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Avery large database, (originally writtenvery large data base) orVLDB,[1]is a database that contains a very large amount of data, so much that it can require specialized architectural, management, processing and maintenance methodologies.[2][3][4][5]
The vague adjectives ofveryandlargeallow for a broad and subjective ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_large_database |
Inapplied mathematics,topological data analysis(TDA) is an approach to the analysis of datasets using techniques fromtopology. Extraction of information from datasets that are high-dimensional, incomplete and noisy is generally challenging. TDA provides a general framework to analyze such data in a manner that is insen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_data_analysis |
XLDB(eXtremelyLargeDataBases) was a yearly conference aboutdatabases,data managementandanalyticsheld from 2007 to 2019. The definition ofextremely largerefers to data sets that are too big in terms of volume (too much), and/or velocity (too fast), and/or variety (too many places, too many formats) to be handled using c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLDB |
TheData Analysis and Real World Interrogation Network(DARWIN EU) is aEuropean Union(EU) initiative coordinated by theEuropean Medicines Agency(EMA) to generate and utilizereal world evidence(RWE) to support the evaluation and supervision of medicines across the EU. The project aims to enhance decision-making in regulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARWIN_EU |
Inmathematics, adifferentiable functionof onerealvariable is afunctionwhosederivativeexists at each point in itsdomain. In other words, thegraphof a differentiable function has a non-verticaltangent lineat each interior point in its domain. A differentiable function issmooth(the function is locally well approximated as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_function |
Algorithmic information theory(AIT) is a branch oftheoretical computer sciencethat concerns itself with the relationship betweencomputationandinformationof computably generated objects (as opposed tostochasticallygenerated), such asstringsor any otherdata structure. In other words, it is shown within algorithmic inform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_information_theory |
Inductive reasoningrefers to a variety ofmethods of reasoningin which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but with some degree of probability.[1]Unlikedeductivereasoning(such asmathematical induction), where the conclusion iscertain, given the premises are correct, inductive reasoni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_inference |
Mill's methodsare five methods ofinductiondescribed byphilosopherJohn Stuart Millin his 1843 bookA System of Logic.[1][2]They are intended to establish acausal relationshipbetween two or more groups of data, analyzing their respective differences and similarities.
If two or more instances of the phenomenon under inves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%27s_methods |
Minimum Description Length(MDL) is amodel selectionprinciple where the shortest description of the data is the best model. MDL methods learn through a data compression perspective and are sometimes described as mathematical applications ofOccam's razor. The MDL principle can be extended to other forms of inductive infe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_description_length |
Minimum message length(MML) is a Bayesian information-theoretic method for statistical model comparison and selection.[1]It provides a formalinformation theoryrestatement ofOccam's Razor: even when models are equal in their measure of fit-accuracy to the observed data, the one generating the most conciseexplanationof d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_message_length |
Theproblem of inductionis a philosophical problem that questions therationalityof predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations. These inferences from the observed to the unobserved are known as "inductive inferences".David Hume, who first formulated the problem in 1739,[1]argued that there is no n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction |
Thenew riddle of inductionwas presented byNelson GoodmaninFact, Fiction, and Forecastas a successor toHume's original problem. It presents the logicalpredicatesgrueandbleenwhich are unusual due to their time-dependence. Many have tried to solve the new riddle on those terms, butHilary Putnamand others have argued such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_riddle_of_induction |
Ahybrid systemis adynamical systemthat exhibits both continuous and discrete dynamic behavior – a system that can bothflow(described by adifferential equation) andjump(described by astate machine,automaton, or adifference equation).[1]Often, the term "hybrid dynamical system" is used instead of "hybrid system", to dist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_system |
Subsumption architectureis a reactiverobotic architectureheavily associated withbehavior-based roboticswhich was very popular in the 1980s and 90s. The term was introduced byRodney Brooksand colleagues in 1986.[1][2][3]Subsumption has been widely influential inautonomous roboticsand elsewhere inreal-timeAI.
