id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
88,594 | Does experience with Keras count as experience with Tensorflow? | <p>Many Machine Learning job postings I've seen request experience with Tensorflow. If I have experience with Tensorflow, but only through building neural networks using the Keras API. Does that count?</p>
<p>I have yet to see a tutorial or any code anywhere that uses Tensorflow <em>without</em> the Keras API, so I... | machine learning neural network keras tensorflow | 1 | Does experience with Keras count as experience with Tensorflow? -- (machine learning neural network keras tensorflow)
<p>Many Machine Learning job postings I've seen request experience with Tensorflow. If I have experience with Tensorflow, but only through building neural networks using the Keras API. Does that count?<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,602 | Is my model underfitting? | <p>Model:</p>
<pre><code>model = models.Sequential()
#add model layers
model.add(layers.Conv1D(64, kernel_size=3, activation='relu',padding='same'))
#model.add(layers.Conv1D(16, kernel_size=3, activation='sigmoid',padding='same')) 
model.add(layers.MaxPooling1D( pool_size=2, strides=None, padding... | tensorflow cnn generalization | 1 | Is my model underfitting? -- (tensorflow cnn generalization)
<p>Model:</p>
<pre><code>model = models.Sequential()
#add model layers
model.add(layers.Conv1D(64, kernel_size=3, activation='relu',padding='same'))
#model.add(layers.Conv1D(16, kernel_size=3, activation='sigmoid',padding='same')) 
mode... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,604 | Multi-label text classification. 3-4 labels per text, 100 labels overall | <p>My first pet ML project, so please pardon if I phrase something incorrectly. Recently I had IMDB sentiment analysis binary classification practice on Tensorflow site. Now I am keen to do multiple label classification of the abstracts in the newspapers.</p>
<p>I have prepared a Pandas dataframe with 2 key columns... | machine learning multilabel classification | 1 | Multi-label text classification. 3-4 labels per text, 100 labels overall -- (machine learning multilabel classification)
<p>My first pet ML project, so please pardon if I phrase something incorrectly. Recently I had IMDB sentiment analysis binary classification practice on Tensorflow site. Now I am keen to do multiple ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,610 | Data science tools for easing the participation of a business into their scoring system | <p>I'm a working in a small company. The company sells products on a website and they have a python script that runs everyday to attribute a score to each product based on a set of parameters (google analytics events, similar products popularity, price, etc).</p>
<p>The problem is that the scoring outcome is not sa... | python tools scoring | 1 | Data science tools for easing the participation of a business into their scoring system -- (python tools scoring)
<p>I'm a working in a small company. The company sells products on a website and they have a python script that runs everyday to attribute a score to each product based on a set of parameters (google analyt... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,624 | Creating a training dataset from analytical solution | <p>I am currently redesigning an inverse problem on an experimental technique, but I am having doubts about how to create a training dataset. Here is the problem I am trying to solve:</p>
<p>I have already created a model in order to solve the forward problem, such that if I input <span class="math-container">$x_1,... | deep learning regression dataset training probability | 1 | Creating a training dataset from analytical solution -- (deep learning regression dataset training probability)
<p>I am currently redesigning an inverse problem on an experimental technique, but I am having doubts about how to create a training dataset. Here is the problem I am trying to solve:</p>
<p>I have alread... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,636 | When would C become nescessary to do an analysis or manage data? | <p>I use python in my day to day work as a research scientist and I am interested in learning C. When would a situation arise where python would prove insufficient to manipulate data?</p>
 | python data c c++ | 1 | When would C become nescessary to do an analysis or manage data? -- (python data c c++)
<p>I use python in my day to day work as a research scientist and I am interested in learning C. When would a situation arise where python would prove insufficient to manipulate data?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,656 | Changing the batch size during training | <p>The choice of batch size is in some sense the measure of stochasticity :</p>
<ul>
<li>On one hand, smaller batch sizes make the gradient descent more stochastic, the SGD can deviate significantly from the exact GD on the whole data, but allows for more exploration and performs in some sense a <strong>Bayesia... | gradient descent bayesian mini batch gradient descent sgd | 1 | Changing the batch size during training -- (gradient descent bayesian mini batch gradient descent sgd)
<p>The choice of batch size is in some sense the measure of stochasticity :</p>
<ul>
<li>On one hand, smaller batch sizes make the gradient descent more stochastic, the SGD can deviate significantly from the e... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,660 | Random Forest Classifier cannot recognise parameter grid | <p>I am trying to run the below code to extract the feature importances of my random forest, but I'm getting the following error TypeError: <strong>init</strong>() got an unexpected keyword argument 'randomforestclassifier__max_depth'. Can anyone tell me what is wrong?</p>
<pre><code>from sklearn.datasets import ma... | python scikit learn random forest | 1 | Random Forest Classifier cannot recognise parameter grid -- (python scikit learn random forest)
<p>I am trying to run the below code to extract the feature importances of my random forest, but I'm getting the following error TypeError: <strong>init</strong>() got an unexpected keyword argument 'randomforestclassifier__... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,665 | Multi-Feature One-Hot-Encoder with varying amount of feature instances | <p>Let's assume we have data instances like this:</p>
<pre><code>[
 [15, 20, ("banana","apple","cucumber"), ...],
 [91, 12, ("orange","banana"), ...],
 ...
]
</code></pre>
<p>I am wondering how I can encode the third element of these... | scikit learn encoding features | 1 | Multi-Feature One-Hot-Encoder with varying amount of feature instances -- (scikit learn encoding features)
<p>Let's assume we have data instances like this:</p>
<pre><code>[
 [15, 20, ("banana","apple","cucumber"), ...],
 [91, 12, ("orange","banana"), ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,671 | Extract data from json format and paste to column using python | <p>In my column with json data, I have this list I want to extract to column:</p>
<pre><code>"list":[

{
 "id":"list",
 "item":[
 {
 "value":"Hergestellt in Italien aus 100% reinem Platin-Flüssigsilikon"
... | python pandas json | 1 | Extract data from json format and paste to column using python -- (python pandas json)
<p>In my column with json data, I have this list I want to extract to column:</p>
<pre><code>"list":[

{
 "id":"list",
 "item":[
 {
 "va... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,680 | What is the difference between CountVectorizer() and Tokenizer() or are they the same? | <pre><code>from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

from keras.preprocessing.text import Tokenizer
</code></pre>
<p>I am going through some NLP tutorials and realised that some tutorials use CountVectrizer and some use Tokenizer. From my understanding, I thought that they both use on... | keras scikit learn nlp | 1 | What is the difference between CountVectorizer() and Tokenizer() or are they the same? -- (keras scikit learn nlp)
<pre><code>from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

from keras.preprocessing.text import Tokenizer
</code></pre>
<p>I am going through some NLP tutorials and realised th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,688 | Once a predictive model is in production, how it can be evaluated? | <p>I have a data science project, predicting customer's next purchase day. Customer's one year behavioral data was split to 9 and 3 months for train and test, using RFM analysis, I trained a model with different classifiers and the best one's result is as follow:</p>
<p><code>Accuracy of XGB classifier on training ... | machine learning metric performance data product | 1 | Once a predictive model is in production, how it can be evaluated? -- (machine learning metric performance data product)
<p>I have a data science project, predicting customer's next purchase day. Customer's one year behavioral data was split to 9 and 3 months for train and test, using RFM analysis, I trained a model wi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,701 | How to properly set up neural network training for stable accuracy and loss | <p>I have a DenseNet121 implemented in Pytorch for image classification. For now, the training set-up is pretty straightforward:</p>
<ul>
<li>the data is loaded. An important characteristic here is that the validation data is fixed from the outset and can never change. The rest of the data I split into training... | machine learning deep learning classification statistics pytorch | 1 | How to properly set up neural network training for stable accuracy and loss -- (machine learning deep learning classification statistics pytorch)
<p>I have a DenseNet121 implemented in Pytorch for image classification. For now, the training set-up is pretty straightforward:</p>
<ul>
<li>the data is loaded. An i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,702 | Find correlation between grades from two raters | <p>The question is whether we can find a correlation between two sets of grades (categorical data).</p>
<p>Let’s say we have a dog competition and there are 1000 dogs participating.</p>
<p>There are two rounds of assessment</p>
<p>first round
dog owners give their assessment on the scale from A to C. Wh... | r categorical data | 1 | Find correlation between grades from two raters -- (r categorical data)
<p>The question is whether we can find a correlation between two sets of grades (categorical data).</p>
<p>Let’s say we have a dog competition and there are 1000 dogs participating.</p>
<p>There are two rounds of assessment</p>
<p>first... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,704 | What does the oob decision function mean in random forest, how get class predictions from it, and calculating oob for unbalanced samples | <p>I am interested in finding the OOB score for random forest using sklearn, when it is used for a binary classification task, and there are unbalanced samples. What does the oob decision function mean in random forest, and how get class predictions from it?</p>
<p>I read <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.... | machine learning classification scikit learn random forest class imbalance | 1 | What does the oob decision function mean in random forest, how get class predictions from it, and calculating oob for unbalanced samples -- (machine learning classification scikit learn random forest class imbalance)
<p>I am interested in finding the OOB score for random forest using sklearn, when it is used for a bina... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,705 | Is there any package in python that can identify similarity between alphanumeric alias names of a parameter? | <p>For example: for a parameter like input voltage,</p>
<pre><code> Alias names : V_INPUT, VIN etc.
