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Amicrochip implantis an identifyingintegrated circuitplaced under the skin of an animal. The chip, about the size of a large grain of rice, uses passiveradio-frequency identification(RFID) technology, and is also known as a PIT (passive integrated transponder) tag. Standard pet microchips are typically 11–13 mm long (a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_implant_(animal) |
Dangerous Things[1]is aSeattle-basedcyberneticmicrochipbiohackingimplant retailer formed in 2013 by Amal Graafstra,[2]following acrowdfundingcampaign.[3]
Dangerous Things built the first personal publicly available implantableNFC compliant transponderin 2013.[4]In September 2020, Dangerous Things began another highly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Things |
ISO11784andISO 11785areinternational standardsthat regulate theradio-frequency identification(RFID) of animals, which is usually accomplished by implanting, introducing or attaching a transponder containing a microchip to an animal.
RF identification of animals requires that the bits transmitted by atransponderare int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785 |
Ambient intelligence(AmI) refers to environments with electronic devices that are aware of and can recognize the presence of human beings and adapt accordingly. This concept encompasses various technologies inconsumer electronics, telecommunications, and computing. Its primary purpose is to enhance user interactions th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_intelligence |
Kevin Warwick(born 9 February 1954) is an English engineer and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) atCoventry University.[8]He is known for his studies ondirect interfacesbetween computer systems and the humannervous system, and has also done research concerningrobotics.[9][10]
Kevin Warwick was born in 1954 inKeresley,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Warwick |
Management Data Input/Output(MDIO), also known asSerial Management Interface(SMI) orMedia Independent Interface Management(MIIM), is aserial busdefined for theEthernetfamily ofIEEE 802.3standards for theMedia Independent Interface, orMII. The MII connectsmedia access control(MAC) devices withEthernet physical layer(PHY... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIIM |
Real-time locating systems(RTLS), also known asreal-time tracking systems, are used to automaticallyidentifyandtrackthe location of objects or people inreal time, usually within a building or other contained area. Wireless RTLS tags are attached to objects or worn by people, and in most RTLS, fixed reference points re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_time_locating |
TheInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO/ˈaɪsoʊ/;[3]French:Organisation internationale de normalisation;Russian:Международная организация по стандартизации) is an independent,non-governmental,international standarddevelopment organization composed of representatives from the nationalstandards organizations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization |
Consumer privacyisinformation privacyas it relates to the consumers of products and services.
A variety of social, legal and political issues arise from the interaction of the public's potentialexpectation of privacyand the collection and dissemination ofdatabybusinessesormerchants.[1]Consumerprivacy concerns date bac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_privacy |
TheGeneral Data Protection Regulation(Regulation (EU) 2016/679),[1]abbreviatedGDPR, is aEuropean Union regulationoninformation privacyin theEuropean Union(EU) and theEuropean Economic Area(EEA). The GDPR is an important component of EUprivacy lawandhuman rights law, in particular Article 8(1) of theCharter of Fundament... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation |
Thefair information practice principles(FIPPs) of the United StatesFederal Trade Commission(FTC) are guidelines that represent widely accepted concepts concerning fair information practice in an electronic marketplace.[1]
FTC fair information practice principles are the result of the commission's inquiry into the way ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTC_fair_information_practice |
Amesh networkis alocal area networktopologyin which the infrastructurenodes(i.e. bridges, switches, and other infrastructure devices) connect directly, dynamically and non-hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route data to and from clients.
This lack of depend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking |
Thedark webis theWorld Wide Webcontent that exists ondarknets(overlay networks) that use theInternetbut require specific software, configurations, orauthorizationto access.[1][2][3][4]Through the dark web, private computer networks can communicate and conduct business anonymously without divulging identifying informati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_web |
Apersonal data service(PDS) gives the user a central point ofcontrolfor their personal information (e.g. interests, contact information, affiliations, preferences, friends). The user's data attributes being managed by the service may be stored in a co-located repository, or they may be stored in multiple external distr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_data_service |
User interface (UI) designoruser interface engineeringis thedesignofuser interfacesformachinesandsoftware, such ascomputers,home appliances,mobile devices, and otherelectronic devices, with the focus on maximizingusabilityand theuser experience. In computer or software design, user interface (UI) design primarily focus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface_design |
Anaccess badgeis acredentialused to gain entry to an area having automatedaccess controlentry points. Entry points may bedoors,turnstiles, parking gates or other barriers.
