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Incomputerized business management,single version of the truth(SVOT), is a technical concept describing thedata warehousingideal of having either a single centraliseddatabase, or at least a distributed synchronised database, which stores all of an organisation's data in a consistent andnon-redundantform. This contrasts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_version_of_the_truth |
TheApple SIMis a proprietarysubscriber identity module(SIM) produced byApple Inc.It is included in GPS + Cellular versions of theiPad Air 2and later,iPad mini 3and later, andiPad Pro.[1]
The Apple SIM supports wireless services across multiple supported carriers, which can be selected from a user interface withiniOSan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_SIM |
AneSIM(embedded SIM) is a form ofSIM cardthat is embedded directly into a device as software installed onto aeUICCchip. First released in March 2016, eSIM is a global specification by theGSMAthat enablesremote SIM provisioning; end-users can changemobile network operatorswithout the need to physically swap a SIM from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESIM |
AnIP Multimedia Services Identity Module (ISIM)is an application residing on theUICC, anICcard specified in TS 31.101. This module could be on aUMTS3GorIMSVoLTEnetwork. It contains parameters for identifying and authenticating the user to the IMS. The ISIM application can co-exist withSIMandUSIMon the same UICC making ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Services_Identity_Module |
Amobile equipment identifier (MEID)is a globally unique number identifying a physical piece ofCDMA2000mobile station equipment. The number format is defined by the3GPP2 report S.R0048but in practical terms, it can be seen as anIMEIbut withhexadecimaldigits.
An MEID is 56bitslong (14 hexadecimal digits). It consists of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_equipment_identifier |
Amobile signatureis adigital signaturegenerated either on a mobile phone or on aSIM cardon a mobile phone.
The term first appeared in articles introducingmSign(short for Mobile Electronic Signature Consortium). It was founded in 1999 and comprised 35 member companies. In October 2000, the consortium published an XML-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_signature |
Multi-SIMtechnology allows cloning up to 12GSMSIMcards (of formatCOMP128v1) into one card. The subscriber can leave the original cards in a secure place and use only the multi-SIM card in day to day life.
For telecom operator-provided cards, only the GroupMSISDNnumber is known to multi-SIM subscribers. Member-SIMMSISD... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-SIM_card |
Aregional lockout(orregion coding) is a class ofdigital rights managementpreventing the use of a certain product or service, such asmultimediaor a hardware device, outside a certain region or territory. A regional lockout may be enforced through physical means, through technological means such as detecting the user'sIP... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_lockout |
Phone cloningis the copying of acellular device's identity to another.
Analogue mobile telephones were notorious for their lack of security.[1]Casual listeners easily heard conversations as plainnarrowband FM; eavesdroppers with specialized equipment readily intercepted handsetElectronic Serial Numbers(ESN) and Mobile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_cloning |
ASubscriber Identity Module(SIM) card connectorincludes a connector body, the connector body defines a receptacle channel that extends inwardly from the front and the receptacle channel further defines a first hole and a second hole. Pluralities of terminals mount in the middle of the connector body; a switch terminal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_connector |
TheSingle Wire Protocol(SWP) is a specification for a single-wire connection between theSIM cardand anear field communication(NFC) chip in a cell phone. It was under final review by theEuropean Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI)[when?].[1][2]
SWP is an interface between contactless frontend (CLF) anduniversa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Wire_Protocol |
Intelecommunications, atransponderis a device that, upon receiving a signal, emits a different signal in response.[1]The term is ablendoftransmitterandresponder.[2][3]
Inair navigationorradio frequency identification, aflight transponderis an automatedtransceiverin an aircraft that emits a coded identifying signal in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder |
W-SIM(Willcom-SIM) is aSIMcard developed byWillcomwhich, in addition to standard SIM functions, also has the core components of a cellular telephone (PHS), such as theradioreceiver/transmitter, built inside.[1]It is currently used in some terminals (listed below), which do not have radio modules.