</code></pre>
<p>Now, I want the software to recognize each of the alias names as same. Is there any package/method by which I can achieve this?</p>
<p>Nltk is only allowing for dictionary words.</p>&... | python nltk | 1 | Is there any package in python that can identify similarity between alphanumeric alias names of a parameter? -- (python nltk)
<p>For example: for a parameter like input voltage,</p>
<pre><code> Alias names : V_INPUT, VIN etc.
</code></pre>
<p>Now, I want the software to recognize each of the alias names... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,712 | Finding the duplicate values between all columns and sort in new column with Pandas? | <p>I have this DataFrame:</p>
<pre><code> CL1 CL2 CL3 CL4
0 a a b f
1 b y c d
2 c x d s
3 x s x a
4 s dx s s
5 a c d d
6 s dx f d
7 d dc g g
8 f x s t
9 c x a d
10 x y y a
11 c a... | pandas python 3.x | 1 | Finding the duplicate values between all columns and sort in new column with Pandas? -- (pandas python 3.x)
<p>I have this DataFrame:</p>
<pre><code> CL1 CL2 CL3 CL4
0 a a b f
1 b y c d
2 c x d s
3 x s x a
4 s dx s s
5 a c d d
6 s dx ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,737 | Keras next(); what does (2, 256, 128, 128, 3) mean | <p>I have used the next() method on a Keras generator. I then turned this into a numpy array to get the shape:</p>
<pre><code>data = generator.next()
data = np.array(data)
print(data.shape)

>>> (2, 256, 128, 128, 3)
</code></pre>
<p>256 is my batch size, and (128, 128, 3) is my ima... | keras image preprocessing | 1 | Keras next(); what does (2, 256, 128, 128, 3) mean -- (keras image preprocessing)
<p>I have used the next() method on a Keras generator. I then turned this into a numpy array to get the shape:</p>
<pre><code>data = generator.next()
data = np.array(data)
print(data.shape)

>>> (2, 256, 128, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,751 | Individual models gives quite same distribution on Test set, whereas Ensembling gives better result but very different distribution | <p>I am working on a binary classification problem with unbalanced data (17% for positive class).</p>
<p><strong>The problem is as following:</strong>
My three individual models when predicting on the test set (for which I don't have the labels) gives quite similar distribution as for Train set.</p>
<p>But ... | distribution learning ensemble | 1 | Individual models gives quite same distribution on Test set, whereas Ensembling gives better result but very different distribution -- (distribution learning ensemble)
<p>I am working on a binary classification problem with unbalanced data (17% for positive class).</p>
<p><strong>The problem is as following:</stron... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,757 | Error while trying glmnet() in R: "Error in storage.mode(xd) <- "double" : 'list' object cannot be coerced to type 'double'" | <p>I'm trying to create a logistic regression model using Ridge, this is the code:</p>
<pre><code>glmnet(X_Train, Y_Train, family='binomial', alpha=0, type.measure='auc')
</code></pre>
<p>And this is the error message I'm getting:</p>
<pre><code>Error in storage.mode(xd) <- "double" : 'list... | machine learning r glm | 1 | Error while trying glmnet() in R: "Error in storage.mode(xd) <- "double" : 'list' object cannot be coerced to type 'double'" -- (machine learning r glm)
<p>I'm trying to create a logistic regression model using Ridge, this is the code:</p>
<pre><code>glmnet(X_Train, Y_Train, family='binomial', alpha=0, type.measure... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,783 | "Rare words" on vocabulary | <p>I am trying to create a sentiment analysis model and I have a question.</p>
<p>After I preprocessed my tweets and created my vocabulary I've noticed that I have words that appear less than 5 times in my dataset (Also there are many of them that appear 1 time). Many of them are real words and not gibberish. My th... | deep learning nlp sentiment analysis | 1 | "Rare words" on vocabulary -- (deep learning nlp sentiment analysis)
<p>I am trying to create a sentiment analysis model and I have a question.</p>
<p>After I preprocessed my tweets and created my vocabulary I've noticed that I have words that appear less than 5 times in my dataset (Also there are many of them that... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,805 | How to preprocess with NLP a big dataset for text classification | <h2>TL;DR</h2>
<p>I've never done <code>nlp</code> before and I feel like I'm not doing it in the good way. I'd like to know if I'm really doing things in a bad way since the beginning or there's still hope to fix those problems mentioned later.</p>
<h2>Some basic info</h2>
<p>I'm trying to do some binary t... | python nlp text classification | 1 | How to preprocess with NLP a big dataset for text classification -- (python nlp text classification)
<h2>TL;DR</h2>
<p>I've never done <code>nlp</code> before and I feel like I'm not doing it in the good way. I'd like to know if I'm really doing things in a bad way since the beginning or there's still hope to fix t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,816 | Does overfitting depend only on validation loss or both training and validation loss? | <p>There are several scenarios that can occur while training and validating:</p>
<ol>
<li>Both training loss and validation loss are decreasing, with the training loss <strong>lower</strong> than the validation loss.</li>
<li>Both training loss and validation loss are decreasing, with the training loss <str... | training overfitting validation | 1 | Does overfitting depend only on validation loss or both training and validation loss? -- (training overfitting validation)
<p>There are several scenarios that can occur while training and validating:</p>
<ol>
<li>Both training loss and validation loss are decreasing, with the training loss <strong>lower</strong... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,823 | Transformers understanding | <p>i have i a big trouble. I don't understand transformers. I understand embedding, rnn's, GAN's, even Attention. But i don't understand transformers. Approximately 2 months ago i decided to avoid usage of transformers, because i found them hard. But i can't anymore avoid transformers. Please, help me. I want to use an... | keras nlp transformer | 1 | Transformers understanding -- (keras nlp transformer)
<p>i have i a big trouble. I don't understand transformers. I understand embedding, rnn's, GAN's, even Attention. But i don't understand transformers. Approximately 2 months ago i decided to avoid usage of transformers, because i found them hard. But i can't anymore... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,824 | Unigram tokenizer: how does it work? | <p>I have been trying to understand how the unigram tokenizer works since it is used in the sentencePiece tokenizer that I am planning on using, but I cannot wrap my head around it.</p>
<p>I tried to read the original paper, which contains so little details that it feels like it's been written explicitely not to be... | nlp transformer tokenization | 1 | Unigram tokenizer: how does it work? -- (nlp transformer tokenization)
<p>I have been trying to understand how the unigram tokenizer works since it is used in the sentencePiece tokenizer that I am planning on using, but I cannot wrap my head around it.</p>
<p>I tried to read the original paper, which contains so li... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,847 | Deploying ML/Deep Learning on AWS Lambda for Long-Running Training, not just Inference | <p>Serverless technology can be used to deploy ML models to production, since the deployment package sizes can be compressed if too large (or built from source with unneeded dependencies stripped).</p>
<p>But there is also the use case of deploying ML for <em>training</em>, not just inference. For example, if a com... | machine learning deep learning aws lambda | 1 | Deploying ML/Deep Learning on AWS Lambda for Long-Running Training, not just Inference -- (machine learning deep learning aws lambda)
<p>Serverless technology can be used to deploy ML models to production, since the deployment package sizes can be compressed if too large (or built from source with unneeded dependencies... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,849 | Filenotfounderror: [errno 2] no such file or directory: 'nsr001.ecg' | <p>I am trying to save contents of <a href="https://www.physionet.org/content/nsr2db/1.0.0/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">physiobank Normal Sinus Rhythm RR Interval Database</a> into a numpy array but I keep getting an error:</p>
<pre><code>Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "AverageRRI.py", line ... | python numpy databases | 1 | Filenotfounderror: [errno 2] no such file or directory: 'nsr001.ecg' -- (python numpy databases)