Access badges use various technologies to identify the holder of the badge to an access control system. The most common technologies aremagnetic st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_badge |
TheCharlieCardis acontactless smart cardused forfarepayment fortransportation in the Boston area. It is the primary payment method for theMassachusetts Bay Transportation Authority(MBTA) and several regionalpublic transportsystems in the U.S. state ofMassachusetts. It is used on the MBTA'ssubwayandbusservices, but is n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CharlieCard |
Thecommon access card, also commonly referred to as theCAC, is the standard identification for active duty United States defense personnel. The card itself is asmart cardabout the size of a credit card.[1]Defense personnel that use the CAC include theSelected ReserveandNational Guard,United States Department of Defense... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Access_Card |
Acredentialis a piece of any document that details a qualification, competence, or authority issued to an individual by a third party with a relevant orde factoauthority or assumed competence to do so.
Examples of credentials include academicdiplomas,academic degrees,certifications,security clearances,identification d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credential |
Anidentity document(abbreviated asID) is adocumentproving a person'sidentity.
If the identity document is aplastic cardit is called anidentity card(abbreviated asICorID card). When the identity document incorporates a photographicportrait, it is called aphoto ID.[1]In some countries, identity documents may becompulsor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_document |
Alockis amechanicalorelectronicfastening device that is released by a physical object (such as a key,keycard,fingerprint,RFIDcard,security tokenor coin), by supplying secret information (such as a number or letter permutation orpassword), by a combination thereof, or it may only be able to be opened from one side, such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(lock)#Keycard |
The termdigital card[1]can refer to a physical item, such as a memory card on a camera,[2][3]or, increasingly since 2017, to the digital content hosted
as avirtual cardorcloud card, as a digital virtual representation of a physical card. They share a common purpose:identity management,credit card,debit cardordriver's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card |
Photo identificationorphoto IDis anidentity documentthat includes aphotographof the holder, usually only their face. The most commonly accepted forms of photo ID are those issued by government authorities, such asdriver's licenses, identity cards andpassports, but special-purpose photo IDs may be also produced, such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_identification |
Securityis protection from, or resilience against,potentialharm (or other unwantedcoercion).Beneficiaries(technicallyreferents) of security may be persons and social groups, objects and institutions, ecosystems, or any other entity or phenomenon vulnerable to unwanted change.
Security mostly refers to protection from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security |
Asmart card(SC),chip card, orintegrated circuit card(ICCorIC card), is a card used to control access to a resource. It is typically a plastic credit card-sized card with anembeddedintegrated circuit(IC) chip.[1]Many smart cards include a pattern of metal contacts to electrically connect to the internal chip. Others are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_card |
TheWiegand interfaceis ade factowiring standard which arose from the popularity ofWiegand effectcard readers in the 1980s. It is commonly used to connect a card swipe mechanism to the rest of anaccess control system. The sensor in such a system is often a "Wiegand wire", based on the Wiegand effect, discovered byJohn R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiegand_interface |
Inelectromagnetics, anevanescent field, orevanescent wave, is an oscillating electric and/or magnetic field that does not propagate as anelectromagnetic wavebut whose energy is spatially concentrated in the vicinity of the source (oscillating charges and currents). Even when there is a propagating electromagnetic wave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_wave_coupling |
Inductanceis the tendency of anelectrical conductorto oppose a change in theelectric currentflowing through it. The electric current produces amagnetic fieldaround the conductor. The magnetic field strength depends on the magnitude of the electric current, and therefore follows any changes in the magnitude of the curre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance |
Short-circuit inductanceof a real linear two-windingtransformerisinductancemeasured across the primary or secondary winding when the other winding is short-circuited.[1][Notes 1]The method of measuring the short circuit inductance is described in industrial standard. The industrial standard also stipulates a method for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_inductance |
Wardenclyffe Tower(1901–1917), also known as theTesla Tower, was an early experimentalwirelesstransmission station designed and built byNikola TeslaonLong Islandin 1901–1902, located in the village ofShoreham, New York. Tesla intended to transmit messages,telephony, and evenfacsimile imagesacross theAtlantic Oceanto En... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardenclyffe_tower |
TheElectronic Product Code(EPC) is designed as a universal identifier (using an idiosyncratic numerical code for each different commodity[1]) that provides a unique identity for every physical object anywhere in the world, for all time. The EPC structure is defined in the EPCglobal Tag Data Standard,[2]which is a freel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Product_Code |
Acontactless smart cardis a contactless credential whose dimensions arecredit cardsize. Its embedded integrated circuits can store (and sometimes process) data and communicate with a terminal viaNFC. Commonplace uses include transit tickets, bank cards and passports.