Subsumpti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsumption_architecture |
Cascadingis a particular case ofensemble learningbased on the concatenation of severalclassifiers, using all information collected from the output from a given classifier as additional information for the next classifier in the cascade. Unlike voting or stacking ensembles, which are multiexpert systems, cascading is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_classifiers |
CoBoostis asemi-supervisedtrainingalgorithmproposed by Collins and Singer in 1999.[1]The original application for the algorithm was the task ofnamed-entity recognitionusing very weak learners, but it can be used for performing semi-supervised learning in cases wheredata featuresmay be redundant.[1]
It may be seen as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoBoosting |
Inmachine learning(ML), amargin classifieris a type ofclassificationmodel which is able to give an associated distance from thedecision boundaryfor each data sample. For instance, if alinear classifieris used, the distance (typicallyEuclidean, though others may be used) of a sample from the separatinghyperplaneis the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margin_classifier |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to corporate finance:
Corporate financeis the area offinancethat deals with the sources of funding, and thecapital structureofcorporations, the actions that managers take to increase thevalueof the firm to theshareholders, and the tools andanalysisuse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_corporate_finance |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Financial economicsis the branch ofeconomicscharacterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear onboth sidesof a trade".[1]Its concern is thus the interrelation of financial variables, such asshare prices,interes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_economics#Certainty |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Financial economicsis the branch ofeconomicscharacterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear onboth sidesof a trade".[1]Its concern is thus the interrelation of financial variables, such asshare prices,interes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_economics#Corporate_finance_theory |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance:
Finance– addresses the ways in which individuals and organizations raise and allocate monetaryresourcesover time, taking into account therisksentailed in their projects.
The termfinancemay incorporate any of the following:
Financial inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Corporate_finance_theory |
Capital managementrefers to the area offinancial managementthat deals withcapital assets, which are assets that have value as a function of economic production, or otherwise are of utility to other economicassets. Capital management can broadly be divided into two classes:
The discipline exists because assets that are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_management |
Abudgetis acalculationplan, usually but not alwaysfinancial, for a definedperiod, often one year or a month. A budget may include anticipatedsalesvolumes andrevenues, resource quantities including time,costsandexpenses, environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, other impacts,assets,liabilitiesandcash flow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_budget |
Corporate governancerefers to the mechanisms, processes, practices, and relations by whichcorporationsare controlled and operated by their boards of directors, managers, shareholders, and stakeholders.
"Corporate governance" may be defined, described or delineated in diverse ways, depending on the writer's purpose. Wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance |
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Note to the requestor: Make sure the page has already been reverted to a non-infringing revision or that infringing text has been removed or replaced befor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_tax |
Financial planning and analysis(FP&A), in accounting and business, refers to the various integratedplanning,analysis, andmodelingactivities aimedat supportingfinancial decisioningand managementin the wider organization.[1][2][3][4][5]SeeFinancial analyst § Financial planning and analysisfor outline, and aside articles ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FP%26A |
Financial accountingis a branch ofaccountingconcerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions related to a business.[1]This involves the preparation offinancial statementsavailable for public use.Stockholders,suppliers,banks,employees,government agencies,business owners, and otherstakeholders... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_accounting |
Financial analysis(also known asfinancial statement analysis,accounting analysis, oranalysis of finance) refers to an assessment of the viability, stability, and profitability of abusiness, sub-business,projector investment.
