference, typically, each time the network only processes one record, for instance, for text classifica... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,078 | Can we consider high correlation to be a good predictor? | <p>The problem of predicting the daily number of COVID-19 cases is indeed challenging and many (external) factors should be taken into account to come up with a reasonable predictor. However, we have studied Twitter for a specific country (not English) for the period Mar-Nov 2020, and found out that the volume of daily... | prediction correlation | 1 | Can we consider high correlation to be a good predictor? -- (prediction correlation)
<p>The problem of predicting the daily number of COVID-19 cases is indeed challenging and many (external) factors should be taken into account to come up with a reasonable predictor. However, we have studied Twitter for a specific coun... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,088 | Comparing TFIDF vectors of different shapes | <p>I'm working on a project using TF-IDF vectors and agglomerative clustering -- the idea is that the corpus of documents increases over time, and when a new document is added, the mean cosine similarity with each cluster will be calculated to find the best match.</p>
<p>However, I'm under the impression that it is... | python scikit learn clustering text mining tfidf | 1 | Comparing TFIDF vectors of different shapes -- (python scikit learn clustering text mining tfidf)
<p>I'm working on a project using TF-IDF vectors and agglomerative clustering -- the idea is that the corpus of documents increases over time, and when a new document is added, the mean cosine similarity with each cluster ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,101 | How to set class_weight parameter for cost sensitive learning? | <p>I'm dealing with a binary classification problem with a balanced data set, however false positives are much more costly than false negatives. Let's just say that an FP is in general 3 times more costly than an FN and the response variable = 1 means a positive identification. How should I set the class_weight paramet... | classification scikit learn random forest binary | 1 | How to set class_weight parameter for cost sensitive learning? -- (classification scikit learn random forest binary)
<p>I'm dealing with a binary classification problem with a balanced data set, however false positives are much more costly than false negatives. Let's just say that an FP is in general 3 times more costl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,104 | What is the difference between BERT architecture and vanilla Transformer architecture | <p>I'm doing some research for the summarization task and found out BERT is derived from the Transformer model. In every blog about BERT that I have read, they focus on explaining what is a bidirectional encoder, So, I think this is what made BERT different from the vanilla Transformer model. But as far as I know, the ... | nlp bert transformer encoder | 1 | What is the difference between BERT architecture and vanilla Transformer architecture -- (nlp bert transformer encoder)
<p>I'm doing some research for the summarization task and found out BERT is derived from the Transformer model. In every blog about BERT that I have read, they focus on explaining what is a bidirectio... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,105 | Over-sampling: is my model over-fitting? | <p>I would like to ask you some questions on how to consider (good or not) the following results:</p>
<pre><code>OVER-SAMPLING
 precision recall f1-score support

 0.0 1.00 0.85 0.92 873
 1.0 0.87 1.00 0.93 884

 ... | machine learning overfitting sampling text classification | 1 | Over-sampling: is my model over-fitting? -- (machine learning overfitting sampling text classification)
<p>I would like to ask you some questions on how to consider (good or not) the following results:</p>
<pre><code>OVER-SAMPLING
 precision recall f1-score support

 0.0 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,107 | making a picture of a neural network in tensorflow | <p>I'm new to Machine Learning and I have just gone through a tutorial explaining how to create a neural network in TensorFlow. I was wondering if it is possible to visualize the neural network I created. The output should be a picture like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network#/media/File:Co... | neural network keras tensorflow | 1 | making a picture of a neural network in tensorflow -- (neural network keras tensorflow)
<p>I'm new to Machine Learning and I have just gone through a tutorial explaining how to create a neural network in TensorFlow. I was wondering if it is possible to visualize the neural network I created. The output should be a pict... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,120 | Cause of periodic jumps in loss function | <p>I might be missing something obvious as I am new to machine learning. I am training an SSD Inception V2 for detecting buildings from satellite images. I use the Tensorflow Object Detection API. I am having troubles interpreting why the value of loss seems to change periodically:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.i... | machine learning deep learning training loss function object detection | 1 | Cause of periodic jumps in loss function -- (machine learning deep learning training loss function object detection)
