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An interchromatin granule is a cluster in the nucleus of a mammal cell which is enriched in pre-mRNA splicing factors. Interchromatin granules are located in the interchromatin regions of mammal cell nuclei . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ a ] They usually appear as irregularly shaped structures that vary in size and number. They can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchromatin_granule |
The Intercollegiate Biomathematics Alliance ( IBA ) is a syndicate of organizations focused on connecting both academic and non-academic institutions to promote the study of biomathematics , ecology , and other related fields. [ 1 ] Biomathematics is a scientific area connecting biology, ecology, mathematics, and compu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Biomathematics_Alliance |
The interconnect bottleneck comprises limits on integrated circuit (IC) performance due to limits on the speed of connections between components, versus the internal speed of components.
In 2006 it was predicted to be a "looming crisis" by 2010. [ 1 ]
Improved performance of computer systems has been achieved, in lar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interconnect_bottleneck |
A fixed link or fixed crossing is a permanent, unbroken road or rail connection across water that uses some combination of bridges, tunnels, and causeways and does not involve intermittent connections such as drawbridges or ferries . [ 1 ] A bridge–tunnel combination is commonly used for major fixed links.
This is a l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_and_transoceanic_fixed_links |
An intercooler is a heat exchanger used to cool a gas after compression. [ 1 ] Often found in turbocharged engines, intercoolers are also used in air compressors , air conditioners , refrigeration and gas turbines .
Most commonly used with turbocharged engines, an intercooler is used to counteract the heat of compress... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercooler |
Interdependence theory is a social exchange theory developed in social psychology that examines how interpersonal relationships are defined through interpersonal interdependence, which is "the process by which interacting people influence one another's experiences". [ 1 ] p. 65 Originally proposed by Harold H. Kelley a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdependence_theory |
An interdigital transducer (IDT) is a device that consists of two interlocking comb-shaped arrays of metallic electrodes (in the fashion of a zipper). These metallic electrodes are deposited on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate , such as quartz or lithium niobate , to form a periodic structure. [ 1 ]
IDTs prima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdigital_transducer |
Interdigitation is the interlinking of biological components that resembles the fingers of two hands being locked together. It can be a naturally occurring or man-made state.
Naturally occurring interdigitation includes skull sutures that develop during periods of brain growth, and which remain thin and straight, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdigitation |
The interesting number paradox is a humorous paradox which arises from the attempt to classify every natural number as either "interesting" or "uninteresting". The paradox states that every natural number is interesting. [ 1 ] The " proof " is by contradiction : if there exists a non-empty set of uninteresting natural ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interesting_number_paradox |
An interface in the Java programming language is an abstract type that is used to declare a behavior that classes must implement. They are similar to protocols . Interfaces are declared using the interface keyword , and may only contain method signature and constant declarations (variable declarations that are declared... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(Java) |
In the physical sciences , an interface is the boundary between two spatial regions occupied by different matter , or by matter in different physical states . The interface between matter and air , or matter and vacuum , is called a surface , and studied in surface science . In thermal equilibrium , the regions in cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(matter) |
Interface and colloid science is an interdisciplinary intersection of branches of chemistry , physics , nanoscience and other fields dealing with colloids , heterogeneous systems consisting of a mechanical mixture of particles between 1 nm and 1000 nm dispersed in a continuous medium. A colloidal solution is a heteroge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science |
Interface bloat is a phenomenon in software design where an interface incorporates too many (often unnecessary) operations or elements, causing issues such as difficulty navigating and usability. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
While the term bloat can refer to a variety of terms in software design, [ 3 ] Interface bloat refers to the ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_bloat |
Interface conditions describe the behaviour of electromagnetic fields ; electric field , electric displacement field , and the magnetic field at the interface of two materials. The differential forms of these equations require that there is always an open neighbourhood around the point to which they are applied, otherw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_conditions_for_electromagnetic_fields |
In the context of chemistry and molecular modelling , the Interface force field (IFF) is a force field for classical molecular simulations of atoms , molecules , and assemblies up to the large nanometer scale, covering compounds from across the periodic table . [ 1 ] It employs a consistent classical Hamiltonian energy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_force_field |
Interfacial polymerization is a type of step-growth polymerization in which polymerization occurs at the interface between two immiscible phases (generally two liquids), resulting in a polymer that is constrained to the interface. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] There are several variations of interfacial polymerization, which resul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfacial_polymerization |
Interfacial rheology is a branch of rheology that studies the flow of matter at the interface between a gas and a liquid or at the interface between two immiscible liquids. The measurement is done while having surfactants, nanoparticles or other surface active compounds present at the interface. Unlike in bulk rheology... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfacial_rheology |
In information theory , the interference channel is the basic model used to analyze the effect of interference in communication channels. The model consists of two pairs of users communicating through a shared channel. The problem of interference between two mobile users in close proximity or crosstalk between two para... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_channel |
Interference microscopy involving measurements of differences in the path between two beams of light that have been split.
