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This is a list of topics aroundBoolean algebraandpropositional logic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boolean_algebra_topics |
Anexistential graphis a type ofdiagrammaticor visual notation for logical expressions, created byCharles Sanders Peirce, who wrote on graphical logic as early as 1882,[1]and continued to develop the method until his death in 1914. They include both a separate graphical notation for logical statements and a logical calc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_graph |
Inlogicandmathematics, atruth value, sometimes called alogical value, is a value indicating the relation of apropositiontotruth, which inclassical logichas only two possible values (trueorfalse).[1][2]Truth values are used incomputingas well as various types oflogic.
In some programming languages, anyexpressioncan be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_value |
In themathematicalstudy ofcellular automata,Rule 90is anelementary cellular automatonbased on theexclusive orfunction. It consists of a one-dimensional array of cells, each of which can hold either a 0 or a 1 value. In each time step all values are simultaneously replaced by theXORof their two neighboring values.[1]Mar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_90 |
AnXOR linked listis a type ofdata structureused incomputer programming. It takes advantage of thebitwise XORoperation to decrease storage requirements fordoubly linked listsby storing the composition of both addresses in one field. While the composed address is not meaningful on its own, during traversal it can be comb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_linked_list |
Roger Frontenac(fl.1950) was aFrench navyofficer and a scholar ofNostradamus' prophecies. He proposed an interpretation system for the text ofLes Prophéties, based upon a form ofcryptographyknown as theVigenère table.
Roger Frontenac, as a navy officer, was in charge ofmilitary ciphers. After World War II, he began to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Frontenac |
Michel de Nostredame(December 1503 – July 1566[1]), usuallyLatinisedasNostradamus,[a]was a Frenchastrologer,apothecary,physician, and reputedseer, who is best known for his bookLes Prophéties(published in 1555), a collection of 942[b]poeticquatrainsallegedly predicting future events.
Nostradamus's father's family had ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostradamus |
Title 21 CFR Part 11is the part ofTitle 21of theCode of Federal Regulationsthat establishes the United StatesFood and Drug Administration(FDA) regulations on electronic records andelectronic signatures(ERES).Part 11, as it is commonly called, defines the criteria under which electronic records and electronic signatures... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_CFR_11 |
Incryptography,X.509is anInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU) standard defining the format ofpublic key certificates.[1]X.509 certificates are used in many Internet protocols, includingTLS/SSL, which is the basis forHTTPS,[2]the secure protocol for browsing theweb. They are also used in offline applications, like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509 |
Anadvanced electronic signature(AESorAdES) is anelectronic signaturethat has met the requirements set forth underEU RegulationNo 910/2014 (eIDAS-regulation) on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in theEuropean Single Market.[1]
eIDAS created standards for the use ofelectronic sign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_electronic_signature |
Incryptographyablind signature, as introduced byDavid Chaum,[1]is a form ofdigital signaturein which the content of a message is disguised (blinded) before it is signed. The resulting blind signature can be publicly verified against the original, unblinded message in the manner of a regular digital signature. Blind sig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_signature |
Adetached signatureis a type ofdigital signaturethat is kept separate from its signed data, as opposed to bundled together into a single file.
This approach offers several advantages, such as preventing unauthorized modifications to the original data objects. However, there is a risk that the detached signature could ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detached_signature |
Incryptography, apublic key certificate, also known as adigital certificateoridentity certificate, is anelectronic documentused to prove the validity of apublic key.[1][2]The certificate includes the public key and information about it, information about the identity of its owner (called the subject), and thedigital si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate |
Electronic signatureallows users to electronically perform the actions for which they previously had to give a signature on paper.Estonia's digital signature system is the foundation for some of its most populare-servicesincluding registering a company online, e-banks, thee-votingsystem and electronic tax filing – esse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature_in_Estonia |
Anelectronic lab notebookorelectronic laboratory notebook(ELN) is acomputer programdesigned to replace paperlaboratory notebooks. Lab notebooks in general are used byscientists,engineers, andtechniciansto documentresearch,experiments, and procedures performed in a laboratory. A lab notebook is often maintained to be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_lab_notebook |
Worldwide, legislation concerning the effect and validity of electronic signatures, including, but not limited to, cryptographicdigital signatures, includes:
In the EU, electronic signatures and relatedtrust servicesare regulated by the Regulation (EU) N°910/2014 on electronic identification and trust services for ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_signatures_and_law |
Aadhaar eSignis an onlineelectronic signatureservice inIndiato facilitate anAadhaarholder to digitally sign a document.[1]The signature service is facilitated by authenticating the Aadhaar holder via the Aadhaar-based e-KYC (electronic Know Your Customer) service.[2]
To eSign a document, one has to have an Aadhaar car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESign_(India) |
Incryptography,server-based signaturesaredigital signaturesin which a publicly available server participates in the signature creation process. This is in contrast to conventional digital signatures that are based onpublic-key cryptographyandpublic-key infrastructure. With that, they assume that signers use their perso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-based_signatures |
Probabilistic Signature Scheme(PSS) is acryptographicsignature schemedesigned byMihir BellareandPhillip Rogaway.[1]
RSA-PSS is an adaptation of their work and is standardized as part ofPKCS#1 v2.1. In general, RSA-PSS should be used as a replacement for RSA-PKCS#1 v1.5.
