| --- |
| license: cc-by-4.0 |
| language: |
| - kab |
| language_bcp47: |
| - kab-Latn |
| size_categories: |
| - 100K<n<1M |
| task_categories: |
| - token-classification |
| - text-generation |
| task_ids: |
| - lemmatization |
| pretty_name: KabInflect — Kabyle morphological inflection and analysis benchmark |
| tags: |
| - kabyle |
| - taqbaylit |
| - berber |
| - tamazight |
| - low-resource |
| - morphology |
| - inflection |
| - lemmatization |
| configs: |
| - config_name: inflection |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: inflection/train.parquet |
| - split: dev |
| path: inflection/dev.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: inflection/test.parquet |
| - config_name: analysis |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: analysis/train.parquet |
| - split: dev |
| path: analysis/dev.parquet |
| - split: test |
| path: analysis/test.parquet |
| - config_name: paradigms |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: paradigms/train.parquet |
| --- |
| |
| # KabInflect |
|
|
| A morphological inflection and analysis benchmark for Kabyle (Taqbaylit, `kab`, Latin script), from the |
| [AƔBALU](https://huggingface.co/agbalu) project. |
|
|
| **336,151 inflected verb form entries** across **13,226 unique verb lemmas**, partitioned into |
| paradigmatically sealed splits (0 paradigm leakage), plus **6,198 complete verb conjugation tables**. |
|
|
| ```python |
| from datasets import load_dataset |
| |
| inflect = load_dataset("agbalu/KabInflect", "inflection") |
| analysis = load_dataset("agbalu/KabInflect", "analysis") |
| paradigms = load_dataset("agbalu/KabInflect", "paradigms", split="train") |
| ``` |
|
|
| ## `inflection` |
|
|
| Morphological Inflection (Seq2Seq Morphological Generation): `(lemma, feats)` → `form`. |
|
|
| 336,151 total entries across 13,226 verb lemmas. |
|
|
| | split | lemmas | inflected forms | |
| |---|---|---| |
| | `train` | 10,580 | 270,026 | |
| | `dev` | 1,323 | 33,060 | |
| | `test` | 1,323 | 33,065 | |
| | **total** | **13,226** | **336,151** | |
|
|
| ### Schema |
|
|
| | field | type | description | |
| |---|---|---| |
| | `id` | string | `kab_inflect_{split}_{idx}` | |
| | `lemma` | string | Base verb infinitif (canonical) | |
| | `feats` | string | Universal Dependencies (UD) FEATS (e.g. `Aspect=Perf\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Person=3`) | |
| | `tense_raw` | string | Legacy source tense descriptor (e.g. `prétérit`, `aoriste intensif`) | |
| | `person_raw` | string | Legacy source person descriptor (e.g. `3s_m`, `1p`) | |
| | `form` | string | Inflected surface form, normalised; see Orthography — emphatic `ṛ` is unmarked | |
|
|
| ## `analysis` |
|
|
| Morphological Analysis and Lemmatisation: `form` → `(lemma, feats)`. |
|
|
| Same 336,151 entries, indexed by inflected surface form. |
|
|
| ## `paradigms` |
|
|
| 6,198 full verb paradigms with French translations, irregularity indicators (`is_irregular`, `is_derived`), pattern verbs, and principal aspect stems (`imperative`, `aorist`, `preterite`, `negative_preterite`, `aorist_participle`, `preterite_participle`, `negative_preterite_participle`, `intensive_forms`). |
|
|
| ## Paradigmatically Sealed Partitioning (Zero Paradigm Leakage) |
|
|
| **Upstream datasets randomly split individual inflected forms across train and test.** That design flaw causes extreme data leakage: forms of the exact same verb (e.g. `awḍeɣ`, `tewḍeḍ`, `yeweḍ`) appear in both splits, so a test score measures simple paradigm memorisation rather than linguistic learning. |
|
|
| `agbalu/KabInflect` fixes this: |
| - Entries are grouped strictly by **verb lemma** (`infinitif`). |
| - Splitting is performed at the **lemma level** with seed 42. |