Types include:
This optics -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_microscopy |
The Interference of the footings is a phenomenon that is observed when two footings are closely spaced. The buildings when are to be constructed nearby to each other, the architectural requirements or the less availability of space for the construction forces the engineers to place the foundation footings close to each... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_of_the_footings |
Interference reflection microscopy ( IRM ), also called Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy ( RICM ) or Reflection Contrast Microscopy ( RCM ) depending on the specific optical elements used, is an optical microscopy technique that leverages thin-film interference effects to form an image of an object on a glas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_reflection_microscopy |
Interferome is an online bioinformatics database of interferon-regulated genes (IRGs). [ 1 ] These Interferon Regulated Genes are also known as Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs). The database contains information on type I (IFN alpha, beta), type II (IFN gamma) and type III (IFN lambda) regulated genes and is regularl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferome |
Interferometric microscopy or imaging interferometric microscopy is the concept of microscopy which
is related to holography , synthetic-aperture imaging , and off-axis -dark-field illumination techniques.
Interferometric microscopy allows enhancement of resolution of optical microscopy due to interferometric ( hologra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometric_microscopy |
Interferometric scattering microscopy ( iSCAT ) refers to a class of methods that detect and image a subwavelength object by interfering the light scattered by it with a reference light field. The underlying physics is shared by other conventional interferometric methods such as phase contrast or differential interfere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometric_scattering_microscopy |
Interferon beta-1a (also interferon beta 1-alpha ) is a cytokine in the interferon family used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS). [ 5 ] It is produced by mammalian cells, while interferon beta-1b is produced in modified E. coli . [ 6 ] Some research indicates that interferon injections may result in an 18–38% reduction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_beta-1a |
Interferon-γ release assays (IGRA) are medical tests used in the diagnosis of some infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis . Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assays rely on the fact that T-lymphocytes will release IFN-γ when exposed to specific antigens. These tests are mostly developed for the field of tuberculosis ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma_release_assay |
In hydrology , interflow is the lateral movement of water in the unsaturated zone, or vadose zone , that returns to the surface or enters a stream. [ 1 ] Interflow is sometimes used interchangeably with throughflow ; [ 1 ] however, throughflow is specifically the subcomponent of interflow that returns to the surface, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interflow |
An intergenic region is a stretch of DNA sequences located between genes . [ 1 ] Intergenic regions may contain functional elements and junk DNA .
Intergenic regions may contain a number of functional DNA sequences such as promoters and regulatory elements , enhancers , spacers , and (in eukaryotes) centromeres . [ 2 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenic_region |
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ( IPBES ) is an intergovernmental organization established to improve communication between science and policy on issues of biodiversity and ecosystem services . [ 1 ] It serves a similar role to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services |
In zoology , intergradation is the way in which two distinct subspecies are connected via areas where populations are found that have the characteristics of both. There are two types of intergradation: primary and secondary intergradation.
This occurs in cases where two subspecies are connected via one or more interme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergradation |
In materials science , intergranular corrosion ( IGC ), also known as intergranular attack ( IGA ), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides. ( Cf. transgranular corrosion.)
This situation can happen in otherwise corrosion-resistan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergranular_corrosion |
In fracture mechanics , intergranular fracture , intergranular cracking or intergranular embrittlement occurs when a crack propagates along the grain boundaries of a material, usually when these grain boundaries are weakened. [ 1 ] The more commonly seen transgranular fracture occurs when the crack grows through the ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergranular_fracture |
The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera ( IRMNG ) is a taxonomic database which attempts to cover published genus names for all domains of life (also including subgenera in zoology), from 1758 in zoology (1753 in botany) up to the present, arranged in a single, internally consistent taxonomic hierarchy, for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera |
In Einstein 's theory of general relativity , the interior Schwarzschild metric (also interior Schwarzschild solution or Schwarzschild fluid solution ) is an exact solution for the gravitational field in the interior of a non-rotating spherical body which consists of an incompressible fluid (implying that density is co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric |
In abstract algebra , an interior algebra is a certain type of algebraic structure that encodes the idea of the topological interior of a set. Interior algebras are to topology and the modal logic S4 what Boolean algebras are to set theory and ordinary propositional logic . Interior algebras form a variety of modal al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_algebra |
In mathematics , the interior extremum theorem , also known as Fermat's theorem , is a theorem which states that at the local extrema of a differentiable function , its derivative is always zero. It belongs to the mathematical field of real analysis and is named after French mathematician Pierre de Fermat .