<p>I am trying to save contents of <a href="https://www.physionet.org/content/nsr2db/1.0.0/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">physiobank Normal Sinus Rhythm RR Interval Database</a> into a numpy array but I keep getting an error:<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,851 | How do I print full date in the x axis of the line plot here? | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/agkDW.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/agkDW.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>My code:</p>
<pre><code>import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.style.use('ggplot')
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = [12,6]
... | python visualization matplotlib | 1 | How do I print full date in the x axis of the line plot here? -- (python visualization matplotlib)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/agkDW.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/agkDW.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>My code:</p>
<pre><code>import matplotlib.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,864 | How is the validation set processed in PyTorch? | <p>Say, one uses the MNIST dataset and splits the provided training data of size 60,000 into a training set (50,000) and a validation set (10,000). The provided test data of size 10,000 is used as the test set. The ML algorithm is a neural network.</p>
<p>The training set is processed (in minibatches) by the code b... | neural network pytorch dropout validation | 1 | How is the validation set processed in PyTorch? -- (neural network pytorch dropout validation)
<p>Say, one uses the MNIST dataset and splits the provided training data of size 60,000 into a training set (50,000) and a validation set (10,000). The provided test data of size 10,000 is used as the test set. The ML algorit... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,867 | Access keys of pandas dataframe when using groupby | <p>I have the following database:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OsP4p.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OsP4p.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>And I would like to know how many times a combination of BirthDate and Zipcode is repeated throughout t... | pandas dataframe jupyter ipython groupby | 1 | Access keys of pandas dataframe when using groupby -- (pandas dataframe jupyter ipython groupby)
<p>I have the following database:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OsP4p.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/OsP4p.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>And I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,922 | Why is np.where not returning '1'? Only returns '0' | <p>This code should return a new column called <code>orc_4</code> with the value of <code>1</code> if the value of the row in <code>df['indictment_charges']</code> contains <code>2907.04</code> or <code>0</code> if not.</p>
<p>Instead it is returning all 0's</p>
<pre><code>for index, item in enumerate(df.indict... | python pandas numpy | 1 | Why is np.where not returning '1'? Only returns '0' -- (python pandas numpy)
<p>This code should return a new column called <code>orc_4</code> with the value of <code>1</code> if the value of the row in <code>df['indictment_charges']</code> contains <code>2907.04</code> or <code>0</code> if not.</p>
<p>Instead it i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,923 | PyTorch: Predicting future values with LSTM | <p>I'm currently working on building an LSTM model to forecast time-series data using PyTorch. I used lag features to pass the previous n steps as inputs to train the network. I split the data into three sets, i.e., train-validation-test split, and used the first two to train the model. My validation function takes the... | machine learning deep learning time series lstm pytorch | 1 | PyTorch: Predicting future values with LSTM -- (machine learning deep learning time series lstm pytorch)
<p>I'm currently working on building an LSTM model to forecast time-series data using PyTorch. I used lag features to pass the previous n steps as inputs to train the network. I split the data into three sets, i.e.,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,924 | Information leakage when train/test are truly i.i.d.? | <p>I am well aware that to avoid information leakage, it is recommended to fit any transformation (e.g., standardization or imputation based on the median value) on the training dataset and applying it to the test datasets. However. I am not clear what is the risk of applying these transformations to the entire dataset... | machine learning data mining statistics cross validation data leakage | 1 | Information leakage when train/test are truly i.i.d.? -- (machine learning data mining statistics cross validation data leakage)
<p>I am well aware that to avoid information leakage, it is recommended to fit any transformation (e.g., standardization or imputation based on the median value) on the training dataset and a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,936 | Why there is only one type of artificial neuron? | <p>I find it strange that so many deep learning tricks and improvements have been invented in the past decade but I never heard about someone trying out different models of the artificial neuron other than the one based on perceptron:</p>
<pre><code>y = w*x + b
</code></pre>
<p>I haven't been able to find m... | deep learning neural network perceptron | 1 | Why there is only one type of artificial neuron? -- (deep learning neural network perceptron)
<p>I find it strange that so many deep learning tricks and improvements have been invented in the past decade but I never heard about someone trying out different models of the artificial neuron other than the one based on per... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,948 | Math of Logistic regression cost function | <p>In the current scikit-learn <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/linear_model.html#logistic-regression" rel="nofollow noreferrer">documentation</a> for binary Logistic regression there is the minimization of the following cost function:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$\min_{w, c} \frac{1}{2}w^T... | scikit learn logistic regression multiclass classification cost function mathematics | 1 | Math of Logistic regression cost function -- (scikit learn logistic regression multiclass classification cost function mathematics)
<p>In the current scikit-learn <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/linear_model.html#logistic-regression" rel="nofollow noreferrer">documentation</a> for binary Logistic regre... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,957 | Importance of normal Distribution | <p>I have been reading about probability distributions lately and saw that the Normal Distribution is of great importance. A couple of the articles stated that it is advised for the data to follow normal distribution. Why is that so? What upper hand do I have if my data follows normal distribution and not any other dis... | machine learning statistics mathematics | 1 | Importance of normal Distribution -- (machine learning statistics mathematics)
<p>I have been reading about probability distributions lately and saw that the Normal Distribution is of great importance. A couple of the articles stated that it is advised for the data to follow normal distribution. Why is that so? What up... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,959 | Python stemmer for Georgian | <p>I am currently working with <strong>Georgian texts processing</strong>. Does anybody know any <strong>stemmers</strong>/<strong>lemmatizers</strong> (or other NLP tools) for Georgian that I could use with <strong>Python</strong>.</p>
<p>Thanks in advance!</p>
 | python nlp python 3.x stemming | 1 | Python stemmer for Georgian -- (python nlp python 3.x stemming)
<p>I am currently working with <strong>Georgian texts processing</strong>. Does anybody know any <strong>stemmers</strong>/<strong>lemmatizers</strong> (or other NLP tools) for Georgian that I could use with <strong>Python</strong>.</p>
<p>Thanks in ad... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,965 | Feature and the Gaussian Distribution (classification) | <p>I have a question regarding variable following or not a random distribution.
I selected 4 features negatively correlated to the label (Fraud/No Fraud). The notebook I'm taking the inspiration from plotted the distribution of these feature regarding the label. What came out is that my feature 1 (Fraud only) is fo... | machine learning feature selection visualization | 1 | Feature and the Gaussian Distribution (classification) -- (machine learning feature selection visualization)
<p>I have a question regarding variable following or not a random distribution.