It is performed by professionals who prepare reports usingratiosand other techniques, that mak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_analysis |
Financial managementis thebusiness functionconcerned with profitability, expenses, cash and credit. These are often grouped together under the rubric of maximizing thevalue of the firmforstockholders. The discipline is then tasked with the "efficient acquisition and deployment" of bothshort-andlong-term financial resou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_management |
In general usage, afinancial planis a comprehensive evaluation of an individual's current pay and future financial state by using current known variables to predict future income, asset values and withdrawal plans.[1]This often includes abudgetwhich organizes an individual's finances and sometimes includes a series of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_planning |
Afinancial ratiooraccounting ratiostates the relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise'sfinancial statements. Often used inaccounting, there are many standardratiosused to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_ratio |
Financial statement analysis(or justfinancial analysis) is the process of reviewing and analyzing a company'sfinancial statementsto make better economic decisions to earn income in future. These statements include theincome statement,balance sheet,statement of cash flows, notes to accounts and astatement of changes in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_statement_analysis |
Infinance, agrowth stockis astockof a company that generates substantial and sustainable positivecash flowand whoserevenuesandearningsare expected to increase at a faster rate than the average company within the same industry.[1]A growth company typically has some sort ofcompetitive advantage(a new product, a breakthro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_stock |
Investment bankingis an advisory-basedfinancial servicefor institutional investors, corporations, governments, and similar clients. Traditionally associated withcorporate finance, such a bank might assist in raisingfinancial capitalbyunderwritingor acting as the client'sagentin theissuanceof debt or equitysecurities. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_bank |
Private equity(PE) isstockin aprivate companythat does not offer stock to the general public. Private equity is offered instead to specializedinvestment fundsandlimited partnershipsthat take an active role in the management and structuring of the companies. In casual usage, "private equity" can refer to these investmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity |
Asecurityis a tradablefinancial asset. The term commonly refers to any form offinancial instrument, but its legal definition varies by jurisdiction. In some countries and languages people commonly use the term "security" to refer to any form of financial instrument, even though the underlying legal and regulatory regim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_(finance) |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Astock market,equity market, orshare marketis the aggregation of buyers and sellers ofstocks(also called shares), which representownershipclaims on businesses; these may includesecuritieslisted on a publicstock exchangeas well as stock that is only traded privately, such as sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market |
Strategic financial managementis the study offinancewith a long term view considering the strategic goals of the enterprise. Financial management is sometimes referred to as "Strategic Financial Management" to give it an increased frame of reference.
To understand what strategic financial management is about, we must ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_financial_management |
Venture capital(VC) is a form ofprivate equityfinancing provided by firms orfundstostartup, early-stage, and emerging companies, that have been deemed to have high growth potential or that have demonstrated high growth in terms of number of employees, annual revenue, scale of operations, etc. Venture capital firms or f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital |
Following is a partial list ofprofessional certificationsinfinancial services, with an overview of the educational and continuing requirements for each; seeProfessional certification § Accountancy, auditing and financeandCategory:Professional certification in financefor all articles.
As the field offinancehas increase... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_certification_in_financial_services#Corporate_finance |
This page is anindex of accounting topics.
Accounting ethics-Accounting information system-Accounting research-Activity-Based Costing-Assets
Balance sheet-Big Four auditors-Bond-Bookkeeping-Book value
Cash-basis accounting-Cash-basis versus accrual-basis accounting-Cash flow statement-Certified General Accountant-Ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accounting_topics |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance:
Finance– addresses the ways in which individuals and organizations raise and allocate monetaryresourcesover time, taking into account therisksentailed in their projects.
The termfinancemay incorporate any of the following:
Financial inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_finance_topics |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance:
Finance– addresses the ways in which individuals and organizations raise and allocate monetaryresourcesover time, taking into account therisksentailed in their projects.
The termfinancemay incorporate any of the following:
Financial inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_finance_topics#Corporate_finance |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance:
Finance– addresses the ways in which individuals and organizations raise and allocate monetaryresourcesover time, taking into account therisksentailed in their projects.
