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Inmathematics, atubular neighborhoodof asubmanifoldof asmooth manifoldis anopen setaround it resembling thenormal bundle.
The idea behind a tubular neighborhood can be explained in a simple example. Consider asmoothcurve in the plane without self-intersections. On each point on thecurvedraw a lineperpendicularto the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_neighborhood |
The following is a list of namedtopologiesortopological spaces, many of which are counterexamples intopologyand related branches ofmathematics. This is not a list ofpropertiesthat a topology or topological space might possess; for that, seeList of general topology topicsandTopological property.
The following topologie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topologies |
Intopologyand related fields ofmathematics, atopological spaceXis called aregular spaceif everyclosed subsetCofXand a pointpnot contained inChave non-overlappingopen neighborhoods.[1]ThuspandCcan beseparatedby neighborhoods. This condition is known asAxiom T3. The term "T3space" usually means "a regularHausdorff space"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_space |
Asemiregular spaceis atopological spacewhoseregular open sets(sets that equal the interiors of their closures) form abasefor the topology.[1]
Everyregular spaceis semiregular, and every topological space may be embedded into a semiregular space.[1]
The spaceX=R2∪{0∗}{\displaystyle X=\mathbb {R} ^{2}\cup \{0^{*}\}}wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiregular_space |
Intopologyand related fields ofmathematics, there are several restrictions that one often makes on the kinds oftopological spacesthat one wishes to consider. Some of these restrictions are given by theseparation axioms. These are sometimes calledTychonoff separation axioms, afterAndrey Tychonoff.
The separation axioms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_axiom |
Inmathematics,localization of a categoryconsists of adding to acategoryinversemorphismsfor some collection of morphisms, constraining them to becomeisomorphisms. This is formally similar to the process oflocalization of a ring; it in general makes objects isomorphic that were not so before. Inhomotopy theory, for examp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_a_category |
Inmathematics, well-behavedtopological spacescan belocalizedat primes, in a similar way to thelocalization of a ringat a prime. This construction was described byDennis Sullivanin 1970 lecture notes that were finally published in (Sullivan 2005).
The reason to do this was in line with an idea of makingtopology, more p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_a_topological_space |
Incryptography,Treyferis ablock cipher/MACdesigned in 1997 by Gideon Yuval. Aimed atsmart cardapplications, the algorithm is extremely simple and compact; it can be implemented in just 29 bytes of8051machine code.[1]
Treyfer has a rather smallkey sizeandblock sizeof 64 bits each. All operations are byte-oriented, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treyfer |
Asconis a family oflightweightauthenticated ciphersthat had been selected by USNational Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) for future standardization of the lightweight cryptography.[2]
Ascon was developed in 2014 by a team of researchers fromGraz University of Technology,Infineon Technologies, Lamarr Securit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascon_(cipher) |
TheNational Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) is an agency of theUnited States Department of Commercewhose mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness. NIST's activities are organized intophysical sciencelaboratory programs that includenanoscale science and technology,engineering,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology |
8.0.2macOS30 May 2024; 11 months ago(2024-05-30)8.0.2Linux30 May 2024; 11 months ago(2024-05-30)8.0.2Android30 May 2024; 11 months ago(2024-05-30)
TheBerkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing[2](BOINC, pronounced/bɔɪŋk/– rhymes with "oink"[3]) is anopen-sourcemiddlewaresystem forvolunteer computing(a type ofd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Open_Infrastructure_for_Network_Computing |
cksumis acommandinUnixandUnix-likeoperating systemsthat generates achecksumvalue for a file or stream of data. The cksum command reads each file given in its arguments, orstandard inputif no arguments are provided, and outputs the file's 32-bitcyclic redundancy check(CRC) checksum andbytecount.[1]The CRC output by cksu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cksum |
sha1sumis acomputer programthat calculates and verifiesSHA-1hashes. It is commonly used to verify the integrity of files. It (or a variant) is installed by default on mostLinux distributions. Typically distributed alongsidesha1sumaresha224sum,sha256sum,sha384sumandsha512sum, which use a specificSHA-2hash function andb2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha1sum |
Hashcashis aproof-of-work systemused to limitemail spamanddenial-of-service attacks. Hashcash was proposed in 1997 byAdam Back[1]and described more formally in Back's 2002 paper "Hashcash – A Denial of Service Counter-Measure".[2]In Hashcash the client has to concatenate a random number with a string several times and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash |
Trusted timestampingis the process ofsecurelykeeping track of the creation and modification time of a document. Security here means that no one—not even the owner of the document—should be able to change it once it has been recorded provided that the timestamper's integrity is never compromised.
