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A false negative in sampling can only occur for itemsets with support smaller than | Receiving less than ⌊ m / n ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor m/n\rfloor } items is "too unfair" - it is an unfairness not justified by the indivisibility of the items. Different items. Suppose now that the items are different, and each item has a different value. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A false negative in sampling can only occur for itemsets with support smaller than | This method, also called sequential sampling, is incorrect in the sense that it does not allow to obtain a priori fixed inclusion probabilities. Some applications require items' sampling probabilities to be according to weights associated with each item. For example, it might be required to sample queries in a search engine with weight as number of times they were performed so that the sample can be analyzed for overall impact on user experience. Let the weight of item i be w i {\displaystyle w_{i}} , and the sum of all weights be W. There are two ways to interpret weights assigned to each item in the set: In each round, the probability of every unselected item to be selected in that round is proportional to its weight relative to the weights of all unselected items. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Why is XML a document model? | The particular strength of XML in this context is its ability to model document components in a tree-like structure, and its separation of content and style. Document modelling goes beyond mere form-filling and mail-merge to look at the structure of information in, for example, a legal document, a contract, an inspection report, or some form of analysis. Document modelling therefore looks at the structures and patterns of the written work, and breaks it down into different options or branches. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Why is XML a document model? | The Document Object Model (DOM) is a cross-platform and language-independent interface that treats an HTML or XML document as a tree structure wherein each node is an object representing a part of the document. The DOM represents a document with a logical tree. Each branch of the tree ends in a node, and each node contains objects. DOM methods allow programmatic access to the tree; with them one can change the structure, style or content of a document. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A retrieval model attempts to capture | "An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system". Communications of the ACM. 28 (3): 289–299. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A retrieval model attempts to capture | "An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system". Communications of the ACM. 28 (3): 289–299. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You are given the following accident and weather data. Each line corresponds to one event: 1. car_accident rain lightning wind clouds fire 2. fire clouds rain lightning wind 3. car_accident fire wind 4. clouds rain wind 5. lightning fire rain clouds 6. clouds wind car_accident 7. rain lightning clouds fire 8. lightning fire car_accident (a) You would like to know what is the likely cause of all the car accidents. What association rules do you need to look for? Compute the confidence and support values for these rules. Looking at these values, which is the most likely cause of the car accidents? | WBA starts with the question "What is the accident or accidents in question?". In most cases this is easy to define. Next comes an iterative process to determine causes. When causes for the accident have been identified, formal tests are applied to all potential cause-effect relations. This process can be iterated for the newfound causes, and so on, until a satisfactory result has been achieved. At each node (factor), each contributing cause (related factor) must have been necessary to cause the accident, and the totality of causes must have been sufficient to do so. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You are given the following accident and weather data. Each line corresponds to one event: 1. car_accident rain lightning wind clouds fire 2. fire clouds rain lightning wind 3. car_accident fire wind 4. clouds rain wind 5. lightning fire rain clouds 6. clouds wind car_accident 7. rain lightning clouds fire 8. lightning fire car_accident (a) You would like to know what is the likely cause of all the car accidents. What association rules do you need to look for? Compute the confidence and support values for these rules. Looking at these values, which is the most likely cause of the car accidents? | There are numerous hazards that might cause a need to halt or prematurely end a session. Many hazards, such as rain, lightning, darkness, a blocked course (due to debris, water, or safety vehicles), a car on fire, or a multi-car crash (especially one that results in serious injuries or one that results in damage to walls, fences or the surface itself which require repairs) might prompt series officials to call for the red flag. Some series use a red flag to temporarily stop a race nearing the end of a race after an accident or other incident to minimize the number of caution laps, even when the situation would not warrant a red flag at other points in the race. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
When computing HITS, the initial values | The initial values are thus: Col 1 0 {\displaystyle 1_{0}} = a0 Col 2 0 {\displaystyle 2_{0}} = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + ... + an Col 3 0 {\displaystyle 3_{0}} = 2a2 + 6a3 + 14a4 + 30a5 + ... Col 4 0 {\displaystyle 4_{0}} = 6a3 + 36a4 + 150a5 + ... Col 5 0 {\displaystyle 5_{0}} = 24a4 + 240a5 + ... Col 6 0 {\displaystyle 6_{0}} = 120a5 + ... . . . {\displaystyle ...} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
When computing HITS, the initial values | The initial values are thus: Col 1 0 {\displaystyle 1_{0}} = a0 Col 2 0 {\displaystyle 2_{0}} = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + ... + an Col 3 0 {\displaystyle 3_{0}} = 2a2 + 6a3 + 14a4 + 30a5 + ... Col 4 0 {\displaystyle 4_{0}} = 6a3 + 36a4 + 150a5 + ... Col = 24a4 + 240a5 + ... Col 6 0 {\displaystyle 6_{0}} = 120a5 + ... . . . {\displaystyle ...} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Implement a function that computes the confidence for a given set of rules and their respective support. You can use the following formula: $$\mathrm{conf}(X \Rightarrow Y) = \mathrm{supp}(X \cup Y) / \mathrm{supp}(X)$$ | The confidence for Rule 2 is 2/3 because two of the three records that meet the antecedent of B meet the consequent of 1. The confidences can be written as: conf ( A ⇒ 0 ) = P ( 0 ∣ A ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {conf} (A\Rightarrow 0)=P(0\mid A)} conf ( B ⇒ 1 ) = P ( 1 ∣ B ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {conf} (B\Rightarrow 1)=P(1\mid B)} Lift can be found by dividing the confidence by the unconditional probability of the consequent, or by dividing the support by the probability of the antecedent times the probability of the consequent, so: The lift for Rule 1 is (3/4)/(4/7) = (3*7)/(4 * 4) = 21/16 ≈ 1.31 The lift for Rule 2 is (2/3)/(3/7) = (2*7)/(3 * 3) = 14/9 ≈ 1.56 lift ( A ⇒ 0 ) = P ( 0 ∣ A ) P ( 0 ) = P ( A ∧ 0 ) P ( A ) P ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {lift} (A\Rightarrow 0)={\frac {P(0\mid A)}{P(0)}}={\frac {P(A\land 0)}{P(A)P(0)}}} lift ( B ⇒ 1 ) = P ( 1 ∣ B ) P ( 1 ) = P ( B ∧ 1 ) P ( B ) P ( 1 ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {lift} (B\Rightarrow 1)={\frac {P(1\mid B)}{P(1)}}={\frac {P(B\land 1)}{P(B)P(1)}}} If some rule had a lift of 1, it would imply that the probability of occurrence of the antecedent and that of the consequent are independent of each other. When two events are independent of each other, no rule can be drawn involving those two events. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Implement a function that computes the confidence for a given set of rules and their respective support. You can use the following formula: $$\mathrm{conf}(X \Rightarrow Y) = \mathrm{supp}(X \cup Y) / \mathrm{supp}(X)$$ | Confidence is the percentage of all transactions satisfying X that also satisfy Y.With respect to T, the confidence value of an association rule, often denoted as X ⇒ Y {\displaystyle X\Rightarrow Y} , is the ratio of transactions containing both X and Y to the total amount of X values present, where X is the antecedent and Y is the consequent. Confidence can also be interpreted as an estimate of the conditional probability P ( E Y | E X ) {\displaystyle P(E_{Y}|E_{X})} , the probability of finding the RHS of the rule in transactions under the condition that these transactions also contain the LHS.It is commonly depicted as: c o n f ( X ⇒ Y ) = P ( Y | X ) = s u p p ( X ∪ Y ) s u p p ( X ) = number of transactions containing X and Y number of transactions containing X {\displaystyle \mathrm {conf} (X\Rightarrow Y)=P(Y|X)={\frac {\mathrm {supp} (X\cup Y)}{\mathrm {supp} (X)}}={\frac {{\text{number of transactions containing }}X{\text{ and }}Y}{{\text{number of transactions containing }}X}}} The equation illustrates that confidence can be computed by calculating the co-occurrence of transactions X and Y within the dataset in ratio to transactions containing only X. This means that the number of transactions in both X and Y is divided by those just in X . For example, Table 2 shows the rule { b u t t e r , b r e a d } ⇒ { m i l k } {\displaystyle \{\mathrm {butter,bread} \}\Rightarrow \{\mathrm {milk} \}} which has a confidence of 1 / 5 1 / 5 = 0.2 0.2 = 1.0 {\displaystyle {\frac {1/5}{1/5}}={\frac {0.2}{0.2}}=1.0} in the dataset, which denotes that every time a customer buys butter and bread, they also buy milk. This particular example demonstrates the rule being correct 100% of the time for transactions containing both butter and bread. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
When indexing a document collection using an inverted file, the main space requirement is implied by | The time, memory, and processing resources to perform such a query are not always technically realistic. Instead of listing the words per document in the forward index, the inverted index data structure is developed which lists the documents per word. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
When indexing a document collection using an inverted file, the main space requirement is implied by | In computer science, an inverted index (also referred to as a postings list, postings file, or inverted file) is a database index storing a mapping from content, such as words or numbers, to its locations in a table, or in a document or a set of documents (named in contrast to a forward index, which maps from documents to content). The purpose of an inverted index is to allow fast full-text searches, at a cost of increased processing when a document is added to the database. The inverted file may be the database file itself, rather than its index. It is the most popular data structure used in document retrieval systems, used on a large scale for example in search engines. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
