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FEMs O
all O
showed O
high O
accuracy S-CHAR
in O
predicting O
residual B-PRO
stress E-PRO
and O
distortion S-CONPRI
. O
This O
study O
aims O
to O
advance O
the O
structural B-CHAR
analysis E-CHAR
of O
wire B-MANP
and I-MANP
arc I-MANP
additive I-MANP
manufacturing E-MANP
( O
WAAM S-MANP
) O
by O
considering O
the O
thermomechanical S-CONPRI
features O
inherent O
in O
direct B-MANP
energy I-MANP
deposition E-MANP
. O
Simulation S-ENAT
approaches O
including O
the O
iterative O
substructure O
method O
( O
ISM O
) O
, O
dynamic S-CONPRI
mesh O
refining O
method O
( O
DMRM O
) O
, O
and O
graphics O
processing O
unit O
( O
GPU O
) O
based O
explicit O
finite B-CONPRI
element I-CONPRI
method E-CONPRI
( O
FEM S-CONPRI
) O
were O
developed O
for O
accelerating O
additive B-MANP
manufacturing E-MANP
stress O
analysis O
that O
is O
very O
time O
consuming O
by O
conventional O
numerical O
methods O
. O
The O
residual B-PRO