The W-SIM core module... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-SIM |
Inquantum computing, theBrassard–Høyer–Tapp algorithmorBHT algorithmis aquantum algorithmthat solves thecollision problem. In this problem, one is givennand anr-to-1 functionf:{1,…,n}→{1,…,n}{\displaystyle f:\,\{1,\ldots ,n\}\rightarrow \{1,\ldots ,n\}}and needs to find two inputs thatfmaps to the same output. The BH... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHT_algorithm |
A standardSudokucontains 81 cells, in a 9×9 grid, and has 9 boxes, each box being the intersection of the first, middle, or last 3 rows, and the first, middle, or last 3 columns. Each cell may contain a number from one to nine, and each number can only occur once in each row, column, and box. A Sudoku starts with some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudoku_solving_algorithms#Sudoku_brute_force |
Iterationis the repetition of a process in order to generate a (possibly unbounded) sequence of outcomes. Each repetition of the process is a single iteration, and the outcome of each iteration is then the starting point of the next iteration.
Inmathematicsandcomputer science, iteration (along with the related techniq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteration#Computing |
Innumber theory, anaurifeuillean factorization, named afterLéon-François-Antoine Aurifeuille, isfactorizationof certain integer values of thecyclotomic polynomials.[1]Because cyclotomic polynomials areirreducible polynomialsover the integers, such a factorization cannot come from an algebraic factorization of the polyn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurifeuillean_factorization |
Bach's algorithmis a probabilisticpolynomial timealgorithmforgenerating random numbersalong with theirfactorizations. It was published byEric Bachin 1988. No algorithm is known that efficiently factors random numbers, so the straightforward method, namely generating a random number and then factoring it, is impractical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach%27s_algorithm |
Inmathematics, thefundamental theorem of arithmetic, also called theunique factorization theoremandprime factorization theorem, states that everyintegergreater than 1 can be represented uniquely as a product ofprime numbers,up tothe order of the factors.[3][4][5]For example,
The theorem says two things about this exam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_representation_of_a_positive_integer |
Inmathematics,factorization(orfactorisation, seeEnglish spelling differences) orfactoringconsists of writing a number or anothermathematical objectas a product of severalfactors, usually smaller or simpler objects of the same kind. For example,3 × 5is aninteger factorizationof15, and(x− 2)(x+ 2)is apolynomial factoriza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorization |
Innumber theory, amultiplicative partitionorunordered factorizationof an integern{\displaystyle n}is a way of writingn{\displaystyle n}as a product of integers greater than 1, treating two products as equivalent if they differ only in the ordering of the factors. The numbern{\displaystyle n}is itself considered one of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_partition |
Innumber theory, thep-adicvaluationorp-adic orderof anintegernis theexponentof the highest power of theprime numberpthatdividesn.
It is denotedνp(n){\displaystyle \nu _{p}(n)}.
Equivalently,νp(n){\displaystyle \nu _{p}(n)}is the exponent to whichp{\displaystyle p}appears in the prime factorization ofn{\displaystyle n}.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_valuation |
Innumber theoryandcombinatorics, apartitionof a non-negativeintegern, also called aninteger partition, is a way of writingnas asumofpositive integers. Two sums that differ only in the order of theirsummandsare considered the same partition. (If order matters, the sum becomes acomposition.) For example,4can be partitio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_partition |
TheInternational Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis(ICVP), also known as theCarte JauneorYellow Card, is an officialvaccinationreport created by theWorld Health Organization(WHO).[1]As atravel document, it is a kind ofmedicalpassportthat is recognised internationally and may be required for entry to certain coun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_or_Prophylaxis |
TheInternational Civil Aviation Organization Public Key Directory(ICAO PKD) is adatabasemaintained by theInternational Civil Aviation Organizationholding nationalcryptographickeys related to the authentication ofe-passportinformation.
The ICAO PKD content is open to the public, and can be downloaded for free athttps:/... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_Public_Key_Directory |
Apolycarbonate e-passportis a type of travel document that features abiometric datapage made frompolycarbonate, a durable plastic material, rather than a laminated paper sheet. This construction offers enhanced protection for the passport’s electronic components and personal data. By laser-engraving information into th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate_e-passport |
Anelectronic identification("eID") is a digital solution for proof of identity of citizens or organizations. They can be used to view to access benefits or services provided by government authorities, banks or other companies, formobile payments, etc. Apart from onlineauthenticationand login, many electronic identity s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_identification |
Replayable CCA security(RCCA security) is a security notion incryptographythat relaxes the older notion of Security againstChosen-Ciphertext Attack(CCA, more preciselyadaptivesecurity notion CCA2): all CCA-secure systems are RCCA secure but the converse is not true. The claim is that for a lot of use cases, CCA is too ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCCA_security |
Inmathematics, theadditive polynomialsare an important topic in classicalalgebraic number theory.