For a user that has not done any ratings, which method can make a prediction? | The predicted rating user u will give to item i is computed as: r ~ u i = ∑ f = 0 n f a c t o r s ( H u , f + S v u , f ) ( W f , i + T f , j i ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {r}}_{ui}=\sum _{f=0}^{nfactors}(H_{u,f}+S_{v_{u},f})(W_{f,i}+T_{f,j_{i}})} Here v u {\displaystyle v_{u}} and j i {\displaystyle j_{i}} represent the group label of user u and item i, respectively, which are identical across members from the same group. And S {\displaystyle S} and T {\displaystyle T} are matrices of group effects. For example, for a new user u n e w {\displaystyle u_{new}} whose latent factor H u n e w {\displaystyle H_{u_{new}}} is not available, we can at least identify their group label v u n e w {\displaystyle v_{u_{new}}} , and predict their ratings as: r ~ u n e w i = ∑ f = 0 n f a c t o r s S v u n e w , f ( W f , i + T f , j i ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {r}}_{u_{new}i}=\sum _{f=0}^{nfactors}S_{v_{u_{new}},f}(W_{f,i}+T_{f,j_{i}})} This provides a good approximation to the unobserved ratings. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
For a user that has not done any ratings, which method can make a prediction? | In addition to casting a vote, users could also predict the outcome of the poll. Every correct prediction would be added to the player’s profile and used to calculate how "tuned in" he or she was with general public opinion, which was shown in the "How Tuned In Are You?" section. This number could range from 0 to 500, and was expressed as a "distance" from public opinion. The channel used Mii gender data to determine whether the player was male or female. Additionally, the user may have seen the percentages of votes in the two gender groups, which regions had the most popular vote, and prediction accuracy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In an FP tree, the leaf nodes are the ones with: | Trees can also be represented radially: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In an FP tree, the leaf nodes are the ones with: | The tree elements are called "nodes". The lines connecting elements are called "branches". Nodes without children are called leaf nodes, "end-nodes", or "leaves". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Which statement is correct? | If statements 1 and 2 are true, it absolutely follows that statement 3 is true. However, it may still be the case that statement 1 or 2 is not true. For example: If Albert Einstein makes a statement about science, it is correct. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Which statement is correct? | If the first statement is false, then the second is false, too. But if the second statement is false, then the first statement is true. It follows that if the first statement is false, then the first statement is true.The same mechanism applies to the second statement. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Which of the following is WRONG about inverted files? (Slide 24,28 Week 3) | One method is superimposed coding. A post-processing step is done to discard the false alarms. Since in most cases this structure is inferior to inverted files in terms of speed, size and functionality, it is not used widely. However, with proper parameters it can beat the inverted files in certain environments. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Which of the following is WRONG about inverted files? (Slide 24,28 Week 3) | In computer science, an inverted index (also referred to as a postings list, postings file, or inverted file) is a database index storing a mapping from content, such as words or numbers, to its locations in a table, or in a document or a set of documents (named in contrast to a forward index, which maps from documents to content). The purpose of an inverted index is to allow fast full-text searches, at a cost of increased processing when a document is added to the database. The inverted file may be the database file itself, rather than its index. It is the most popular data structure used in document retrieval systems, used on a large scale for example in search engines. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In User-Based Collaborative Filtering, which of the following is TRUE? | The collaborative filtering method: Collected user data may be assessed in aggregate (across multiple users) using machine learning techniques to cluster interaction patterns to user models and classify specific user patterns to such models. The website may then be adapted to target clusters of users. In this approach, the models are explicitly created from historic user information with new users are classified to an existing model and a pre-defined mapping is used for existing content and content organization. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In User-Based Collaborative Filtering, which of the following is TRUE? | Collaborative filtering systems have many forms, but many common systems can be reduced to two steps: Look for users who share the same rating patterns with the active user (the user whom the prediction is for). Use the ratings from those like-minded users found in step 1 to calculate a prediction for the active userThis falls under the category of user-based collaborative filtering. A specific application of this is the user-based Nearest Neighbor algorithm. Alternatively, item-based collaborative filtering (users who bought x also bought y), proceeds in an item-centric manner: Build an item-item matrix determining relationships between pairs of items Infer the tastes of the current user by examining the matrix and matching that user's dataSee, for example, the Slope One item-based collaborative filtering family. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a school project with your friend.
Your friend claims that using very detailed names are good in code because they describe exactly what is going on. Do you agree? Explain in max 2 sentences. | Depending on the intended audience of the code and other considerations, the level of detail and description may vary considerably. For example, the following Java comment would be suitable in an introductory text designed to teach beginning programming: This level of detail, however, would not be appropriate in the context of production code, or other situations involving experienced developers. Such rudimentary descriptions are inconsistent with the guideline: "Good comments ... clarify intent." Further, for professional coding environments, the level of detail is ordinarily well defined to meet a specific performance requirement defined by business operations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a school project with your friend.
Your friend claims that using very detailed names are good in code because they describe exactly what is going on. Do you agree? Explain in max 2 sentences. | This contrasts with code that is (as code all too often is) short, cryptic, unclear, and unnecessarily "clever". In-line documentation, while not strictly code, can be considered something a programmer would need to be good at in order to write beautiful code. Correctly done, documentation can accentuate the effect of beautiful code, when it is clear, concise, explains the intent of the programmer, and expands the understanding that one can gain by simply looking at the code. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a mobile application. Users complain that your app's image gallery uses too much of their mobile data.
In one sentence, explain the first step towards improving this: | A downside to mobile apps is the memory they occupy on a device. Because of this, many businesses will steer away from apps that require a great deal of storage. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a mobile application. Users complain that your app's image gallery uses too much of their mobile data.
In one sentence, explain the first step towards improving this: | With a growing number of mobile applications available at app stores and the improved capabilities of smartphones, people are downloading more applications to their devices. Usage of mobile apps has become increasingly prevalent across mobile phone users. A May 2012 comScore study reported that during the previous quarter, more mobile subscribers used apps than browsed the web on their devices: 51.1% vs. 49.8% respectively. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a mobile application. In the daily standup, you mention you are having issues with JavaFX. Before you can give more details, your team's JavaFX expert tells you to leave it at that and instead pass by her office afterwards. The Scrum Master disagrees and asks you to give more details.
In one sentence, explain whether your Scrum Master is taking the right approach and why. | A common characteristic in agile software development is the daily stand-up (known as daily scrum in the Scrum framework). In a brief session (e.g., 15 minutes), team members review collectively how they are progressing toward their goal and agree whether they need to adapt their approach. To keep to the agreed time limit, teams often use simple coded questions (such as what they completed the previous day, what they aim to complete that day, and whether there are any impediments or risks to progress), and delay detailed discussions and problem resolution until after the stand-up. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a mobile application. In the daily standup, you mention you are having issues with JavaFX. Before you can give more details, your team's JavaFX expert tells you to leave it at that and instead pass by her office afterwards. The Scrum Master disagrees and asks you to give more details.
In one sentence, explain whether your Scrum Master is taking the right approach and why. | In the Scrum framework, which claims to be consistent with agile values and principles, the scrum master role is accountable for ensuring the scrum process is followed and for coaching the scrum team through that process. A common pitfall is for a scrum master to act as a contributor. While not prohibited by the Scrum framework, the scrum master needs to ensure they have the capacity to act in the role of scrum master first and not work on development tasks. A scrum master's role is to facilitate the process rather than create the product.Having the scrum master also multitasking may result in too many context switches to be productive. Additionally, as a scrum master is responsible for ensuring roadblocks are removed so that the team can make forward progress, the benefit gained by individual tasks moving forward may not outweigh roadblocks that are deferred due to lack of capacity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that you are part of a team developing a mobile app using Scrum.