The administrative asp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_timestamping |
TheAll Species Foundation(stylized asALL Species Foundation) was an organization aiming to catalog allspeciesonEarthby 2025 through their All Species Inventory initiative.[1]The project was launched in 2000 byKevin Kelly,Stewart Brandand Ryan Phelan.[2][3]Along with other similar efforts, the All Species Foundation wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Species_Foundation |
Comparative linguisticsis a branch ofhistorical linguisticsthat is concerned with comparing languages to establish theirhistoricalrelatedness.
Genetic relatednessimplies a common origin orproto-languageand comparative linguistics aims to constructlanguage families, to reconstruct proto-languages and specify the change... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_linguistics |
Inlinguistics, thecomparative methodis a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages withcommon descentfrom a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor. The comparative method may be contrasted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method |
Anendangered languageormoribund languageis alanguagethat is at risk of disappearing as its speakers die out or shift to speaking other languages.[1]Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a "dead language". If no one can speak the language at all, it becomes an "extinct language".... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_language |
Ethnologue: Languages of the Worldis an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on theliving languagesof the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages.[2]It was first issued in 1951, and is now published bySIL International, an Americaneva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue |
Inlinguistics,language deathoccurs when alanguageloses itslastnative speaker. By extension,language extinctionis when the language is no longer known, including bysecond-languagespeakers, when it becomes known as anextinct language. A related term islinguicide,[1]the death of a language from natural or political causes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death |
Language revitalization, also referred to aslanguage revivalorreversing language shift, is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one.[1][2]Those involved can include linguists, cultural or community groups, or governments. Some argue for a distinction betweenlanguage revival(th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revitalization |
Lexibankis a linguistics database managed by theMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyinLeipzig, Germany.[1]The database consists of over 100 standardizedwordlists(datasets) that are independently curated.[2][3]
Lexibank datasets are presented in the Cross-Linguistic Data Format (CLDF).[4]
Phonological an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexibank |
Mass comparisonis a method developed byJoseph Greenbergto determine the level ofgenetic relatednessbetween languages. It is now usually calledmultilateral comparison. Mass comparison has been referred to as a "methodological deception" and is rejected by most linguists, and its continued use is primarily restricted tof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_comparison |
TheRosetta Projectis a global collaboration of language specialists and native speakers working to develop a contemporary version of the historicRosetta Stone. Run by theLong Now Foundation, the project aims to create a survey and near-permanent archive of 1,500languagesthat can enablecomparative linguisticresearch and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Project |
ASwadesh list(/ˈswɑːdɛʃ/) is a compilation oftentatively universalconcepts for the purposes oflexicostatistics. That is, a Swadesh list is a list of forms and concepts which all languages, without exception, have terms for, such as star, hand, water, kill, sleep, and so forth. The number of such terms is small – a few ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadesh_list |
TheWorld Atlas of Language Structures(WALS) is adatabaseof structural (phonological,grammatical,lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials.[1]It was first published byOxford University Pressas a book withCD-ROMin 2005, and was released as the second edition on theInternetin April 2008. It is m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures |
Incryptography,PBKDF1andPBKDF2(Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1and2) arekey derivation functionswith a sliding computational cost, used to reduce vulnerability tobrute-force attacks.[1]
PBKDF2 is part ofRSA Laboratories'Public-Key Cryptography Standards(PKCS) series, specifically PKCS#5 v2.0, also published as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2 |