<p>I might be missing something obvious as I am new to machine learning. I am training an SSD Inception V2 for detecting buildings from satellite images. I use the Tensorflow Object Detection API. I am h... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,143 | Causal inference VS Active learning? | <p>Imagine we have some lists of features that are changing in time. Each row of the list corresponds to a sample (Change in space). I would like to know whether machine learning is able to determine the effect of each sample on another sample. For instance, the target value for the sample "S" is dependent on... | machine learning python deep learning | 1 | Causal inference VS Active learning? -- (machine learning python deep learning)
<p>Imagine we have some lists of features that are changing in time. Each row of the list corresponds to a sample (Change in space). I would like to know whether machine learning is able to determine the effect of each sample on another sam... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,148 | What is the meaning of the sparsity parameter | <p>Sparse methods such as LASSO contains a parameter <span class="math-container">$\lambda$</span> which is associated with the minimization of the <span class="math-container">$l_1$</span> norm. Higher the value of <span class="math-container">$\lambda$</span> (<span class="math-container">$>0$</span>) it means tha... | regularization lasso ridge regression elastic net | 1 | What is the meaning of the sparsity parameter -- (regularization lasso ridge regression elastic net)
<p>Sparse methods such as LASSO contains a parameter <span class="math-container">$\lambda$</span> which is associated with the minimization of the <span class="math-container">$l_1$</span> norm. Higher the value of <sp... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,155 | How to deal with a binary classification problem, where the instances in the negative class are very similar? | <p>Let's say, one wants to detect, whether a picture of a fixed size contains a cat or not. But as a dataset, you have 10000 pictures of cats, and 30000 pictures which don't contain a cat, but are very similar to each other. For example, let's assume, the 30000 pictures in the "not cat" class contain <strong>... | neural network cnn image classification binary | 1 | How to deal with a binary classification problem, where the instances in the negative class are very similar? -- (neural network cnn image classification binary)
<p>Let's say, one wants to detect, whether a picture of a fixed size contains a cat or not. But as a dataset, you have 10000 pictures of cats, and 30000 pictu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,176 | Why does my GPU immediately run out of memory when I try to run this code? | <p>I am trying to write a neural network that will train on plays by Shakespeare and then write its own passages. I am using <code>pytorch</code>. For some reason, my GPU immediately runs out of memory. Note I am not running it on my own GPU; I am running it using the free GPU acceleration from Google Colab. I've tried... | pytorch gpu torch cuda | 1 | Why does my GPU immediately run out of memory when I try to run this code? -- (pytorch gpu torch cuda)
<p>I am trying to write a neural network that will train on plays by Shakespeare and then write its own passages. I am using <code>pytorch</code>. For some reason, my GPU immediately runs out of memory. Note I am not ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,183 | Why MADDPG rather than taking all cooperating agents as a single meta-agent? | <p>Since MADDPG uses a centralized critic for training, why not simply treat all cooperating agents as a single meta-agent with a concatenated observation space and a concatenated action space? In my opinion, MADDPG is centralized enough, so it won't hurt to go one step further.</p>
 | reinforcement learning openai gym | 1 | Why MADDPG rather than taking all cooperating agents as a single meta-agent? -- (reinforcement learning openai gym)
<p>Since MADDPG uses a centralized critic for training, why not simply treat all cooperating agents as a single meta-agent with a concatenated observation space and a concatenated action space? In my opin... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,190 | Scheduler for activation layer parameter using Keras callback | <p>I want to train a keras model with a custom activation layer.
The custom activation layer has one fixed non trainable parameter.</p>
<p>I want to change/set this non trainable parameter of all custom activation layers in model during training after few epochs.</p>
<p>How to achieve this using keras callb... | keras tensorflow | 1 | Scheduler for activation layer parameter using Keras callback -- (keras tensorflow)
<p>I want to train a keras model with a custom activation layer.