I selected 4 features negatively correlated to the label (Fraud/No Fraud). The notebook I'm taking the inspiration from plotted... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,967 | Semantic segmentation of an image with multiple labels per pixel | <p>I am building a model for a multiclass sematic segmentation of a skin disease. At a moment I am using U-Net for binary classifications.</p>
<p>In this multiclass problem I have the following cases. There are four types of skin damage. There are four degrees of damage for each skin damage type: healthy, mild, mod... | multiclass classification semantic segmentation | 1 | Semantic segmentation of an image with multiple labels per pixel -- (multiclass classification semantic segmentation)
<p>I am building a model for a multiclass sematic segmentation of a skin disease. At a moment I am using U-Net for binary classifications.</p>
<p>In this multiclass problem I have the following case... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,969 | Dimensionality reduction convolutional autoencoders | <p>I don't understand how convolutional autoencoders achieve dimensionality reduction. For FFNN based autoencoder, the reduction is easy to understand: the input layer has N neurons, and the hidden ones have M neurons, where N is greater than M.
Instead, in a convolutional autoencoder, the input image is wide and t... | machine learning python deep learning cnn autoencoder | 1 | Dimensionality reduction convolutional autoencoders -- (machine learning python deep learning cnn autoencoder)
<p>I don't understand how convolutional autoencoders achieve dimensionality reduction. For FFNN based autoencoder, the reduction is easy to understand: the input layer has N neurons, and the hidden ones have M... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,977 | Backpropagation of a transformer | <p>when a transformer model is trained there is linear layer in the end of decoder which i understand is a fully connected neural network. During training of a transformer model when a loss is obtained it will backpropagate to adjust the weights.</p>
<p>My question is how deep the backpropagation is?</p>
<ul>&#... | deep learning neural network nlp bert transformer | 1 | Backpropagation of a transformer -- (deep learning neural network nlp bert transformer)
<p>when a transformer model is trained there is linear layer in the end of decoder which i understand is a fully connected neural network. During training of a transformer model when a loss is obtained it will backpropagate to adjus... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
88,981 | What are the inputs to the first decoder layer in a Transformer model during the training phase? | <p>I am trying to wrap my head around how the Transformer architecture works. I think I have a decent top-level understanding of the encoder part, sort of how the Key, Query, and Value tensors work in the MultiHead attention layers. What I am struggling with is the decoder part, specifically the inputs to the very firs... | deep learning transformer | 1 | What are the inputs to the first decoder layer in a Transformer model during the training phase? -- (deep learning transformer)
<p>I am trying to wrap my head around how the Transformer architecture works. I think I have a decent top-level understanding of the encoder part, sort of how the Key, Query, and Value tensors... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,014 | Are all 110 million parameter in bert are trainable | <p>I am trying to understand are all these 110 million parameters trainable of bert uncased model. Is there any non trainable parameters in this image below?</p>
<p>By trainable I understand they are initialized with random weight and during pretraining these weights are backpropagated and updated.</p>
<p><a hr... | deep learning neural network nlp bert transformer | 1 | Are all 110 million parameter in bert are trainable -- (deep learning neural network nlp bert transformer)
<p>I am trying to understand are all these 110 million parameters trainable of bert uncased model. Is there any non trainable parameters in this image below?</p>
<p>By trainable I understand they are initializ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,015 | Why does storing the output of .count() result in all 1's or 0's? | <p>I have a dataframe which I run loc on to find all values within the loc parameters. Whatever the loc returns gets stored in a variable. I try to use this variable to store it in another dataframe column but it only returns 1's and 0's for the whole column.</p>
<p>How would I get what is being printed to be prope... | python pandas | 1 | Why does storing the output of .count() result in all 1's or 0's? -- (python pandas)
<p>I have a dataframe which I run loc on to find all values within the loc parameters. Whatever the loc returns gets stored in a variable. I try to use this variable to store it in another dataframe column but it only returns 1's and 0... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,022 | Cross between an edit distance algorithm and a phonetic algorithm | <p>My aim is to find an edit distance algorithm which penalises transformations differently depending on the phonetic context.</p>
<p>Take the Levenshtein algorithm, for example; it penalises the same operation - like a character substitution - equally, regardless of character context.</p>
<p>However, it seems ... | nlp | 1 | Cross between an edit distance algorithm and a phonetic algorithm -- (nlp)
<p>My aim is to find an edit distance algorithm which penalises transformations differently depending on the phonetic context.</p>
<p>Take the Levenshtein algorithm, for example; it penalises the same operation - like a character substitutio... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,026 | Approximation of long sequence of layers by one layer | <p>Consider the following situation : there is a deep neural network with a lot of layers, and in order to speed up the inference or for regularization purposes one would like to reduce the complexity of the model.</p>
<p>Layers from <code>i</code> up to <code>j</code>, effectively perform some nonlinear transforma... | deep learning regularization | 1 | Approximation of long sequence of layers by one layer -- (deep learning regularization)
<p>Consider the following situation : there is a deep neural network with a lot of layers, and in order to speed up the inference or for regularization purposes one would like to reduce the complexity of the model.</p>
<p>Layers... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,047 | Hyperparameter tuning with Bayesian-Optimization | <p>I'm using LightGBM for the regression problem and here is my code.</p>
<pre><code>
 def bayesion_opt_lgbm(X, y, init_iter = 5, n_iter = 10, random_seed = 32, seed= 100, num_iterations = 50,
 dtrain = lgb.Dataset(data = X_train, label = y_train)):
 def lgb_score(y_pred... | machine learning regression hyperparameter tuning bayesian lightgbm | 1 | Hyperparameter tuning with Bayesian-Optimization -- (machine learning regression hyperparameter tuning bayesian lightgbm)
<p>I'm using LightGBM for the regression problem and here is my code.</p>
<pre><code>
 def bayesion_opt_lgbm(X, y, init_iter = 5, n_iter = 10, random_seed = 32, seed= 100, num_iterations ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,052 | How to show two pictures in one cell in Jupyter Notebook? (matplotlib) (python) | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/H8bFt.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/H8bFt.jpg" alt="coffee" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/UWwUa.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/UWwUa.jpg" alt="horse" /></a></p>
<p>As a beginner, can... | python numpy matplotlib jupyter | 1 | How to show two pictures in one cell in Jupyter Notebook? (matplotlib) (python) -- (python numpy matplotlib jupyter)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/H8bFt.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/H8bFt.jpg" alt="coffee" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/UWwUa.jpg" rel=... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,065 | The upper range of a collected dataset is most likely accurate, but the rest may suffer biased omissions: How to call this phenomenon? | <p><strong>Background</strong>: In collecting a dataset of a specific unit ordered by a numeric variable, it is possible that the upper 'cloud' of the dataset is correct, while the 'tail' seems inaccurate.</p>
<p>I can thus trust the upper bounds of the dataset, while I deem the mid- and lower ranges to be rather q... | dataset distribution ranking terminology | 1 | The upper range of a collected dataset is most likely accurate, but the rest may suffer biased omissions: How to call this phenomenon? -- (dataset distribution ranking terminology)
<p><strong>Background</strong>: In collecting a dataset of a specific unit ordered by a numeric variable, it is possible that the upper 'cl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,073 | Features selection in imbalanced dataset | <p>I have some doubts regarding an analysis. I have a dataset with class imbalance. I am trying to investigate some information from that data, e.g., how many urls contain http or https protocols.
My results are as follows:</p>
<pre><code>http in dataset with class 1: 10
http in dataset with class 0: 109&#x... | python classification feature selection class imbalance correlation | 1 | Features selection in imbalanced dataset -- (python classification feature selection class imbalance correlation)
<p>I have some doubts regarding an analysis. I have a dataset with class imbalance. I am trying to investigate some information from that data, e.g., how many urls contain http or https protocols.