bcryptis apassword-hashing functiondesigned byNiels Provosand David Mazières. It is based on theBlowfishcipher and presented atUSENIXin 1999.[1]Besides incorporating asaltto protect againstrainbow tableattacks, bcrypt is an adaptive function: over time, the iteration count can be increased to make it slower, so it rema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt |
Incryptography,scrypt(pronounced "ess crypt"[1]) is a password-basedkey derivation functioncreated byColin Percivalin March 2009, originally for theTarsnaponline backup service.[2][3]The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scalecustom hardware attacksby requiring large amounts of memo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt |
Argon2is akey derivation functionthat was selected as the winner of the 2015Password Hashing Competition.[1][2]It was designed byAlex Biryukov, Daniel Dinu, andDmitry Khovratovichfrom theUniversity of Luxembourg.[3]The reference implementation of Argon2 is released under aCreative Commons CC0license (i.e.public domain)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon2 |
Ananti-keylogger(oranti–keystroke logger) is a type of software specifically designed for the detection ofkeystroke loggersoftware; often, such software will also incorporate the ability to delete or at least immobilize hidden keystroke logger software on a computer. In comparison to mostanti-virusoranti-spywaresoftwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-keylogger |
Incryptography,black-bag cryptanalysisis aeuphemismfor the acquisition of cryptographic secrets viaburglary, or other covert means – rather than mathematical or technicalcryptanalytic attack. The term refers to the black bag of equipment that a burglar would carry or ablack bag operation.
As withrubber-hose cryptanaly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bag_cryptanalysis |
Computer and network surveillanceis the monitoring of computer activity and data stored locally on a computer or data being transferred overcomputer networkssuch as theInternet. This monitoring is often carried out covertly and may be completed by governments, corporations, criminal organizations, or individuals. It ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_surveillance |
Digital footprintordigital shadowrefers to one's unique set oftraceabledigital activities, actions, contributions, and communications manifested on theInternetordigital devices.[1][2][3][4]Digital footprints can be classified as either passive or active. Passive footprints consist of a user's web-browsing activity and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_footprint |
Hardware keyloggersare used forkeystroke logging, a method of capturing and recording computer users' keystrokes, including sensitive passwords.[1]They can be implemented viaBIOS-levelfirmware, or alternatively, via a device plugged inline between acomputer keyboardand a computer. They log all keyboard activity to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_keylogger |
Areverse connectionis usually used to bypassfirewallrestrictions onopen ports.[1]A firewall usually blocks incoming connections on closed ports,
but does not block outgoingtraffic. In a normal forward connection, aclientconnects to aserverthrough the server'sopen port,
but in the case of a reverse connection, the cli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_connection |
Session replayis the ability to replay a visitor's journey on aweb siteor within amobile applicationorweb application. Replay can include the user's view (browser or screen output), user input (keyboardandmouse inputs), andlogs of network eventsor console logs. Session replay is supposed to help improvecustomer experie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_replay |
Spyware(aportmanteauforspying software) is anymalwarethat aims to gather information about a person or organization and send it to another entity in a way that harms the user by violating theirprivacy, endangering their device's security, or other means. This behavior may be present in other malware and in legitimate s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware |
Incomputing, atrojan horse(or simplytrojan;[1]often capitalized,[2]but see below) is a kind ofmalwarethat misleads users as to its true intent by disguising itself as a normal program.
Trojans are generally spread by some form ofsocial engineering. For example, a user may be duped into executing anemailattachment disg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing) |
Avirtual keyboardis a software component that allows theinput of characterswithout the need for physical keys.[1]Interaction with a virtualkeyboardhappens mostly via atouchscreen interface, but can also take place in a different form when invirtualoraugmented reality.