The custom activation layer has one fixed non trainable parameter.</p>
<p>I want to change/set this non trainable parameter of all custom activation layers in mode... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,196 | Is there a quantitative way to determine if a class of algorithms tends produce low bias or low variance models? | <p>I understand that some machine learning models tend to be low bias, whereas others tend to be low variance (<a href="https://elitedatascience.com/bias-variance-tradeoff" rel="nofollow noreferrer">source</a>). As an example, a linear regression will tend to have low variance error and high bias error. In contrast, ... | machine learning model selection variance bias | 1 | Is there a quantitative way to determine if a class of algorithms tends produce low bias or low variance models? -- (machine learning model selection variance bias)
<p>I understand that some machine learning models tend to be low bias, whereas others tend to be low variance (<a href="https://elitedatascience.com/bias-v... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,198 | Predicting the likelihood that a prediction from a linear regression model is accurate | <p>So to set up the problem:</p>
<p>I have a data set that had labeled data like colour, brand and quality as independent variables and the dependent is RRP (price).</p>
<p>I have made a linear regression model using this data and can predict the dependent variable using the independent variables (i am using sc... | predictive modeling linear regression prediction | 1 | Predicting the likelihood that a prediction from a linear regression model is accurate -- (predictive modeling linear regression prediction)
<p>So to set up the problem:</p>
<p>I have a data set that had labeled data like colour, brand and quality as independent variables and the dependent is RRP (price).</p>
<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,209 | LSTM BPTT with wide input? | <p>I was following Tensorflow's own time <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/structured_data/time_series" rel="nofollow noreferrer">series/LSTM tutorial</a>, and there's something I don't quite understand about the whole process around Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT).</p>
<p>The resources I've found e... | lstm backpropagation | 1 | LSTM BPTT with wide input? -- (lstm backpropagation)
<p>I was following Tensorflow's own time <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/structured_data/time_series" rel="nofollow noreferrer">series/LSTM tutorial</a>, and there's something I don't quite understand about the whole process around Backpropagation Throu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,214 | How to test the quality of a word embedding? | <p>I have trained a word2vec model using GenSim 4.</p>
<p>The problem is that my corpus is quite small.</p>
<p>How can I test the quality of the word embeddings I have obtained?</p>
<p>Is there some standard measures to do that?</p>
 | word embeddings word2vec gensim | 1 | How to test the quality of a word embedding? -- (word embeddings word2vec gensim)
<p>I have trained a word2vec model using GenSim 4.</p>
<p>The problem is that my corpus is quite small.</p>
<p>How can I test the quality of the word embeddings I have obtained?</p>
<p>Is there some standard measures to do tha... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,215 | How to interpret the sample_weight parameter in MiniBatchKMeans? | <p>I am using scikit-learn <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.cluster.MiniBatchKMeans.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MiniBatchKMeans</a> to do text clustering.</p>
<p>In the <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.cluster.MiniBatchKMeans.html#sklearn.clust... | scikit learn clustering text mining k means weighted data | 1 | How to interpret the sample_weight parameter in MiniBatchKMeans? -- (scikit learn clustering text mining k means weighted data)
<p>I am using scikit-learn <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.cluster.MiniBatchKMeans.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MiniBatchKMeans</a> to do text clustering.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,244 | Different strategies for dealing with features with multiple values per sample in python machine learning models | <p>I have a dataset which contains pregnancy, maternal, foetal and children data and I am developing a predictive machine learning model to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes.</p>
<p>The dataset contains mostly features with a single value per pregnancy, e.g. maternalObesity = ["Yes", "No]. However, ... | machine learning python preprocessing | 1 | Different strategies for dealing with features with multiple values per sample in python machine learning models -- (machine learning python preprocessing)
<p>I have a dataset which contains pregnancy, maternal, foetal and children data and I am developing a predictive machine learning model to predict adverse pregnanc... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,250 | Is there a good systematic approach to explore and analyze data (prior to modelling)? | <p>I have found a few examples of kernels on Kaggle people have made where they seem to follow a certain methodology in order to systematically analyze and explore the data, to make sure to find all outliers, missing values etc. They are just practical examples and leave quite a few questions.</p>
<p>I would just a... | methodology | 1 | Is there a good systematic approach to explore and analyze data (prior to modelling)? -- (methodology)