When using the app, you identified multiple bugs and features which you think should be implemented, and took some notes. You want to
share these with the Product Owner. Your backlog of tasks includes the following task:
- [ ] [Bug] The landing page doesn't render well, if the language of my device is not English.
Is this item suitable to be submitted to the Product Backlog? Why? | The agile product backlog in scrum is a prioritized features list, containing short descriptions of all functionality desired in the product. When applying the scrum or other agile development methodology, it is not necessary to start a project with a lengthy, upfront effort to document all requirements as is more common with traditional project management methods following the waterfall model. Instead, a scrum team and its product owner will typically begin by writing down every relevant feature they can think of for the project's agile backlog prioritization, and the initial agile product backlog is almost always more than enough for a first sprint. The scrum product backlog is then allowed to grow further throughout the project life cycle and change as more is learned about the product and its customers. A typical scrum backlog comprises the following different types of items: Features Bugs Technical work Knowledge acquisition == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that you are part of a team developing a mobile app using Scrum.
When using the app, you identified multiple bugs and features which you think should be implemented, and took some notes. You want to
share these with the Product Owner. Your backlog of tasks includes the following task:
- [ ] [Bug] The landing page doesn't render well, if the language of my device is not English.
Is this item suitable to be submitted to the Product Backlog? Why? | Within agile project management, product backlog refers to a prioritized list of functionality which a product should contain. It is sometimes referred to as a to-do list, and is considered an 'artifact' (a form of documentation) within the scrum software development framework. The product backlog is referred to with different names in different project management frameworks, such as product backlog in scrum, work item list in disciplined agile, and option pool in lean. In the scrum framework, creation and continuous maintenance of the product backlog is part of the responsibility of the product owner.A sprint backlog consists of selected elements from the product backlog which are planned to be developed within that particular sprint. In scrum, coherence is defined as a measure of the relationships between backlog items which make them worthy of consideration as a whole. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You are working on an app which is a search engine for cat photos. The app works by making requests to a server which stores the photos. Users search for cat photos and see a batch of results at a time; they can tap on a photo to see it full screen. You are getting two main complaints from users about the app’s performance:
1. When going from a page of results to the next one, the photos take too long to load
2. When going back to the search results after looking at a picture, the photos take too long to be re-downloaded
For each of these complaints, write exactly one sentence giving a possible solution and explaining why it helps: | There are some ways of speeding up the initial load of a SPA, such as selective prerendering of the SPA landing/index page, caching and various code splitting techniques including lazy-loading modules when needed. But it's not possible to get away from the fact that it needs to download the framework, at least some of the application code; and will hit an API for data if the page is dynamic. This is a "pay me now, or pay me later" trade-off scenario. The question of performance and wait-times remains a decision that the developer must make. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You are working on an app which is a search engine for cat photos. The app works by making requests to a server which stores the photos. Users search for cat photos and see a batch of results at a time; they can tap on a photo to see it full screen. You are getting two main complaints from users about the app’s performance:
1. When going from a page of results to the next one, the photos take too long to load
2. When going back to the search results after looking at a picture, the photos take too long to be re-downloaded
For each of these complaints, write exactly one sentence giving a possible solution and explaining why it helps: | This can lead to a much easier search and less time going through all of the news to find the information one want. The concern, however, is that the very important information can be held back because it does not match the criteria that the program sets for the particular user. This can create the "filter bubble" as described earlier.An interesting point about personalization that often gets overlooked is the privacy vs personalization battle. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are part of a team developing a mobile app using Scrum. One of your colleagues, who was tasked with adding a "dark mode" to the app, has found an unrelated bug during testing:
a race condition occasionally causes stale data to be displayed. Your colleague wants to immediately fix it, though the source of the bug is not clear and it is unknown how often this actually occurs.
Explain in 1 sentence whether that is a good idea and why or why not. | Another category of bug is called a race condition that may occur when programs have multiple components executing at the same time. If the components interact in a different order than the developer intended, they could interfere with each other and stop the program from completing its tasks. These bugs may be difficult to detect or anticipate, since they may not occur during every execution of a program. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are part of a team developing a mobile app using Scrum. One of your colleagues, who was tasked with adding a "dark mode" to the app, has found an unrelated bug during testing:
a race condition occasionally causes stale data to be displayed. Your colleague wants to immediately fix it, though the source of the bug is not clear and it is unknown how often this actually occurs.
Explain in 1 sentence whether that is a good idea and why or why not. | Problems of this nature can therefore disappear when running in debug mode, adding extra logging, or attaching a debugger. A bug that disappears like this during debugging attempts is often referred to as a "Heisenbug". It is therefore better to avoid race conditions by careful software design. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that your team is discussing the following java code:
public final class DataStructure {
public void add(int val) { /*...*/ }
private boolean isFull() { /*...*/ }
}
One of your colleagues suggests that "add" should be changed to return a boolean indicating whether the passed value was added or not. Explain whether this breaks backward compatibility and why or why not (without worrying about whether this is a good or a bad thing).
| C# disallows this "integer meaning true or false" approach, on the grounds that forcing programmers to use expressions that return exactly bool can prevent certain types of programming mistakes such as if (a = b) (use of assignment = instead of equality ==). C# is more type safe than C++. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that your team is discussing the following java code:
public final class DataStructure {
public void add(int val) { /*...*/ }
private boolean isFull() { /*...*/ }
}
One of your colleagues suggests that "add" should be changed to return a boolean indicating whether the passed value was added or not. Explain whether this breaks backward compatibility and why or why not (without worrying about whether this is a good or a bad thing).
| Assignments in C have a value and since any non-zero scalar value is interpreted as true in conditional expressions, the code if (x = y) is legal, but has a very different meaning from if (x == y). The former code fragment means "assign y to x, and if the new value of x is not zero, execute the following statement". The latter fragment means "if and only if x is equal to y, execute the following statement". Though Java and C# have the same operators as C, this mistake usually causes a compile error in these languages instead, because the if-condition must be of type boolean, and there is no implicit way to convert from other types (e.g., numbers) into booleans. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Your team is discussing the following code:
/** Uploads images to the cloud. */
public final class ImageUploader {
public void upload(Image image) { /* … */ }
private boolean canUpload(Image image) { /* … */ }
}
One of your colleagues thinks that "canUpload" should be made public. Explain in 1 sentence whether this breaks backward compatibility and why or why not (without worrying about whether this is a good or a bad thing): | CaveatsThere is no native operating system support for the Cloud Files API so it is not yet possible to "map" or "mount" it as a virtual drive without third-party software like JungleDisk that translates to a supported standard such as WebDAV. There are no concepts of "appending" or "locking" data within Cloud Files (which may affect some disk mirroring or backup solutions), nor support for permissions or transcoding. Data is organised into "containers" but it is not possible to create nested folders without a translation layer. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Your team is discussing the following code:
/** Uploads images to the cloud. */
public final class ImageUploader {
public void upload(Image image) { /* … */ }
private boolean canUpload(Image image) { /* … */ }
}
One of your colleagues thinks that "canUpload" should be made public. Explain in 1 sentence whether this breaks backward compatibility and why or why not (without worrying about whether this is a good or a bad thing): | Only the third frame is perfectly safe. If this is a Wikipedia user-made picture it needs to be replaced. The file description is a little ambiguous about how the picture was reused from the original -- so I don't know if it was actually a four frame picture or whether a user decided to make a four frame picture to upload. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that you are part of a team developing a mobile app using Scrum.
When using the app, you identified multiple bugs and features which you think should be implemented, and took some notes. You want to
share these with the Product Owner. Your backlog of tasks includes the following task:
- [ ] [Bug] When I click on the home button, the app doesn't redirect me there (tested from multiple locations in the app).
Is this item suitable to be submitted to the Product Backlog? Why? | Within agile project management, product backlog refers to a prioritized list of functionality which a product should contain. It is sometimes referred to as a to-do list, and is considered an 'artifact' (a form of documentation) within the scrum software development framework. The product backlog is referred to with different names in different project management frameworks, such as product backlog in scrum, work item list in disciplined agile, and option pool in lean. In the scrum framework, creation and continuous maintenance of the product backlog is part of the responsibility of the product owner.A sprint backlog consists of selected elements from the product backlog which are planned to be developed within that particular sprint. In scrum, coherence is defined as a measure of the relationships between backlog items which make them worthy of consideration as a whole. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that you are part of a team developing a mobile app using Scrum.