My re... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,075 | Find parameters to maximise output score | <p>Not sure this is the right place to ask. Lets say there is a function <code>f()</code> where its implementation is unknown but it returns a score. I would like to get the highest possible score by modifying the input parameters. I also try to be better than brute force (finding all possible combination of input para... | optimization | 1 | Find parameters to maximise output score -- (optimization)
<p>Not sure this is the right place to ask. Lets say there is a function <code>f()</code> where its implementation is unknown but it returns a score. I would like to get the highest possible score by modifying the input parameters. I also try to be better than ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,076 | Would there be any reason to pretrain BERT on specific texts? | <p>So the official BERT English model is trained on Wikipedia and BookCurpos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">(source)</a>.</p>
<p>Now, for example, let's say I want to use BERT for Movies tag recommendation. Is there any reason for me to pretrain a new BERT mo... | bert transfer learning language model pretraining | 1 | Would there be any reason to pretrain BERT on specific texts? -- (bert transfer learning language model pretraining)
<p>So the official BERT English model is trained on Wikipedia and BookCurpos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">(source)</a>.</p>
<p>Now, for exam... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,093 | Figure out relative importance of entity attributes | <p>I'm trying to understand how various aspects of a movie contribute to its gross revenue. I want to rank a movie's attributes in that sense - the attributes that most strongly determine the revenue are ranked higher.</p>
<p>Let <span class="math-container">$A_1,\ldots,A_n$</span> be a list of attributes of a movi... | feature selection variance | 1 | Figure out relative importance of entity attributes -- (feature selection variance)
<p>I'm trying to understand how various aspects of a movie contribute to its gross revenue. I want to rank a movie's attributes in that sense - the attributes that most strongly determine the revenue are ranked higher.</p>
<p>Let <s... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,103 | Understanding the last two Linear Transformations in LeNet-5 | <p>I need help with understanding the LeNet-5 CNN:</p>
<ol>
<li><em>How/Why does FC3 and FC4 have 120 and 84 parameters?</em></li>
<li><em>How are the filters 6 and 16 chosen? (intuition based on the dataset?)</em></li>
</ol>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/HvPMa.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"... | deep learning neural network cnn | 1 | Understanding the last two Linear Transformations in LeNet-5 -- (deep learning neural network cnn)
<p>I need help with understanding the LeNet-5 CNN:</p>
<ol>
<li><em>How/Why does FC3 and FC4 have 120 and 84 parameters?</em></li>
<li><em>How are the filters 6 and 16 chosen? (intuition based on the dataset?)... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,108 | What are the activation functions in Convolutional Layers for? | <p>I read a lot about CNNs but I didn't quite understand some things:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>What are the activation function in CLayers for? If I understood it right, the only weights in these layers are the ones in Filters, and for the activation function a weighted sum is needed?</p>
</li>
<li><p>The comput... | neural network cnn image classification convolutional neural network | 1 | What are the activation functions in Convolutional Layers for? -- (neural network cnn image classification convolutional neural network)
<p>I read a lot about CNNs but I didn't quite understand some things:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>What are the activation function in CLayers for? If I understood it right, the only weigh... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,112 | Chi-Squared test: ok for selecting significant features? | <p>I would have a question on the contingency table and its results.
I was performing this analysis on names starting with symbols as a possible feature, getting the following values:</p>
<pre><code>Label 0.0 1.0 
with_symb 1584 241
without_symb 16 14
</code></pre>
<p>gett... | classification feature selection correlation chi square test | 1 | Chi-Squared test: ok for selecting significant features? -- (classification feature selection correlation chi square test)
<p>I would have a question on the contingency table and its results.
I was performing this analysis on names starting with symbols as a possible feature, getting the following values:</p>
<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,122 | Correlations, p-values and features selection | <p>By using correlation matrix, I got some results:</p>
<pre><code>Count_words -0.098857
Count_numbers -0.008305
Count_symbols -0.025853
Count_question -0.031649
Count_equal 0.224223
Count_characters 0.09
</code></pre>
<p>I used this line of co... | classification feature selection correlation | 1 | Correlations, p-values and features selection -- (classification feature selection correlation)
<p>By using correlation matrix, I got some results:</p>
<pre><code>Count_words -0.098857
Count_numbers -0.008305
Count_symbols -0.025853
Count_question -0.031649
Count_equal ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,132 | Undersampling for credit card fraud detection before or after Train/Test Split | <p>I have a credit card dataset with 98% transactions are Non-Fraud and 2% are fraud.</p>
<p>I have been trying to undersample the majotrity class before train and test split and get very good recall and precision on the test set.</p>
<p>When I do the undersampling only on training set and test on the independe... | classification class imbalance sampling | 1 | Undersampling for credit card fraud detection before or after Train/Test Split -- (classification class imbalance sampling)
<p>I have a credit card dataset with 98% transactions are Non-Fraud and 2% are fraud.</p>
<p>I have been trying to undersample the majotrity class before train and test split and get very good... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,142 | Keras weird loss and metrics during train | <p>I am doing some testing with tensorflow, and I bumbed into a very weird behaviour.
Here is my code</p>
<pre><code>fashion_mnist = tf.keras.datasets.fashion_mnist
(train_images1, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = fashion_mnist.load_data()
train_images = train_images1[:32] / 255.0
train_l... | deep learning keras tensorflow optimization metric | 1 | Keras weird loss and metrics during train -- (deep learning keras tensorflow optimization metric)
<p>I am doing some testing with tensorflow, and I bumbed into a very weird behaviour.
Here is my code</p>
<pre><code>fashion_mnist = tf.keras.datasets.fashion_mnist
(train_images1, train_labels), (test_images, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,143 | Machine Learning algorithms and Cross Validation, the best practice | <p>I'm new in Machine Learning, and I'm studying the main concepts behind algorithms from the mathematical point of view.
I'm also trying to start implementing some algorithms for regression purposes using sklearn library.</p>
<p>I would like to summarize the main steps in ML and provide the question:</p>
<... | machine learning python regression | 1 | Machine Learning algorithms and Cross Validation, the best practice -- (machine learning python regression)
<p>I'm new in Machine Learning, and I'm studying the main concepts behind algorithms from the mathematical point of view.
I'm also trying to start implementing some algorithms for regression purposes using sk... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,148 | How can i solve the classification's problem with cross validation in LogisticRegression? | <ul>
<li><p>I want to make a data frame with most repeated word in sentences and make a classification via <code>Logistic-Regression</code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>I tried to write the steps clearly in codes.</p>
</li>
<li><p>The column <code>B</code> is my target.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What I h... | python logistic regression cross validation | 1 | How can i solve the classification's problem with cross validation in LogisticRegression? -- (python logistic regression cross validation)
<ul>
<li><p>I want to make a data frame with most repeated word in sentences and make a classification via <code>Logistic-Regression</code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>I tried to ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,165 | Pytorch's CrossEntropyLoss? | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/GRdHW.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/GRdHW.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>Can anybody explain what's going on here? I thought I knew how cross entropy loss works.
