source stringlengths 36 80 | text stringlengths 51 500 |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#0 | Wikipedia
Wikipedia[b] is a free online encyclopedia, written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki. Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#1 | ][4]
Initially available only in English, Wikipedia now exists in over 340 languages. The English Wikipedia, with over 6 million articles, remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 64 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (abo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#2 | m the United States, while Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany and Russia each account for around 5%.[5]
Wikipedia has been praised for enabling the democratization of knowledge, its extensive coverage, unique structure, and culture. Wikipedia has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#3 | edia has been criticized for systemic bias, such as a gender bias against women and geographical bias against the Global South (Eurocentrism).[8][9] While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward.[3][10][11] Artic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#4 | collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success.[14] Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process.[15] It was founded on Mar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#5 | or-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia.[1][16] Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman.[W 2] Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly ed... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#6 | 001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.[W 5]
Launch and rapid growth
Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001[15] (referred to as Wikipedia Day) as a single English language edition with the domain name www.wikipedia.com,[W 6] and was announced by Sanger on... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#7 | "neutral point-of-view"[W 7] was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia.[17] Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business.[20]
Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search eng... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#8 | pedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made in Chin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#9 | lack of control, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002.[W 10] Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org.[22][W 11]
After an early period of exponential growth,[23] ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#10 | ly 2007.[24] The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.[W 12] A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcom... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#11 | d "low-hanging fruit"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.[25][26][27]
In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it l... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#12 | and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.[30] Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology.[31] Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#13 | Review article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae.[33] In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators was also in decline.[34] I... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#14 | internal crisis."[35] The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline.[36][37]
Milestones
In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks.[38] With 42.9 million unique visitors, it w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#15 | hen Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors.[39] In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month.[W 13] On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore".[40] As... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#16 | kipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through "stigmergic accumulation".[42][43]
On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress—the Stop Online Piracy ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#17 | out explanation page that temporarily replaced its content.[45][W 14]
In January 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, an asteroid, was named after Wikipedia;[46] in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the Wikipedia Monument;[47] and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as Print Wikiped... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#18 | f the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash.[49][50] In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Wikipedia had been encoded into synthetic DNA.[51]
On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indica... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#19 | of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent."[52] Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#20 | p Wikipedia users."[52] When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky, associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the se... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#21 | bsite globally.[53] As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals,[54] from which cloud computing was the most cited page.[55]
On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called "Vector 2022".[56][57] It featured a redesigned menu bar, moving... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#22 | .[57][W 15] The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Wikipedia unanimously voted to revert the changes.[56][58]
Openness
Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Wikipedia follows the procrastination principle regarding the security of its content, meaning that it waits until a problem ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#23 | troduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.[W 16] On the English Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees.[... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#24 | med" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it.[W 17] A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators can make changes.[W 18] A 2021 article in the Columbia Journalism Review identified Wikipedia's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regula... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#25 | itors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Wikipedia maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews.[W 19] Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012.[62] Under this system, new and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#26 | ublished.[63] However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community.[64]
Review of changes
Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Wikipedia's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#27 | on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes.[W 20] "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.[W 21]
In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low tr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#28 | asy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction".[66]
Vandalism
Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include ad... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#29 | ess common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively.[W 22]
O... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#30 | 9] However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair.[70]
In the Seigenthaler biography incident, an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[70] ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#31 | Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University, called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.[71][72] After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#32 | raphical articles of living people.[73]
Disputes and edit warring
Wikipedia editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring".[W 23][74] It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#33 | iated with traditional masculine gender roles.[77][78] Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes,[79][80] the influence of rival editing camps,[81][82] the conversational structure,[83] and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources.[84][85]
Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#34 | most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Wikipedia. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The Englis... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#35 | or the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering Croatia, Scientology, and 9/11 conspiracy theories.[87] In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Wikipedia.[88]
Editors... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#36 | is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies.[89]
Policies and content
Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws (in particular, copyright laws) of the United States and of the US state of Virginia, where the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#37 | and Privacy Policy; some of the main rules are that contributors are legally responsible for their edits and contributions, that they should follow the policies that govern each of the independent project editions, and they may not engage in activities, whether legal or illegal, that may be harmful to other users.[W 26... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#38 | dation".[W 28]
The fundamental principles of the Wikipedia community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content.[W 29] The five pillars are:
- Wikipedia is an encyclopedia
- Wikipedia is written fr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#39 | t each other with respect and civility
- Wikipedia has no firm rules
The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus.[90] Editors can enforce the rules by deleting or modifying non-compliant... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#40 | sh Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent.[W 19]
Content policies and guidelines
According to the rules on the English Wikipedia community, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style.[W 31] A topic should also meet Wikipedia's standar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#41 | ces that are independent of the article's subject.[W 32] Further, Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized.[W 33] It must not present original research.[W 34] A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source, as do all quotations.[W 31] Among... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#42 | , are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.[W 35] This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced.[91] Finally, Wikipedia must not take sides.[W 36] As Wikipedia policies changed over time, and became ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#43 | olicy pages and 449 guideline pages.[92]
Governance
Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time.[93][94] An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.[W 37]
Administrators
Editors in good standing in the communit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#44 | n choose to run for "adminship",[95] which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes.[W 38] Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that ha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#45 | editors from making unproductive edits.[W 38]
By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous.[96] In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#46 | as when granting privileges to human editors. Such algorithmic governance has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Wikipedia editors.[92]