On a desktop computer, a virtual keyboard might pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_keyboard |
Web trackingis the practice by which operators ofwebsitesand third parties collect, store and share information about visitors' activities on theWorld Wide Web. Analysis of a user's behaviour may be used to provide content that enables the operator to infer their preferences and may be of interest to various parties, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_tracking |
Password-based cryptographyis the study of password-based key encryption, decryption, and authorization. It generally refers two distinct classes of methods:
Some systems attempt to derive a cryptographic key directly from a password. However, such practice is generally ill-advised when there is a threat ofbrute-force... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password-based_cryptography |
Automatic Warning System(AWS) is a railway safety system invented and predominantly used in the United Kingdom. It provides a train driver with an audible indication of whether the nextsignalthey are approaching is clear or at caution.[1]Depending on the upcoming signal state, the AWS will either produce a 'horn' sound... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Warning_System |
Cab signallingis arailwaysafety system that communicates track status and condition information to thecab, crew compartment or driver's compartmentof alocomotive,railcarormultiple unit. The information is continually updated giving an easy to read display to thetrain driverorengine driver.
The simplest systems displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_signalling |
EBICabis a trademark registered byAlstom(formerBombardier) for the equipment on board a train used as a part of anAutomatic Train Controlsystem. Three different families exist, which are technically unrelated.
EBICab 500 is Bombardier's implementation of the GermanPZB, the train protection system widely used inGermany... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBICAB |
Linienzugbeeinflussung(orLZB) is acab signallingandtrain protection systemused on selectedGermanandAustrian railwaylines as well as on theAVEand some commuter rail lines inSpain. The system was mandatory where trains were allowed to exceed speeds of 160 km/h (99 mph) in Germany and 220 km/h (140 mph) in Spain. It is al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linienzugbeeinflussung |
Positive train control(PTC) is a family ofautomatic train protectionsystems deployed in the United States.[1]Most of the United States'national rail networkmileage has a form of PTC. These systems are generally designed to check that trains are moving safely and to stop them when they are not.[2]
Positive train contro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_Train_Control |
TheTrain Protection & Warning System(TPWS) is atrain protection systemused throughout the British passengermain-line railway network, and inVictoria, Australia.[1]
According to the UKRail Safety and Standards Board,[2]the purpose of TPWS is to stop a train by automatically initiating a brake demand, where TPWS track e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_Protection_%26_Warning_System |
Anacademic mobility networkis an informal association of universities and government programs that encourages the international exchange ofhigher educationstudents (academic mobility).[1][2]
Students choosing to study abroad (International students) aim to improve their own social and economic status by choosing to st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_mobility_network |
Abarcodeorbar codeis a method of representing data in a visual,machine-readable form. Initially, barcodes represented data by varying the widths, spacings and sizes of parallel lines. These barcodes, now commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D), can be scanned by specialoptical scanners, calledbarcode rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode |
Incomputing, aprinteris aperipheralmachine which makes a durable representation of graphics or text, usually onpaper.[1]While most output is human-readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers.[2]Different types of printers include 3D printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and thermal p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_printer |
TheErasmus+ Programmeis the programme combining all the EU's current schemes for education, training, youth and sport, the most recent programme covering the years from 2021 to 2027. Erasmus was created as the European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students,[1]aEuropean Union(EU)student exchang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programme |
Anidentity document(abbreviated asID) is adocumentproving a person'sidentity.
If the identity document is aplastic cardit is called anidentity card(abbreviated asICorID card). When the identity document incorporates a photographicportrait, it is called aphoto ID.[1]In some countries, identity documents may becompulsor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_document |
TheInternational Student Identity Card(ISIC) serves as internationally recognized proof ofstudentstatus and offers access to various benefits and discounts globally, includingtravel, accommodation, andcultural institutions. The ISIC Association also issues the International Youth Travel Card (IYTC) for non-students, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Student_Identity_Card |
The termdigital card[1]can refer to a physical item, such as a memory card on a camera,[2][3]or, increasingly since 2017, to the digital content hosted
as avirtual cardorcloud card, as a digital virtual representation of a physical card. They share a common purpose:identity management,credit card,debit cardordriver's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_Stripe |
MIFAREis a series ofintegrated circuit (IC)chips used incontactless smart cardsandproximity cards.