PSS was specifically developed to allow modern ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_signature_scheme |
TheCryptographic Message Syntax(CMS) is theIETF's standard forcryptographicallyprotected messages. It can be used by cryptographic schemes and protocols todigitally sign,digest,authenticateorencryptany form of digital data.
CMS is based on the syntax ofPKCS #7, which in turn is based on thePrivacy-Enhanced Mailstandar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_Message_Syntax |
Forward anonymityis a property of acryptographicsystem which prevents anattackerwho has recorded past encrypted communications from discovering its contents and participants in the future. This property is analogous toforward secrecy.
An example of a system which uses forwardanonymityis apublic key cryptographysystem,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_anonymity |
Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman(ECDH) is akey agreementprotocol that allows two parties, each having anelliptic-curvepublic–private key pair, to establish ashared secretover aninsecure channel.[1][2][3]This shared secret may be directly used as a key, or toderive another key. The key, or the derived key, can then be use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman |
Harvest now, decrypt later[a]is a surveillance strategy that relies on the acquisition and long-term storage of currently unreadable encrypted data awaiting possible breakthroughs indecryptiontechnology that would render it readable in the future – a hypothetical date referred to as Y2Q (a reference toY2K) or Q-Day.[1]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_now,_decrypt_later |
Thehartley(symbolHart), also called aban, or adit(short for "decimal digit"),[1][2][3]is alogarithmic unitthat measuresinformationorentropy, based on base 10logarithmsand powers of 10. One hartley is the information content of an event if theprobabilityof that event occurring is1⁄10.[4]It is therefore equal to the info... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(unit) |
TheCopiale cipheris anencryptedmanuscript consisting of 75,000 handwritten characters filling 105 pages in a bound volume.[1]Undeciphered for more than 260 years, the document was decrypted in 2011 with computer assistance. An international team consisting of Kevin Knight of the University of Southern CaliforniaInform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copiale_cipher |
Adictionary coder, also sometimes known as asubstitution coder, is a class oflossless data compressionalgorithms which operate by searching for matches between the text to be compressed and a set ofstringscontained in adata structure(called the 'dictionary') maintained by the encoder. When the encoder finds such a matc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_coder |
Leet(or "1337"), also known aseleetorleetspeak, or simplyhacker speech, is a system of modified spellings used primarily on theInternet. It often uses character replacements in ways that play on the similarity of theirglyphsviareflectionor other resemblance. Additionally, it modifies certain words on the basis of a sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leet |
Incryptography, amusic cipheris analgorithmfor theencryptionof a plaintext into musical symbols or sounds. Music-based ciphers are related to, but not the same asmusical cryptograms. The latter were systems used by composers to create musicalthemesormotifsto represent names based on similarities between letters of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_cipher |
Incryptography,coincidence countingis the technique (invented byWilliam F. Friedman[1]) of putting two texts side-by-side and counting the number of times that identical letters appear in the same position in both texts. This count, either as a ratio of the total or normalized by dividing by the expected count for a ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_coincidence |
Zipf's law(/zɪf/;German pronunciation:[tsɪpf]) is anempirical lawstating that when a list of measured values is sorted in decreasing order, the value of then-th entry is often approximatelyinversely proportionalton.