Letkbe afieldofprimecharacteristicp. ApolynomialP(x) withcoefficientsinkis called anadditive polynomial, or aFrobeniuspolynomial, if
as polynomials inaandb. It is equivalent to assume that this equality holds for allaan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_polynomial |
Inmathematics, aLaurent polynomial(named
afterPierre Alphonse Laurent) in one variable over afieldF{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }is alinear combinationof positive and negative powers of the variable withcoefficientsinF{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }. Laurent polynomials inX{\displaystyle X}form aringdenotedF[X,X−1]{\display... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_polynomial |
Inmathematics, informally speaking,Euclid's orchardis an array of one-dimensional "trees" of unit height planted at the lattice points in one quadrant of asquare lattice.[1]More formally, Euclid's orchard is the set of line segments from(x,y, 0)to(x,y, 1), wherexandyare positiveintegers.
The trees visible from the ori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_orchard |
In mathematics, asuperpartient ratio, also calledsuperpartient numberorepimeric ratio, is arational numberthat is greater than one and is notsuperparticular. The term has fallen out of use in modern pure mathematics, but continues to be used inmusic theoryand in thehistorical study of mathematics.
Superpartient ratios... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartient_number |
Incomputer networking,ARP spoofing(alsoARP cache poisoningorARP poison routing) is a technique by which an attacker sends (spoofed)Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) messages onto alocal area network. Generally, the aim is to associate the attacker'sMAC addresswith theIP addressof anotherhost, such as thedefault gateway,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_spoofing |
Aspidistrawas a Britishmedium-waveradio transmitter used forblack propagandaand military deception purposes againstNazi GermanyduringWorld War II. At times in its history it was the most powerful broadcast transmitter in the world. Its name – afterthe popular foliage houseplant– was inspired by the 1938 comic song "The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspidistra_(transmitter) |
TheBabington Plotwas a plan in 1586 to assassinate QueenElizabeth I, aProtestant, and putMary, Queen of Scots, herCatholiccousin, on the English throne. It led to Mary's execution, a result of a letter sent by Mary (who had been imprisoned for 19 years since 1568 in England at the behest of Elizabeth) in which she cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babington_Plot |
Computer security(alsocybersecurity,digital security, orinformation technology (IT) security) is a subdiscipline within the field ofinformation security. It consists of the protection ofcomputer software,systemsandnetworksfromthreatsthat can lead to unauthorized information disclosure, theft or damage tohardware,softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security |
Incomputer science,session hijacking, sometimes also known ascookie hijacking, is theexploitationof a validcomputer session—sometimes also called asession key—to gain unauthorized access to information or services in a computer system. In particular, it is used to refer to the theft of a magic cookie used to authentica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookiemonster_attack |
Cryptanalysis(from theGreekkryptós, "hidden", andanalýein, "to analyze") refers to the process of analyzinginformation systemsin order to understand hidden aspects of the systems.[1]Cryptanalysis is used to breachcryptographicsecurity systems and gain access to the contents ofencryptedmessages, even if thecryptographic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis |
Anevil maid attackis an attack on an unattended device, in which an attacker with physical access alters it in some undetectable way so that they can later access the device, or the data on it.
The name refers to the scenario where amaidcould subvert a device left unattended in a hotel room – but the concept itself al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_maid_attack |
Incryptography, theextension lock protocol, as described byRon RivestandAdi Shamir, is aprotocoldesigned to frustrate eavesdropper attack against two parties that use an anonymouskey exchangeprotocol to secure their conversation. A further paper proposed using it as an authentication protocol, which was subsequently br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlock_protocol |
Man-in-the-browser(MITB,MitB,MIB,MiB), a form of Internetthreatrelated toman-in-the-middle(MITM), is aproxyTrojan horse[1]that infects aweb browserby taking advantage of vulnerabilities inbrowser securityto modifyweb pages, modify transaction content or insert additional transactions, all in a covert fashion invisible ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-browser |
Aman-on-the-side attackis a form of activeattackincomputer securitysimilar to aman-in-the-middle attack. Instead of completely controlling a network node as in a man-in-the-middle attack, the attacker only has regular access to the communication channel, which allows them to read the traffic and insert new messages, bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-on-the-side_attack |
Mutual authenticationortwo-way authentication(not to be confused withtwo-factor authentication) refers to two partiesauthenticatingeach other at the same time in anauthentication protocol. It is a default mode of authentication in some protocols (IKE,SSH) and optional in others (TLS).