<p>I have found a few examples of kernels on Kaggle people have made where they seem to follow a certain methodology in order to systematically analyze and explore the data, to make sure to find all outliers, missing ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,252 | Effect of Stop-Word Removal on Transformers for Text Classification | <p>The domain here is essentially topic classification, so not necessarily a problem where stop-words have an impact on the analysis (as opposed to, say, sentiment analysis where structure can affect meaning).</p>
<p>With respect to the positional encoding mechanism in transformer language models, <strong>when usin... | nlp preprocessing transfer learning transformer text classification | 1 | Effect of Stop-Word Removal on Transformers for Text Classification -- (nlp preprocessing transfer learning transformer text classification)
<p>The domain here is essentially topic classification, so not necessarily a problem where stop-words have an impact on the analysis (as opposed to, say, sentiment analysis where ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,253 | How can collaborative filtering be extended to include more features? | <p>Looking at the following:</p>
<p><a href="https://realpython.com/build-recommendation-engine-collaborative-filtering/#using-python-to-build-recommenders" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://realpython.com/build-recommendation-engine-collaborative-filtering/#using-python-to-build-recommenders</a></p>
<p>I can s... | machine learning python recommender system | 1 | How can collaborative filtering be extended to include more features? -- (machine learning python recommender system)
<p>Looking at the following:</p>
<p><a href="https://realpython.com/build-recommendation-engine-collaborative-filtering/#using-python-to-build-recommenders" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://realpyt... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,263 | Scaling the data iteratively one by one vs batch scaling | <p>I have 2000 signals in a dataset of shape <code>(2000, 400000)</code> where each signal is recorded within the range -127, 128. I want to downscale each signal from (-127, 128) to (-1,1) to save memory space and also for better visualization. There are two approaches:</p>
<p><strong>Approach 1:</strong>
Iter... | machine learning python data mining normalization feature scaling | 1 | Scaling the data iteratively one by one vs batch scaling -- (machine learning python data mining normalization feature scaling)
<p>I have 2000 signals in a dataset of shape <code>(2000, 400000)</code> where each signal is recorded within the range -127, 128. I want to downscale each signal from (-127, 128) to (-1,1) to... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,275 | Do the benefits of ridge regression diminish with larger datasets? | <p>I have a question about ridge regression and about its benefits (relative to OLS) when the datasets are big. Do the benefits of ridge regression disappear when the datasets are larger (e.g. 50,000 vs 1000)? When the dataset is large enough, wouldn't the normal OLS model be able to determine which parameters are more... | python regression ridge regression | 1 | Do the benefits of ridge regression diminish with larger datasets? -- (python regression ridge regression)
<p>I have a question about ridge regression and about its benefits (relative to OLS) when the datasets are big. Do the benefits of ridge regression disappear when the datasets are larger (e.g. 50,000 vs 1000)? Whe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,306 | Modern methods for reducing dimensions and feature engineering | <p>I am training a binary classifier in Python to estimate the level of risk of credit applicants. I extracted a little over a thousand independent variables to model the observed behavior of four million people. My target is a binary column that tells me whether or not a person defaulted on a loan (1 for event, 0 for ... | python classification feature selection feature engineering dimensionality reduction | 1 | Modern methods for reducing dimensions and feature engineering -- (python classification feature selection feature engineering dimensionality reduction)
<p>I am training a binary classifier in Python to estimate the level of risk of credit applicants. I extracted a little over a thousand independent variables to model ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,308 | Loss function for ReLu, ELU, SELU | <h1>Question</h1>
<p>What is the loss function for each different activation function?</p>
<h2>Background</h2>
<p>The choice of the loss function of a neural network depends on the activation function. For sigmoid activation, cross entropy log loss results in simple gradient form for weight update <code>z(z... | neural network loss function | 1 | Loss function for ReLu, ELU, SELU -- (neural network loss function)
<h1>Question</h1>
<p>What is the loss function for each different activation function?</p>
<h2>Background</h2>
<p>The choice of the loss function of a neural network depends on the activation function. For sigmoid activation, cross entropy ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,312 | How to improve results from ML model? (spam classification) | <p>I am trying to build a model that predicts if an email is spam/not-spam. After building a logistic regression model, I have got the following results:</p>
<pre><code> precision recall f1-score support

 0.0 0.92 0.99 0.95 585
 1.0 0.76 0... | logistic regression confusion matrix | 1 | How to improve results from ML model? (spam classification) -- (logistic regression confusion matrix)
<p>I am trying to build a model that predicts if an email is spam/not-spam. After building a logistic regression model, I have got the following results:</p>
<pre><code> precision recall f1-score sup... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,317 | Result of uniform weight initialization in all neurons | <h1>Background</h1>