There are two broad categories of contactless smart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactless_smart_card |
Abarcodeorbar codeis a method of representing data in a visual,machine-readable form. Initially, barcodes represented data by varying the widths, spacings and sizes of parallel lines. These barcodes, now commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D), can be scanned by specialoptical scanners, calledbarcode rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode#2D_barcodes |
Radio-frequency identification(RFID) useselectromagnetic fieldsto automaticallyidentifyandtracktags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny radiotranspondercalled a tag, aradio receiver, and atransmitter. When triggered by an electromagnetic interrogation pulse from a nearby RFID reader device, the tag t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Frequency_Identification |
In the distribution andlogisticsof many types of products,track and traceortracking and tracingconcerns a process of determining the current and past locations (and other information) of a unique item or property.Mass serializationis the process that manufacturers go through to assign and mark each of their products wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_trace |
Pay at the pumpis a system used at manyfilling stations, where customers can pay for their fuel by inserting acredit card,debit card, orfuel cardinto a slot on thepump, bypassing the requirement to make the transaction with the station attendant or to walk away from one's vehicle. A few areas have gas stations that use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_at_the_pump |
Aloyalty programorrewards programis amarketing strategydesigned to encouragecustomersto continue to shop at or use the services of one or morebusinessesassociated with the program.[1]
Loyalty programs may be either:
In 2020McKinseyspoke of loyalty program "ecosystems".[6]
A loyalty program typically involves the ope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_program |
[citation needed]
Adata logger(alsodataloggerordata recorder) is an electronic device that records data over time or about location either with a built-ininstrumentorsensoror via external instruments and sensors. Increasingly, but not entirely, they are based on a digital processor (or computer), and called digital da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_logger |
Geopositioningis the process of determining or estimating thegeographic positionof an object or a person.[1]Geopositioning yields a set ofgeographic coordinates(such aslatitudeandlongitude) in a givenmap datum. Geographic positions may also be expressed indirectly, as a distance inlinear referencingor as a bearing and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopositioning |
AGPS tracking unit,geotracking unit,satellite tracking unit, or simplytrackeris anavigation devicenormally on a vehicle,asset, person oranimalthat usessatellite navigationto determine its movement and determine itsWGS84UTMgeographic position(geotracking) to determine its location.[1]Satellite tracking devices may send ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_tracking |
TheIntelligent Mail Barcode(IMb) is a 65-barbarcodefor use onmailin theUnited States.[1]The term "Intelligent Mail" refers to services offered by theUnited States Postal Servicefor domestic mail delivery. The IM barcode is intended to provide greater information and functionality than its predecessorsPOSTNETandPLANET. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Mail_barcode |
In computing,Internet geolocationis software capable of deducing the geographic position of a device connected to the Internet. For example, the device's IP address can be used to determine the country, city, or ZIP code, determining its geographical location. Other methods include examination ofWi-Fihotspots.
An IP a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_geolocation |
Real-time locating systems(RTLS), also known asreal-time tracking systems, are used to automaticallyidentifyandtrackthe location of objects or people inreal time, usually within a building or other contained area. Wireless RTLS tags are attached to objects or worn by people, and in most RTLS, fixed reference points re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locating_engine |
MAC address anonymizationperforms aone-way functionon aMAC addressso that the result may be used intracking systemsfor reporting and the general public, while making it nearly impossible to obtain the original MAC address from the result. The idea is that this process allows companies likeGoogle,[1]Apple[2]andCrowdVisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address_anonymization |
Trilaterationis the use ofdistances(or "ranges") for determining the unknownposition coordinatesof apointof interest, often around Earth (geopositioning).[1]When more than three distances are involved, it may be calledmultilateration, for emphasis.