Mutual authentication is a desire... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_authentication |
In cryptography, apassword-authenticated key agreement(PAK) method is an interactive method for two or more parties to establish cryptographic keys based on one or more parties' knowledge of a password.
An important property is that an eavesdropper orman-in-the-middlecannot obtain enough information to be able tobrute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password-authenticated_key_agreement |
Incryptography, asecure channelis a means ofdata transmissionthat is resistant to overhearing and tampering. Aconfidential channelis a means of data transmission that is resistant to overhearing, or eavesdropping (e.g., reading the content), but not necessarily resistant to tampering (i.e., manipulating the content). A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_channel |
In the context ofinformation security, and especiallynetwork security, aspoofing attackis a situation in which a person or program successfully identifies as another by falsifyingdata, to gain an illegitimate advantage.[1]
Many of the protocols in theTCP/IPsuite do not provide mechanisms forauthenticatingthe source or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoofing_attack |
TheTerrapin attackis acryptographic attackon the commonly usedSSHprotocol that is used for secure command-and-control throughout the Internet. The Terrapin attack can reduce the security of SSH by using adowngrade attackviaman-in-the-middleinterception.[1][2][3]The attack works byprefix truncation; the injection and de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrapin_attack |
TheSecure Shell Protocol(SSH Protocol) is acryptographicnetwork protocolfor operatingnetwork servicessecurely over an unsecured network.[1]Its most notable applications are remoteloginandcommand-lineexecution.
SSH was designed forUnix-likeoperating systems as a replacement forTelnetandunsecuredremoteUnix shellprotocol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssh |
Modulois the remainder operation, which carries out a division operation with a remainder as result.
Modulomay also refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_(disambiguation) |
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss(/ɡaʊs/ⓘ;[2]German:Gauß[kaʁlˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈɡaʊs]ⓘ;[3][4]Latin:Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a Germanmathematician,astronomer,geodesist, andphysicist, who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science. He was director of theGöttingen Observatoryand professo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_F._Gauss |
In mathematics, the termmodulo("with respect to a modulus of", theLatinablativeofmoduluswhich itself means "a small measure") is often used to assert that two distinct mathematical objects can be regarded as equivalent—if their difference is accounted for by an additional factor. It was initially introduced intomathema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_(mathematics) |
Theturn(symboltrorpla) is a unit ofplane anglemeasurement that is the measure of acomplete angle—the anglesubtendedby a completecircleat its center. One turn is equal to2πradians, 360degreesor 400gradians. As anangular unit, one turn also corresponds to onecycle(symbolcycorc)[1]or to onerevolution(symbolrevorr).[2]Comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_(angle) |
Inmathematics, aBoolean ringRis aringfor whichx2=xfor allxinR, that is, a ring that consists of onlyidempotent elements.[1][2][3]An example is the ring ofintegers modulo 2.
Every Boolean ring gives rise to aBoolean algebra, with ring multiplication corresponding toconjunctionormeet∧, and ring addition toexclusive disj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_ring |
Incomputer science, acircular buffer,circular queue,cyclic bufferorring bufferis adata structurethat uses a single, fixed-sizebufferas if it were connected end-to-end. This structure lends itself easily to bufferingdata streams.[1]There were early circular buffer implementations in hardware.[2][3]
A circular buffer fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_buffer |
Divisionis one of the four basic operations ofarithmetic. The other operations areaddition,subtraction, andmultiplication. What is being divided is called thedividend, which is divided by thedivisor, and the result is called thequotient.
At an elementary level the division of twonatural numbersis, among otherpossible ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics) |
Only 0 ≤a<pare shown, since due to the first property below any otheracan be reduced modulop.Quadratic residuesare highlighted in yellow, and correspond precisely to the values 0 and 1.