The best known instance of Zipf's law applies to thefrequency tableof words in a text orcorpusofnatural... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%27s_law |
A Void, translated from the original FrenchLa Disparition(lit."The Disappearance"), is a 300-page Frenchlipogrammaticnovel, written in 1969 byGeorges Perec, entirely without using the lettere, followingOulipoconstraints. Perec would go on to write with the inverse constraint inLes Revenentes, with only the vowel “e” pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Void |
Georges Perec(French:[ʒɔʁʒpeʁɛk];[1]7 March 1936 – 3 March 1982) was a Frenchnovelist,filmmaker,documentalist, andessayist. He was a member of theOulipogroup. His father died as a soldier early in theSecond World Warand his mother was killed inthe Holocaust. Many of his works deal with absence, loss, and identity, ofte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Perec |
Gadsbyis a1939novel byErnest Vincent Wright, written without words that contain the letterE, the most common letter in English. A work that deliberately avoids certain letters is known as alipogram. The plot revolves around the dying fictional city of Branton Hills, which is revitalized as a result of the efforts ofpro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsby_(novel) |
Ernest Vincent Wright(1872 – October 7, 1939)[1]was an American writer known for his bookGadsby, a 50,000-word novel which (except for four unintentional instances) does not use the letterE.
The biographical details of his life are unclear. A 2002 article in theVillage VoicebyEd Parksaid he might have been English by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Vincent_Wright |
Alipogram(fromAncient Greek:λειπογράμματος,leipográmmatos, "leaving out a letter"[1]is a kind ofconstrained writingorword gameconsisting of writing paragraphs or longer works in which a particular letter or group of letters is avoided.[2][3]Extended Ancient Greek texts avoiding the lettersigmaare the earliest examples ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipogram |
Anapostolic nuncio(Latin:nuntius apostolicus; also known as apapal nuncioor simply as anuncio) is anecclesiasticaldiplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of theHoly Seeto astateor to an international organization. A nuncio is appointed by and represents the Holy See, and is the head of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuncio |
Incorpus linguistics, ahapax legomenon(/ˈhæpəkslɪˈɡɒmɪnɒn/also/ˈhæpæks/or/ˈheɪpæks/;[1][2]pl.hapax legomena; sometimes abbreviated tohapax, pluralhapaxes) is awordor anexpressionthat occurs only once within a context: either in the written record of an entirelanguage, in the works of an author, or in a single text. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapax_legomenon |
Inmathematics, analgebra over a field(often simply called analgebra) is avector spaceequipped with abilinearproduct. Thus, an algebra is analgebraic structureconsisting of asettogether with operations of multiplication and addition andscalar multiplicationby elements of afieldand satisfying the axioms implied by "vecto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_over_a_commutative_ring |
Inmathematics, acategorical ringis, roughly, acategoryequipped with addition and multiplication. In other words, a categorical ring is obtained by replacing theunderlying setof aringby a category. For example, given a ringR, letCbe a category whoseobjectsare the elements of thesetRand whosemorphismsare only the identit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_ring |
Ring homomorphisms
Algebraic structures
Related structures
Algebraic number theory
Noncommutative algebraic geometry
Free algebra
Clifford algebra
Inmathematics, thecategory of rings, denoted byRing, is thecategorywhose objects arerings(with identity) and whosemorphismsarering homomorphisms(that preserve the ide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_rings |
Ring theoryis the branch ofmathematicsin whichringsare studied: that is, structures supporting both anadditionand amultiplicationoperation. This is a glossary of some terms of the subject.
For the items in commutative algebra (the theory of commutative rings), seeGlossary of commutative algebra. For ring-theoretic con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ring_theory |
Inmathematics, there are two different notions of aring of sets, both referring to certainfamilies of sets.