The termfinancemay incorporate any of the following:
Financial inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_finance_topics#Valuation |
Adaptive management, also known asadaptive resource managementoradaptive environmental assessment and management, is a structured,iterativeprocess of robustdecision makingin the face ofuncertainty, with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time viasystem monitoring. In this way, decision making simultaneously meets one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_management |
Adecisional balance sheetordecision balance sheetis atabularmethod for representing the pros and cons of different choices and for helping someone decide what to do in a certain circumstance. It is often used in working withambivalencein people who are engaged in behaviours that are harmful to their health (for example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decisional_balance_sheet |
Collective intelligenceCollective actionSelf-organized criticalityHerd mentalityPhase transitionAgent-based modellingSynchronizationAnt colony optimizationParticle swarm optimizationSwarm behaviour
Social network analysisSmall-world networksCentralityMotifsGraph theoryScalingRobustnessSystems biologyDynamic networks
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback |
Alearning cycleis a concept of how people learn from experience. A learning cycle will have a number of stages or phases, the last of which can be followed by the first.
In 1933 (based on work first published in 1910),John Deweydescribed five phases or aspects of reflective thought:
In between, as states of thinking,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_cycle |
Insystems engineering,information systemsandsoftware engineering, thesystems development life cycle(SDLC), also referred to as theapplication development life cycle, is a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying aninformation system.[1]The SDLC concept applies to a range of hardware and software configura... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_lifecycle |
Avicious circle(orcycle) is a complexchain of eventsthat reinforces itself through afeedback loop, with detrimental results.[1]It is a system with no tendency towardequilibrium(social,economic,ecological, etc.), at least in the short run. Each iteration of the cycle reinforces the previous one, in an example ofpositiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuous_circle_and_vicious_circle |
Theintelligence cycleis an idealized model of howintelligenceis processed in civilian and militaryintelligence agencies, and law enforcement organizations. It is a closedpathconsisting of repeatingnodes, which (if followed) will result infinished intelligence. The stages of the intelligence cycle include the issuance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_cycle |
Abelief structureis a distributed assessment withbeliefs.
A belief structure is used in theevidential reasoning (ER) approachformultiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)to represent the performance of an alternative option on a criterion.
In the ER approach, an MCDA problem is modelled by abelief decision matrixinst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief_structure |
Thedecision-matrix method, alsoPugh methodorPugh concept selection, invented byStuart Pugh,[1]is a qualitative technique used to rank the multi-dimensional options of an option set. It is frequently used inengineeringfor making design decisions but can also be used to rank investment options, vendor options, product op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-matrix_method |
Case-based reasoning(CBR), broadly construed, is the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems.[1][2]
In everyday life, an automechanicwho fixes anengineby recalling anothercarthat exhibited similar symptoms is using case-based reasoning. Alawyerwho advocates a particular outcome ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_based_reasoning |
Acausal mapcan be defined as a network consisting of links or arcs between nodes or factors, such that a link between C and E means, in some sense, that someone believes or claims C has or had some causal influence on E.
This definition could cover diagrams representing causal connections between variables which are m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause%E2%80%93effect_graph |
Thedominance-based rough set approach(DRSA) is an extension ofrough set theoryformulti-criteria decision analysis(MCDA), introduced by Greco, Matarazzo and Słowiński.[1][2][3]The main change compared to the classicalrough setsis the substitution for the indiscernibility relation by a dominance relation, which permits o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance-based_rough_set_approach |
AKarnaugh map(KMorK-map) is a diagram that can be used to simplify aBoolean algebraexpression.Maurice Karnaughintroduced the technique in 1953[1][2]as a refinement ofEdward W. Veitch's 1952Veitch chart,[3][4]which itself was a rediscovery ofAllan Marquand's 1881logical diagram[5][6]orMarquand diagram.[4]They are also k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaugh-Veitch_diagram |
Many-valued logic(alsomulti-ormultiple-valued logic) is apropositional calculusin which there are more than twotruth values. Traditionally, inAristotle'slogical calculus, there were only two possible values (i.e., "true" and "false") for anyproposition. Classicaltwo-valued logicmay be extended ton-valued logicforngreat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-valued_logic |
Asemantic decision tableuses modernontology engineeringtechnologies to enhance traditional adecision table. The term "semantic decision table" was coined by Yan Tang and Prof. Robert Meersman from VUB STARLab (Free University of Brussels) in 2006.[1]A semantic decision table is a set of decision tables properly annotat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_decision_table |
Inbusiness analysis, theDecision Model and Notation(DMN) is a standard published by theObject Management Group.[1]It is a standard approach for describing and modeling repeatable decisions within organizations to ensure that decision models are interchangeable across organizations.
