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It will also be useful to compare the main labor market outcomes (employment, informality, temporality, work hours, earnings and hourly wages) between Venezuelan migrants and Ecuadoran workers with the same (nominal) education levels. This com- parison also allows us to examine whether the outcomes of highly educated V... | {
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educational institutions in Venezuela and that migrants are typically pos- itively selected in regards to their origin populations. As a result, it seems reasonable to assume that the educational credentials of Venezuelans are comparable to those of Ecuadoran workers. 8 Usage context: background mention, primary mentio... | {
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7 Figure 1: Map of regions in Ethiopia, location of refugee camps, and refugee source countries. Source: Database of the Global Administrative Areas (GADM) (https: / / gadm. org / data. html, accessed on November 20th, 2020) In Ethiopia, the Refugees and Returnees Services (RRS, former Agency for Refugees and Returnees... | {
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The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ’ s (UNECE) guidelines include a question on reason for migration, population with a refugee-like background and IDPs as non-core topics / questions (UNHCR 2016). 72 While most countries include questions on country of birth and citizenship, only about 40 percent includ... | {
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As can be seen from both panel A and panel B, non-violent conflicts seem to occur slightly more than violent conflicts. On average, the likelihood of violent conflict stands at about 48 %, while this figure increases to 52 % in refugee-hosting areas. Conflicts among more structured and large groups, as captured by the ... | {
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Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The pa... | {
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Responding to the evolving situation, in line with the Return SOP endorsed by the
Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) in February 2012, but also in accordance with the
“Return Policy Framework for IDP from FATA” endorsed by the FATA authorities in 2010, the
Protection Cluster agreed to conduct a series of consultations wit... | {
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The descriptive characteristics of foreign-born and host community households are still comparable, and therefore allow for comparisons between 2013 and 2014. It is possible to make some inferences on welfare changes by looking at changes in host community employment rates and labor market characteristics. Overall, thi... | {
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However, permit-holding status is neither sufficient for, nor necessary to, working in Israel. As of 2019Q4, just under a fifth of West Bank residents had the right to work in Israel and the occupied territories, but almost a quarter among them were not commuting across the border for work. The vast majority of such in... | {
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Data on municipal level requests and approvals for disaster declarations were constructed from
the archives of Mexico's official diary. Data on municipal level Fonden expenditures, and
level. Specifically, we calculate by municipality, from the 2005 population conteo and the 2010 population census, the number of dwel... | {
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In principle, the positive attitudes among many hosts towards refugees, the high degree of cultural similarity between groups, and the willingness of refugees to be engaged in their community are all promising signs for social integration. Yet, even in the Somali domain, where cultural similarity and host attitudes are... | {
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It also increases women ’ s household decision making autonomy but decreases women ’ s ability to decide how their earnings are deployed. The results imply that to be successful, programs to mitigate these adverse effects of conflict on women need to be context specific and rely on data-driven evidence from situations... | {
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The notion that volunteering may affect positively youth ’ s sense of social cohesion has gained policy relevance since the publication of the World Development Report 2013: On Jobs, which stresses that in countries affected by conflict situations, creating the types of productive opportunities that strengthen social c... | {
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For a detailed definition see section 4 Household size Number of people included in the case records of each PA in Individual ProGress dataset Wage Income 1 if the household receives income from employment and / or daily or irregular work Income from remittances 1 if the household receives income from remittances Incom... | {
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The Refugees and Host Communities Household Survey expanded the national Household Consumption and Informal Sector Survey to include a representative sample of refugees and host communities, including Sudanese and host communities located in the east of the country. The remainder of this note is organized as follows. S... | {
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In most other cases, sexual and gender-based violence is a crime of opportunity that is often committed by relatives rather than strangers (Wood 2009, 2006). A study of sexual violence in a pediatric ward in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, showed the predominance of domestic sexual violence over militarized rap... | {
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The household head interviews also provided an opportunity to gather useful household-level information (including assets, housing characteristics, and household head characteristics) to be used as control variables in our analysis. The baseline survey was conducted before participants were informed of the outcome of t... | {
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In the absence of objective measures of these factors at the commune level, we leverage the Afrobarometer [15] surveys to investigate at the individual level the effect of the proximity to gold-mining activities on perceptions of governance and quality of public services.