When using the app, you identified multiple bugs and features which you think should be implemented, and took some notes. You want to
share these with the Product Owner. Your backlog of tasks includes the following task:
- [ ] [Bug] When I click on the home button, the app doesn't redirect me there (tested from multiple locations in the app).
Is this item suitable to be submitted to the Product Backlog? Why? | The agile product backlog in scrum is a prioritized features list, containing short descriptions of all functionality desired in the product. When applying the scrum or other agile development methodology, it is not necessary to start a project with a lengthy, upfront effort to document all requirements as is more common with traditional project management methods following the waterfall model. Instead, a scrum team and its product owner will typically begin by writing down every relevant feature they can think of for the project's agile backlog prioritization, and the initial agile product backlog is almost always more than enough for a first sprint. The scrum product backlog is then allowed to grow further throughout the project life cycle and change as more is learned about the product and its customers. A typical scrum backlog comprises the following different types of items: Features Bugs Technical work Knowledge acquisition == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that your team's project manager decides that the team should stop working on new features for the next two weeks and instead focus on improving the performance and stability of the product to provide a better user experience. Your colleague thinks that he has an idea that might drastically improve the performance of the app, which is optimizing the function that handles sanitizing and validating user input. He says that it will probably take him a couple of days to implement it, so he suggests that he should jump right into it. What do you think of your colleague's approach? | Lack of estimation or implementation planning might cause a project to be delayed. Sudden deadlines or pushes to release software may encourage the use of "quick and dirty" techniques that will require further attention later. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that your team's project manager decides that the team should stop working on new features for the next two weeks and instead focus on improving the performance and stability of the product to provide a better user experience. Your colleague thinks that he has an idea that might drastically improve the performance of the app, which is optimizing the function that handles sanitizing and validating user input. He says that it will probably take him a couple of days to implement it, so he suggests that he should jump right into it. What do you think of your colleague's approach? | If a project is changed after a considerable amount of work has been done then small changes could require large efforts to implement since software systems have many dependencies. Speed is crucial in implementing a throwaway prototype, since with a limited budget of time and money little can be expended on a prototype that will be discarded. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on SuperQuiz, a trendy app that lets everyone design quizzes and share them with friends! Your first assignment is to add a new feature that is requested by users. You are given the following transcript of an interview with a customer of your product:
> Hi!
> So you're the developer of this quiz app?
> The one where you write questions and answers and get your friends to guess?
> It's fun, but I can't use it as much as I'd like.
> I'm a firefighter, I don't have time for this app during the day, but I wish I could use it at home.
> See, when I come back home after work, I have a bunch of stuff to do, cleaning, cooking, ...
> And when I'm doing these tasks, I'm rather busy. Not like when I'm watching TV.
> I don't always have my phone in my hands! Sometimes I even forget where I put it.
> Maybe if you made it so I could talk to the app? You know, many apps have that feature now.
> Then I could multitask! Think about quizzes while I'm cooking!
> Otherwise, I won't use the app much.
Write down a user story, as a single sentence that follows the following guidelines:
1) A user story that summarizes all necessary information from the feedback
2) the user story does not contain any unnecessary information | Users started a game by choosing a topic of interest from over 1000 available official categories in addition to custom topics created by users.After the user picked a topic, they had the ability to either challenge a friend to a match or be paired against a random player. Users had the option of signing into the app through a social media platform such as Facebook, Twitter, or Google+ which allowed the user to see current friends who are using the app, invite friends to join them on the app, or challenge their friends to a game. Users also could choose to sign into QuizUp with an email address and not connect with a social media site. Players had the option of choosing to play with a friend or with a random stranger who may be in another country. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on SuperQuiz, a trendy app that lets everyone design quizzes and share them with friends! Your first assignment is to add a new feature that is requested by users. You are given the following transcript of an interview with a customer of your product:
> Hi!
> So you're the developer of this quiz app?
> The one where you write questions and answers and get your friends to guess?
> It's fun, but I can't use it as much as I'd like.
> I'm a firefighter, I don't have time for this app during the day, but I wish I could use it at home.
> See, when I come back home after work, I have a bunch of stuff to do, cleaning, cooking, ...
> And when I'm doing these tasks, I'm rather busy. Not like when I'm watching TV.
> I don't always have my phone in my hands! Sometimes I even forget where I put it.
> Maybe if you made it so I could talk to the app? You know, many apps have that feature now.
> Then I could multitask! Think about quizzes while I'm cooking!
> Otherwise, I won't use the app much.
Write down a user story, as a single sentence that follows the following guidelines:
1) A user story that summarizes all necessary information from the feedback
2) the user story does not contain any unnecessary information | The You.com open-search platform allow others to create custom applications called "Search Apps" for the search results page, allowing users to customize their search experience. It also helps developers gain revenue.You.com currently offers more than 200 first-party apps that allow users to find summarized information or complete tasks without leaving the results page. Users have the ability to positively or negatively influence future rankings of any app by giving a thumbs-up or a thumbs-down, and can also block them from appearing in search results altogether. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that your team is discussing the following java code:
public final class DataStructure {
public void add(int val) { /*...*/ }
private boolean isFull() { /*...*/ }
}
One of your colleagues thinks that "isFull" should be made public. Explain whether this breaks backward compatibility and why or why not (also without worrying about whether this is a good or a bad thing) | If the keyword is absent, compiler warning to this effect is issued, which can be silenced by specifying the new keyword. This avoids the problem that can arise from a base class being extended with a non-private method (i.e. an inherited part of the namespace) whose signature is already in use by a derived class. Java has a similar compiler check in the form of the @Override method annotation, but it is not compulsory, and in its absence, most compilers will not provide comment (but the method will be overridden). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that your team is discussing the following java code:
public final class DataStructure {
public void add(int val) { /*...*/ }
private boolean isFull() { /*...*/ }
}
One of your colleagues thinks that "isFull" should be made public. Explain whether this breaks backward compatibility and why or why not (also without worrying about whether this is a good or a bad thing) | This enforces const-correctness. In Java, the final keyword is similar to the const keyword in C++, but its usage is more limited. For the most part, const-correctness must rely on the semantics of the class' interface, i.e., it is not strongly enforced, except for public data members that are labeled final.C++ supports goto statements, which may lead to spaghetti code programming. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a mobile application. You get complaints from Android users: when rotating the phone, the text they had typed disappears.
In one sentence, explain what the likely root cause is. | Rotating "1" and merging with the digit "0" will result in the "android Q" text. In this state, tapping the "Q" several times will reveal a Nonogram game, where the resulting pictures are various icons of Android. In 11.0, a dial will show up. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a mobile application. You get complaints from Android users: when rotating the phone, the text they had typed disappears.
In one sentence, explain what the likely root cause is. | Some versions of the Nokia 5210 firmware, particularly the Arabic models, contains a bug with the Arabic language text, that occurs when user tries to type SMS, the space between words in Arabic becomes a small rectangular symbol instead of a space. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are writing server-side code for an online shop. The code will be invoked over HTTP from a mobile app. Your current code is as follows:
public class ShoppingCart {
public void buy(Product product, int quantity) {
if (product == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("product cannot be null"); }
if (quantity < 1) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("quantity must be at least 1"); }
int price = product.getUnitPrice() * quantity;
int discount = computeDiscount(product, quantity);
int shippingFees = computeShippingFees(product, quantity);
int totalPrice = price - discount + shippingFees;
// this triggers a call to the actual credit card processor
CreditCardProcessor.billCurrentUser(totalPrice);
}
private int computeDiscount(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... discount computation logic ...
}
private int computeShippingFees(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... shipping fees computation logic ...
}
}
A colleague remarks that hardcoding "CreditCardProcessor" is not a good practice, and that "ShoppingCart" should instead have a payment processor interface as a constructor parameter. Explain in 1 sentence whether this is a good idea and why or why not: | There is much complexity in the programming of such operations, especially when no error in calculation can be allowed. Other requirements include that the system must have functionality for membership discount and points accumulation/usage, quantity and promotional discounts, mix and match offers, cash rounding up, invoice/delivery-order issuance with outstanding amount. It should enable a user to adjust the inventory of each product based on physical count, track expiry of perishable goods, change pricing, provide audit trail when modification of inventory records is performed, be capable of multiple outlet functionality, control of stocks from HQ, doubling as an invoicing system, just to name some. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are writing server-side code for an online shop. The code will be invoked over HTTP from a mobile app. Your current code is as follows:
public class ShoppingCart {
public void buy(Product product, int quantity) {
if (product == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("product cannot be null"); }
if (quantity < 1) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("quantity must be at least 1"); }
int price = product.getUnitPrice() * quantity;
int discount = computeDiscount(product, quantity);
int shippingFees = computeShippingFees(product, quantity);
int totalPrice = price - discount + shippingFees;
// this triggers a call to the actual credit card processor
CreditCardProcessor.billCurrentUser(totalPrice);
}
private int computeDiscount(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... discount computation logic ...