The distances or ranges might be ordinaryEuclidean distances(slant ran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateration |
In3D human-computer interaction,positional tracking, also calledpose tracking, is a process that tracks the position and/or orientation ofhead-mounted displays, controllers, or other input devices withinEuclidean space. Pose tracking is often referred to as 6DOF tracking, for thesix degrees of freedomin which the objec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_tracking |
Real-time locating systems(RTLS), also known asreal-time tracking systems, are used to automaticallyidentifyandtrackthe location of objects or people inreal time, usually within a building or other contained area. Wireless RTLS tags are attached to objects or worn by people, and in most RTLS, fixed reference points re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_locating |
Simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM) is the computational problem of constructing or updating a map of an unknown environment while simultaneously keeping track of anagent's location within it. While this initially appears to be achicken or the eggproblem, there are severalalgorithmsknown to solve it in, at leas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping |
Trusted timestampingis the process ofsecurelykeeping track of the creation and modification time of a document. Security here means that no one—not even the owner of the document—should be able to change it once it has been recorded provided that the timestamper's integrity is never compromised.
The administrative asp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_timestamping |
"Cloak and dagger" was a fighting style common by the time of theRenaissanceinvolving a knife hidden beneath acloak. The term later came into use as a metaphor, referring to situations involving intrigue,secrecy,espionage, or mystery.
The earliest written use of the phrase can be attributed to English poetGeoffrey Cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloak_and_dagger |
TheEconomic Espionage Act of 1996(Pub. L.104–294 (text)(PDF), 110Stat.3488, enactedOctober 11, 1996) was a 6 titleAct of Congressdealing with a wide range of issues, including not onlyindustrial espionage(e.g., thetheftormisappropriationof atrade secretand theNational Information Infrastructure Protection Act), but the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Espionage_Act_of_1996 |
Espionage,spying, orintelligence gatheringis the act of obtaining secret orconfidential information(intelligence). A person who commits espionage is called anespionage agentorspy.[1]Any individual or spy ring (a cooperating group of spies), in the service of agovernment,company,criminal organization, or independent ope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage |
TheEspionage Act of 1917is aUnited States federal lawenacted on June 15, 1917, shortly after the United Statesentered World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found inTitle 50of the U.S. Code (War & National Defense) but is now found under Title 18 (Crime & Criminal Procedure):1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917 |
Eyes onlyisjargonused with regard toclassified information. Whereas a classified document is normally intended to be available to readers with the appropriate security clearance and a need to know, an "eyes only" designation, whether official or informal, indicates that the document is intended only for a specific set ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyes_only |
TheFive Eyes(FVEY) is anAnglosphereintelligencealliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[1]These countries are party to the multilateralUKUSA Agreement, a treaty for joint cooperation insignals intelligence.[2][3][4]Informally, "Five Eyes" can refer to the group of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Eyes |
TheGolden Shield Project(Chinese:金盾工程;pinyin:jīndùn gōngchéng), also namedNational Public Security Work Informational Project,[a]is theChinesenationwide network-security fundamental constructional project by thee-governmentof thePeople's Republic of China. This project includes a security management information system,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Shield_Project |
TheGovernment Security Classifications Policy(GSCP) is a system for classifyingsensitive government datain theUnited Kingdom.
Historically, theGovernment Protective Marking Schemewas used by government bodies in the UK; it divides data into UNCLASSIFIED, PROTECT, RESTRICTED, CONFIDENTIAL, SECRET and TOP SECRET. This s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Security_Classifications_Policy |
Anillegal numberis a number that represents information which is illegal to possess, utter, propagate, or otherwise transmit in somelegal jurisdiction. Any piece of digital information is representable as a number; consequently, if communicating a specific set of information is illegal in some way, then the number may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_number |
AnOfficial Secrets Act(OSA) is legislation that provides for the protection ofstate secretsand official information, mainly related tonational security. However, in its unrevised form (based on the UKOfficial Secrets Act 1911[1]), it can include all information held by government bodies.