The brand includes proprietary solutions based on various levels of theISO/IEC 14443Type-A 13.56MHzcontactless smart card standard. It usesAESandDES/Triple-DESencryption standards, as well as an older proprietary encrypt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIFARE |
Radio-frequency identification(RFID) useselectromagnetic fieldsto automaticallyidentifyandtracktags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny radiotranspondercalled a tag, aradio receiver, and atransmitter. When triggered by an electromagnetic interrogation pulse from a nearby RFID reader device, the tag t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID |
Asmart card(SC),chip card, orintegrated circuit card(ICCorIC card), is a card used to control access to a resource. It is typically a plastic credit card-sized card with anembeddedintegrated circuit(IC) chip.[1]Many smart cards include a pattern of metal contacts to electrically connect to the internal chip. Others are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartcard |
Ambient IoT, fromambientandInternet of things, is a concept originally coined by3GPP[1]that is used in thetechnologyindustry referring to anecosystemof a large number of objects in which every item is connected into awireless sensor networkusing low-costself-poweredsensor nodes.[2][3][4][5]Bluetooth SIGhas assessed the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_IoT |
The Artificial Intelligence of Things(AIoT) is the combination ofartificial intelligence(AI) technologies with theInternet of things(IoT) infrastructure to achieve more efficient IoT operations, improve human-machine interactions and enhance data management and analytics.[1][2][3]
In 2018,KPMGpublished aforesightstudy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_of_things |
Automotive securityrefers to the branch ofcomputer securityfocused on the cyber risks related to the automotive context. The increasingly high number ofECUsin vehicles and, alongside, the implementation of multiple different means of communication from and towards the vehicle in a remote and wireless manner led to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_security |
Cloud manufacturing(CMfg) is a new manufacturing paradigm developed from existing advanced manufacturing models (e.g., ASP, AM, NM, MGrid) and enterprise information technologies under the support ofcloud computing,Internet of Things(IoT),virtualizationand service-oriented technologies, and advanced computing technolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_manufacturing |
TheData Distribution Service(DDS) for real-time systems is anObject Management Group(OMG)machine-to-machine(sometimes calledmiddlewareor connectivity framework) standard that aims to enabledependable,high-performance,interoperable,real-time,scalabledata exchangesusing apublish–subscribe pattern.
DDS addresses the real... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Distribution_Service |
Adigital object memory(DOMe) is adigitalstoragespace intended to keep permanently all related information about a concrete physical object instance that is collected during the lifespan of this object[1]and thus forms a basic building block for theInternet of Things(IoT)[2]by connecting digital information with physica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_memory |
Electric Dreamsis a 1984science fictionromantic comedyfilm directed bySteve Barron(in hisfeature film directorial debut) and written byRusty Lemorande. The film starsLenny Von Dohlen,Virginia Madsen,Maxwell Caulfield, and the voice ofBud Cort.
Electric Dreamswas released in the United States byMGM/UA Entertainment Co.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Dreams_(film) |
Afour-dimensional product (4D product)considers a physical product as a life-like entity capable of changing form and physical properties autonomously over time. It is an evolving field ofproduct designpractice and research linked to similar concepts at the material scale (programmable matterandfour-dimensional printin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_product |
"Fourth Industrial Revolution", "4IR", or "Industry 4.0",[1]is aneologismdescribing rapidtechnological advancementin the 21st century.[2]It follows theThird Industrial Revolution(the "Information Age"). The term was popularised in 2016 byKlaus Schwab, theWorld Economic Forumfounder and former executive chairman,[3][4][... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution |
TheInternet of Musical Things(also known asIoMusT) is a research area that aims to bringInternet of Thingsconnectivity[1][2][3]to musical and artistic practices. Moreover, it encompasses concepts coming frommusic computing, ubiquitous music,[4]human-computer interaction,[5][6]artificial intelligence,[7]augmented realit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Musical_Things |
Internet of Things (IoT) security devicesare electronic tools connected viaInternetto a common network and are used to provide security measures. These devices can be controlled remotely through amobile application, web-based interface or any proprietary installedsoftware, and they often have capabilities such as remot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT_security_device |