We use the 2005, 2012, and 2014 rounds of the ... | {
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We find no evidence that Pashtun households are more likely to send their children to Madrassas compared to the rest of the sample, suggesting that geopolitical factors and geographical proximity to Afghanistan matter more than cultural preferences. 16 Similarly there is no evidence for religiosity or household prefere... | {
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Moreover, some refugees may not register because they are unaware that they should, and others may be reluctant to do so because they are skeptical of the integrity of the registration process (e. g. fair access to entitlements or opportunities for durable solutions) or lack confidence in protection measures. Individua... | {
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While most existing theories of madrassa enrollment are based on household attributes (for instance, a preference for religious schooling or the household ’ s access to other schooling options) the data show that among households with at least one child enrolled in a madrassa, 75 percent send their second (and / or thi... | {
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14 % of respondents think that a **go and see visit** prior to the return would be useful. From
those who responded positively, 63 % would like to send community leaders for the go and
see visit, while remaining 37 % male family members.
9 % were aware about some kind of information campaign on the return. It is to be... | {
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integrate into the surrounding community and labor market. Among Eritreans in Afar and Amhara, the share working is 43 percent and 9 percent, respectively. Among workers, Eritreans in Amhara are three times as likely to work for NGOs or RRS, and very few work outside the camp. Box 3.1: Eritrean refugee sample in the SE... | {
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41 Note: Refugee data are from the UNHCR statistical population online dataset, accessed in September 2014. Refugee data from 2007 to 2013 include people in refugee ‐ like situations (see note, Figure 1). IDP data from 1990 to 2008 are aggregated based on Center for Systematic Peace (http: / / www. systemicpeace. org /... | {
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positive long-term integration as it limits long-term scarring effects, such as long- term unemployment or inactivity (Fasani et al., 2022; Slotwinski et al., 2019). Refugee employment after arrival depends on policies in the host country concerning work permits and mobility (Fuller, 2015; World Bank, 2017). On the oth... | {
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The sample households are located within varying distance from the nearest refugee camp (approx. 67 to 76, 665 meters) (see Figure 3). 12DRDIP aims to improve access to basic social services, expand economic opportunities, and enhance environmental management for communities hosting refugees through providing funding f... | {
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13 Second, each individual in the JLMPS restricted sample is matched to the 2010 Jordanian school census. The matching process determines for each individual the number of sex- appropriate public basic and secondary schools per 1, 000 individuals available in the individual ’ s subdistrict of birth when the individual ... | {
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The study: (i) compares the socio- economic profile of refugees with that of the Syrian population before the crisis and with the hosting populations of Jordan and Lebanon; (ii) provides a welfare and vulnerability assessment of Syrian refugees including a poverty profile, the socio-economic characteristics of higher p... | {
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40 Sub ‐ Saharan Africa 8604000 5895000 7055000 5406100 5068000 N. A. MENA 6230000 8000000 6675000 8592900 10892000 N. A. Asia and Pacific 4325000 2405000 3392000 2128800 5490000 N. A. (excl. Australia, Japan, New Zealand) Americas 1126000 1280000 2176000 2900000 3661000 N. A. (excl. North America) Note: Refugee data a... | {
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ICRC ’ s work is based on the Geneva Conventions of 1949, their Additional Protocols, its Statutes — and those of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement — and the resolutions of the International Conferences of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. 84 WFP is the food assistance branch of the United Nations and... | {
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Throughout the war, HLP rights violations has been one
of the main impacts, particularly related to
**secondary/unauthorized occupation, destruction,**
**and confiscation** . Absence of ownership documents
(either due to loss or verbal agreements) increased the
exposure to house, land, and property related
violations... | {
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Bank and Israel and occupied territories strongly suggest that commuters would be differently affected during the pandemic when border closures were enacted. Another unique feature is the presence of a large refugee population in the West Bank and Gaza. However, it is important to note that refugees in this context are... | {
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tanker water. 36 Improved bathing refers private or shared bathtub, shower, separate room for bathing. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total Overcrowded Improved wall Improved roof Percent Figure 2.21: Housing quality Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0... | {
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16 Source: Authors ’ calculations based on data from the High Frequency Surveys of Ethiopia (2017), Nigeria (2018), Somalia (2017), South Sudan (2017) and Sudan (2017). 6. Gender differences in multidimensional poverty Next we examine differences in multidimensional poverty outcomes by the gender of the household head.... | {
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Figure 3. Wealth Index Distribution (a) Wealth Index- Total 0. 05. 1. 15. 2. 25 k-Density- 5 0 5 10 15 Wealth Index Colombian Venezuelan Venezuelan: Before migrating (b) Adequate Housing Materials (% of Total) 0 1 2 3 4 k-Density 0. 2. 4. 6. 8 1 Average- Dwelling Material Colombian Venezuelan Venezuelan: Before migrati... | {
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Death Rates, Adolescent Mothers, and
Children and Adolescents out of school
using primary data from the MSNA and
secondary data sources.