OSAs are currently in-force in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act |
Thestate secrets privilegeis anevidentiary rulecreated byUnited Stateslegalprecedent. Application of the privilege results in exclusion of evidence from alegal casebased solely onaffidavitssubmitted by the government stating that court proceedings might disclose sensitive information which might endanger national secur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Secrets_Privilege |
TheWassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologiesis amultilateral export control regimeestablished on 12 July 1996, inWassenaar, nearThe Hague, Netherlands. According to the Wassenaar Arrangement document, it was "established to contribute to regional and internationa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassenaar_Arrangement |
WikiLeaks(/ˈwɪkiliːks/) is a non-profit media organisation and publisher of leaked documents. It is funded by donations[13]and media partnerships. It has published classified documents and other media provided by anonymous sources.[14]It was founded in 2006 byJulian Assange.[15]Kristinn Hrafnssonis itseditor-in-chief.[... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks |
TheUnited Kingdom – United States of America Agreement(UKUSA,/juːkuːˈsɑː/yoo-koo-SAH)[1][note 1]is a multilateral agreement for cooperation insignals intelligencebetweenAustralia,Canada,New Zealand, theUnited Kingdom, and theUnited States. The alliance of intelligence operations is also known as theFive Eyes.[3][4][5]I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement |
Thejoint defense privilege, orcommon-interest rule, is an extension ofattorney–client privilege.[1]Under "common interest" or "joint defense" doctrine, parties with shared interest in actual or potentiallitigationagainst a common adversary may share privileged information without waiving their right to assert attorney–... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_defense_privilege |
Amandated reporteris a person who is required by law to reportcrimes, typically if they know or suspect achildorvulnerable adulthas been or is at risk of being abused or neglected. Mandatory reporting laws can also extend tovulnerable adultsdue to adisability,mental illness, orold age. If a mandated reporter does not r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_reporting |
Anear miss,near death,near hit, orclose callis an unplanned event that has the potential to cause, but does not actually result in human injury, environmental or equipment damage, or an interruption to normal operation.[1]
OSHAdefines a near miss as an incident in which no property was damaged and no personal injury w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_miss_(safety) |
Inscienceandengineering,root cause analysis (RCA)is a method ofproblem solvingused for identifying the root causes of faults or problems.[1]It is widely used inIT operations,manufacturing,telecommunications,industrial process control,accident analysis(e.g., inaviation,[2]rail transport, ornuclear plants),medical diagno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cause_analysis |
Safety engineeringis anengineeringdisciplinewhich assures that engineeredsystemsprovide acceptable levels ofsafety. It is strongly related toindustrial engineering/systems engineering, and the subsetsystem safetyengineering. Safety engineering assures that alife-critical systembehaves as needed, even when componentsfa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineering |
TheData Protection Act, 2012(The Act)[1]islegislationenacted by theParliament of the Republic of Ghanato protect theprivacyandpersonal data of individuals. It regulates the process personal information is acquired, kept, used or disclosed by data controllers and data processors by requiring compliance with certain data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Act,_2012 |
TheComputer Misuse Act 1990(c. 18) is an act of theParliament of the United Kingdom, introduced partly in response to the decision inR v Gold & Schifreen(1988) 1 AC 1063. Critics of the bill[who?]complained that it was introduced hastily, was poorly thought out, and thatintentionwas often difficult to prove, with the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Misuse_Act_1990 |
TheData Protection Directive,officially Directive 95/46/EC, enacted in October 1995, was aEuropean Union directivewhich regulated the processing ofpersonal datawithin theEuropean Union(EU) and the free movement of such data. The Data Protection Directive was an important component of EUprivacyandhuman rights law.
The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directive |
TheFreedom of Information Act 2000(c. 36) is anActof theParliament of the United Kingdomthat creates a public right of access to information held by public authorities. It is the implementation offreedom of information legislationin the United Kingdom on a national level. Its application is limited in Scotland (which h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000 |
Gaskin v UK(1989) 12 EHRR 36 was a legal case from theUnited Kingdom, heard by theEuropean Court of Human RightsinStrasbourg.