Inorder theory, a nonemptyfamily of setsR{\displaystyle {\mathcal {R}}}is called a ring (of sets) if it isclosedunderunionandintersection.[1]That is, the following two statements are true for all setsA{\displays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_sets |
Ring homomorphisms
Algebraic structures
Related structures
Algebraic number theory
Noncommutative algebraic geometry
Free algebra
Clifford algebra
Inabstract algebra, asemiringis analgebraic structure. Semirings are a generalization ofrings, dropping the requirement that each element must have anadditive inverse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiring |
Incommutative algebra, theprime spectrum(or simply thespectrum) of acommutative ringR{\displaystyle R}is the set of allprime idealsofR{\displaystyle R}, and is usually denoted bySpecR{\displaystyle \operatorname {Spec} {R}};[1]inalgebraic geometryit is simultaneously atopological spaceequipped with asheaf of rings.[2]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_of_a_ring |
Inalgebra, asimplicial commutative ringis acommutative monoidin thecategoryofsimplicial abelian groups, or, equivalently, asimplicial objectin thecategory of commutative rings. IfAis a simplicial commutative ring, then it can be shown thatπ0A{\displaystyle \pi _{0}A}is aringandπiA{\displaystyle \pi _{i}A}aremodulesover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_commutative_ring |
Incryptography, theElliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm(ECDSA) offers a variant of theDigital Signature Algorithm(DSA) which useselliptic-curve cryptography.
As with elliptic-curve cryptography in general, the bitsizeof theprivate keybelieved to be needed for ECDSA is about twice the size of thesecurity level, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECDSA |
ACP-131[1]is the controlling publication for the listing ofQ codesandZ codes.It is published and revised from time to time by theCombined Communications Electronics Board(CCEB) countries: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, United Kingdom, and United States. When the meanings of the codes contained in ACP-131 are translate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_131 |
Alfred Lewis Vail(September 25, 1807 – January 18, 1859) was an Americanmachinistand inventor. Along withSamuel Morse, Vail was central in developing and commercializing Americanelectrical telegraphybetween 1837 and 1844.[1][a]
Vail and Morse were the first two telegraph operators on Morse's first experimental line be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail |
The CW Operators' Club, commonly known asCWops, is an international organization, in membership and management, foramateur radiooperators who enjoy communicating usingMorse Code. Its mission is to foster the use ofCW, whether forcontesting,DXing,traffic handling, or engaging in conversations.[1]A CWops nominee must be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW_Operators%27_Club |
Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, 1st Marquess of Marconi(/mɑːrˈkoʊni/;Italian:[ɡuʎˈʎɛlmodʒoˈvannimaˈriːamarˈkoːni]; 25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian[1][2][3][4]electrical engineer, inventor, and politician known for his creation of a practicalradio wave-basedwireless telegraphsystem.[5]This led to Marconi ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi |
Inamateur radio,high-speed telegraphy(HST) is a form ofradiosportthat challengesamateur radio operatorsto accurately receive and copy, and in some competitions to send,Morse codetransmissions sent at very high speeds. This event is most popular inEastern Europe. TheInternational Amateur Radio Union(IARU) sponsors most ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_telegraphy |
Hog-Morsewas telegraphers' jargon for the tendency of inexperiencedtelegraphoperators to make errors when sending or receiving inMorse code. The term was current in the United States during the period whenAmerican Morse codewas still in use.
It is so called after one example (here given inInternational Morsebut most l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog-Morse |
TheInstructographwas apaper tape-based machine used for the study ofMorse code.
The paper tape mechanism consisted of two reels which passed a paper tape across a reading device that actuated a set of contacts which changed state dependent on the presence or absence of hole punches in the tape. The contacts could oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructograph |
Akeyeris an electronic device used for signaling by hand, by way of pressing one or more switches.[1]The technical termkeyerhas two very similar meanings, which are nonetheless distinct: One fortelegraphyand the other for accessorydevices built for computer-human communication:
Intelegraphy, so-callediambickeysdevelop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyer |
Morse codeabbreviationsare used to speed up Morse communications by foreshortening textual words and phrases. Morse abbreviations are short forms, representing normal textual words and phrases formed from some (fewer)characterstaken from the word or phrase being abbreviated. Many are typicalEnglishabbreviations, or sho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code_abbreviations |
Morse codemnemonicsare systems to represent the sound of Morse characters in a way intended to be easy to remember. Since every one of these mnemonics requires a two-step mental translation between sound and character, none of these systems are useful for using manual Morse at practical speeds.Amateur radioclubs can p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code_mnemonics |
TheInternational Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabetor simply theRadiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, commonly known as theNATO phonetic alphabet, is the most widely used set of clear-code words for communicating the letters of theLatin/Roman alphabet. Technically aradiotelephonicspelling alphabet, it goes by various names, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet |
ARadio codeis anycodethat is commonly used over atelecommunicationsystem such asMorse code,brevity codesandprocedure words.