Calculations were refined using qualita
tive information obtained from experts
during needs assessments validation
workshops conducted in Miranda, Zulia,
Falcón, Bolívar, Delta... | {
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Indeed, despite the recent literature rejecting the conflictive impact of refugees in hosting areas (Zhou and Shaver, 2021), the magnitude of our coefficients might be explained by the confounding presence of refugees. Columns (5) and (6) further introduce climatic controls. Column (6) corresponds to Equation 1 and ref... | {
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natural log of a country ’ s population size and government consumption as a share of GDP; the latter is the most widespread measure of government size (Adsera and Boix, 2002; Alesina and Wacziarg, 1998; Rodrik, 1998). Tax compliance is also related to the government ’ s ability to effectively detect and punish tax avoi... | {
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In other contexts, deregistration signifies not the achievement of a durable solution but rather the end of state or international support (IDMC 2015). 33 The absence of a clear and operational approach to defining the ‘ end ’ of internal displacement may be one of the factors behind the continued overall increase in t... | {
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13 Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR). 7 This information has been collected from deponents to the Commission ‘ s statement-taking process. 8 We make use of data on the number of killings that occurred during the war in order to derive patterns and variation of violence in Timor Leste over time a... | {
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Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The pa... | {
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years) ......... 103 Figure D.12: Average annual per capita health expenditure ....................... 103 Figure D.13: Types of disability..................................................................... 104 Figure D.14: Rent expenditure (Refugees and hosts in Addis Ababa) ........ 104 Figure D.15: Hand washing fa... | {
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�������������������������� 108 Figure D.19: Occupation by survey domains ������������������������������������������������� 108 Figure D.20: Work location by survey domains ��������������������������������������������� 108 Figure D.21: Hours per week by survey domains ����������������������������������������� 108 Figure... | {
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................................................ 109 Figure D.25: Total value of livestock ............................................................ 109 Figure D.26: Value per tropical livestock unit ������������������������������������������������ 109 Figure D.27: Household has non-farm business �������������������... | {
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.... 110 Figure D.30: Youth work status by survey domains �������������������������������������� 110 Figure D.31: In-camp refugee locations by ecological Zone ........................ 115 Figure D.32: Refugee’s labor market performance ��������������������������������������� 115 Figure D.33: Economic sector............... | {
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Therefore, the final sample size consisted of 759 youth, of which 473 treatment and 286 comparison. Detailed baseline data were collected through face-to-face interviews from July to September 2015 prior to implementation. The actual implementation varied between projects and ranged between the second half of August an... | {
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The only question included in the WVS related to attitudes towards immigrants - and available for a sufficient number of survey years - is: _On this list are various groups of people.
Using household surveys for 24 countries between 2002 and 2012, we find that in most
<!-- PAGE 24 -->
Deaton, Angus. The analysis of... | {
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10 Finally, we divide the communities based on land scarcity before the 1993 conflict in order to explore the possible role of posterior rules regarding land provision to returnees. Respondents in communities that had more and less pre-war land available have broadly similar attitudes towards return. 4. Research design... | {
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throughout the day prior to the survey day. We develop our own questions around self- worth rather than employing the more standard Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, which we found inappropriate given the Rohingya ’ s recent experiences. Specifically, we construct an index of self-worth from two questions designed to elicit ... | {
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NGOs. Initiatives such as JIPS, a collaborative project of UN and NGO actors, have also been established to support governments and operational organizations to design and implement data collection processes. There are a variety of data sources for generating statistics on forced displacement, each of which has strengt... | {
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**SOUTH SUDAN** | October 2023
#### **CONTEXT**
**YOUNG POPULATION AND PREVALENCE OF DISABILITIES**
South Sudan is a young nation with an average age of 18.8 years. In the absence of an updated census, it is estimated that 1.2
million people, or 16% of the population have disabilities. The most commonly identified d... | {
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In all specifications, conflict incidence correlates nega- tively with country-level economic performance. The estimated coefficients of conflict incidence are statistically significant and negative. We also find that the coefficients 7For a discussion see Henderson et al. (2012). In order to calculate light per capita we use p... | {
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Despite notable disparities in the characteristics of our sample compared to the VenRePS and RAMV samples, understanding the interaction of these attributes within a frame- work of self-selection among migrants into Medellin is challenging. Moreover, it is cru- cial to note two primary distinctions between our survey a... | {