Graham Gaskin was placed in public care in the UK as a baby, where he stayed until he reached his maturity. Gaskin claimed he had been abused during his time in care and he requested access to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaskin_v_United_Kingdom |
The following is alist of UK government data losses. It lists reported instances of the loss of personal data by UK central and local government, agencies, non-departmental public bodies, etc., whether directly or indirectly because of the actions of private-sector contractors. Such losses tend to receive widespread me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_government_data_losses |
ThePrivacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003is a law in theUnited Kingdomwhich made it unlawful to, amongst other things, transmit an automated recorded message fordirect marketingpurposes via a telephone, without prior consent of the subscriber. The law implements anEU directive, thePrivacy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_and_Electronic_Communications_(EC_Directive)_Regulations_2003 |
Smith v Lloyds TSB Bank plc[2005] EWHC 246was a judicial decision of the English High Court relating to theData Protection Act 1998.[1]
The claimant was seeking data from the bank, and he sought to advance two relatively novel lines of argument. The first was referred to in the case as the "once processed always proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v_Lloyds_TSB_Bank_plc |
Durant v Financial Services Authority[2003] EWCA Civ 1746is a judicial decision of theEnglish Court of Appealin relation to the provisions of theData Protection Act 1998.[1][2]The case is one of the leading appellate decisions in relation to the application of that Act.[3]
Mr Durant had been a customer ofBarclays Bank... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durant_v_Financial_Services_Authority |
Governing doctrines
Trustee(or the holding of atrusteeship) is alegal termwhich, in its broadest sense, refers to anyone in aposition of trustand so can refer to any individual who holds property, authority, or a position of trust or responsibility for the benefit of another. A trustee can also be a person who is allo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustee |
Directors' dutiesare a series of statutory, common law and equitable obligations owed primarily by members of theboard of directorsto thecorporationthat employs them. It is a central part ofcorporate lawandcorporate governance. Directors' duties are analogous to duties owed by trustees to beneficiaries, and by agents t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors%27_duties |
Atcommon law,damagesare aremedyin the form of amonetaryaward to be paid to a claimant as compensation for loss or injury.[1]To warrant the award, the claimant must show that a breach of duty has caused foreseeable loss. To be recognized at law, the loss must involve damage to property, or mental or physical injury;pure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensatory_damages |
Governing doctrines
Intrust law, aconstructive trustis anequitable remedyimposed by acourtto benefit apartythat has been wrongfully deprived of its rights due to either a person obtaining or holding a legalproperty rightwhich they should not possess due tounjust enrichmentorinterference, or due to a breach offiduciary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_trust |
Thecorporate opportunitydoctrine is the legal principle providing thatdirectors, officers, and controlling shareholders of acorporationmust not take for themselves any business opportunity that could benefit the corporation.[1]The corporate opportunity doctrine is one application of thefiduciaryduty of loyalty.[2]
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_opportunity |
Acourt of equity, also known as anequity courtorchancery court, is a court authorized to apply principles ofequityrather than principles of law to cases brought before it. These courts originated from petitions to theLord Chancellor of Englandand primarily heard claims for relief other than damages, such asspecific per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_equity |
Equitable remediesarejudicial remediesdeveloped by courts ofequityfrom about the time ofHenry VIIIto provide more flexible responses to changing social conditions than was possible inprecedent-basedcommon law.[1][2][3]
Equitable remedies were granted by theCourt of ChanceryinEngland, and remain available today in most... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_remedy |
Anescrowis acontractualarrangement in which a third party (thestakeholderorescrow agent) receives and disburses money or property for the primary transacting parties, with the disbursement dependent on conditions agreed to by the transacting parties. Examples include an account established by abrokerfor holding funds o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrow |
Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc., 506 A.2d 173 (Del. 1986),[1]was alandmark decisionof theDelaware Supreme Courtonhostile takeovers.