Innumber theory, theLegendre symbolis amultiplicative functionwith values 1, −1, 0 that is a quadratic charactermoduloof an oddprime ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre_symbol |
Innumber theory, thenthPisano period, written asπ(n), is theperiodwith which thesequenceofFibonacci numberstakenmodulonrepeats. Pisano periods are named after Leonardo Pisano, better known asFibonacci. The existence of periodic functions in Fibonacci numbers was noted byJoseph Louis Lagrangein 1774.[1][2]
The Fibonac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisano_period |
Inmodular arithmetic, a numbergis aprimitive root modulonif every numberacoprimetoniscongruentto a power ofgmodulon. That is,gis aprimitive root modulonif for every integeracoprime ton, there is some integerkfor whichgk≡a(modn). Such a valuekis called theindexordiscrete logarithmofato the basegmodulon. Sogis aprimitive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_root_modulo_n |
Innumber theory, thelaw of quadratic reciprocityis a theorem aboutmodular arithmeticthat gives conditions for the solvability ofquadratic equationsmoduloprime numbers. Due to its subtlety, it has many formulations, but the most standard statement is:
Law of quadratic reciprocity—Letpandqbe distinct odd prime numbers, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_reciprocity |
In mathematics,rational reconstructionis a method that allows one to recover arational numberfrom its valuemoduloasufficiently largeinteger.
In the rational reconstruction problem, one is given as input a valuen≡r/s(modm){\displaystyle n\equiv r/s{\pmod {m}}}. That is,n{\displaystyle n}is an integer with the property ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_reconstruction_(mathematics) |
Inmathematics, asubsetRof theintegersis called areduced residue system modulonif:
Here φ denotesEuler's totient function.
A reduced residue system moduloncan be formed from acomplete residue systemmodulonby removing all integers notrelatively primeton. For example, a complete residue system modulo 12 is {0, 1, 2, 3, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_residue_system |
Manyprotocolsandalgorithmsrequire the serialization or enumeration of related entities. For example, acommunication protocolmust know whether some packet comes "before" or "after" some other packet. TheIETF(Internet Engineering Task Force)RFC1982attempts to define "serial number arithmetic" for the purposes of manipula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_number_arithmetic |
Inmathematicsandabstract algebra, thetwo-element Boolean algebrais theBoolean algebrawhoseunderlying set(oruniverseorcarrier)Bis theBoolean domain. The elements of the Boolean domain are 1 and 0 by convention, so thatB= {0, 1}.Paul Halmos's name for this algebra "2" has some following in the literature, and will be emp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-element_Boolean_algebra |
In themathematicalfield ofgroup theory,Lagrange's theoremstates that if H is a subgroup of anyfinite groupG, then|H|{\displaystyle |H|}is a divisor of|G|{\displaystyle |G|}, i.e. theorder(number of elements) of everysubgroupH divides the order of group G.
The theorem is named afterJoseph-Louis Lagrange. The following ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_theorem_(group_theory) |
Inmodular arithmetic,Thue's lemmaroughly states that every modular integer may be represented by a "modular fraction" such that the numerator and the denominator haveabsolute valuesnot greater than thesquare rootof the modulus.
More precisely, for every pair ofintegers(a,m)withm> 1, given two positive integersXandYsuc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thue%27s_lemma |
Ethereumis adecentralizedblockchainwithsmart contractfunctionality.Ether(abbreviation:ETH[a]) is the nativecryptocurrencyof the platform. Among cryptocurrencies, ether is second only tobitcoininmarket capitalization.[2][3]It isopen-source software.
Ethereum was conceived in 2013 byprogrammerVitalik Buterin.[4]Other fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethash |
Incomputer science,algorithmic efficiencyis a property of analgorithmwhich relates to the amount ofcomputational resourcesused by the algorithm. Algorithmic efficiency can be thought of as analogous to engineeringproductivityfor a repeating or continuous process.
For maximum efficiency it is desirable to minimize reso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency |
Incomputational complexity theory,Blum's speedup theorem, first stated byManuel Blumin 1967, is a fundamentaltheoremabout the complexity ofcomputable functions.
Each computable function has an infinite number of different program representations in a givenprogramming language. In the theory ofalgorithmsone often striv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum%27s_speedup_theorem |
Incomputational complexity theory, acomputational resourceis a resource used by somecomputational modelsin the solution ofcomputational problems.