The DMN standard provides the indust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Model_and_Notation |
Acomparison sortis a type ofsorting algorithmthat only reads the list elements through a single abstract comparison operation (often a "less than or equal to" operator or athree-way comparison) that determines which of two elements should occur first in the final sorted list. The only requirement is that the operator f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_sort |
Intheoretical computer science, theAanderaa–Karp–Rosenberg conjecture(also known as theAanderaa–Rosenberg conjectureor theevasiveness conjecture) is a group of relatedconjecturesabout the number of questions of the form "Is there an edge between vertexu{\displaystyle u}and vertexv{\displaystyle v}?" that have to be ans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanderaa%E2%80%93Karp%E2%80%93Rosenberg_conjecture |
Aminimum spanning tree(MST) orminimum weight spanning treeis a subset of the edges of aconnected, edge-weighted undirectedgraphthat connects all theverticestogether, without anycyclesand with the minimum possible total edge weight.[1]That is, it is aspanning treewhose sum of edge weights is as small as possible.[2]More... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_spanning_tree#Decision_trees |
Goal structuring notation(GSN) is a graphical diagram notation used to show the elements of anargumentand the relationships between those elements in a clearer format than plain text.[1]Often used insafety engineering, GSN was developed at the University of York during the 1990s to presentsafety cases.[2]The notation g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_structuring_notation |
IDEF6orIntegrated Definition for Design Rationale Captureis a method to facilitate the acquisition, representation, and manipulation of thedesign rationaleused in the development ofenterprise systems. This method, that wants to define the motives that drive thedecision-makingprocess, is still in development.[2]Rational... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEF6 |
Problem structuring methods(PSMs) are a group of techniques used tomodelor tomapthe nature or structure of a situation orstate of affairsthat some people want to change.[1]PSMs are usually used by a group of people incollaboration(rather than by a solitary individual) to create aconsensusabout, or at least to facilitat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_structuring_methods |
Justification(also calledepistemic justification) is a property ofbeliefsthat fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe.[1][2]Epistemologistsoften identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion.[3]They study the reasons why someone holds a belief.[4]Epistemolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification |
ERIL(Entity-Relationship and Inheritance Language) is avisual languagefor representing the data structure of a computer system.
As its name suggests, ERIL is based onentity-relationshipdiagrams andclass diagrams.
ERIL combines therelationalandobject-orientedapproaches todata modeling.
ERIL can be seen as a set of guid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERIL |
Dynamics of Markovian particles(DMP) is the basis of atheoryforkineticsofparticlesin openheterogeneous systems. It can be looked upon as an application of the notion ofstochastic processconceived as a physical entity; e.g. the particle moves because there is a transition probability acting on it.
Two particular featur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_of_Markovian_particles |
Innumerical methodsforstochastic differential equations, theMarkov chain approximation method (MCAM)belongs to the several numerical (schemes) approaches used instochastic control theory. Regrettably the simple adaptation of the deterministic schemes for matching up to stochastic models such as the Runge–Kutta method d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain_approximation_method |
Markov chain geostatisticsusesMarkov chainspatial models,simulationalgorithmsand associated spatialcorrelationmeasures (e.g.,transiogram) based on the Markov chain random field theory, which extends a singleMarkov chaininto a multi-dimensional random field forgeostatistical modeling. A Markov chain random field is stil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain_geostatistics |
Inprobability theory, themixing timeof aMarkov chainis the time until the Markov chain is "close" to itssteady statedistribution.