Brevity codes are designed to convey complex information with a few words or codes. Specific brevity codes include:
Brevity codes that are specifically designed for use between communications op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_code |
Thetap code, sometimes called theknock code, is a way to encode text messages on a letter-by-letter basis in a very simple way. The message is transmitted using a series of tap sounds, hence its name.[1]
The tap code has been commonly used by prisoners to communicate with each other. The method of communicating is usu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_code |
Atelegraph key,clacker,tapperormorse keyis a specialized electricalswitchused by a trained operator to transmit text messages inMorse codein atelegraphysystem.[1]Keys are used in all forms ofelectrical telegraphsystems, including landline (also called wire) telegraphy andradio (also called wireless) telegraphy. An ope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_key |
Wabun code(和文モールス符号,wabun mōrusu fugō, Morse code for Japanese text)is a form ofMorse codeused to sendJapanese languageinkanacharacters.[1]UnlikeInternational Morse Code, which represents letters of theLatin script, in Wabun each symbol represents a Japanesekana.[2]For this reason,Wabun codeis also sometimes calledKana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabun_code |
Wireless telegraphyorradiotelegraphyis the transmission of text messages byradio waves, analogous toelectrical telegraphyusingcables.[1][2]Before about 1910, the termwireless telegraphywas also used for other experimental technologies for transmitting telegraph signals without wires.[3][4]In radiotelegraphy, informatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy |
Incryptography, adistributed point functionis acryptographic primitivethat allows two distributed processes to share a piece of information, and compute functions of their shared information, without revealing the information itself to either process. It is a form ofsecret sharing.[1]
Given any two valuesa{\displaysty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_point_function |
In the history ofcryptography, agrille cipherwas a technique for encrypting aplaintextby writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet (of paper orcardboardor similar). The earliest known description is due toJacopo Silvestriin 1526.[1]His proposal was for a rectangularstencilallowing single letters, syllabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille_(cryptography) |
Incomputational complexity theory,asymptotic computational complexityis the usage ofasymptotic analysisfor the estimation of computational complexity ofalgorithmsandcomputational problems, commonly associated with the usage of thebig O notation.
With respect tocomputational resources,asymptotictime complexityandasympt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_computational_complexity |
Inmathematics, anasymptotic expansion,asymptotic seriesorPoincaré expansion(afterHenri Poincaré) is aformal seriesof functions which has the property thattruncatingthe series after a finite number of terms provides an approximation to a given function as the argument of the function tends towards a particular, often in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_expansion |
Incomputer science, analgorithmis said to beasymptotically optimalif, roughly speaking, for large inputs it performsat worsta constant factor (independent of the input size) worse than the best possible algorithm. It is a term commonly encountered in computer science research as a result of widespread use ofbig-O notat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotically_optimal_algorithm |
Theorder in probabilitynotation is used inprobability theoryandstatistical theoryin direct parallel to thebigOnotationthat is standard inmathematics. Where the bigOnotation deals with the convergence of sequences or sets of ordinary numbers, the order in probability notation deals withconvergence of sets of random var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_in_probability_notation |
Inmathematics, thelimit inferiorandlimit superiorof asequencecan be thought of aslimiting(that is, eventual and extreme) bounds on the sequence. They can be thought of in a similar fashion for afunction(seelimit of a function). For aset, they are theinfimum and supremumof the set'slimit points, respectively. In general... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_inferior_and_limit_superior |
In theanalysis of algorithms, themaster theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrencesprovides anasymptotic analysisfor manyrecurrence relationsthat occur in theanalysisofdivide-and-conquer algorithms. The approach was first presented byJon Bentley,Dorothea Blostein(née Haken), andJames B. Saxein 1980, where it was describ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_theorem_(analysis_of_algorithms) |
Inmathematics, in the area ofcomplex analysis,Nachbin's theorem(named afterLeopoldo Nachbin) is a result used to establish bounds on the growth rates foranalytic functions. In particular, Nachbin's theorem may be used to give the domain of convergence of thegeneralized Borel transform, also calledNachbin summation.