<p><a href="http://cs231n.stanford.edu/slides/2020/lecture_7.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">cs231n</a> has the question regarding how to initialize weights.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/gnUOgl.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/gnUOgl.png" alt="en... | neural network weight initialization | 1 | Result of uniform weight initialization in all neurons -- (neural network weight initialization)
<h1>Background</h1>
<p><a href="http://cs231n.stanford.edu/slides/2020/lecture_7.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">cs231n</a> has the question regarding how to initialize weights.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,327 | Understanding of number of cells in layers of sequential models | <p>I am trying to teach myself RNN, but I have a question.</p>
<p>And so, imagine 2 layers: an input layer with three neurons <span class="math-container">$(x1, x2, x3)$</span> and a classic recurrent layer with 2 neurons and an activation function f. I will write out the outputs of each neuron of the recurrent lay... | machine learning neural network deep learning rnn | 1 | Understanding of number of cells in layers of sequential models -- (machine learning neural network deep learning rnn)
<p>I am trying to teach myself RNN, but I have a question.</p>
<p>And so, imagine 2 layers: an input layer with three neurons <span class="math-container">$(x1, x2, x3)$</span> and a classic recurr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,331 | Is the interval variable considered as a type of numerical variable or ordinal variable? | <p>I have a fundamental question about interval variable and I have searched about it in different tutorials but still not sure.</p>
<p><em>"An interval scale is one where <strong>there is order</strong> and the difference between two values is meaningful."</em> from <a href="https://www.graphpad.com/supp... | machine learning | 1 | Is the interval variable considered as a type of numerical variable or ordinal variable? -- (machine learning)
<p>I have a fundamental question about interval variable and I have searched about it in different tutorials but still not sure.</p>
<p><em>"An interval scale is one where <strong>there is order</stro... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,339 | How can I generate reasonable dummy/artificial data from a pre-existing time-series data? | <p>I have a dataset like this, basically all numerical time-series data.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/uKWZZ.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/uKWZZ.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>I would like to generate dummy/artificial/fake data for future v... | machine learning python time series dataset data | 1 | How can I generate reasonable dummy/artificial data from a pre-existing time-series data? -- (machine learning python time series dataset data)
<p>I have a dataset like this, basically all numerical time-series data.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/uKWZZ.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,343 | Train error vs. Test error in linear regression by samples analysis | <p>I have run a multivariate linear regression model on a small set of about 3500 samples. While the model's error is as large as expected, I also ran a bias vs. variance analysis by comparing the train set error vs. the test set error using different sample sizes. I was expecting something like this:</p>
<p><a hre... | classification linear regression | 1 | Train error vs. Test error in linear regression by samples analysis -- (classification linear regression)
<p>I have run a multivariate linear regression model on a small set of about 3500 samples. While the model's error is as large as expected, I also ran a bias vs. variance analysis by comparing the train set error v... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,349 | How to solve ValueError: Negative dimension size caused by subtracting 3 from 1 for '{{node model/Conv1/Conv2D}} = Conv2D... in mobilenet_v2 | <p>I'm trying to apply a retrained model of <code>mobilenet_v2</code> presented in <code>https://github.com/balajisrinivas/Face-Mask-Detection</code></p>
<p>The main part of my adapted code is the following:</p>
<pre><code>faces = []
locs = []
preds = []

for coord in coords:

 x = pe... | machine learning keras tensorflow cnn numpy | 1 | How to solve ValueError: Negative dimension size caused by subtracting 3 from 1 for '{{node model/Conv1/Conv2D}} = Conv2D... in mobilenet_v2 -- (machine learning keras tensorflow cnn numpy)
<p>I'm trying to apply a retrained model of <code>mobilenet_v2</code> presented in <code>https://github.com/balajisrinivas/Face-Ma... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,350 | what is label shift? | <p>I'm studying a paper about Named Entity Recognition. The following is a part of the abstract:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>To assess the robustness of NER systems, we propose an evaluation method that focuses on subsets of tokens that represent specific
sources of errors: unknown words and label shift or ambiguit... | machine learning named entity recognition | 1 | what is label shift? -- (machine learning named entity recognition)
<p>I'm studying a paper about Named Entity Recognition. The following is a part of the abstract:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>To assess the robustness of NER systems, we propose an evaluation method that focuses on subsets of tokens that represent speci... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,402 | How to get pixel location in after rotating the image? | <p>I'm trying to rotate some images with some boundary boxes, but I couldn't get the new bb. So if I have an image of 100x70 and I have a pixel at (19,39) and then I rotate the image with angle = 45,
how can I calculate the new position of this pixel?</p>