The Court declared that, in certain limited circumstances indicating that the "sale" or "break-up" of the company is inevitable, thefiduciaryobligation of thedirectorso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revlon,_Inc._v._MacAndrews_%26_Forbes_Holdings,_Inc. |
Self-dealingis the conduct of atrustee,attorney,corporate officer, or otherfiduciarythat consists of taking advantage of their position in a transaction and acting in their own interests rather than in the interests of the beneficiaries of thetrust, corporateshareholders, or their clients. According to the political sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-dealing |
Governing doctrines
Atrustis a legal relationship in which the owner ofproperty, or any transferable right, gives it to another to manage and use solely for the benefit of a designated person. In the Englishcommon law, the party who entrusts the property is known as the "settlor", the party to whom it is entrusted is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(law) |
The Uniform Prudent Investor Act(UPIA), which was adopted in 1992 by theAmerican Law Institute's Third Restatement of the Law of Trusts ("Restatement ofTrust 3d"), reflects a "modern portfolio theory" and "total return" approach to the exercise of fiduciary investment discretion.
This approach allowsfiduciariesto util... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Prudent_Investor_Act |
Attorney General v Blake[2000] UKHL 45, [2001] 1 AC 268 is a leadingEnglish contract lawcase on damages forbreach of contract. It established that in some circumstances, where ordinaryremediesare inadequate,restitutionarydamages may be awarded.
George Blakewas a member of theSecret Intelligence Service. He signed anOf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_v_Blake |
Authenticityis a concept of personality in the fields of psychology,existential psychotherapy,existentialist philosophy, andaesthetics. In existentialism, authenticity is the degree to which a person's actions are congruent with theirvaluesand desires, despite external pressures to social conformity. Theconscious selfc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy) |
Bodily integrityis the inviolability of the physical body and emphasizes the importance of personalautonomy,self-ownership, andself-determinationof human beings over their own bodies. In the field ofhuman rights, violation of the bodily integrity of another is regarded as an unethical infringement, intrusive, and possi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodily_integrity |
Indeductive logic, aconsistenttheoryis one that does not lead to a logicalcontradiction.[1]A theoryT{\displaystyle T}is consistent if there is noformulaφ{\displaystyle \varphi }such that bothφ{\displaystyle \varphi }and its negation¬φ{\displaystyle \lnot \varphi }are elements of the set of consequences ofT{\displaystyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistency |
The right to respect fordigital integrityis an emerging right to protect people's digital lives.
Every person (natural or legal) has the right to respect for their physical and moral integrity. Thedigital revolutionhas given rise to the notion ofdigital life. "If human beings have a digital existence, there is reason ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_integrity |
Doubtis amental statein which themindremains suspended between two or more contradictory propositions, and isuncertainabout them.[1][better source needed]Doubt on anemotionallevel is indecision betweenbeliefanddisbelief. It may involveuncertainty,distrustor lack of conviction on certainfacts, actions, motives, ordecisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubt |
Ethicsis thephilosophicalstudy ofmoralphenomena. Also calledmoral philosophy, it investigatesnormativequestions about what people ought to do or which behavior is morally right. Its main branches includenormative ethics,applied ethics, andmetaethics.
Normative ethics aims to find general principles that govern how peo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics |
Honestyortruthfulnessis a facet ofmoral characterthat connotes positive andvirtuousattributes such asintegrity,truthfulness, straightforwardness (including straightforwardness of conduct:earnestness), along with the absence of lying, cheating, theft, etc. Honesty also involves being trustworthy,loyal,fair, andsincere.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesty |
Morality(fromLatinmoralitas'manner,character, proper behavior') is the categorization ofintentions, decisions andactionsinto those that are proper, orright, and those that are improper, orwrong.[1]Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from acode of conductfrom a particularphilosophy,religionorcultur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality |
Political hypocrisyrefers to any discrepancy between what a political party claims and the practices the party is trying to hide.[1]Modern political debate is often characterized by accusations and counter-accusations of hypocrisy.[1]
The notion of hypocrisy has its origins in the theater. The Greek word (hypokrisis) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_hypocrisy |
Manasa,vacha,karmanaare threeSanskritwords. The wordmanasarefers to themind,vacharefers tospeech, andkarmanarefers toactions.
In severalIndian languages, these three words are together used to describe a state of consistency expected of an individual. The mottomanasa, vacha, karmanais usually invoked to imply that one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikaranasuddhi |
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