Dispute resolution
Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#47 | nion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment",[W 23] in which bots add the discussion to a centralized list of discussions, invite editors to participate, and remove the discussion from the list after 30 days.[W 39] However, editors have the discretion to close (and del... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#48 | nding—may render a verdict from the strength of the arguments presented and then the numbers of arguers on each side.[98] Wikipedians emphasize that the process is not a vote by referring to statements of opinion in such discussions as "!vote"s, in which the exclamation mark is the symbol for logical negation and prono... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#49 | ies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field.[100] Joseph Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers.[100]: 62 A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#50 | e resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted.[101]
Statistical analyses suggest that the English Wikipedia committee ignores th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#51 | ake peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate.[101] Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policie... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#52 | of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%).[101] Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and antisocial behavior.[W 40] When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing pol... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#53 | cated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate.[103] Wikipedia's community has been described as cultlike,[104] although not always with entirely negative connotations.[105] Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disre... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#54 | ovide identification.[106] As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked there.[107] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#55 | t of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."[109] This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.[110]
The... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#56 | ve if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days.[W 42] Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#57 | a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references".[111] Editors who do not log in are in some sense "second-class citizens" on Wikipedia,[111] as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserv... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#58 | us unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.[112]
Studies
A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who reg... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#59 | users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits."[108] However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Wikipedia content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#60 | that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others,[114] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.[115] According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#61 | contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female.[117] Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Wikipedia contributors.[118] Similarly, many of these universities, includ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#62 | Andrew Lih, a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior".[119] Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors.[120]... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#63 | 2%)
- Spanish (3.1%)
- Italian (3%)
- Polish (2.6%)
- Egyptian Arabic (2.5%)
- Chinese (2.3%)
- Japanese (2.3%)
- Ukrainian (2.1%)
- Vietnamese (2%)
- Waray (2%)
- Arabic (1.9%)
- Portuguese (1.9%)
- Persian (1.6%)
- Catalan (1.2%)
- Other (32.0%)
There are currently 342 language editions of Wikipedia (also called lang... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#64 | , French, Swedish, and Dutch Wikipedias.[W 44] The second and fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot Lsjbot, which as of 2013[update] had created about half the articles on the Swedish Wikipedia, and most of the articles in the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias. The latter are both languages... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#65 | Italian, Polish, Egyptian Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Waray, Arabic, and Portuguese), seven more have over 500,000 articles (Persian, Catalan, Indonesian, Serbian, Korean, Norwegian, and Turkish), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000.[W 45][W 44] The largest, the English Wikiped... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#66 | ic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic.[W 46]
-
Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2020
-
Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2020
Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#67 | es may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color)[W 47] or points of view.[W 48]
Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed fre... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#68 | free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".[W 50] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maint... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#69 | ons of Wikipedia,[W 52] and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.[W 53] The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics.[W 53] It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counte... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#70 | hen they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects.[W 32]
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links"... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#71 | are of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Wikipedia, and 25% for the Simple English Wikipedia.[123]
English Wikipedia editor numbers
On March 1, 2014, The Economist, in an arti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#72 | he number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."[125] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the num... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#73 | uages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.[125]
In contrast, the trend analysis for Wik... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#74 | th their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#75 | lation, which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014.[update][126][100] Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias. In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".[127] Articles in The Chronic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#76 | t Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.[128][129][130]
Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Bl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#77 | oup with an "ax to grind" on the topic.[127][131] A 2008 article in Education Next journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin.[132] In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#78 | le news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being ideologically biased. In February 2021, Fox News accused Wikipedia of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much "leftist bias".[134] Wikipedia co-founder Sanger said that Wikipedia has become a "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#79 | supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics.[136] Some studies suggest that Wikipedia (and in particular the English Wikipedia) has a "western cultural bias" (or "pro-western bias")[137] or "Eurocentric bias",[138] reiteratin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#80 | ses that Wikipedia could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship[139] and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors.[140]
Accuracy of content
Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by exper... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#81 | oth Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three."[142] Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#82 | ects."[143]
Others raised similar critiques.[144] The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica,[145][146] and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica.[147] In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#83 | part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size, 42 or 4 × 101 articles compared, vs >105 and >106 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively).[148]
As a consequen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#84 | y claims appearing in it.[W 55] Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information,[149] vandalism, and similar problems. Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#85 | eads to more in-depth resources".[150]
Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic bias... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#86 | ws reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.[151] Amy Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#87 | dia to be accurate ... And yet it [is]." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Wikipedia to be generally as reliable as Encyclopædia Britannica, summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty."[153]
Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#88 | reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.[155] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.[156] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#89 | nherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls, spammers, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.[65][W 56] In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wal... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#90 | day [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#91 | first decade of Wikipedia, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report.[164]
Discouragement in education
Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources;[165] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.[166][167] Wales stresses that encycl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#92 | les once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.[169]
In February 2007, an article in The H... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#93 | llabi, although without realizing the articles might change.[170] In June 2007, Michael Gorman, former president of the American Library Association, condemned Wikipedia, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady di... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#94 | e applied in the higher education "flipped classroom", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#95 | Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrati... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#96 | ng for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."[173] Beck continued to detail in t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#97 | learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health-related issues, as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#98 | Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."[174] Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#99 | age of topics and systemic bias
Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.[W 57] The exact de... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.