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14 3. Refugees as Agents of Their Own Destiny 3. 1 The Composition of Africa ’ s Refugee Population and Its Consequences One of the first elements that catch the eye in Figure 6 is the difference in the composition of the refugee population in Africa compared to the rest of the world. The share of children and women am... | {
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(Dercon et al 2005; Woldehanna et al 2008)—market shocks related to rising food prices, food shortage, and health shocks appear to be most prevalent (Figure 5.11). High food prices drive the market shocks. Food shortage seems to represent a crucial economic shock among refugees—roughly 31 percent of in-camp refugees ar... | {
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4 single caregivers, are an extremely vulnerable group and especially so if principal applicant is a woman or girl. Moreover, poverty gaps between male and female principal applicant ’ s for these households remain after humanitarian assistance is received. To understand how gender differentiates the poverty experience... | {
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5.1.4 Food security Refugees and hosts perceive that household living standards have deteriorated over time. To capture subjective well-being, the survey asks if the living standard of the household or their community has improved or worsened in the past five years (Figure 5.8a) and in the past 1 year (Figure 5.8b). Ov... | {
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10 inflow). We then use the composite variable as an instrument to identify the causal impact of refugee presence on livelihood diversification and commercialization in host communities. Figure 2: Household livelihood strategy framework under refugee inflow Source: Adapted from Nielsen et al. (2013) and Walelign and Ji... | {
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environment. Any issues discovered during these monitoring visits were brought to the attention of service providers and resolved swiftly in conjunction with the project coordination team at MoGD. Eligibility: The EPAG program was targeted to young women who: i) were age 16 to 27, ii) possessed basic literacy and numer... | {
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Similarly, regional representation of the sample was found to be in line with actual regional distribution of the population in the north. 16 The code of the day is the sum of the two figures of the date, i. e. if it ’ s the 25th of August the code of the day is 2 + 5 = 7. The enumerater will chose house number 7 as a ... | {
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The weight given to each province in constructing the synthetic control is based on pre-treatment outcomes. We use the pre-treatment average of the outcome dimension, Y, the unemployment rate, employment rate and the import and export per capita of the province to determine the degree of similarity between control grou... | {
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Journal on Education in Emergencies, Inter-agency Network for Education in References 80 References Emergencies, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.33682/f1wr-yk6y. Ravallion, M. (1998). Poverty Lines in Theory and Practice: Living Standards Measurement Study. LSMS Working Paper, Issue 133. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curat... | {
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12 though somewhat lower than that of the Turkish at 30- 50 percent. Child labor is also quite prevalent, though there have been extensive efforts made to ensure that refugee children attend school. 19 Publicly available information on refugees comes from an AFAD survey of 2, 700 households in June and July 2013. Figur... | {
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6 3. Data Sources and Methods 3. 1. Administrative data on educational outcomes in Italy Two administrative data sources represent the backbone of this paper. These are the administrative data obtained from the Ministry of Education (MoE) for academic years 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023- 24, and standardized test score dat... | {
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A growing number of low and middle-income countries have tried to improve the law enforcement response to gender-based violence by training professionals, reorganizing police and courts, and trying to provide a more comprehensive response to survivors. Evidence of effectiveness is relatively limited; most well-evaluate... | {
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As expected the positive correlation between refugee flows and 2011 school attendance rates is significant at the one percent significance level (controlling for the gender, age and education composition of a subregion the point estimate is- 0. 17). Even once we instrument for refugee flows the correlation remains sign... | {
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also face high turnover of teachers as they take on better-paid jobs (UNHCR, 2017). Secondary education, on the other hand, is provided for refugees in camp-based refugee schools and in government administered public schools, with support from UNHCR’s NGO partner (Development and Inter-Church Aid Commission, DICAC). Th... | {
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2 International migration — the movement of people across national borders — has important economic, social, and political implications. Despite the recent emergence of a dynamic literature, empirical analysis of migration flows and their impact lags behind the policy debate and the theoretical literature. The main rea... | {
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The report focuses on intent-to-treat (ITT) estimates, measuring the impact of offering volunteering opportunities and soft skills training independently of actual take-up. 9 We estimate the following individual-level intent-to-treat regression: 𝑌 ௧ ൌ 𝛼 + 𝜇 𝛽𝑇௧ + 𝛾𝐷 + 𝛿ሺ𝑇 ∗ 𝐷ሻ ௧ + 𝜀 ௧ (1) where �... | {
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Page 8 of 51 In the 9 cases mentioned, it was possible to identify part-time workers, while temporary workers were only identified in the cases of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and El Salvador. 4. 1. 1 Variation of the NSE as a percentage of total employment The prevalence of NSE in the total employment has not show... | {
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www.gasflaretracker.ng](http://www.gasflaretracker.ng/) has the geographic coordinates of each flaring point in Nigeria as well as monthly estimates of the flare volume from each location.