More precisely, a fundamental result aboutMarkov chainsis that a finite state irreducible aperiodic chain has a unique stationary distributionπand, regardless of the initial state, the time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain_mixing_time |
In the mathematical theory ofMarkov chains, theMarkov chain tree theoremis an expression for thestationary distributionof a Markov chain with finitely many states. It sums up terms for the rootedspanning treesof the Markov chain, with a positive combination for each tree. The Markov chain tree theorem is closely relate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain_tree_theorem |
In mathematics, aMarkov odometeris a certain type oftopological dynamical system. It plays a fundamental role inergodic theoryand especially inorbit theory of dynamical systems, since a theorem ofH. Dyeasserts that everyergodicnonsingular transformationis orbit-equivalent to a Markov odometer.[1]
The basic example of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_odometer |
Inprobability theoryandergodic theory, aMarkov operatoris anoperatoron a certainfunction spacethat conserves the mass (the so-called Markov property). If the underlyingmeasurable spaceistopologicallysufficiently rich enough, then the Markov operator admits akernelrepresentation. Markov operators can belinearor non-line... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_operator |
Inphysics,chemistry, and related fields,master equationsare used to describe thetime evolutionof a system that can be modeled as being in aprobabilisticcombination of states at any given time, and the switching between states is determined by atransition rate matrix. The equations are a set ofdifferential equations– ov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_equation |
Inmathematics, thequantum Markov chainis a reformulation of the ideas of a classicalMarkov chain, replacing the classical definitions of probability withquantum probability.
Very roughly, the theory of a quantum Markov chain resembles that of ameasure-many automaton, with some important substitutions: the initial stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Markov_chain |
Stochastic cellular automataorprobabilistic cellular automata(PCA) orrandom cellular automataorlocally interactingMarkov chains[1][2]are an important extension ofcellular automaton. Cellular automata are a discrete-timedynamical systemof interacting entities, whose state is discrete.
The state of the collection of ent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_cellular_automaton |
Inprobability theory, atelescoping Markov chain (TMC)is a vector-valuedstochastic processthat satisfies aMarkov propertyand admits a hierarchical format through a network of transition matrices with cascading dependence.[1]
For anyN>1{\displaystyle N>1}consider the set of spaces{Sℓ}ℓ=1N{\displaystyle \{{\mathcal {S}}^... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescoping_Markov_chain |
Inprobability theory,oddsprovide a measure of the probability of a particular outcome. Odds are commonly used ingamblingandstatistics. For example for an event that is 40% probable, one could say that the odds are"2 in 5","2 to 3 in favor","2 to 3 on",or"3 to 2 against".
Whengambling, odds are often given as the ratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds |
Clinical trialsare prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies onhuman participantsdesigned to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novelvaccines,drugs,dietary choices,dietary supplements, andmedical devices) and known interventions that war... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial |
Expanded accessorcompassionate useis the use of an unapproved drug or medical device under special forms ofinvestigational new drug applications(IND) orIDE applicationfor devices, outside of aclinical trial, by people with serious or life-threatening conditions who do not meet the enrollment criteria for the clinical t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_access |
Inmathematics,Sperner's lemmais acombinatorialresult on colorings oftriangulations,analogousto theBrouwer fixed point theorem, which is equivalent to it.[1]It states that everySperner coloring(described below) of a triangulation of ann{\displaystyle n}-dimensionalsimplexcontains a cell whose vertices all have different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperner%27s_lemma |
Inmathematics, thediscrete exterior calculus(DEC) is the extension of theexterior calculustodiscretespaces includinggraphs,finite element meshes, and lately also general polygonal meshes[1](non-flat and non-convex). DEC methods have proved to be very powerful in improving and analyzing finite element methods: for insta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_exterior_calculus |
Inmathematics,topological graph theoryis a branch ofgraph theory. It studies theembedding of graphsinsurfaces,spatial embeddings of graphs, andgraphsastopological spaces.[1]It also studiesimmersionsof graphs.