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachbin%27s_theorem |
Complex analysis, traditionally known as thetheory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch ofmathematical analysisthat investigatesfunctionsofcomplex numbers. It is helpful in many branches of mathematics, includingalgebraic geometry,number theory,analytic combinatorics, andapplied mathematics, as well as inp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analytic |
Inmathematics, anintegral transformis a type oftransformthat maps afunctionfrom its originalfunction spaceinto another function space viaintegration, where some of the properties of the original function might be more easily characterized and manipulated than in the original function space. The transformed function can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_transform |
In science, engineering, and other quantitative disciplines,order of approximationrefers to formal or informal expressions for how accurate an approximation is.
In formal expressions, theordinal numberused before the wordorderrefers to the highestpowerin theseries expansionused in theapproximation. The expressions: a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_approximation |
Innumerical analysis,order of accuracyquantifies therate of convergenceof a numerical approximation of adifferential equationto the exact solution.
Consideru{\displaystyle u}, the exact solution to a differential equation in an appropriatenormed space(V,||||){\displaystyle (V,||\ ||)}. Consider a numerical approximatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_accuracy |
TheArrow information paradox(information paradoxfor short, or AIP[1]), and occasionally referred to asArrow's disclosure paradox, named afterKenneth Arrow, American economist and joint winner of theNobel Memorial Prize in EconomicswithJohn Hicks,[2]is a problem faced by companies when managingintellectual propertyacros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_information_paradox |
Acryptographic protocolis an abstract or concreteprotocolthat performs asecurity-related function and appliescryptographicmethods, often as sequences ofcryptographic primitives. A protocol describes how the algorithms should be used and includes details about data structures and representations, at which point it can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_protocol |
Incryptography, theFeige–Fiat–Shamir identification schemeis a type of parallelzero-knowledge proofdeveloped byUriel Feige,Amos Fiat, andAdi Shamirin 1988. Like all zero-knowledge proofs, it allows one party, the Prover, to prove to another party, the Verifier, that they possess secret information without revealing to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feige%E2%80%93Fiat%E2%80%93Shamir_identification_scheme |
Incomputational complexity theory, aprobabilistically checkable proof(PCP) is a type ofproofthat can be checked by arandomized algorithmusing a bounded amount of randomness and reading a bounded number of bits of the proof. The algorithm is then required to accept correct proofs and reject incorrect proofs with very hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistically_checkable_proof |
Incryptography, aproof of knowledgeis aninteractive proofin which the prover succeeds in 'convincing' a verifier that the prover knows something. What it means for amachineto 'know something' is defined in terms of computation. A machine 'knows something', if this something can be computed, given the machine as an inpu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_knowledge |
Awitness-indistinguishable proof(WIP) is a variant of azero-knowledge prooffor languages inNP. In a typical zero-knowledge proof of a statement, the prover will use awitnessfor the statement as input to the protocol, and the verifier will learn nothing other than the truth of the statement. In a WIP, this zero-knowledg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness-indistinguishable_proof |
Incryptography, azero-knowledge password proof(ZKPP) is a type ofzero-knowledge proofthat allows one party (the prover) to prove to another party (the verifier) that it knows a value of apassword, without revealing anything other than the fact that it knows the password to the verifier. The term is defined inIEEE P1363... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-knowledge_password_proof |
Non-interactivezero-knowledge proofsarecryptographic primitives, where information between a prover and a verifier can be authenticated by the prover, without revealing any of the specific information beyond the validity of the statement itself. This makes direct communication between the prover and verifier unnecessar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-interactive_zero-knowledge_proof |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, acopulais a multivariatecumulative distribution functionfor which themarginal probabilitydistribution of each variable isuniformon the interval [0, 1]. Copulas are used to describe/model thedependence(inter-correlation) betweenrandom variables.[1]Their name, introduced by applied math... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(statistics) |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, a collection ofrandom variablesisindependent and identically distributed(i.i.d.,iid, orIID) if each random variable has the sameprobability distributionas the others and all are mutuallyindependent.[1]IID was first defined in statistics and finds application in many fields, such asdat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_and_identically_distributed_random_variables |