 | machine learning computer vision | 1 | How to get pixel location in after rotating the image? -- (machine learning computer vision)
<p>I'm trying to rotate some images with some boundary boxes, but I couldn't get the new bb. So if I have an image of 100x70 and I have a pixel at (19,39) and then I rotate the image with angle = 45,
how can I calculate the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,405 | NLP CounterVectorizer (sklearn), not able to get it to fit my code | <p>I was starting an NLP project and simply get a "CountVectorizer()" output anytime I try to run CountVectorizer.fit on the list. I've had the same issue across multiple IDE's, and different code. I've looked online, and even copy and pasted other codes with their lists and I receive the same CountVectoriz... | python scikit learn nlp | 1 | NLP CounterVectorizer (sklearn), not able to get it to fit my code -- (python scikit learn nlp)
<p>I was starting an NLP project and simply get a "CountVectorizer()" output anytime I try to run CountVectorizer.fit on the list. I've had the same issue across multiple IDE's, and different code. I've looked on... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,408 | Confused about polynomial regression with multiple variables | <p>I'm trying to create a multivariable polynomial regression model from scratch but I'm getting kind of confused by how to structure it.</p>
<p>So, I have an array of feature vectors such that each vector can be displayed like so:</p>
<pre><code>[height, weight, age]
</code></pre>
<p>I know with multiv... | python linear regression | 1 | Confused about polynomial regression with multiple variables -- (python linear regression)
<p>I'm trying to create a multivariable polynomial regression model from scratch but I'm getting kind of confused by how to structure it.</p>
<p>So, I have an array of feature vectors such that each vector can be displayed li... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,410 | Understanding the XLNet model for a concrete case | <p>I'm a data science student, recently I reviewed the XLNet paper and I have a doubt about it:</p>
<p>Imagine we are using many categories, let's say 200, can this model has problems reaching a good accuracy (only applying what the paper says), if not, why? I thought that if we combine a hierarchical classificatio... | machine learning neural network classification transformer text classification | 1 | Understanding the XLNet model for a concrete case -- (machine learning neural network classification transformer text classification)
<p>I'm a data science student, recently I reviewed the XLNet paper and I have a doubt about it:</p>
<p>Imagine we are using many categories, let's say 200, can this model has problem... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,434 | What do the parameters used in crop mean? | <p>When we have an image to be used as an input to a CNN and we want to classify only part of the image, we usually feed the classifier with a crop of the image.</p>
<p>Lets say my image is called frame and <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, <code>w</code> and <code>h</code> are <code>xmin</code>, <code>ymin</code>, <... | cnn computer vision image segmentation image size | 1 | What do the parameters used in crop mean? -- (cnn computer vision image segmentation image size)
<p>When we have an image to be used as an input to a CNN and we want to classify only part of the image, we usually feed the classifier with a crop of the image.</p>
<p>Lets say my image is called frame and <code>x</cod... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,435 | For very simple linear regression can we quantify the prediction accuracy hit between using one hot encoding and simple numerical mapping? | <p>Suppose I had a simple linear regression model that had the following input or X variable:</p>
<pre><code>[North]
[East]
[West]
[South]
[North, East]
...
[North, East, West, South]
</code></pre>
<p>and I decided to numerate them like:</p>
<pre><code>[North] - 0
[East] - 1&... | regression linear regression categorical data one hot encoding | 1 | For very simple linear regression can we quantify the prediction accuracy hit between using one hot encoding and simple numerical mapping? -- (regression linear regression categorical data one hot encoding)
<p>Suppose I had a simple linear regression model that had the following input or X variable:</p>
<pre><code>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,438 | PCA ? after the transformed data, are they still same with original data, (if maintain same dimensional) | <p>after the step of pca, I try to plot them (see pic)</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lCweO.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lCweO.png" alt="data" /></a></p>
<p>example in the original (A) 2 features => pca 2 features
if I do not reduce any dimensional data, a... | pca | 1 | PCA ? after the transformed data, are they still same with original data, (if maintain same dimensional) -- (pca)
<p>after the step of pca, I try to plot them (see pic)</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lCweO.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lCweO.png" alt="data" /></a></p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,448 | Principal components analysis need standardization or normalization? | <p>Principal components analysis need standardization or normalization?
After some google, I get confused. pca need the scalar be same. So which should I use.</p>
<p>Which technique needs to do before PCA?</p>
<p>Does pca need standardization? standardized values will always be zero, and the standard devia... | pca | 1 | Principal components analysis need standardization or normalization? -- (pca)
<p>Principal components analysis need standardization or normalization?