Embedding a graph in a surface means that we want to draw the graph on a surface, aspherefor example, without ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_graph_theory |
Inmathematics,combinatorial topologywas an older name foralgebraic topology, dating from the time whentopological invariantsof spaces (for example theBetti numbers) were regarded as derived from combinatorial decompositions of spaces, such as decomposition intosimplicial complexes. After the proof of thesimplicial appr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_topology |
Inmathematics, afinite topological spaceis atopological spacefor which the underlyingpoint setisfinite. That is, it is a topological space which has only finitely many elements.
Finite topological spaces are often used to provide examples of interesting phenomena orcounterexamplesto plausible sounding conjectures.Will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_topological_space |
Recurrent neural networks(RNNs) are a class of artificial neural networks designed for processing sequential data, such as text, speech, andtime series,[1]where the order of elements is important. Unlikefeedforward neural networks, which process inputs independently, RNNs utilize recurrent connections, where the output... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_neural_networks |
Ininformation geometry, theFisher information metric[1]is a particularRiemannian metricwhich can be defined on a smoothstatistical manifold,i.e., asmooth manifoldwhose points areprobability distributions. It can be used to calculate the distance between probability distributions.[2]
The metric is interesting in severa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_information_metric |
Actuarial scienceis the discipline that appliesmathematicalandstatisticalmethods toassess riskininsurance,pension,finance,investmentand other industries and professions.
Actuariesare professionals trained in this discipline. In many countries, actuaries must demonstrate their competence by passing a series of rigorous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_science |
Artificial intelligence in healthcareis theapplication of artificial intelligence(AI) to analyze and understand complex medical and healthcare data. In some cases, it can exceed or augment human capabilities by providing better or faster ways to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease.[1][2][3]
As the widespread use of AI... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare |
Analytical proceduresare one of manyfinancial auditprocedures which help anauditorunderstand an entity's business and changes in the business, and to identify potentialriskareas to plan other audit procedures. It can also be anaudit substantive testinvolving the evaluation of financial information made by a study of pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_procedures_(finance_auditing) |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Computational sociologyis a branch ofsociologythat uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena. Usingcomputer simulations,artificial intelligence, complex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociology |
Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History(CRUSH) is anIBMpredictive analyticssystem that attempts to predict the location of future crimes.[1]It was developed as part of the Blue CRUSH program in conjunction withMemphis Police Departmentand theUniversity of MemphisCriminology and Research department.[2]In Memphi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Reduction_Utilising_Statistical_History |
Decision managementrefers to the process of designing, building, and managing automated decision-making systems that support or replace human decision-making in organizations.[1]It integrates business rules, predictive analytics, and decision modeling to streamline and automate operational decisions.[1]These systems co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_management |
Disease surveillanceis anepidemiologicalpractice by which the spread ofdiseaseis monitored in order to establish patterns of progression. The main role of disease surveillance is to predict, observe, and minimize the harm caused byoutbreak,epidemic, andpandemicsituations, as well as increase knowledge about which facto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance |
Learning analyticsis the measurement, collection, analysis and reporting of data about learners and their contexts, for purposes of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs.[1]The growth ofonline learningsince the 1990s, particularly inhigher education, has contributed to the advanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_analytics |
Statistical inferenceis the process of usingdata analysisto infer properties of an underlyingprobability distribution.[1]Inferential statistical analysisinfers properties of apopulation, for example bytesting hypothesesand deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set issampledfrom a larger population.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_inference |
Predictive policingis the usage of mathematics,predictive analytics, and other analytical techniques inlaw enforcementto identify potential criminal activity.[1][2][3]A report published by theRAND Corporationidentified four general categories predictive policing methods fall into: methods for predicting crimes, methods... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_policing |
Inmachine learning,kernel machinesare a class of algorithms forpattern analysis, whose best known member is thesupport-vector machine(SVM). These methods involve using linear classifiers to solve nonlinear problems.[1]The general task ofpattern analysisis to find and study general types of relations (for examplecluster... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_trick |
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