I have tried with Negativeloglikelihood as well?</p>... | loss function pytorch | 1 | Pytorch's CrossEntropyLoss? -- (loss function pytorch)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/GRdHW.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/GRdHW.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>Can anybody explain what's going on here? I thought I knew how cross entropy loss works.&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,171 | Using R to organize/rearrange CSV - group by multiple columns? | <p>I have a CSV that I need to clean up / organize in a usable way using R. I need to group by the property ID and then want to take all the unique years for the defor year column and make each year into a sperate column with the amount of deforestation for that year. My data frame / CSV looks like this:</p>
<pre><... | r aggregation | 1 | Using R to organize/rearrange CSV - group by multiple columns? -- (r aggregation)
<p>I have a CSV that I need to clean up / organize in a usable way using R. I need to group by the property ID and then want to take all the unique years for the defor year column and make each year into a sperate column with the amount o... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,180 | Can Micro-Average Roc Auc Score be larger than Class Roc Auc Scores | <p>I'm working with an imbalanced data set. There are 11567 negative and 3737 positive samples in train data. There are 2892 negative and 935 positive samples in validation data. It is a binary classification problem and I used Micro and Macro averaged ROC for evaluation of my model. However, I noticed that Micro avera... | machine learning evaluation roc | 1 | Can Micro-Average Roc Auc Score be larger than Class Roc Auc Scores -- (machine learning evaluation roc)
<p>I'm working with an imbalanced data set. There are 11567 negative and 3737 positive samples in train data. There are 2892 negative and 935 positive samples in validation data. It is a binary classification proble... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,194 | Getting very low/ wrong accuracy from RandomizedSearchCV | <p>I am currently using RandomizedSearchCV to optimize my hyper-parameters. However the reported scores of each iteration is very low. When I then evaluate the highest scoring candidate I get very high accuracy (0.97), while the RandomizedSearchCV reports something much lower (0.32).</p>
<pre><code>search = clf_ran... | scikit learn hyperparameter tuning | 1 | Getting very low/ wrong accuracy from RandomizedSearchCV -- (scikit learn hyperparameter tuning)
<p>I am currently using RandomizedSearchCV to optimize my hyper-parameters. However the reported scores of each iteration is very low. When I then evaluate the highest scoring candidate I get very high accuracy (0.97), whil... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,207 | Creating parallel keras layers | <p>I am new to Keras and ML and I want to create a NN that can seperate a bitmap-like image into its visual components.</p>
<p>My approach is to feed a two dimensional image (lets say 8 by 8 pixels) into a NN, which then outputs a three dimensional matrix (e.g 3 by 8 by 8). Every element of the first dimension repr... | keras image segmentation | 1 | Creating parallel keras layers -- (keras image segmentation)
<p>I am new to Keras and ML and I want to create a NN that can seperate a bitmap-like image into its visual components.</p>
<p>My approach is to feed a two dimensional image (lets say 8 by 8 pixels) into a NN, which then outputs a three dimensional matrix... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,232 | Sum of squares for matrix valued data over $\mathbb{R}$ and $\mathbb{C}$ | <p>Let us assume we have <span class="math-container">$k \times k$</span> matrix valued data and assume this is organized (possibly as time series):
<span class="math-container">$$ M_1, M_2, \ldots, M_n $$</span></p>
<p>Now, assume we are interested in writing down an error function that mimics sums of squares.... | time series regression dataset | 1 | Sum of squares for matrix valued data over $\mathbb{R}$ and $\mathbb{C}$ -- (time series regression dataset)
<p>Let us assume we have <span class="math-container">$k \times k$</span> matrix valued data and assume this is organized (possibly as time series):
<span class="math-container">$$ M_1, M_2, \ldots, M_n $$</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,233 | Looking for research for separating conversational audio files | <p>I have been looking for conversational audio speech separation. Looking for researches around this topic, I came to across asteroid framework that was implemented on LibriMix dataset for audio speech separation where two voices are overlapping on each other (You can listen to such a sample <a href="https://www.merl.... | deep learning audio recognition audio separation | 1 | Looking for research for separating conversational audio files -- (deep learning audio recognition audio separation)
<p>I have been looking for conversational audio speech separation. Looking for researches around this topic, I came to across asteroid framework that was implemented on LibriMix dataset for audio speech ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,245 | Pandas - Create a Integer Primary Key based in string columns - python | <p>I need to create a primary key based in string columns in my dataframe</p>
<pre><code>Month Name ID
01/01/2020 FileName1 - Example 1
01/02/2020 FileName2 - Example 2
01/03/2020 FileName3 - Example 3
</code></pre>
<p>I'm using the hash, but its generating th... | python pandas | 1 | Pandas - Create a Integer Primary Key based in string columns - python -- (python pandas)
<p>I need to create a primary key based in string columns in my dataframe</p>
<pre><code>Month Name ID
01/01/2020 FileName1 - Example 1
01/02/2020 FileName2 - Example 2
01/03/2020 F... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,255 | Transfer Learning on Resnets/VGGs -- Validation accuracy can never be over 75% | <p>I am trying to classify skin cancer images into two categories -- malignant and benign. Literatures suggest that using pre-trained resnet/vgg network achieves more than 90% accuracy. However, with my dataset, whatever I try, the validation accuracy can never be greater than 75%.</p>
<p>I am using a well-balanced... | deep learning computer vision pytorch transfer learning inceptionresnetv2 | 1 | Transfer Learning on Resnets/VGGs -- Validation accuracy can never be over 75% -- (deep learning computer vision pytorch transfer learning inceptionresnetv2)
<p>I am trying to classify skin cancer images into two categories -- malignant and benign. Literatures suggest that using pre-trained resnet/vgg network achieves ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,276 | Issue translating large amounts of tweets using Google Translate | <p>I am working on translating large amounts of tweets using this <a href="https://pypi.org/project/deep-translator/0" rel="nofollow noreferrer">deep-translator</a> which uses the Google Translate API.</p>
<p>Initially everything was fine and tweets were translated with no problems whatsoever but I recently encount... | dataset machine translation | 1 | Issue translating large amounts of tweets using Google Translate -- (dataset machine translation)
<p>I am working on translating large amounts of tweets using this <a href="https://pypi.org/project/deep-translator/0" rel="nofollow noreferrer">deep-translator</a> which uses the Google Translate API.</p>
<p>Initially... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,279 | Dealing with dates in dataframe | <p>I have a dataframe which has two date columns - Start Date and End Date,</p>
<p>Let's suppose start date is 4/10/2019 and end date is 4/10/2020 (MM/DD/YYYY) now I want to split these dates in a list which will have all the intermediate months (from october 2019 to october 2020). Is there any function in python t... | python pandas | 1 | Dealing with dates in dataframe -- (python pandas)
<p>I have a dataframe which has two date columns - Start Date and End Date,</p>
<p>Let's suppose start date is 4/10/2019 and end date is 4/10/2020 (MM/DD/YYYY) now I want to split these dates in a list which will have all the intermediate months (from october 2019 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,285 | How to Iterate over rows in a dataframe | <p>So I've been trying to iterate over rows of my dataframe and my goal is to find matching rows based on two particular columns (say C and P). Then i need to do some manipulations as well in the data for the rows. I've read quite a few answers here telling to use <strong>iterrows()</strong> or <strong>itertuples()</st... | python pandas | 1 | How to Iterate over rows in a dataframe -- (python pandas)
<p>So I've been trying to iterate over rows of my dataframe and my goal is to find matching rows based on two particular columns (say C and P). Then i need to do some manipulations as well in the data for the rows. I've read quite a few answers here telling to ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,290 | Regression analysis and least square method relation? | <p>I want to know where Regression analysis is most used at, what's its competitor methods, and how least square method relates to regression analysis.</p>
 | regression data analysis | 1 | Regression analysis and least square method relation? -- (regression data analysis)
<p>I want to know where Regression analysis is most used at, what's its competitor methods, and how least square method relates to regression analysis.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,295 | Sort Pandas Dataframe per column | <p>I have a dataset with age + another 14 variables. I have created 13 bins representing different age groups like so:</p>
<pre><code>data["age_bins"] = pd.cut(data["age"], [16,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80])
</code></pre>
<p>Then calculated the mean value of those 14 other vari... | pandas dataframe | 1 | Sort Pandas Dataframe per column -- (pandas dataframe)
<p>I have a dataset with age + another 14 variables. I have created 13 bins representing different age groups like so:</p>
<pre><code>data["age_bins"] = pd.cut(data["age"], [16,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80])
</code></pre>
<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,298 | MLP sequential fitting | <p>I am fitting a Keras model, using SGD
Input dataset X_train has 55000 entries.
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ntG2U.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ntG2U.png" alt="model.fit()" /></a></p>
<p>Can anyone explain the yellow highlighted values?
For me, when each epo... | deep learning keras ann | 1 | MLP sequential fitting -- (deep learning keras ann)
<p>I am fitting a Keras model, using SGD
Input dataset X_train has 55000 entries.