The simplest computational resources arecomputation time, the number of steps necessary to solve a problem, andmemory space, the amount of storage needed while solving the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_resource |
Incomputational complexity theory,Savitch's theorem, proved byWalter Savitchin 1970,[1]gives a relationship between deterministic and non-deterministicspace complexity. It states that for anyspace-constructable functionf∈Ω(log(n)){\displaystyle f\in \Omega (\log(n))},[2]
In other words, if anondeterministic Turing ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitch%27s_theorem |
Inalgebra, achange of ringsis an operation of changing a coefficient ring to another.
Given aring homomorphismf:R→S{\displaystyle f:R\to S}, there are three ways to change the coefficient ring of amodule; namely, for a rightR-moduleMand a rightS-moduleN, one can form
They are related asadjoint functors:
and
This is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_rings |
Innumber theory, anatural numberis calledk-almost primeif it haskprime factors.[1][2][3]More formally, a numbernisk-almost prime if and only ifΩ(n) =k, whereΩ(n)is the total number of primes in theprime factorizationofn(can be also seen as the sum of all the primes' exponents):
A natural number is thusprimeif and only... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_prime |
Innumber theory, aFermi–Dirac primeis aprime powerwhose exponent is apower of two. These numbers are named from an analogy toFermi–Dirac statisticsinphysicsbased on the fact that each integer has a unique representation as a product of Fermi–Dirac primes without repetition. Each element of the sequence of Fermi–Dirac p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_prime |
Inmathematics, aperfect poweris anatural numberthat is a product of equal natural factors, or, in other words, anintegerthat can be expressed as a square or a higher integerpowerof another integer greater than one. More formally,nis a perfect power if there existnatural numbersm> 1, andk> 1 such thatmk=n. In this case,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_power |
Inmathematics, asemiprimeis anatural numberthat is theproductof exactly twoprime numbers. The two primes in the product may equal each other, so the semiprimes include thesquaresof prime numbers.
Because there are infinitely many prime numbers, there are also infinitely many semiprimes. Semiprimes are also calledbiprim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprime |
Ininformation technology, abackup, ordata backupis a copy ofcomputer datataken and stored elsewhere so that it may be used torestorethe original after adata lossevent. The verb form, referring to the process of doing so, is "back up", whereas the noun and adjective form is "backup".[1]Backups can be used torecover data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup |
Capability-based securityis a concept in the design ofsecure computingsystems, one of the existingsecurity models. Acapability(known in some systems as akey) is a communicable, unforgeabletokenof authority. It refers to a value thatreferencesanobjectalong with an associated set ofaccess rights. Auserprogramon acapabili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability-based_security |
Data-centric securityis an approach to security that emphasizes the dependability of thedataitself rather than the security ofnetworks,servers, or applications. Data-centric security is evolving rapidly as enterprises increasingly rely on digital information torun their businessandbig dataprojects become mainstream.[1]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-centric_security |
Enterprise information security architectureis the practice of designing, constructing and maintaining information security strategies and policies in enterprise organisations. A subset ofenterprise architecture, information security frameworks are often given their own dedicated resources in larger organisations and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_information_security_architecture |
TheGordon–Loeb modelis an economic model that analyzes the optimal level of investment ininformation security.
The benefits of investing in cybersecurity stem from reducing the costs associated withcyber breaches. The Gordon-Loeb model provides a framework for determining how much to invest in cybersecurity, using a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%E2%80%93Loeb_model |
Identity-based securityis a type ofsecuritythat focuses on access to digital information or services based on the authenticated identity of an entity.[1]It ensures that the users and services of these digital resources are entitled to what they receive. The most common form of identity-based security involves the login... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity-based_security |
Aninformation infrastructureis defined by Ole Hanseth (2002) as "a shared, evolving, open, standardized, and heterogeneous installed base"[1]and by Pironti (2006) as all of the people, processes, procedures, tools, facilities, and technology which support the creation, use, transport, storage, and destruction of inform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_infrastructure |
Information privacyis the relationship between the collection and dissemination ofdata,technology, the publicexpectation of privacy,contextual information norms, and thelegalandpoliticalissues surrounding them.[1]It is also known asdata privacy[2]ordata protection.
Various types ofpersonal informationoften come under ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy |
Ininformation technology, benchmarking ofcomputer securityrequires measurements for comparing both different IT systems and single IT systems in dedicated situations. The technical approach is a pre-defined catalog of security events (security incident andvulnerability) together with corresponding formula for the calcu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security_indicators |
Information technology(IT) is a set of related fields withininformation and communications technology(ICT), that encompass computer systems,software,programming languages,dataand information processing, and storage. Information technology is an application ofcomputer scienceandcomputer engineering.
