input stringlengths 112 2.1k | output dict |
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | The World Bank Economic Review 221 Accordingly, the primary sample will be restricted to villages that are homogeneous in grain production of rice or wheat; in these villages, there is no evidence that quota quantity is endogenously det... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | as procurement, contracting and other project management tasks are the centralized responsibilities of the PNAS implementing agency, beneficiary participation is limited and decentralized decision-making restricted. The project's effort... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | marketing board at low prices. The surplus thus generated was funneled to estate owners in the form of soft loans, thus providing an implicit subsidy that reinforced the dualistic structure of the country’s agriculture (Kydd and Christi... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Project Appraisal Document Annex 10 Burmndi - Second Social Action Project Page 2 of 3 _Burundi_ **PRICES and GOVERNMENT FINANCE** **1976** **1986** 1996 **1997** **Inflation (%)** _Oomestic prices_ 3 (% _change)_ **30_** _ Consumerpric... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | and protections, and by supporting the Shirika Plan, [ 9] which seeks to create integrated settlements where refugees can live, access social services, and work alongside Kenyans. **B. Sectoral and Institutional Context*** 1 Kenya Econo... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | system with extended supply chain modules to ensure end-to-end visibility; and (c) strengthening governance and accountability, including development and implementation of an accountability dashboard that provides visibility of the proc... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **III.** **Offline Identification** Since the registration process for returnees uses Scope instead of ProGres, the identification of Persons with Specific Needs (PSNs), primarily returnees, was conducted using offline documentation thr... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | from Natural Catastrophes,” in E. Shafir (ed.), _Behavioral Foundations of_ _Policy_, Princeton University Press. Kunreuther, H., Michel-Kerjan, E. (2009). _At War with the Weather._ Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. Kunreuther, H., Michel-Ker... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | is based on a stratified two-stage cluster sample design. The total sample size is approximately 3,200 households. The data are nationally-representative, and are also representative at the level of the major agro ecological zones and f... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | ### **1 Introduction** Climate change is likely to alter the water cycle over southern Africa and, by extension, affect water availability and the frequency and severity of extreme events such as droughts, floods, and cyclones. Climate ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | from Tanzania in general, were not changed by dropping the extreme yield values from the sample. _Kenya_ The Kenya data contains 3,152 maize plots of 814 maize producing households from 2 waves of the panel survey in Kenya in 2004 and 2... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | and marginalized members of the host community.** This is further supported by data collected through the GBVIMS in 2021 which indicates that the percentage of incidents of possible sexual exploitation reported is 2%, while in 2020 neve... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Chad Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project (P179238) of stakeholders, including independent civil society organizations, reinforcing CE to enhance transparency in the execution of project activities, and worki... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Table 7: Input elasticities from household fixed effects estimations. **Full data set** **Core 90 data** Elasticity t-score Elasticity t-score **Malawi** Yield -0.226 [a] -18.04 -0.222 [a] -12.69 Household labor -0.043 [a ] -6.95 -0.064... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Ongoing land-cover change and land-use processes compromise households’ main livelihood strategies, reduce their adaptation alternatives, and thus increase their vulnerability. Yet the lack of consistent and reliable land-use informatio... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | humanitarian assistance from accessing assistance or services, notably due to their legal or immigration status, their nationality or the absence of a nationality, and/or sexual orientation as well. Adding to this, data triangulated wit... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **NANGADE** **Forced displacement/returns, and relocation.** According to [Nangande RNA, people living in the](https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/nangade-intersectoral-rapid-needs-assessment-report-2) Nangade sede IDP site are left... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | (2013) ‘Statistics on national urban sewage treatment facilities in China (全国 投运城镇污水处理设施清单)’, pp. 1–204. Available at: http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201305/W020130508476747765965.pdf. Mumbengegwi, D., Li, T. and Muhoza, J. P. (2018... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | from different activities. In addition to the information collected by IDPs from local employers, the State Employment Agency and the mentors will share additional information that is available about the local labor market and broader n... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | The survey data indicates that refugee households with members with health-related issues (or specific needs related to health) are more economically vulnerable than others in Uganda. Indeed, they spent 26 percent less on food and 24 pe... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | structure or marginal prices associated with their energy consumption. But the marginal and average prices are eventually related to one another (e.g., Wilder and Willenborg 1975; Terza and Welch 1982; Nauges and van den Berg 2009). 7 T... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Population Data Analysis - April 2022 **Overview** As of the end of April 2022, Southern Africa hosts around **7.8 million persons of concern (PoCs) to** UNHCR. This includes 1.1 million refugees and asylum-seekers, 6.7 million internal... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Chad COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Project (P173894) |of which IBRD/IDA|16.95| |---|---| |**Financing Gap**|0.00<br>| |World Bank Group Financing|Col2| |---|---| |International Development Association (... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Chinese exports to the world decreased by 17 percent year-on-year from January-February 2019 to January-February 2020, while Chinese imports declined by 4 percent year-on-year (World Bank, 2020b). [5] As Covid-19 cases increased and Chi... | {
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... |
specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | social protection system investments that will support the achievement of the project objectives. Specifically, the component will finance effective and efficient implementation of the expanded PNSF program targeting and delivery system... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | The World Bank Economic Review 231 A Case Study of Rural Labor Market Linkages in China.” _Agricultural Economics_ : 203–18. Huang, Y. 1998. _Agricultural Reform in China: Getting Institutions Right_ . Cambridge: Cambridge University Pr... | {
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... |
specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | wealth quintile latest available, selected countries (2014) |Col1|Col2| |---|---| ||| |Col1|Col2| |---|---| ||| |Col1|Col2| |---|---| ||| |Col1|Col2| |---|---| ||| _Source:_ Authors’ estimates based on MICS2014/15. _Source:_ Authors on ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | one million were internally displaced. Conflicts typically lead people to flee their homes and even country in an effort to escape the violence. In the case of BiH, however, the displacement of whole communities was not simply a side ef... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | multilateral donors, but also depends on national development planning. Opportunities focus therefore on donors and the Government of Mozambique. While some barriers can be addressed by either the donors or the Government of Mozambique,... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | increase after 1991, and the quota price likewise increases, though more slowly. Cross-village variation in quota price is relatively limited, while the cross-village variation in market price is more substantial. Figure 1c shows mean i... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | of these government policies and functions as a device to transfer rents from cane farmers to processors. In India’s tropical state of Andhra Pradesh (AP), private sugar processors issue ‘permits’ to selected cane growers a few weeks be... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Figure 2: The use of carbon pricing (top) and green bonds (bottom) has evolved with similar spatial distributions. Countries are increasingly using both instruments jointly to finance their low-carbon transitions. Data sources: World Ba... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | At the other end of the spectrum is evidence which finds causal impacts between precipitation and agriculture (Auffhammer _et al._ 2006; Rowhani _et al_ . 2011; Fishman 2016; Lesk et al. 2016; Zaveri, Russ and Damania 2018); industry an... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | level, inequitable geographic health outcomes, shortages of HRH, parallel health services for refugees with limited county engagement, and suboptimal availability and use of data. By investing in high impact activities the project will ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | ## COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS Using the IRC human resources and organizational systems, the cash-only treatment arm cost US $762 per participant while cash grants + mentorship cost US$1,181 - $1,182 per participant. In order to drive i... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | have a larger direct impact on consumers due to the larger share of food in total household consumption, oil prices may have larger multiplier effects than food prices because oil-related products are used as intermediary products in ma... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | by their high need for basic necessities like food, water, and shelter. The intention to remain may also be linked to respondents’ demographic profiles: most are women who are traveling with children in their care and, hence, likely to ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | two to three weeks before they left for New Zealand. The RSE program as a whole had a quota of 5,000 workers for the first year, with an effort to ensure at least half came from Pacific Island countries. However, there were no explicit ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | data are collected, stored, and used. Kebele IDs also collect a significant amount of<br>personal data, including ethnicity. However, the limited digitization and decentralized management of these<br>data limit the scale of risk of brea... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Projected increasing temperatures and rainfall variability are predicted to increase habitat suitability and seasonal transmission in traditionally low malaria risk areas such as the Central highlands and Nairobi. Women, children, and p... | {
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"name": [
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... |
specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | may hence not necessarily reflect the actual situation in neighbouring countries. 28. UNHCR, [Mediterranean Situation Dashboard, accessed 13 January 2019.](https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean) 29. Primary countries of or... | {
"entities": {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | shock during the mother’s pregnancy (1st, 2nd, or 3rd trimester) counting backwards from the time of the birth. Between 1999 and 2008, 7.215 million births occurred in Colombia. The analysis sample is limited to rural areas, 1.498 milli... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | their adherence to these policies, ensuring that commitments translate into tangible improvements in refugees' lives. Without stronger enforcement mechanisms and political will, these progressive frameworks risk remaining symbolic rathe... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Chad COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Project (P173894) |Number of communication campaigns<br>about COVID-19 broadcast to<br>communities|Number of awareness<br>communications<br>campaigns conducted|weekly|... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | on the one originally proposed by Binswanger, Deininger and Feder (1995), and not dissimilar from the approach used by several others including, most recently, Barrett et al. (2010). We estimate the following function at the household l... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | | Provision of technical support on education to Regional<br>Durable Solutions Secretariat (ReDSS) framework at<br>regional and national level|Col2|Col3| |---|---|---| |_Education Data_:<br> UNHCR together with the education working g... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | exports of these commodities. Livestock is another important sector. In Chad, which is the fourth largest producer in Africa (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO, 2021), there are 43.7 million goats, 41.8 millio... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | which will enable the Committee to compare the before and after situation for project participants. Data after training program completion will be collected by the M&E Specialist and if additional data collection support is needed, SCRI... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM January - December 2021 **Age and Gender breakdown of all Children by Country of** **Arrival** Accompanied children – Age breakdown Among the 2,170 accompanied children who arrived in Bulgaria, Greece and Malta in ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | substantial rehabilitation, partly due to damages done during the civil war, and limited means to collect and process data results in data inconsistencies and inadequate coverage. Equally important is the timely provision of climate inf... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | are included, which is above the reported national average (0.63 percent). There is significant variability in land use in the region. This study demonstrates the feasibility of multitemporal medium-resolution remote sensing data to pro... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | of land-use data have therefore been limited due to limited agricultural production, technical challenges, and slow adoption of remote sensing monitoring systems. Despite its relevance for human development and poverty alleviation, ther... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | on the relative share of gas and other alternative energy products in total household budget. For example, households that spend larger share of their consumption budget on energy could see greater impact from the gas price increase. Al... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | to infrastructure) index, starting with the poorest. He would then select the final quarter of the communes from the index of returnees, starting with those with the highest proportion of returnees in the population. If any of the same ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | and Kilis. Relief International, _Rapid Needs_ _Assessment Report Türkiye Earthquake Response_ [, 20 February 2023, https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/98954](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/98954) 6 Ibid. & IOM, _Tü... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | children (54%), followed by the Syrian Arab Republic (19%), Somalia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Egypt (5% each). In 2021, national authorities across the EU issued 150,975 first instance decisions on child asylum applications. Of these, ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | and Zliten. This was also found in two other studies on smuggling in the region, published in December 2017 and March 2018 [16] respectively. ##### **Decreased departures, smuggling hubs still functioning** **All key informants in the c... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | reasons for unemployment included language barrier (42%), lack of employment opportunities (22%), lack of childcare (5%), and challenges related to education recognition (4%). [16] Language barrier was consistently identified as the mai... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Strengthening Insitutions for Refugee Administration Project (P165542) provide social services and livelihood opportunities to refugees through country systems. Pakistan is active in regional and global partnerships o... | {
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... |
specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | households for which we do not have both measures for all plots. To investigate whether this may be a factor invalidating our main findings we re-estimated model (2) using the entire sample, and tested (a) whether the group means of pre... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **3.2.** **Earthquake Exposure** The spatial locations of WWTPs with respect to two return period PGA (250‐ and 2475‐year) surfaces and liquefaction susceptibility are presented in Figure 6 below. **Figure 6:** WWTP facility locations w... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Greening, LA. 2004. "Effects of human behavior on aggregate carbon intensity of personal transportation: Comparison of 10 OECD Countries for the Period 1970-1993." Economics Energy. Vol. 26, No. 1: 1-3 Greening, LA, M Ting, and WB Davis... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | -6.84 -0.65 -3.14 -13.28 Shinyanga 8.66 -7.66 1.29 -1.41 -14.66 Western zone 6.96 -0.57 -4.04 -5.32 -9.47 Kigoma 4.64 -0.36 -4.18 -4.92 -10.50 Rukwa 2.32 -1.00 -3.78 -6.08 -7.48 Central zone 7.83 -5.39 -0.11 0.05 -10.19 Dodoma 3.07 -6.4... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | paper ID cards with basic physical security features will be issued for free in the first instance with the possibility of charging nominal fees for replacements and for these fees to be waived for vulnerable populations. These credenti... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | REGIONAL BUREAU SOUTHERN AFRICA **PERSONS OF CONCERN INVOLVED IN CROSS BORDER MOVEMENTS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA** As of 30 April 2022 Data sources: UNHCR PRIMES. For more information or to contribute, please contact UNHCR RBSA DIMA (rsarbdim... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | Random assignment would allow us to obviate concerns about potentially omitted variables which may be biasing our estimates of **D(∙)**, and with sufficiently large sample size a general form relationship for a given household of type *... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | population in Yemen including nationals and non-nationals, medical and emergency personnel, laboratory and testing facilities, and health agencies across the country. In 2018, the total estimated population size was 28.9 million, [13] i... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Integrated Cash Transfer and Human Capital Project (P166220) 70. The general accounting principles for the project will be as follow: (i) project accounting will cover all sources and uses of project funds, including ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | explanations. 3. **Accounting and staffing arrangement for the project.** The GoE’s accounting policies (modified cash basis) and procedures will apply to the project. Separate accounts for the project will be maintained at the PMO. NID... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | sold as quota sales between around 1985 and 1993; grain quotas fall rapidly in this period, accounting for the fact that the percentage of total output constituted by the quota in this sample, observed between 1993 and 2002, is lower. W... | {
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... |
specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **REFERENCES** Basist A et al., 2001. Using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager to monitor surface wetness. _Journal of Hydrometeorology_ 2: 297–308. Cline WR, 1996. The impact of global warming on agriculture: Comment. _American_ _Econ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | literacy than those who do not apply, are less likely to have drunk kava or alcohol in the last month than non-applicants. The small group of non-applicants who work for pay have higher hours worked and earnings than the group of applic... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | - **Research on the situation of refugee and migrant children turning 18 in Italy** : joint initiative by IOM, UNCHR and UNICEF. - **Information management system for the placement of refugee and migrant UASC in Greece** : UNCEF support... | {
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"United Nations Country Team (UNCT)"
... |
specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | strengthen the supply of basic services. **PDO Level Indicators** 22. Key outcome indicators: _Outcome Name: Support an enhanced social safety nets system to facilitate expansion of coverage_ - Beneficiaries of SSN programs 15 The Board... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | expertise on migration and included law enforcement officials, mukhtars, civil society representatives and activists, smugglers and humanitarian aid workers. In addition to a total of 32 key informant interviews, 75 in-depth semi-struct... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | are aware of. Using a different modelling approach and plot-level data from a single Tunisian village, they fi nd, paradoxically, that crop yield is a decreasing function of the frequency of landlord visits to the tenant. 14 The fi xed ... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | the overall level of access to basic education in Sudan has been stagnant over the past decade.** GER has been stagnant and low compared to other comparator countries: 72 percent (2008/09) and 73 percent (2016/17). According to the data... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | welfare. It is this situation that we analyze in the paper. We also analyze how the choice of discount rates can affect project choice at the country level, as well as the impact of including local pollution damages as a cost (or reduce... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | of smallholders, the survey also includes estates. While estates were drawn from a nation-wide list, [11] smallholder farms to be sampled were selected in two stages: In a first stage, enumeration areas (EAs) were randomly selected by d... | {
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specificity: named | descriptive | vague usage: primary | supporting | background | **The World Bank** Chad Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project (P179238) **OVERALL ECONOMIC RESULTS** 22. **The overall estimated benefits of ProAGRI have been aggregated using the economic results of the** **identified benefit s... | {
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