satellite-detected estimates with the official estimates reported by the Department of Petroleum
Resources [DPR] (2018). The sat... | {
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The household and family dynamics in Liberia, as in other African settings, can be complex, with families often sending their children to live with relatives who are more able to provide for their schooling and basic needs. Young parents, in particular, often leave home to migrate for work, leaving their children back ... | {
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We use two main data sources for our estimation of a poverty line for Brazil: the 2017/18 Household Budget Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familares; POF) and the Brazilian Table of Food Composition (Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos; TBCA). POF is a nationally representative semiregular survey on income and ... | {
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23 86 % of the IDPs, 91 % of the refugees and 88 % of the returnees are confident or fully confident that a coalition like this would be capable of providing security. Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. In an open-ended question on who can be trusted most when it comes to ensuring security in the North... | {
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Having experienced the work task and therefore able to realistically value the work, we offer individuals in the employment arm an additional [surprise] week of work at a series of wages following the incentivized Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) method. We inform participants that we have a limited amount of funds remaini... | {
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11 there is another data source that provides independent information on conflict events. The Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Conflict Encyclopedia Database (UCDP) provides similar information that spans the time period of interest. In contrast, UCDP data is not available for Liberia- so each country draws on similar bu... | {
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under the Out-of-Camp Policy (OCP) constitute 5 and 12 percent of the sample, respectively (Figure 2.1). More than 30 percent of refugees in camps are born in Ethiopia (Figure 2.2). Somali refugees have a higher share of refugees born in Ethiopia (38 percent). According to UNHCR estimates (2023)12, around 1.9 million c... | {
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recently introduced the first version of their Global Internal Displacement Database (GIDD) that allows users to explore, filter and sort IDMC ’ s data to produce graphs and tables, and export underlying data. 102 Such platforms need to incorporate safeguards to protect the privacy and confidentiality of individuals ’ ... | {
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Most papers with few exceptions use standard OLS estimators or some of its variants (Table 2). Two papers use general equilibrium models (Bodvarsson, Van den Berg, and Lewer 2008; Hercowitz and Yashiv 2002) and two papers simply compare means between treated and non-treated groups resulting in simple difference estimat... | {
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months” and “last 12 months” as references. Imputed rent for owner-occupied houses is calculated by the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS) team and is included in the consumption expenditure data shared with the Bank team. Spatial and temporal price deflators adjust for price variations across time and space. First, n... | {
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**Annex 12: CAT DDO Trigger Conditions and Drawdown Procedure**
The CAT DDO facility may be drawn down upon declaration of a state of natural disaster by the Council of Ministers, provided that the macroeconomic trigger conditions specified in the Loan Agreement are satisfied. The declaration must be accompanied by a ... | {
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Additionally, local and
upstream shares of forest cover are measured using satellite data from the European Space Agency.