After some google, I get confused. pca need the scalar be same. So which should I use.</p>
<p>Which technique needs to do before PCA?</p>
<p>Does pca need sta... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,460 | using simple autoencoder for feature selection | <p>I am using a simple autoencoder to extract the informative features and I have multiple Q:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>I know that the features extracted will be a linear combination of the original features so I consider that the feature that has a larger mean weight (has the highest percentage in the formation of new ... | python neural network feature selection autoencoder grid search | 1 | using simple autoencoder for feature selection -- (python neural network feature selection autoencoder grid search)
<p>I am using a simple autoencoder to extract the informative features and I have multiple Q:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>I know that the features extracted will be a linear combination of the original featur... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,469 | Does testing a training dataset guarantee successful results? | <p>If I test an image that has been previously used to train a classification model, is it <strong>guaranteed</strong> to classify correctly?</p>
<p>My guess is that since the parameters have been trained with other images as well, there is no guarantee of getting a correct classification, just a high probability.<... | machine learning model training | 1 | Does testing a training dataset guarantee successful results? -- (machine learning model training)
<p>If I test an image that has been previously used to train a classification model, is it <strong>guaranteed</strong> to classify correctly?</p>
<p>My guess is that since the parameters have been trained with other i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,474 | How do I interpret loss and accuracy per epoch while training a CNN? | <p>I am really new to Neural Networks, and I am training a CNN for image classification, and while training, I get the following:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/iHXTz.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/iHXTz.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>which t... | machine learning neural network classification cnn | 1 | How do I interpret loss and accuracy per epoch while training a CNN? -- (machine learning neural network classification cnn)
<p>I am really new to Neural Networks, and I am training a CNN for image classification, and while training, I get the following:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/iHXTz.png" rel="nof... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,497 | Approach a problem | <p>I have very disbalanced dataset.</p>
<p>It is about the chance of having a car crash based on categorical variables... The idea is to offer insurance on the customers that drive like they are having a crash but haven't yet.</p>
<p>My idea was to check to find out how the entries that crashed look like (descr... | python classification | 1 | Approach a problem -- (python classification)
<p>I have very disbalanced dataset.</p>
<p>It is about the chance of having a car crash based on categorical variables... The idea is to offer insurance on the customers that drive like they are having a crash but haven't yet.</p>
<p>My idea was to check to find out... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,498 | How to define the input channel of a CNN model in Pytorch? | <p>In pytorch, we use:</p>
<pre><code>nn.conv2d(input_channel, output_channel, kernel_size)
</code></pre>
<p>in order to define the convolutional layers.</p>
<p>I understand that if the input is an image which has size <span class="math-container">$\text{width} \times \text{height} \times 3$</span> we w... | neural network cnn pytorch | 1 | How to define the input channel of a CNN model in Pytorch? -- (neural network cnn pytorch)
<p>In pytorch, we use:</p>
<pre><code>nn.conv2d(input_channel, output_channel, kernel_size)
</code></pre>
<p>in order to define the convolutional layers.</p>
<p>I understand that if the input is an image which has... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,505 | Concept of xml files for haar cascade in object detection with opencv? | <p>I've just started ML and since I entered a project on object detection, their haar cascade is used and XML files are loaded via OpenCV for detection. So I would like to understand why XML files are used. Also can I get such files for detection of any other features?</p>
 | object detection | 1 | Concept of xml files for haar cascade in object detection with opencv? -- (object detection)
<p>I've just started ML and since I entered a project on object detection, their haar cascade is used and XML files are loaded via OpenCV for detection. So I would like to understand why XML files are used. Also can I get such ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,512 | Searchable list of Kaggle challenges | <p>Is there a way to search Kaggle for a list of current and prior challenges, or an external site that does that?</p>
<p>When I search on Kaggle it will only bring up solution notebooks and datasets, it doesn't seem to have a filter on challenge page.</p>
 | kaggle | 1 | Searchable list of Kaggle challenges -- (kaggle)
<p>Is there a way to search Kaggle for a list of current and prior challenges, or an external site that does that?</p>
<p>When I search on Kaggle it will only bring up solution notebooks and datasets, it doesn't seem to have a filter on challenge page.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,514 | Evaluation of recommendation systems | <p>I have developed a content-based recommendation system and it is working fine. The input is a set of documents={d1,d2,d3,...,dn} and the output will be Top N similar documents for a given document output={d10,d11,d1,d8,...}. I eyeballed the results and found it to be satisfactory, the question I have is how do I mea... | recommender system evaluation information retrieval similar documents | 1 | Evaluation of recommendation systems -- (recommender system evaluation information retrieval similar documents)
<p>I have developed a content-based recommendation system and it is working fine. The input is a set of documents={d1,d2,d3,...,dn} and the output will be Top N similar documents for a given document output={... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,528 | Problem with convergence of ReLu in MLP | <p>I created neural network from scratch in python using only numpy and I'm playing with different activation functions. What I observed is quite weird and I would love to understand why this happens.</p>
<p>The problem I observed depends on initial weights. When using sigmoid function it does not matter that much ... | machine learning neural network backpropagation activation function implementation | 1 | Problem with convergence of ReLu in MLP -- (machine learning neural network backpropagation activation function implementation)
<p>I created neural network from scratch in python using only numpy and I'm playing with different activation functions. What I observed is quite weird and I would love to understand why this ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,536 | How is the target variable passed to the final estimator in this pipeline? | <p>There is a pipeline like below. <code>X</code> is features and <code>y</code> is the target variable.