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ntG2U.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ntG2U.png" alt="model.fit()" /></a></p>
<p>Can anyone explain the ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,307 | Does the model(best fitting line/curve) changes when the training data is changed in the cross validation? | <p>From my understanding - a machine learning algorithm goes through the inputs (independent variables) and predicts the output (dependent variable). I believe, what line/curve would best define the training data will depend on the training data. When it decides the best line or curve, the new inputs are plotted and ba... | machine learning predictive modeling cross validation | 1 | Does the model(best fitting line/curve) changes when the training data is changed in the cross validation? -- (machine learning predictive modeling cross validation)
<p>From my understanding - a machine learning algorithm goes through the inputs (independent variables) and predicts the output (dependent variable). I be... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,308 | p-value and effect size | <p>Is it correct to say that the lower the p-value is the higher is the difference between the two means of the two groups in t-test?</p>
<p>For example, if I apply the t-test between two groups of measurements A and B and then to two groups B and C and I find that in the first case the p-value is lower than the se... | statistics hypothesis testing pvalue | 1 | p-value and effect size -- (statistics hypothesis testing pvalue)
<p>Is it correct to say that the lower the p-value is the higher is the difference between the two means of the two groups in t-test?</p>
<p>For example, if I apply the t-test between two groups of measurements A and B and then to two groups B and C ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,316 | Tensorflow's .shuffle(BUFFER_SIZE) | <p>I came across the following function in Tensorflow's tutorial on Machine Translation:</p>
<pre><code>BUFFER_SIZE = 32000
BATCH_SIZE = 64
data_size = 30000
train_dataset = train_dataset.shuffle(BUFFER_SIZE).batch(BATCH_SIZE, drop_remainder=True)
</code></pre>
<p>I went through several blogs to... | tensorflow | 1 | Tensorflow's .shuffle(BUFFER_SIZE) -- (tensorflow)
<p>I came across the following function in Tensorflow's tutorial on Machine Translation:</p>
<pre><code>BUFFER_SIZE = 32000
BATCH_SIZE = 64
data_size = 30000
train_dataset = train_dataset.shuffle(BUFFER_SIZE).batch(BATCH_SIZE, drop_remainder=True)
<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,326 | What is the num_initial_points argument for Bayesian Optimization with Keras Tuner? | <p>I've implemented the following code to run Keras-Tuner with Bayesian Optimization:</p>
<pre><code>def model_builder(hp):
 
 NormLayer = Normalization()
 NormLayer.adapt(X_train)
 
 model = Sequential()

 model.add(Input(shape=X_train.shape[1:]))

 model.ad... | python keras tensorflow bayesian | 1 | What is the num_initial_points argument for Bayesian Optimization with Keras Tuner? -- (python keras tensorflow bayesian)
<p>I've implemented the following code to run Keras-Tuner with Bayesian Optimization:</p>
<pre><code>def model_builder(hp):
 
 NormLayer = Normalization()
 NormLayer.adapt(X... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,357 | How to use BERT in seq2seq model? | <p>I would like to use pretrained BERT as encoder of transformer model. The decoder has the same vocabulary as encoder and I am going to use shared embeddings. But I need <code><SOS></code>, <code><EOS></code> tokens which are not trained with BERT. How should I get them ? Can I use <code><CLS></code>... | neural network bert transformer transfer learning sequence to sequence | 1 | How to use BERT in seq2seq model? -- (neural network bert transformer transfer learning sequence to sequence)
<p>I would like to use pretrained BERT as encoder of transformer model. The decoder has the same vocabulary as encoder and I am going to use shared embeddings. But I need <code><SOS></code>, <code><EOS... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,371 | Choosing best model produced from different algorithms. Metric produced by cross-validation on the train set or metric produced on the test set? | <p>I know that choosing between models produced by one algorithm with different hyperparameters the metric for choosing the best one should be the cross-validation on train set.</p>
<p>But what about choosing between models that are produced by different algorithm? By which metric should I compare them, the metric ... | machine learning metric performance | 1 | Choosing best model produced from different algorithms. Metric produced by cross-validation on the train set or metric produced on the test set? -- (machine learning metric performance)
<p>I know that choosing between models produced by one algorithm with different hyperparameters the metric for choosing the best one s... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,373 | Where to get models with weights instead of only weights? What's the purpose of .h5 files? | <p>I have downloaded <code>.h5</code> files from <a href="https://github.com/qubvel/classification_models/releases/tag/0.0.1" rel="nofollow noreferrer">qubvel/resnet</a> and <a href="https://github.com/qubvel/efficientnet/releases/tag/v0.0.1" rel="nofollow noreferrer">qubvel/efficientnet</a>. I was trying to use some m... | keras tensorflow pretraining model serialization | 1 | Where to get models with weights instead of only weights? What's the purpose of .h5 files? -- (keras tensorflow pretraining model serialization)
<p>I have downloaded <code>.h5</code> files from <a href="https://github.com/qubvel/classification_models/releases/tag/0.0.1" rel="nofollow noreferrer">qubvel/resnet</a> and <... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,384 | Pros and Cons of Positive Unlabeled learning? | <p>I've been looking for papers that discuss the pros and cons of positive unlabeled learning but I haven't been able to find anything.</p>
<p>I'm looking to compare the general differences between creating a positive-unlabeled based problem vs a regression classification. I have a biological dataset where it's har... | machine learning semi supervised learning | 1 | Pros and Cons of Positive Unlabeled learning? -- (machine learning semi supervised learning)
<p>I've been looking for papers that discuss the pros and cons of positive unlabeled learning but I haven't been able to find anything.</p>
<p>I'm looking to compare the general differences between creating a positive-unlab... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,386 | DIGITS Docker container not picking up GPU | <p>I am running DIGITS Docker container but for some reason it fails to recognize host's GPU: it does not report any GPUs (where I expect 1 to be reported) so in the upper right corner of the DIGITS home page there is no indication of any GPUs and also during the training phase, DIGITS uses only CPU.</p>
<p><a href... | gpu nvidia | 1 | DIGITS Docker container not picking up GPU -- (gpu nvidia)
<p>I am running DIGITS Docker container but for some reason it fails to recognize host's GPU: it does not report any GPUs (where I expect 1 to be reported) so in the upper right corner of the DIGITS home page there is no indication of any GPUs and also during t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,391 | Regression and Classification in one Neural network | <p>For example consider object localization problem. Here NN will have 5 ouputs. <code>output[0]</code> will tell probability of object present in image, other 4 will tell bounding box coordinates.
As we see that <code>output[0]</code> has to use classification loss like cross entropy and <code>output[1]</code> to ... | neural network tensorflow | 1 | Regression and Classification in one Neural network -- (neural network tensorflow)
<p>For example consider object localization problem. Here NN will have 5 ouputs. <code>output[0]</code> will tell probability of object present in image, other 4 will tell bounding box coordinates.