}
private int computeShippingFees(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... shipping fees computation logic ...
}
}
A colleague remarks that hardcoding "CreditCardProcessor" is not a good practice, and that "ShoppingCart" should instead have a payment processor interface as a constructor parameter. Explain in 1 sentence whether this is a good idea and why or why not: | A wholesaler might have a tub file with cards for frequent customers and for each inventory item. Instead of keypunching a set of cards for each purchase order, a clerk would pull out one customer card and then a card for each item that customer ordered. The resulting deck could then be run through a tabulating machine to produce an invoice. In this example item cards also provided inventory control, since each card presumably represented one item in stock, so it was simple to check availability and schedule reordering. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You are discussing coding habits with a colleague, who says:
"When I edit a part of a function, if I see unclean code in another part of it, I also clean that other part up."
In one sentence, explain if this is a good habit and why: | If done poorly, it may fail the requirement that external functionality not be changed, and may thus introduce new bugs. By continuously improving the design of code, we make it easier and easier to work with. This is in sharp contrast to what typically happens: little refactoring and a great deal of attention paid to expediently add new features. If you get into the hygienic habit of refactoring continuously, you'll find that it is easier to extend and maintain code. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You are discussing coding habits with a colleague, who says:
"When I edit a part of a function, if I see unclean code in another part of it, I also clean that other part up."
In one sentence, explain if this is a good habit and why: | Even for the original author, consistently coded software eases maintainability. There is no guarantee that an individual will remember the precise rationale for why a particular piece of code was written in a certain way long after the code was originally written. Coding conventions can help. Consistent use of whitespace improves readability and reduces the time it takes to understand the software. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working in a company on the back-end of a mobile application. Your code crashes with a `MaxSpotFleetRequestCountExceeded` error. Who is your web service provider? | Reserved, the CPU will throw a #UD exception when trying to access it. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working in a company on the back-end of a mobile application. Your code crashes with a `MaxSpotFleetRequestCountExceeded` error. Who is your web service provider? | 464 Incompatible protocol versions between Client and Origin server. 561 Unauthorized An error around authentication returned by a server registered with a load balancer. You configured a listener rule to authenticate users, but the identity provider (IdP) returned an error code when authenticating the user. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume your colleague wants to wait until the next minor release to include a major bugfix instead of making a bugfix release. Explain why this is not a good idea. | There have also been instances of video games and software that are unfinished because they are still in development while being available to a larger group of people to test them, whether by remaining in an early access state for a prolonged period of time or ending up stuck in perpetual beta. If a piece of software is becoming overly delayed the developer may just release the program despite the presence of a few bugs. The Internet has allowed patches to be deployed that fix these bugs, but before such technology was available the problems could not be fixed after the game was published. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume your colleague wants to wait until the next minor release to include a major bugfix instead of making a bugfix release. Explain why this is not a good idea. | Releases that emphasize bug fixes are known as maintenance releases, to differentiate it from major releases that emphasize feature additions or changes. Reasons that a software publisher opts not to patch or even fix a particular bug include: A deadline must be met and resources are insufficient to fix all bugs by the deadline. The bug is already fixed in an upcoming release, and it is not of high priority. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
One of your colleagues has recently taken over responsibility for a legacy codebase, a library currently used by some of your customers. Before making functional changes, your colleague found a bug caused by incorrect use of the following method in the codebase:
public class User {
/** Indicates whether the user’s browser, if any, has JavaScript enabled. */
public boolean hasJavascriptEnabled() { … }
// … other methods, such as getName(), getAge(), ...
}
Your colleague believes that this is a bad API. Explain in 1 sentence why that is indeed the case. | JavaScript provides an interface to a wide range of browser capabilities, some of which may have flaws such as buffer overflows. These flaws can allow attackers to write scripts that would run any code they wish on the user's system. This code is not by any means limited to another JavaScript application. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
One of your colleagues has recently taken over responsibility for a legacy codebase, a library currently used by some of your customers. Before making functional changes, your colleague found a bug caused by incorrect use of the following method in the codebase:
public class User {
/** Indicates whether the user’s browser, if any, has JavaScript enabled. */
public boolean hasJavascriptEnabled() { … }
// … other methods, such as getName(), getAge(), ...
}
Your colleague believes that this is a bad API. Explain in 1 sentence why that is indeed the case. | This information should be hidden from the user so that the user doesn't accidentally modify them and introduce a bug in the code. When such interfaces are correctly built, users use them without finding loopholes to modify the interface. The interface should already be correctly implemented, so the user does not need to make modifications. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a mobile application. Your team's graphic designer tells you:
"I wanted the logo to be exactly 250 pixels wide, but on my new phone it's not. This is a bug that needs fixing!"
In one sentence, explain whether you agree with the designer's assessment and why. | There is a workaround that allows a standard size Operator Logo to be sent as a single message, however, compatibility with newer or non-Nokia phones is uncertain. A more accurate way of reducing the cost of sending Operator Logos is to reduce their size to 72x13 pixels. This size would be sent as a single message. The Operator Logo uses an implementation of the OTA bitmap. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a mobile application. Your team's graphic designer tells you:
"I wanted the logo to be exactly 250 pixels wide, but on my new phone it's not. This is a bug that needs fixing!"
In one sentence, explain whether you agree with the designer's assessment and why. | Many modern icons have a maximum size of 1024 by 1024 pixels or greater. The challenge of icon design is to create an image that is communicative, beautiful, and understandable, at every size from this maximum resolution down to the minimum resolution of 16 by 16 pixels. Many icon formats allow one icon to include hinting to ensure visual clarity at smaller resolutions, or even completely different subsidiary images for smaller sizes (for instance, a keyboard at larger sizes, and a single keycap at smaller ones). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that your team is discussing the following java code:
public final class DataStructure {
public void add(int val) { /*...*/ }
private boolean isFull() { /*...*/ }
}
Your colleagues were changing the parameter type of "add" to an "Integer". Explain whether this breaks backward compatibility and why or why not (also without worrying about whether this is a good or a bad thing). | C# disallows this "integer meaning true or false" approach, on the grounds that forcing programmers to use expressions that return exactly bool can prevent certain types of programming mistakes such as if (a = b) (use of assignment = instead of equality ==). C# is more type safe than C++. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that your team is discussing the following java code:
public final class DataStructure {
public void add(int val) { /*...*/ }
private boolean isFull() { /*...*/ }
}
Your colleagues were changing the parameter type of "add" to an "Integer". Explain whether this breaks backward compatibility and why or why not (also without worrying about whether this is a good or a bad thing). | In Java, it is possible to prevent reassignment of a local variable or method parameter by using the final keyword. Applying this keyword to a primitive type variable causes the variable to become immutable. However, applying final to a reference type variable only prevents that another object is assigned to it. It will not prevent the data contained by the object from being mutated. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are writing server-side code for an online shop. The code will be invoked over HTTP from a mobile app. Your current code is as follows:
public class ShoppingCart {
public void buy(Product product, int quantity) {
if (product == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("product cannot be null"); }
if (quantity < 1) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("quantity must be at least 1"); }
int price = product.getUnitPrice() * quantity;
int discount = computeDiscount(product, quantity);
int shippingFees = computeShippingFees(product, quantity);
int totalPrice = price - discount + shippingFees;
// this triggers a call to the actual credit card processor
CreditCardProcessor.billCurrentUser(totalPrice);
}
private int computeDiscount(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... discount computation logic ...
}
private int computeShippingFees(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... shipping fees computation logic ...