I would like to know how <code>y</code> is passed to the estimator, <code>LinearSVC</code>. As far as I know, <code>StandardScaler</code>returns only transformed <code>X</code>. So, I thought that <code>y</code>... | scikit learn pipelines | 1 | How is the target variable passed to the final estimator in this pipeline? -- (scikit learn pipelines)
<p>There is a pipeline like below. <code>X</code> is features and <code>y</code> is the target variable.
I would like to know how <code>y</code> is passed to the estimator, <code>LinearSVC</code>. As far as I know... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,543 | How do I deal with the fact that I have images which are not consistent with the class they belong in an image classification problem with CNN? | <p>I am really new to Neural Networks and to Machine Learning in general, and I have been given a dataset composed by images for performing multi-class image classification with a CNN.</p>
<p>The images were already divided into classes, and looking at the images I have noticed that some of them are complitely diff... | machine learning neural network classification cnn image classification | 1 | How do I deal with the fact that I have images which are not consistent with the class they belong in an image classification problem with CNN? -- (machine learning neural network classification cnn image classification)
<p>I am really new to Neural Networks and to Machine Learning in general, and I have been given a d... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,548 | Trained BERT models perform unpredictably on test set | <p>We are training a BERT model (using the Huggingface library) for a sequence labeling task with six labels: five labels indicate that a token belongs to a class that is interesting to us, and one label indicates that the token does not belong to any class.</p>
<p>Generally speaking, this works well: loss decrease... | nlp bert transformer | 1 | Trained BERT models perform unpredictably on test set -- (nlp bert transformer)
<p>We are training a BERT model (using the Huggingface library) for a sequence labeling task with six labels: five labels indicate that a token belongs to a class that is interesting to us, and one label indicates that the token does not be... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,549 | What is the best model for a recommendation system using implicit ratings? | <p>I have a similariy matrix that looks like this:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/cmQgh.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/cmQgh.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>I have a bunch of user vectors with 1s and 0s, with a 1 indicating that someone has cl... | machine learning machine learning model recommender system python 3.x matrix factorisation | 1 | What is the best model for a recommendation system using implicit ratings? -- (machine learning machine learning model recommender system python 3.x matrix factorisation)
<p>I have a similariy matrix that looks like this:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/cmQgh.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,554 | Which openCv function can be used to compute BEV perspective transformation given a point coordinates and the camera extrinsics/intrinsics? | <p>I have the <code>3x3</code> <code>intrinsics</code> and <code>4x3</code> <code>extrinsics</code> matrices for my camera obtained via <code>cv2.calibrateCamera()</code></p>
<p>Now I want to use these paramenters to compute the <code>BEV (Bird Eye View)</code> transformation for any given coordinates in a frame ob... | machine learning computer vision python 3.x opencv matrix | 1 | Which openCv function can be used to compute BEV perspective transformation given a point coordinates and the camera extrinsics/intrinsics? -- (machine learning computer vision python 3.x opencv matrix)
<p>I have the <code>3x3</code> <code>intrinsics</code> and <code>4x3</code> <code>extrinsics</code> matrices for my c... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
86,555 | Machine Learning - Precision and Recall - differences in interpretation and preferring one over other | <p>I have summarising this from lot of blogs about Precision and Recall.</p>
<p>Precision is:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Proportion of actual positives that classifier has predicted as positive.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>meaning out of the sample identified as positives by classifier as positive, how many are a... | machine learning classification data mining multiclass classification | 1 | Machine Learning - Precision and Recall - differences in interpretation and preferring one over other -- (machine learning classification data mining multiclass classification)
<p>I have summarising this from lot of blogs about Precision and Recall.</p>
<p>Precision is:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Proportion of act... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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