As we see that <code>output[0]</cod... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,403 | Are Deep Neural Networks limited to grayscale images depending on whether you use Seq. or Func. API? | <p>When I say DNN, I mean the simple usage of densely connected neurons (not CNN).</p>
<p>Say we are using Keras (with Tensorflow backend), the input_dim, using the Sequential API, can only take an integer or None value which restricts it to taking grayscale images right?</p>
<p>However since the functional API... | deep learning image | 1 | Are Deep Neural Networks limited to grayscale images depending on whether you use Seq. or Func. API? -- (deep learning image)
<p>When I say DNN, I mean the simple usage of densely connected neurons (not CNN).</p>
<p>Say we are using Keras (with Tensorflow backend), the input_dim, using the Sequential API, can only ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,416 | Correlation among variables (categorical, binary and numerical) | <p>I have the following data</p>
<pre><code> Prefix Label Year Symbols Tags %_Men Prop Uni_Role Uni_Role_2 #_Cars #_App
 0 IN 0.0 1996 [] [] 0.08 0 11 22 0 1
 1 IT 0.0 2000 [] [] 0.00 0 2 46 ... | python classification statistics feature selection correlation | 1 | Correlation among variables (categorical, binary and numerical) -- (python classification statistics feature selection correlation)
<p>I have the following data</p>
<pre><code> Prefix Label Year Symbols Tags %_Men Prop Uni_Role Uni_Role_2 #_Cars #_App
 0 IN 0.0 1996 [] [] ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,420 | Does sigmoid facilitate modeling non-linear decision boundaries or does this come from high-dimensional data? | <p>I'm writing up a neural network using sigmoid as the activation function. According to one lecture, sigmoid simply squashes numbers onto the (0,1) interval. To model non-linear decision boundaries, you need high dimensional data. Another lecture, this one on sigmoid in neural nets context (MIT S.191), suggested sigm... | neural network activation function | 1 | Does sigmoid facilitate modeling non-linear decision boundaries or does this come from high-dimensional data? -- (neural network activation function)
<p>I'm writing up a neural network using sigmoid as the activation function. According to one lecture, sigmoid simply squashes numbers onto the (0,1) interval. To model n... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,435 | What is the difference between Okapi bm25 and NMSLIB? | <p>I was trying to make a search system and then I got to know about <code>Okapi bm25</code> which is a ranking function like tf-idf. You can make an index of your corpus and later retrieve documents similar to your query.</p>
<p>I imported a <a href="https://pypi.org/project/rank-bm25/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">p... | nlp python 3.x information retrieval search engine | 1 | What is the difference between Okapi bm25 and NMSLIB? -- (nlp python 3.x information retrieval search engine)
<p>I was trying to make a search system and then I got to know about <code>Okapi bm25</code> which is a ranking function like tf-idf. You can make an index of your corpus and later retrieve documents similar to... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,443 | ImportError: Pandas requires version '0.3.0' or newer of 's3fs' | <p>I'm trying to read files from S3, using boto3, pandas, anaconda, but I have the following error:</p>
<pre><code>ImportError: Pandas requires version '0.3.0' or newer of 's3fs' 
(version '0.1.6' currently installed).
</code></pre>
<p>How can I update the s3fs version?</p>
<p>This is my code:</p>&#... | python pandas aws | 1 | ImportError: Pandas requires version '0.3.0' or newer of 's3fs' -- (python pandas aws)
<p>I'm trying to read files from S3, using boto3, pandas, anaconda, but I have the following error:</p>
<pre><code>ImportError: Pandas requires version '0.3.0' or newer of 's3fs' 
(version '0.1.6' currently installed).
</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,451 | Accuracy over different sample sizes from dataset | <p>What I'm trying to do is predict how much more data would help in a classification task.<br></p>
<p>So, what I'm doing is bootstrapping entries in my dataset to get a sample, with a specified size. Then, I fine-tune a KNN model on the sample, and compute it's accuracy. I do this multiple times for one specified ... | scikit learn data analysis python 3.x descriptive statistics | 1 | Accuracy over different sample sizes from dataset -- (scikit learn data analysis python 3.x descriptive statistics)
<p>What I'm trying to do is predict how much more data would help in a classification task.<br></p>
<p>So, what I'm doing is bootstrapping entries in my dataset to get a sample, with a specified size.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,460 | Learning Curves and interpretations | <p>I've trained 4 classifiers on an undersampled dataset.
I plotted the learning curve for each classifier and I got the following results :</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/qKN8L.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/qKN8L.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>... | classification model selection | 1 | Learning Curves and interpretations -- (classification model selection)
<p>I've trained 4 classifiers on an undersampled dataset.
I plotted the learning curve for each classifier and I got the following results :</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/qKN8L.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,481 | ImportError: cannot import name 'cv2' from 'cv2' | <p>I'm using anaconda and installed OpenCV using conda-forge.</p>
<p><code>conda install -c conda-forge opencv</code></p>
<p>In my notebook I run this line of code</p>
<p><code>from cv2 import cv2</code></p>
<p>Unfortunately, get this error message:</p>
<p><code>ImportError: cannot import name 'cv2'... | opencv anaconda | 1 | ImportError: cannot import name 'cv2' from 'cv2' -- (opencv anaconda)
<p>I'm using anaconda and installed OpenCV using conda-forge.</p>
<p><code>conda install -c conda-forge opencv</code></p>
<p>In my notebook I run this line of code</p>
<p><code>from cv2 import cv2</code></p>
<p>Unfortunately, get this... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,483 | What is the best practice for tuning hyperparameters using validation data? | <p>I'm building a binary classifier, using task-transfer from resnet and a total training set of 300 images.
Initially I put aside 100 images as validation, and tuned the hyperparameters, each time training on 200 and testing on 100, until I got a validation accuracy of 93%.</p>
<p>Happy with this accuracy I tr... | neural network cross validation hyperparameter tuning | 1 | What is the best practice for tuning hyperparameters using validation data? -- (neural network cross validation hyperparameter tuning)
<p>I'm building a binary classifier, using task-transfer from resnet and a total training set of 300 images.
Initially I put aside 100 images as validation, and tuned the hyperparam... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,498 | Classifying videos with varying length using ConvLSTM2D in tensorflow | <p>I have a collection of videos, where I would like to extract a frame for every second, and then feed them through a ConvLSTM2D for binary classification.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/kR7KA.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/kR7KA.png" alt="Example network for binary v... | tensorflow | 1 | Classifying videos with varying length using ConvLSTM2D in tensorflow -- (tensorflow)
<p>I have a collection of videos, where I would like to extract a frame for every second, and then feed them through a ConvLSTM2D for binary classification.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/kR7KA.png" rel="nofollow norefe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,506 | Confusion about the Bellman Equation | <p>In some resources, the belman equation is shown as below:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$v_{\pi}(s) = \sum\limits_{a}\pi(a|s)\sum\limits_{s',r}p(s',r|s,a)\big[r+\gamma v_{\pi}(s')\big] $</span></p>
<p>The thing that I confused is that, the <span class="math-container">$\pi$</span> and <span class="mat... | machine learning reinforcement learning dynamic programming | 1 | Confusion about the Bellman Equation -- (machine learning reinforcement learning dynamic programming)
<p>In some resources, the belman equation is shown as below:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$v_{\pi}(s) = \sum\limits_{a}\pi(a|s)\sum\limits_{s',r}p(s',r|s,a)\big[r+\gamma v_{\pi}(s')\big] $</span></p>
<p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,511 | How to use inverse_transform in MinMaxScaler for pred answer in a matrix | <p>I am working on a data, for preding output, I used SVR by bellow code:</p>
<pre><code>from sklearn.svm import SVR
regressor = SVR(kernel = 'linear')
regressor.fit(trainX,trainY)

from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
pred = regressor.predict(testX)
print(pred)
</code></pre>
<p>The ... | python scikit learn data preprocessing colab | 1 | How to use inverse_transform in MinMaxScaler for pred answer in a matrix -- (python scikit learn data preprocessing colab)
<p>I am working on a data, for preding output, I used SVR by bellow code:</p>
<pre><code>from sklearn.svm import SVR
regressor = SVR(kernel = 'linear')
regressor.fit(trainX,trainY)
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,518 | Learning rate of 0 still changes weights in Keras | <p>I just trained a model (SGD) with keras and was wondering why the change of accuracy and loss from epoch to epoch doesn't really decrease that much when I lower the learning rate. So I tested what happens when I set the learning rate to 0 and to my surprise, accuracy and loss still changed from epoch to epoch and I ... | keras learning rate sgd | 1 | Learning rate of 0 still changes weights in Keras -- (keras learning rate sgd)
<p>I just trained a model (SGD) with keras and was wondering why the change of accuracy and loss from epoch to epoch doesn't really decrease that much when I lower the learning rate. So I tested what happens when I set the learning rate to 0... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
89,522 | Is there any different between feature selection and pca? If there is could anyone please kindly explain for me please? | <p>First of sorry for asking a possibly beginner question, but i don't understand pca seems to be the same as feature selection, but when i search online they seems to be talked differently. What people usually say is PCA for reducing dimensionality and feature selection for selecting feature. Didn't those two do the s... | feature selection preprocessing pca | 1 | Is there any different between feature selection and pca? If there is could anyone please kindly explain for me please? -- (feature selection preprocessing pca)
<p>First of sorry for asking a possibly beginner question, but i don't understand pca seems to be the same as feature selection, but when i search online they ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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