}
}
A colleague states that a null product should throw a checked exception, not an "IllegalArgumentException", because users might input bad data in the app. Explain in 1 sentence whether this is a good idea and why or why not. | In both cases, this depends on the programmer to supply the correct information. (Alternatively, a sentinel value like NULL may be used to indicate the number.) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are writing server-side code for an online shop. The code will be invoked over HTTP from a mobile app. Your current code is as follows:
public class ShoppingCart {
public void buy(Product product, int quantity) {
if (product == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("product cannot be null"); }
if (quantity < 1) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("quantity must be at least 1"); }
int price = product.getUnitPrice() * quantity;
int discount = computeDiscount(product, quantity);
int shippingFees = computeShippingFees(product, quantity);
int totalPrice = price - discount + shippingFees;
// this triggers a call to the actual credit card processor
CreditCardProcessor.billCurrentUser(totalPrice);
}
private int computeDiscount(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... discount computation logic ...
}
private int computeShippingFees(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... shipping fees computation logic ...
}
}
A colleague states that a null product should throw a checked exception, not an "IllegalArgumentException", because users might input bad data in the app. Explain in 1 sentence whether this is a good idea and why or why not. | In Java, the null reference value may represent an unsuccessful (out-of-domain) result. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that you are part of a team developing a mobile app using Scrum.
When using the app, you identified multiple bugs and features which you think should be implemented, and took some notes. You want to
share these with the Product Owner. Your backlog of tasks includes the following task:
- [ ] As a registered user, I can click on the settings button from the navigation pane, so I can access the settings screen from everywhere in the app.
Is this item suitable to be submitted to the Product Backlog? Why? | Within agile project management, product backlog refers to a prioritized list of functionality which a product should contain. It is sometimes referred to as a to-do list, and is considered an 'artifact' (a form of documentation) within the scrum software development framework. The product backlog is referred to with different names in different project management frameworks, such as product backlog in scrum, work item list in disciplined agile, and option pool in lean. In the scrum framework, creation and continuous maintenance of the product backlog is part of the responsibility of the product owner.A sprint backlog consists of selected elements from the product backlog which are planned to be developed within that particular sprint. In scrum, coherence is defined as a measure of the relationships between backlog items which make them worthy of consideration as a whole. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that you are part of a team developing a mobile app using Scrum.
When using the app, you identified multiple bugs and features which you think should be implemented, and took some notes. You want to
share these with the Product Owner. Your backlog of tasks includes the following task:
- [ ] As a registered user, I can click on the settings button from the navigation pane, so I can access the settings screen from everywhere in the app.
Is this item suitable to be submitted to the Product Backlog? Why? | The agile product backlog in scrum is a prioritized features list, containing short descriptions of all functionality desired in the product. When applying the scrum or other agile development methodology, it is not necessary to start a project with a lengthy, upfront effort to document all requirements as is more common with traditional project management methods following the waterfall model. Instead, a scrum team and its product owner will typically begin by writing down every relevant feature they can think of for the project's agile backlog prioritization, and the initial agile product backlog is almost always more than enough for a first sprint. The scrum product backlog is then allowed to grow further throughout the project life cycle and change as more is learned about the product and its customers. A typical scrum backlog comprises the following different types of items: Features Bugs Technical work Knowledge acquisition == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The company in which you work has just hired a new CTO, freshly graduated from a theoretical university. The CTO decides that in order to minimize bugs in the product, all new code must now be covered at least 80% in terms of paths in the code. Is this a good idea, and why?
Can you suggest something better, given the CTO's objective? (the answer must be based on the definition of path coverage.) | Because the new development initiative does not touch the code of the existing product: There is no need to regression test the existing product, saving on QA time associated with the new product launch, and reducing time to market. There is no risk of introduced bugs in the existing product, which might upset the installed user base.The downsides are: If the new product does not diverge as much as anticipated from the existing product, two code bases might need to be supported (at twice the cost) where one would have done. This can lead to expensive refactoring and manual merging down the line. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The company in which you work has just hired a new CTO, freshly graduated from a theoretical university. The CTO decides that in order to minimize bugs in the product, all new code must now be covered at least 80% in terms of paths in the code. Is this a good idea, and why?
Can you suggest something better, given the CTO's objective? (the answer must be based on the definition of path coverage.) | This is helpful when evaluating the maintainability of the code; If a line of code is to be changed then the density is indicative of how many LCSAJs will be affected by that change. A coverage level of TER3 = 100% would be achieved when the test data used causes the execution of each of these LCSAJs at least once. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Your team is developing a library that is mostly intended to be used by your company's own applications, but the library is nevertheless distributed via a public repo on GitHub. It contains the following java function:
"public InputStream convertToPdf(Document document) throws GoogleServerNotRespondingError"
A security consultant points out that passing an arbitrary document can lead to security issues since the document could link to malicious content from the Internet, and your own application does not actually use this flexibility as it only prints plain text.
The consultant suggests replacing the "Document" parameter by a "String". You agree, but identify some risk associated with this. Explain in one sentence the main problem that such a parameter change could lead to: | If a malicious web page contains an infected PDF file that takes advantage of a vulnerability in the PDF reader, the system may be compromised even if the browser is secure. Some of these vulnerabilities are a result of the PDF standard allowing PDF documents to be scripted with JavaScript. Disabling JavaScript execution in the PDF reader can help mitigate such future exploits, although it does not protect against exploits in other parts of the PDF viewing software. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Your team is developing a library that is mostly intended to be used by your company's own applications, but the library is nevertheless distributed via a public repo on GitHub. It contains the following java function:
"public InputStream convertToPdf(Document document) throws GoogleServerNotRespondingError"
A security consultant points out that passing an arbitrary document can lead to security issues since the document could link to malicious content from the Internet, and your own application does not actually use this flexibility as it only prints plain text.
The consultant suggests replacing the "Document" parameter by a "String". You agree, but identify some risk associated with this. Explain in one sentence the main problem that such a parameter change could lead to: | Security experts say that JavaScript is not essential for a PDF reader and that the security benefit that comes from disabling JavaScript outweighs any compatibility issues caused. One way of avoiding PDF file exploits is to have a local or web service convert files to another format before viewing. On March 30, 2010, security researcher Didier Stevens reported an Adobe Reader and Foxit Reader exploit that runs a malicious executable if the user allows it to launch when asked. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume the company you're working in recently hired a new CEO, who wants to improve development using modern methods. However, this CEO does not have an engineering background, so his suggestions are well-intentioned but not always feasible. The CEO comes to you with a new suggestion:
> Continuous integration is a good practice. We must adopt it, so that our code never has bugs.
> All branches in all our repositories must use continuous integration, and at the end of each day all branches must pass continuous integration.
Explain to the CEO why his goal is not realistic | This section lists best practices suggested by various authors on how to achieve continuous integration, and how to automate this practice. Build automation is a best practice itself.Continuous integration—the practice of frequently integrating one's new or changed code with the existing code repository —should occur frequently enough that no intervening window remains between commit and build, and such that no errors can arise without developers noticing them and correcting them immediately. Normal practice is to trigger these builds by every commit to a repository, rather than a periodically scheduled build. The practicalities of doing this in a multi-developer environment of rapid commits are such that it is usual to trigger a short time after each commit, then to start a build when either this timer expires or after a rather longer interval since the last build. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume the company you're working in recently hired a new CEO, who wants to improve development using modern methods. However, this CEO does not have an engineering background, so his suggestions are well-intentioned but not always feasible. The CEO comes to you with a new suggestion:
> Continuous integration is a good practice. We must adopt it, so that our code never has bugs.
> All branches in all our repositories must use continuous integration, and at the end of each day all branches must pass continuous integration.
Explain to the CEO why his goal is not realistic | Although daily builds were considered a best practice of software development in the 1990s, they have now been superseded. Continuous integration is now run on an almost continual basis, with a typical cycle time of around 20-30 minutes since the last change to the source code. Continuous integration servers continually monitor the source code control system. When these servers detect new changes, they use a build tool to rebuild the software. Good practice today is also to use continuous integration as part of continuous testing, so that unit tests are re-run for each build, and more extensive functional testing (which takes longer to perform than the build) performed as frequently as its duration permits. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Your team is developing a library that is mostly intended to be used by your company's own applications, but the library is nevertheless distributed via a public repo on GitHub. It contains the following java function:
"public InputStream convertToPdf(Document document) throws GoogleServerNotRespondingError"
This library has a maintainability problem due to using Google-specific errors. Describe in 1-2 sentences how to fix this problem: | The whole problem collapses if the source code of the libraries is available. Then a simple recompilation will do the trick. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Your team is developing a library that is mostly intended to be used by your company's own applications, but the library is nevertheless distributed via a public repo on GitHub. It contains the following java function:
"public InputStream convertToPdf(Document document) throws GoogleServerNotRespondingError"
This library has a maintainability problem due to using Google-specific errors. Describe in 1-2 sentences how to fix this problem: | Google previously ran a project hosting service called Google Code that provided revision control offering Subversion, Mercurial and Git (transparently implemented using Bigtable as storage), an issue tracker, and a wiki for documentation. The service was available and free for all OSI-approved Open Source projects (as of 2010, it was strongly recommended but no longer required to use one of the nine well-known open source licenses: Apache, Artistic, BSD, GPLv2, GPLv3, LGPL, MIT, MPL and EPL). The site limited the number of projects one person could have to 25. Additionally, there was a limit on the number of projects that could be created in one day, a 200 MB default upload file size limit, which could be raised, and a 5 GB per-project total size limit. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You are discussing coding habits with a colleague, who says:
"When I code, if a function I write has more than 10 lines, I always refactor to make it call another function, so that all my functions have less than 10 lines."