The term is commonl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology |
Information technology risk,IT risk,IT-related risk, orcyber riskis anyriskrelating toinformation technology.[1]While information has long been appreciated as a valuable and important asset, the rise of theknowledge economyand theDigital Revolutionhas led to organizations becoming increasingly dependent on information,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_risk |
ITIL security managementdescribes the structured fitting of security into an organization.ITILsecurity management is based on the ISO 27001 standard. "ISO/IEC 27001:2005 covers all types of organizations (e.g. commercial enterprises, government agencies, not-for profit organizations).[1]ISO/IEC 27001:2005 specifies the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL_security_management |
Thecyber kill chainis the process by which perpetrators carry out cyberattacks.[2]Lockheed Martinadapted the concept of thekill chainfrom a military setting toinformation security, using it as a method for modeling intrusions on acomputer network.[3]The cyber kill chain model has seen some adoption in the information s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_kill_chain |
In thecomputer securityorInformation securityfields, there are a number of tracks a professional can take to demonstrate qualifications.[Notes 1]Four sources categorizing these, and many other credentials, licenses, andcertifications, are:
Quality and acceptance vary worldwide for IT security credentials, from well-kn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_security_certifications |
Network Security Services(NSS) is a collection of cryptographiccomputer librariesdesigned to supportcross-platformdevelopment of security-enabled client and server applications with optional support for hardwareTLS/SSL accelerationon the server side and hardware smart cards on the client side. NSS provides a completeop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Security_Services |
Privacy engineeringis an emerging field of engineering which aims to provide methodologies, tools, and techniques to ensure systems provide acceptable levels ofprivacy. Its focus lies in organizing and assessing methods to identify and tackle privacy concerns within the engineering ofinformation systems.[1]
In theUS, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_engineering |
Privacy-enhancing technologies(PET) are technologies that embody fundamental data protection principles by minimizing personal data use, maximizing data security, and empowering individuals. PETs allowonline usersto protect theprivacyof theirpersonally identifiable information(PII), which is often provided to and handl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy-enhancing_technologies |
Security convergencerefers to the convergence of two historically distinct security functions –physical securityandinformation security– within enterprises; both are integral parts of a coherentrisk managementprogram. Security convergence is motivated by the recognition that corporate assets are increasingly informatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_convergence |
Security information management(SIM) is aninformation securityindustry term for the collection of data such aslog filesinto a central repository for trend analysis.[1]
SIM products generally are software agents running on the computer systems that are monitored. The recorded log information is then sent to a centrali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_information_management |
Security level management(SLM) comprises aquality assurancesystem forinformation system security.
The aim of SLM is to display the information technology (IT) security status transparently across anorganizationat any time, and to make IT security a measurable quantity. Transparency and measurability are the prerequisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_level_management |
TheSecurity of Information Act(French:Loi sur la protection de l’information, R.S.C. 1985, c. O-5),[1]formerly known as theOfficial Secrets Act, is an Act of theParliament of Canadathat addressesnational securityconcerns, including threats ofespionageby foreign powers andterrorist organizations, and the intimidation or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_of_Information_Act |
Security serviceis a service, provided by a layer of communicating open systems, which ensures adequate security of the systems or of data transfers[1]as defined byITU-TX.800 Recommendation.X.800 andISO7498-2 (Information processing systems – Open systems interconnection – Basic Reference Model – Part 2: Security archi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication) |
Verification and validation(also abbreviated asV&V) are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or system meetsrequirementsandspecificationsand that it fulfills its intended purpose.[1]These are critical components of aquality management systemsuch asISO 9000. The words "veri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation |
Computation of acyclic redundancy checkis derived from the mathematics ofpolynomial division, modulo two. In practice, it resembleslong divisionof thebinarymessage string, with a fixed number of zeroes appended, by the "generator polynomial" string except thatexclusive oroperations replace subtractions. Division of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks |
This is a list ofhash functions, includingcyclic redundancy checks,checksumfunctions, andcryptographic hash functions.
Adler-32is often mistaken for a CRC, but it is not: it is achecksum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_checksum_algorithms |
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