Inprobability theory, arandom variableY{\displaystyle Y}is said to bemean independentof random variableX{\displaystyle X}if and only ifitsconditional meanE(Y∣X=x){\displaystyle E(Y\mid X=x)}equals its (unconditional)meanE(Y){\displaystyle E(Y)}for allx{\displaystyle x}such that the probability density/mass ofX{\display... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_dependence |
Students ofstatisticsandprobability theorysometimes developmisconceptions about the normal distribution,ideas that may seem plausible but are mathematically untrue. For example, it is sometimes mistakenly thought that twolinearly uncorrelated,normally distributedrandom variables must bestatistically independent. Howeve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normally_distributed_and_uncorrelated_does_not_imply_independent |
Instatistics, acentral tendency(ormeasure of central tendency) is a central or typical value for aprobability distribution.[1]
Colloquially, measures of central tendency are often calledaverages.The termcentral tendencydates from the late 1920s.[2]
The most common measures of central tendency are thearithmetic mean, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tendency |
Inprobability theory, theconditional expectation,conditional expected value, orconditional meanof arandom variableis itsexpected valueevaluated with respect to theconditional probability distribution. If the random variable can take on only a finite number of values, the "conditions" are that the variable can only take... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_expectation |
In the case ofuncertainty,expectationis what is considered the most likely to happen. An expectation, which is abeliefthat is centered on thefuture, may or may not be realistic. A less advantageous result gives rise to theemotionofdisappointment. If something happens that is not at all expected, it is asurprise. An exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_(epistemic) |
In the mathematical theory ofprobability, theexpectilesof aprobability distributionare related to theexpected valueof the distribution in a way analogous to that in which thequantilesof the distribution are related to themedian.
Forτ∈(0,1){\textstyle \tau \in (0,1)}, the expectile of the probability distribution with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectile |
The proposition inprobability theoryknown as thelaw of total expectation,[1]thelaw of iterated expectations[2](LIE),Adam's law,[3]thetower rule,[4]and thesmoothing property of conditional expectation,[5]among other names, states that ifX{\displaystyle X}is arandom variablewhose expected valueE(X){\displaystyle \operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_expectation |
Themedianof a set of numbers is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of adata sample, apopulation, or aprobability distribution. For adata set, it may be thought of as the “middle" value. The basic feature of the median in describing data compared to themean(often simply described as the "average") ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median#Probability_distributions |
Inprobability theory, anonlinear expectationis a nonlinear generalization of theexpectation. Nonlinear expectations are useful inutility theoryas they more closely match human behavior than traditional expectations.[1]The common use of nonlinear expectations is in assessing risks under uncertainty. Generally, nonlinear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_expectation |
Instatistics, apopulationis asetof similar items or events which is of interest for some question orexperiment.[1][2]A statistical population can be a group of existing objects (e.g. the set of all stars within theMilky Way galaxy) or ahypotheticaland potentiallyinfinitegroup of objects conceived as a generalization fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_mean |
Instatistics,simple linear regression(SLR) is alinear regressionmodel with a singleexplanatory variable.[1][2][3][4][5]That is, it concerns two-dimensional sample points withone independent variable and one dependent variable(conventionally, thexandycoordinates in aCartesian coordinate system) and finds a linear functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicted_value |
Inprobability theory,Wald's equation,Wald's identity[1]orWald's lemma[2]is an importantidentitythat simplifies the calculation of theexpected valueof the sum of a random number of random quantities. In its simplest form, it relates the expectation of a sum of randomly many finite-mean,independent and identically distri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald%27s_equation |
Bayesian programmingis a formalism and a methodology for having a technique to specifyprobabilistic modelsand solve problems when less than the necessary information is available.
Edwin T. Jaynesproposed that probability could be considered as an alternative and an extension of logic for rational reasoning with incomp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_programming |
In probability theory and statisticsChow–Liu treeis an efficient method for constructing a second-orderproduct approximation of ajoint probability distribution, first described in a paper byChow & Liu (1968). The goals of such a decomposition, as with suchBayesian networksin general, may be eitherdata compressionorinfe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chow%E2%80%93Liu_tree |
Inprobability theory,conditional probabilityis a measure of theprobabilityof aneventoccurring, given that another event (by assumption, presumption, assertion or evidence) is already known to have occurred.[1]This particular method relies on event A occurring with some sort of relationship with another event B. In this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability |
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