In one sentence, explain if this is a good habit and why: | A wide number of conventions for the coding of functions have been developed. Pertaining to their naming, many developers have adopted the approach that the name of a function should be a verb when it does a certain task, and adjective when it makes some inquiry, and a noun when it is used to substitute variables. Some programmers suggest that a function should perform only one task, and if a function does perform more than one task, it should be split up into more functions. They argue that functions are key components in code maintenance, and their roles in the program must remain distinct. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You are discussing coding habits with a colleague, who says:
"When I code, if a function I write has more than 10 lines, I always refactor to make it call another function, so that all my functions have less than 10 lines."
In one sentence, explain if this is a good habit and why: | As more features are added to the original code base, the harder it becomes to add further improvements. Refactoring is about keeping simplicity, clarity, minimum number of features in the code. Repetitions in the code are signs of bad code designs and should be avoided (i.e. by applying the DRY rule). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
One of your colleagues has recently taken over responsibility for a legacy codebase, a library currently used by some of your customers. Before making functional changes, your colleague found a bug caused by incorrect use of the following method in the codebase:
public class User {
/** Indicates whether the user’s browser, if any, has JavaScript enabled. */
public boolean hasJavascriptEnabled() { … }
// … other methods, such as getName(), getAge(), ...
}
Your colleague believes that this is a bad API. You are reviewing the pull request your colleague made to fix this bug. Part of the pull request deletes the "hasJavascriptEnabled" method from the code, but you disagree. Explain in 1 sentence why this could cause issues and what should be done instead. | JavaScript provides an interface to a wide range of browser capabilities, some of which may have flaws such as buffer overflows. These flaws can allow attackers to write scripts that would run any code they wish on the user's system. This code is not by any means limited to another JavaScript application. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
One of your colleagues has recently taken over responsibility for a legacy codebase, a library currently used by some of your customers. Before making functional changes, your colleague found a bug caused by incorrect use of the following method in the codebase:
public class User {
/** Indicates whether the user’s browser, if any, has JavaScript enabled. */
public boolean hasJavascriptEnabled() { … }
// … other methods, such as getName(), getAge(), ...
}
Your colleague believes that this is a bad API. You are reviewing the pull request your colleague made to fix this bug. Part of the pull request deletes the "hasJavascriptEnabled" method from the code, but you disagree. Explain in 1 sentence why this could cause issues and what should be done instead. | This information should be hidden from the user so that the user doesn't accidentally modify them and introduce a bug in the code. When such interfaces are correctly built, users use them without finding loopholes to modify the interface. The interface should already be correctly implemented, so the user does not need to make modifications. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that you are part of a team developing a mobile app using Scrum.
When using the app, you identified multiple bugs and features which you think should be implemented, and took some notes. You want to
share these with the Product Owner. Your backlog of tasks includes the following task:
- [ ] Login
Is this item suitable to be submitted to the Product Backlog? Why? | Within agile project management, product backlog refers to a prioritized list of functionality which a product should contain. It is sometimes referred to as a to-do list, and is considered an 'artifact' (a form of documentation) within the scrum software development framework. The product backlog is referred to with different names in different project management frameworks, such as product backlog in scrum, work item list in disciplined agile, and option pool in lean. In the scrum framework, creation and continuous maintenance of the product backlog is part of the responsibility of the product owner.A sprint backlog consists of selected elements from the product backlog which are planned to be developed within that particular sprint. In scrum, coherence is defined as a measure of the relationships between backlog items which make them worthy of consideration as a whole. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume that you are part of a team developing a mobile app using Scrum.
When using the app, you identified multiple bugs and features which you think should be implemented, and took some notes. You want to
share these with the Product Owner. Your backlog of tasks includes the following task:
- [ ] Login
Is this item suitable to be submitted to the Product Backlog? Why? | The agile product backlog in scrum is a prioritized features list, containing short descriptions of all functionality desired in the product. When applying the scrum or other agile development methodology, it is not necessary to start a project with a lengthy, upfront effort to document all requirements as is more common with traditional project management methods following the waterfall model. Instead, a scrum team and its product owner will typically begin by writing down every relevant feature they can think of for the project's agile backlog prioritization, and the initial agile product backlog is almost always more than enough for a first sprint. The scrum product backlog is then allowed to grow further throughout the project life cycle and change as more is learned about the product and its customers. A typical scrum backlog comprises the following different types of items: Features Bugs Technical work Knowledge acquisition == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume your team is considering adding support for the SwengPhotos cloud service, which provides upload and download of photos on private cloud storage. Each photo is associated with a unique name. SwengPhotos's documentation for the "upload new photo" interface describes the following error responses:
1. I/O error
2. Backend timeout error
3. Name already exists error
Explain, in 1-3 sentences, which of these errors are abstraction leaks and why: | CaveatsThere is no native operating system support for the Cloud Files API so it is not yet possible to "map" or "mount" it as a virtual drive without third-party software like JungleDisk that translates to a supported standard such as WebDAV. There are no concepts of "appending" or "locking" data within Cloud Files (which may affect some disk mirroring or backup solutions), nor support for permissions or transcoding. Data is organised into "containers" but it is not possible to create nested folders without a translation layer. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume your team is considering adding support for the SwengPhotos cloud service, which provides upload and download of photos on private cloud storage. Each photo is associated with a unique name. SwengPhotos's documentation for the "upload new photo" interface describes the following error responses:
1. I/O error
2. Backend timeout error
3. Name already exists error
Explain, in 1-3 sentences, which of these errors are abstraction leaks and why: | App Engine included HTTP functions with a 60-second timeout, and a blob store and data store with their own timeouts. No in-memory persistence was allowed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You've been hired to modernize a codebase from a 50-year-old company: version control, automated builds, and continuous integration. One of your colleagues, who is not completely up-to-date with modern practices, asks you the following question:
"Does adding "continuous integration" mean we no longer need to worry about testing?"
What would be your answer? | Although daily builds were considered a best practice of software development in the 1990s, they have now been superseded. Continuous integration is now run on an almost continual basis, with a typical cycle time of around 20-30 minutes since the last change to the source code. Continuous integration servers continually monitor the source code control system. When these servers detect new changes, they use a build tool to rebuild the software. Good practice today is also to use continuous integration as part of continuous testing, so that unit tests are re-run for each build, and more extensive functional testing (which takes longer to perform than the build) performed as frequently as its duration permits. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You've been hired to modernize a codebase from a 50-year-old company: version control, automated builds, and continuous integration. One of your colleagues, who is not completely up-to-date with modern practices, asks you the following question:
"Does adding "continuous integration" mean we no longer need to worry about testing?"
What would be your answer? | Continuous integration is intended to produce benefits such as: Integration bugs are detected early and are easy to track down due to small changesets. This saves both time and money over the lifespan of a project. Avoids last-minute chaos at release dates, when everyone tries to check in their slightly incompatible versions When unit tests fail or a bug emerges, if developers need to revert the codebase to a bug-free state without debugging, only a small number of changes are lost (because integration happens frequently) Constant availability of a "current" build for testing, demo, or release purposes Frequent code check-in pushes developers to create modular, less complex codeWith continuous automated testing, benefits can include: Enforces discipline of frequent automated testing Immediate feedback on the system-wide impact of local changes Software metrics generated from automated testing and CI (such as metrics for code coverage, code complexity, and feature completeness) focus developers on developing functional, quality code, and help develop momentum in a teamSome downsides of continuous integration can include: Constructing an automated test suite requires a considerable amount of work, including ongoing effort to cover new features and follow intentional code modifications. Testing is considered a best practice for software development in its own right, regardless of whether or not continuous integration is employed, and automation is an integral part of project methodologies like test-driven development. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working in a company on the back-end of a mobile application. One colleague explains that the team had originally configured the repo so that only code with >80% path coverage could be merged, but have now dropped this requirement.