OpenWSN[1][2]is a project created at theUniversity of California Berkeleyand extended at theINRIAand at theOpen University of Catalonia(UOC)[3]which aims to build an open standard-based andopen sourceimplementation of a complete constrained network protocol stack forwireless sensor networksandInternet of Things. The ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWSN |
Quantified selfis both theculturalphenomenon of self-tracking with technology and a community of users and makers of self-tracking tools who share an interest in "self-knowledge through numbers".[1]Quantified self practices overlap with the practice oflifeloggingand other trends that incorporate technology and data acq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantified_self |
Responsive computer-aided design(also simplified toresponsive design) is an approach tocomputer-aided design(CAD) that utilizes real-worldsensorsand data to modify a three-dimensional (3D) computer model. The concept is related tocyber-physical systemsthrough blurring of the virtual and physical worlds, however, applie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsive_computer-aided_design |
During the 2010s, international media reports revealed new operational details about the Anglophone cryptographic agencies'global surveillance[1]of both foreign and domestic nationals. The reports mostly relate totop secretdocumentsleakedby ex-NSAcontractorEdward Snowden. The documents consist of intelligence files rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_global_surveillance_disclosures |
Incriminology, thebroken windows theorystates that visible signs ofcrime,antisocial behaviorandcivil disordercreate anurban environmentthat encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes.[1]The theory suggests that policing methods that target minor crimes, such asvandalism,loitering,public drinkingand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory |
Closed-circuit television(CCTV), also known asvideo surveillance,[1][2]is the use ofclosed-circuit television camerasto transmit a signal to a specific place on a limited set of monitors. It differs frombroadcast televisionin that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employpoint-to-point,point-to-multipo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television |
COVID-19 surveillanceinvolves monitoring the spread of thecoronavirus diseasein order to establish the patterns of disease progression.The World Health Organization(WHO) recommends activesurveillance, with focus of case finding,testingandcontact tracingin all transmission scenarios.[1]COVID-19 surveillance is expected ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance |
Information privacyis the relationship between the collection and dissemination ofdata,technology, the publicexpectation of privacy,contextual information norms, and thelegalandpoliticalissues surrounding them.[1]It is also known asdata privacy[2]ordata protection.
Various types ofpersonal informationoften come under ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_privacy |
Data retentiondefines the policies ofpersistent dataandrecords managementfor meeting legal and businessdata archivalrequirements. Although sometimes interchangeable, it is not to be confused with theData Protection Act 1998.
The different data retention policies weigh legal andprivacyconcerns economics andneed-to-know... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_retention |
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison(French:Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison) is a 1975 book by French philosopherMichel Foucault. It is an analysis of the social and theoretical mechanisms behind the changes that occurred in Westernpenal systemsduring the modern age based on historical documents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish |
Paul-Michel Foucault(UK:/ˈfuːkoʊ/FOO-koh,US:/fuːˈkoʊ/foo-KOH;[3]French:[pɔlmiʃɛlfuko]; 15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984) was a Frenchhistorian of ideasandphilosopherwho was also an author,literary critic,political activist, and teacher. Foucault's theories primarily addressed the relationships betweenpowerversusknowledge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault |
Fearis an unpleasant emotion that arises in response toperceiveddangers orthreats. Fear causes physiological and psychological changes. It may producebehavioralreactions such as mounting an aggressive response or fleeing the threat, commonly known as thefight-or-flight response. Extreme cases of fear can trigger an imm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear#Manipulation |
Agovernment databasecollects information for various reasons, including climate monitoring,securities lawcompliance,geological surveys,patent applicationsand grants,surveillance,national security,border control,law enforcement,public health,voter registration,vehicle registration,social security, andstatistics.