| - **0% lemma overlap**: all 1,323 verbs in `test` (33,065 forms) are completely unseen during training. A system must learn the underlying rules of Kabyle morphology to succeed. |
|
|
| ## Orthography |
|
|
| All Kabyle text is normalised under normaliser `1.3.0+rules1.0.0` (81 rules). The source |
| text carries 0.00% homoglyph error and 0.00% legacy-font mojibake. |
|
|
| 🔴 **The emphatic `ṛ` is not represented, and this is a property of the source.** Measured |
| over all 270,026 training forms, `ṛ` U+1E5B occurs **0 times**, while `ḍ` appears in 14.43% |
| of forms, `ḥ` in 12.14%, `ṣ` in 3.36%, `ẓ` in 2.73% and `ṭ` in 4.37%. The upstream |
| conjugation resource writes plain `r` throughout — its lemmas are `ruḥ`, `ṣber` and `ɛreḍ`, |
| not `ṛuḥ`, `ṣbeṛ` and `ɛṛeḍ`. |
|
|
| The normaliser did not remove it; there was never anything to preserve. **The `ṛ`/`r` |
| contrast is therefore neutralised in this dataset**, and it is *not* neutralised in |
| [`agbalu/KabLex`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/agbalu/KabLex), which carries both `ṛuḥ` |
| and `ruḥ`. A model trained here will not produce emphatic `ṛ`, and scoring its output |
| against text that marks it will count every such form wrong. |
|
|
| Restoring it would mean deciding, for each `r`, whether the verb takes the emphatic — a |
| lexical question this dataset has no evidence for. It is disclosed rather than guessed. |
|
|
| ## Evaluation Protocol & Baseline Floor |
|
|
| The benchmark evaluates morphological generation (`inflection`) and parsing (`analysis`) on **1,323 held-out test verb lemmas (33,065 unseen test forms)**. |
|
|
| | task | system | exact match | CER | |
| |---|---|---|---| |
| | inflection | copy the lemma unchanged | 4.07% | 30.73% | |
|
|
| ```bash |
| make bench TASK=inflect |
| ``` |
|
|
| **The floor is not zero, and that is why it is measured rather than assumed.** Kabyle's |
| imperative singular *is* the citation form for most verbs, so a copy is correct in one cell |
| of nearly every paradigm — 4.07% of 33,065 test forms. A headline exact match read against |
| zero would be flattered by exactly that much. |
|
|
| No system has yet been scored on the `analysis` direction. |
|
|
| Because the splits are sealed by lemma, a model cannot reach the floor by memorising |
| paradigms: no test verb appears in any training cell. |
|
|
| ## Known Limits |
|
|
| - **No emphatic `ṛ`.** See Orthography above — 0 occurrences in 270,026 forms, because the |
| source resource does not mark it. This is the most consequential limit here. |
| - **Deduplicated.** The raw shards repeat rows verbatim: one verb's intensive stems can |
| generate the same cell twice. **8,594 identical rows were dropped** (344,745 → 336,151), |
| so no form is silently reweighted during training. Earlier revisions of this dataset |
| carried them. |
| - **Verb-focused.** Covers Kabyle verbal morphology (the largest morphological paradigm family in the language); nominal annexed-state paradigms are covered separately in `agbalu/KabLex`. |
| - **Gloss language.** Paradigm translations are French, reflecting the source dictionary. |
| - **Standard orthography.** Uses standard Kabyle Latin script; does not cover dialectal spellings or Tifinagh (see `agbalu/KabTifinagh` for script conversion). |
|
|
| ## Citation |
|
|
| ```bibtex |
| @misc{agbalu_kabinflect, |
| title = {KabInflect: a Kabyle morphological inflection and analysis benchmark}, |
| author = {AƔBALU}, |
| year = {2026}, |
| url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/agbalu/KabInflect} |
| } |
| ``` |
|
|
| Please also cite `boffire/kabyle-verbs` for the upstream data collection. |
|
|
| ## Licence |
|
|
| **CC-BY-4.0.** Free to share, modify, and build upon with proper attribution. |
|
|