In one sentence, give one possible reason behind this removal. | Because the new development initiative does not touch the code of the existing product: There is no need to regression test the existing product, saving on QA time associated with the new product launch, and reducing time to market. There is no risk of introduced bugs in the existing product, which might upset the installed user base.The downsides are: If the new product does not diverge as much as anticipated from the existing product, two code bases might need to be supported (at twice the cost) where one would have done. This can lead to expensive refactoring and manual merging down the line. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working in a company on the back-end of a mobile application. One colleague explains that the team had originally configured the repo so that only code with >80% path coverage could be merged, but have now dropped this requirement.
In one sentence, give one possible reason behind this removal. | When developers submit code to the repository they must first update their code to reflect the changes in the repository since they took their copy. The more changes the repository contains, the more work developers must do before submitting their own changes. Eventually, the repository may become so different from the developers' baselines that they enter what is sometimes referred to as "merge hell", or "integration hell", where the time it takes to integrate exceeds the time it took to make their original changes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You are discussing coding habits with a colleague, who says:
"When I code, I only write some tests in order to get the minimum coverage my team wants."
In one sentence, explain if this is a good habit and why: | The code may remain simpler than the target pattern, but still pass all required tests. This can be unsettling at first but it allows the developer to focus only on what is important. Writing the tests first: The tests should be written before the functionality that is to be tested. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You are discussing coding habits with a colleague, who says:
"When I code, I only write some tests in order to get the minimum coverage my team wants."
In one sentence, explain if this is a good habit and why: | "Unit test" code is written to exercise every instruction of the code at least once to get 100% code coverage. A "coverage" tool is often used to verify that every instruction is executed, and then the test coverage is documented as well, for legal reasons. This test is among the most powerful. It forces detailed review of the program logic, and detects most coding, compiler and some design errors. Some organizations write the unit tests before writing the code, using the software design as a module specification. The unit test code is executed, and all the problems are fixed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are writing server-side code for an online shop. The code will be invoked over HTTP from a mobile app. Your current code is as follows:
public class ShoppingCart {
public void buy(Product product, int quantity) {
if (product == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("product cannot be null"); }
if (quantity < 1) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("quantity must be at least 1"); }
int price = product.getUnitPrice() * quantity;
int discount = computeDiscount(product, quantity);
int shippingFees = computeShippingFees(product, quantity);
int totalPrice = price - discount + shippingFees;
// this triggers a call to the actual credit card processor
CreditCardProcessor.billCurrentUser(totalPrice);
}
private int computeDiscount(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... discount computation logic ...
}
private int computeShippingFees(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... shipping fees computation logic ...
}
}
A sales representative suggests adding a "Thread.sleep" call at the beginning of "buy", so that a future version of the software can remove it and advertise increased speed to customers. Explain in 1 sentence whether this is a good idea and why or why not: | Assume: Sale price is 2500, Product cost is 1800Profit = Sale price − Cost 700 = 2500 − 1800 | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are writing server-side code for an online shop. The code will be invoked over HTTP from a mobile app. Your current code is as follows:
public class ShoppingCart {
public void buy(Product product, int quantity) {
if (product == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("product cannot be null"); }
if (quantity < 1) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("quantity must be at least 1"); }
int price = product.getUnitPrice() * quantity;
int discount = computeDiscount(product, quantity);
int shippingFees = computeShippingFees(product, quantity);
int totalPrice = price - discount + shippingFees;
// this triggers a call to the actual credit card processor
CreditCardProcessor.billCurrentUser(totalPrice);
}
private int computeDiscount(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... discount computation logic ...
}
private int computeShippingFees(Product product, int quantity) {
// ... shipping fees computation logic ...
}
}
A sales representative suggests adding a "Thread.sleep" call at the beginning of "buy", so that a future version of the software can remove it and advertise increased speed to customers. Explain in 1 sentence whether this is a good idea and why or why not: | Instead, all that is required is an acknowledgement of the purchase, and the user's mobile device account is charged. In the traditional offline world of selling products there is something known as "minimum viable product." This means making something smaller and cheaper, while still charging the same, or more. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a mobile application. You meet a client while out for coffee, who tells you:
"I noticed it's not possible to customize the profile picture. I know you have a lot of stuff to do this sprint, but my boss is threatening to switch to another app, could you get this fixed during this sprint?"
In one sentence, give an answer that helps both you and the client. | What will I do today to help the development team meet the sprint goal? Do I see any impediment that prevents me or the development team from meeting the sprint goal? (These questions were removed from the 2020 Scrum Guide) Whereas Kanban-style daily stand-ups focus more on: What obstacles are impeding my progress? (looking at the board from right to left) What has progressed? | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you are working on a mobile application. You meet a client while out for coffee, who tells you:
"I noticed it's not possible to customize the profile picture. I know you have a lot of stuff to do this sprint, but my boss is threatening to switch to another app, could you get this fixed during this sprint?"
In one sentence, give an answer that helps both you and the client. | There are sites that offer customization services for phone themes. Android has different skins. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You want to create an application that allows users to manage their e-books. These books will be stored in a local database, with attributes like name, file, etc. In addition, your application will allow to add notes on books, which will be stored separately in the database, and to send a book with its notes by e-mail to friends, who can import the book and the notes in the app.
What modules would you define? | BookManager BookServer is a multi-platform system to "serve your electronic books to HTML browsers. "BookManager electronic documents typically have filenames ending with the extension .BOO. IBM offers several no charge tools to work with and read BookManager documents including a reader/viewer called IBM Softcopy Reader. An independent developer, Ken Bowling, created and released software that uses IBM's BookManager code libraries to convert BookManager documents to PDF. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You want to create an application that allows users to manage their e-books. These books will be stored in a local database, with attributes like name, file, etc. In addition, your application will allow to add notes on books, which will be stored separately in the database, and to send a book with its notes by e-mail to friends, who can import the book and the notes in the app.
What modules would you define? | Many e-readers or e-book reading applications support importing books from an OPDS catalog. E-book management applications such as Calibre also often include OPDS server software to make an e-book collection available through an OPDS catalog. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you work in a team that is developing a weather application that brings together data from several sources. One of your colleagues is responsible for creating a client for a weather service that returns data in JSON format. Your colleague suggests creating a weather client interface that returns the weather as a string, then a class that gets (fetches from the weather service) and returns the JSON, and a decorator that extracts the weather prediction from that JSON and returns it. What do you think about this approach? | Then the bulk of effort concentrates on writing the proper mediator code that will transform predicates on weather into a query over the weather website. This effort can become complex if some other source also relates to weather, because the designer may need to write code to properly combine the results from the two sources. On the other hand, in LAV, the source database is modeled as a set of views over G {\displaystyle G} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assume you work in a team that is developing a weather application that brings together data from several sources. One of your colleagues is responsible for creating a client for a weather service that returns data in JSON format. Your colleague suggests creating a weather client interface that returns the weather as a string, then a class that gets (fetches from the weather service) and returns the JSON, and a decorator that extracts the weather prediction from that JSON and returns it. What do you think about this approach? | In computer programming, the most common usage of the term is in the context of message protocols, to differentiate the protocol overhead from the actual data. For example, a JSON web service response might be: { "data": { "message": "Hello, world!" } } The string Hello, world! is the payload of JSON message, while the rest is protocol overhead. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You've been hired to modernize a codebase from a 50-year-old company: version control, automated builds, and continuous integration. One of your colleagues, who is not completely up-to-date with modern practices, asks you the following question:
"Do I have to do one "commit" each day with my day's work?"
What would be your answer? | By committing regularly, every committer can reduce the number of conflicting changes. Checking in a week's worth of work runs the risk of conflicting with other features and can be very difficult to resolve. Early, small conflicts in an area of the system cause team members to communicate about the change they are making. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
You've been hired to modernize a codebase from a 50-year-old company: version control, automated builds, and continuous integration. One of your colleagues, who is not completely up-to-date with modern practices, asks you the following question:
"Do I have to do one "commit" each day with my day's work?"
What would be your answer? | Brooks wrote "Question: How does a large software project get to be one year late? Answer: One day at a time!" Incremental slippages on many fronts eventually accumulate to produce a large overall delay. Continued attention to meeting small individual milestones is required at each level of management. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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