Variou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_databases |
Techno-authoritarianism, also known asIT-backed authoritarianism,digital authoritarianismordigital dictatorship,[1][2]refers to the state use of information technology in order to control or manipulate both foreign and domestic populations.[3]Tactics of digital authoritarianism may includemass surveillanceincluding thr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT-backed_authoritarianism |
Lawful interception(LI) refers to the facilities intelecommunicationsandtelephone networksthat allowlaw enforcement agencieswith court orders or other legal authorization toselectively wiretapindividual subscribers. Most countries require licensed telecommunications operators to provide their networks with Legal Interc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawful_interception |
This is alist of government surveillance projectsand related databases throughout the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_government_surveillance_projects |
National security, ornational defence(national defenseinAmerican English), is thesecurityanddefenceof asovereign state, including itscitizens,economy, andinstitutions, which is regarded as a duty ofgovernment. Originally conceived as protection againstmilitary attack, national security is widely understood to include a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security |
Thenothing to hide argumentis alogical fallacywhich states that individuals have no reason to fear or opposesurveillanceprograms unless they are afraid it will uncover their own illicit activities. An individual using this argument may claim that an average person should not worry about government surveillance, as they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_to_hide_argument |
Apen register, ordialed number recorder(DNR), is a device that records allnumberscalled from a particulartelephoneline.[1]The term has come to include any device or program that performs similar functions to an original pen register, including programsmonitoringInternetcommunications.
The United States statutes govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_register |
Apolice statedescribes astatewhosegovernmentinstitutions exercise an extreme level of control overcivil societyandliberties. There is typically little or no distinction between the law and the exercise ofpolitical powerby theexecutive, and the deployment ofinternal securityandpoliceforces play a heightened role ingover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_state |
Theright to privacyis an element of various legal traditions that intends to restraingovernmentaland private actions that threaten theprivacyof individuals.[1][failed verification][2]Over 185 nationalconstitutionsmention the right to privacy.[3]Since theglobal surveillance disclosuresof 2013, the right to privacy has b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_privacy |
Security cultureis a set of practices used by activists, notablycontemporary anarchists, to avoid, or mitigate the effects of, policesurveillanceand harassment and state control.[1][2]
Security culture recognizes the possibility that anarchist spaces and movements are surveilled and/or infiltrated byinformantsorunderc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_culture |
Edward Joseph Snowden(born June 21, 1983) is a formerNSAintelligence contractor andwhistleblower[2]who leaked classified documents revealing the existence of global surveillance programs.
In 2013, while working as a government contractor, Snowden leakedhighly classified informationfrom theNational Security Agency(NSA)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Cloud |
Signals intelligence(SIGINT) is the act and field ofintelligence-gatheringby interception ofsignals, whethercommunicationsbetween people (communications intelligence—abbreviated toCOMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated toELINT).[1]Asclassifiedandsensit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence |
Sousveillance(/suːˈveɪləns/soo-VAY-lənss) is the recording of an activity by a member of the public, rather than a person or organisation in authority, typically by way of smallwearableor portable personal technologies.[14]The term, coined bySteve Mann,[15]stems from the contrasting French wordssur, meaning "above", an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousveillance |
Thestakeholder theoryis a theory oforganizational managementandbusiness ethicsthat accounts for multiple constituencies impacted by business entities like employees, suppliers, local communities, creditors, and others.[1]It addresses morals and values in managing an organization, such as those related tocorporate socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_theory |
Surveillance capitalismis a concept inpolitical economicswhich denotes the widespread collection andcommodificationofpersonal databy corporations. This phenomenon is distinct fromgovernment surveillance, although the two can be mutually reinforcing. The concept of surveillance capitalism, as described byShoshana Zuboff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism |
Telephone tappingin theEastern Blocwas a widespread method of themass surveillanceof the population by thesecret police.[1]
In the past, telephone tapping was an open and legal practice in certain countries.[2]Duringmartial law in Poland, official censorship was introduced, which included open phone tapping. Despite ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc |
Traffic analysisis the process of intercepting and examining messages in order to deduce information from patterns incommunication. It can be performed even when the messages areencrypted.[1]In general, the greater the number of messages observed, the greater information be inferred. Traffic analysis can be performed i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_analysis |
Dataveillanceis the practice of monitoring and collecting online data as well as metadata.[1]The word is aportmanteauofdataandsurveillance.[2]Dataveillance is concerned with the continuous monitoring of users' communications and actions across various platforms.[3]For instance, dataveillance refers to the monitoring of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataveillance |
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