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( O
2 O
) O
pore S-PRO
formation O
due O
to O
depression O
zone O
fluctuation O
when O
the O
depression O
zone O
is O
shallow O
and O
( O
3 O
) O
pore S-PRO
formation O
from O
a O
crack O
. O
The O
results O
presented O
here O
provide O
direct O
evidence O
and O
insight O
into O
pore S-PRO
formation O
mechanisms O
during O
the O
LPBF S-MANP
process O
, O
which O
may O
guide O
the O
development O
of O
pore S-PRO
elimination/mitigation O
approaches O
. O
Since O
certain O
laser B-CONPRI
processing E-CONPRI
conditions O
studied O
here O
are O
similar O
to O
the O
situations O
in O
high O
energy B-PARA
density E-PARA
laser O
welding S-MANP
, O
the O
results O
presented O
here O
also O
have O
implications O
for O
laser B-MANP
welding E-MANP
. O
The O
processes S-CONPRI
of O
ultrasonic B-MANP
spot I-MANP
welding E-MANP
and O
ultrasonic B-MANP
additive I-MANP
manufacturing E-MANP