###### 3. Empirical Strategy
Our econometric specification uses a panel fixed-effects model to link data on droughts to data on
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Consequently, they may fear detection by authorities when asked to respond to surveys or participate in public initiatives. 1 Furthermore, collective repre- sentative and longitudinal data on forcibly displaced migrants, a population with high mobility rates, is difficult and costly (Ib ´ a ˜ nez et al. 2024). This com... | {
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26 Buller et al. (2016) conducted a mixed methods study in Ecuador, combining secondary analysis from a field experiment on the impact of a transfer program on IPV with in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with male and female beneficiaries. The qualitative component aimed to better understand the mechanisms... | {
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This database lists seven categories: refugees, asylum-seekers, returned refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returned IDPs, stateless persons and others of concern. For each group the database provides yearly information about their composition by loca- tion of residence and origin. We exploit only the data ... | {
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refugee situation and to devise policy directions. The SESRE covers three types of groups: (i) refugees in camps; (ii) refugees out-of-camps in Addis Ababa; and (iii) host communities; all of which require a distinct sampling procedure. The sampling frame for refugee camps is based on UNHCR’s proGRES database. SESRE is... | {
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Appendix A Data Appendix A. 1 Linking Ethnic Data from Africa (LEDA) LEDA offers an interface — a language tree — to flexibly link ethnic groups from different databases to each other and calculate the linguistic distances between them. LEDA is currently structured around lists of ethnic groups from 12 original dataset... | {
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Due to the variations in weight and height ratios among children and adolescents according to gender and age, the benchmarks for determining nutritional status are specifically tailored to these factors. We adhere to WHO guidelines to calculate the standardized BMI values for minors. A BMI exceeding one standard deviat... | {
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which increases significantly under both treatment arms. In other words, the psychosocial value to employment appears to be driven largely by the non-pecuniary dimensions of the employment experience. 5. 4 Impacts of employment on reported physical health, cognitive function, and economic decision-making The positive eff... | {
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17 significant for both selected and non-selected youth (see the 𝛽 𝛿 estimate and the 𝛽 estimate for columns 2 & 3). Lack of results also holds for specification 3, where imputing missing data with upper and lower bound estimates to account for the potential bias introduced by attrition did not alter the lack of i... | {
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NGOs. Initiatives such as JIPS, a collaborative project of UN and NGO actors, have also been established to support governments and operational organizations to design and implement data collection processes. There are a variety of data sources for generating statistics on forced displacement, each of which has strengt... | {
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Figure 2. Location of Households in the VenReP-Kids Sample Notes: The figure depicts the exact geographic location of all the households in the VenRePs-Kids study. Green and blue dots depict the location of Colombian and Venezuelan households, respectively. The map in the upper right corner illustrates the location of ... | {
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Operators/Assemblers Craf/Related Trade Workers Skilled Agricultural Workers Service/Sales Workers Clerical Support Workers Tech/Associate Professionals Managers/Professionals Percent Figure D.19: Occupation by survey domains Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Eritrean Somali... | {
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UNHS. Data were collected over a 12-month period. The sample used in this paper is
characteristics also differ between the two groups. Table 1 summarizes relevant socio
economic and child anthropometric variables by ownership and per capita consumption
8
<!-- PAGE 11 -->
expenditure terciles for the 2005/06 UNHS ... | {
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13 degree of group bias. Thus, should the program reduce bias, 𝜓𝜓7 < 0. 𝑋𝑋is the same 𝑛𝑛 × 𝑘𝑘 matrix of control variables. 𝜓𝜓 is a 𝑘𝑘 × 1 vector of regression coefficients; and 𝜔𝜔 is the idiosyncratic error. We employ two small deviations from these approaches to produce the full set of results. First of ... | {
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Cross-sectoral programming designed to meet families ’ holistic needs would also increase the odds of maternal and child well-being, including increasing provision of cash transfers through BISP, expanding access to ECE programs, ensuring food availability and affordability for mothers, and implementing emergency-respo... | {
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There are different ways to arrive at a value for housing services consumed by nonrenters, which have different advantages and disadvantages (see Deaton and Zaidi, 2002). In POF, households that own their dwelling (even if still paying the mortgage) or that
_Temporal and spatial price adjustment._ To make the consumpt... | {
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Notes: The table displays the mean and standard deviations of several characteristics of all students
matched in the ENILEMS-ENLACE (column 1), students that reported to be in college (column 2),
out of college (column 3) or employed (column 4). Data: ENILEMS-ENLACE panel.
30
<!-- PAGE 33 -->
Table 3: OLS - ENLACE... | {
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.00994 (0.0263) (0.0442) (0.0501) (0.0478) Private Upper Secondary 0.113*** -0.0962 0.0606 -0.0842 (0.0320) (0.0649) (0.0736) (0.0653) Urban resident 0.269*** 0.0373 0.0944* 0.137** (0.0375) (0.0472) (0.0535) (0.0566) | {
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The age categories are 15 – 19, 20 – 24, 25 – 29, 30 – 34, 35 – 39, 40 – 44, 45 – 49, 50 – 54, 55 – 59, and 60 – 64 years. There are 183 groups since we exclude groups containing less than 40 observations. 24 An additional advantage of the IV approach is that it helps deal with measurement problems. Despite the improve... | {
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