By using t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_extremum_theorem |
Interkinesis or interphase II is a period of rest that cells of some species enter during meiosis between meiosis I and meiosis II . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] No DNA replication occurs during interkinesis; however, replication does occur during the interphase I stage of meiosis (See meiosis I ). During interkinesis, the spindles of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interkinesis |
Interlaced video (also known as interlaced scan ) is a technique for doubling the perceived frame rate of a video display without consuming extra bandwidth . The interlaced signal contains two fields of a video frame captured consecutively. This enhances motion perception to the viewer, and reduces flicker by taking ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaced_video |
The interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) associated kinase ( IRAK ) family [ 1 ] plays a crucial role in the protective response to pathogens introduced into the human body by inducing acute inflammation followed by additional adaptive immune responses. IRAKs are essential components of the Interleukin-1 receptor signaling p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-1_receptor_associated_kinase |
Interleukin-38 (IL-38) is a member of the interleukin-1 ( IL-1) family and the interleukin-36 ( IL-36 ) subfamily. It is important for the inflammation and host defense . This cytokine is named IL-1F10 in humans and has similar three dimensional structure as IL-1 receptor antagonist ( IL-1Ra ). The organisation of IL-1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-38 |
1IRL , 1M47 , 1M48 , 1M49 , 1M4A , 1M4B , 1M4C , 1NBP , 1PW6 , 1PY2 , 1QVN , 1Z92 , 2B5I , 2ERJ , 3QAZ , 3QB1 , 3INK , 4NEJ , 4NEM
3558
16183
ENSG00000109471
ENSMUSG00000027720
P60568
P04351
NM_000586
NM_008366
NP_000577
NP_032392
Interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) is an interleukin , which is a type of cytokine signali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_2 |
3OG6 , 3OG4
282618
330496
ENSG00000182393
ENSMUSG00000059128
Q8IU54
Q4VK74
NM_172140
NM_001024673
NP_742152
NP_001019844
Interleukin-29 ( IL-29 ) is a cytokine and it belongs to type III interferons group, also termed interferons λ (IFN-λ). IL-29 (alternative name IFNλ1) plays an important role in the immune... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_29 |
4DKC , 4DKD , 4DKE , 4DKF
146433
76527
ENSG00000157368
ENSMUSG00000031750
Q6ZMJ4
Q8R1R4
NM_001172771 NM_001172772 NM_152456
NM_001135100 NM_029646
NP_001166242 NP_001166243 NP_689669
NP_001128572 NP_083922
Interleukin 34 (IL-34) is a protein belonging to a group of cytokines called interleukins . It was orig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_34 |
4Q3H
3579
12765
ENSG00000180871
ENSMUSG00000026180
P25025
P35343
NM_001168298 NM_001557
NM_009909
NP_001161770 NP_001548
NP_034039
Interleukin 8 receptor, beta is a chemokine receptor . IL8RB is also known as CXCR2 , and CXCR2 is now the IUPHAR Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug classification-recom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_8_receptor,_beta |
Interleukin receptors are a family of cytokine receptors for interleukins . They belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily .
There are two main families of Interleukin receptors, Type 1 and Type 2 .
Type 1 interleukin receptors include: [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Type 2 interleukin receptors are Type II cytokine receptors . They in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_receptor |
Interlocus contest evolution (ICE) is a process of intergenomic conflict by which different loci within a single genome antagonistically coevolve . ICE supposes that the Red Queen process , which is characterized by a never-ending antagonistic evolutionary arms race , does not only apply to species but also to genes wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocus_contest_evolution |
Interlocus sexual conflict is a type of sexual conflict that occurs through the interaction of a set of antagonistic alleles at two or more different loci , or the location of a gene on a chromosome, in males and females, resulting in the deviation of either or both sexes from the fitness optima for the traits. [ 1 ] A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocus_sexual_conflict |
Intermedia is an art theory term coined in the mid-1960s by Fluxus artist Dick Higgins to describe the strategies of interdisciplinarity that occur within artworks existing between artistic genres. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was also used by John Brockman to refer to works in expanded cinema that were associated with Jonas M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedia |
Intermedia was the third notable hypertext project to emerge from Brown University , after HES (1967) and FRESS (1969). Intermedia was started in 1985 by Norman Meyrowitz , who had been associated with sooner hypertext research at Brown. The Intermedia project coincided with the establishment of the Institute for Resea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedia_(hypertext) |
Intermediate Data Format (IDF) files are used interoperate between electronic design automation (EDA) software and solid modeling mechanical computer-aided design (CAD) software.
The format was devised by David Kehmeier at the Mentor Graphics Corporation. [ 1 ]
The EMN File contains the PCB outline, the position of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_Data_Format |
In igneous petrology , an intermediate composition refers to the chemical composition of a rock that has 51.5–63 wt% SiO 2 being an intermediate between felsic and mafic compositions. Typical intermediate rocks include andesite and trachyandesite among volcanic rocks and diorite and granodiorite among plutonic rocks .
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_composition |
In communications and electronic engineering , an intermediate frequency ( IF ) is a frequency to which a carrier wave is shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception. [ 1 ] The intermediate frequency is created by mixing the carrier signal with a local oscillator signal in a process called heterodyning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_frequency |
In mathematical logic , a superintuitionistic logic is a propositional logic extending intuitionistic logic . Classical logic is the strongest consistent superintuitionistic logic; thus, consistent superintuitionistic logics are called intermediate logics (the logics are intermediate between intuitionistic logic and cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_logic |
An Intermediate Luminosity Optical Transient (ILOT) is an astronomical object which undergoes an optically detectable explosive event with an absolute magnitude ( M ) brighter than a classical nova ( M ~ −8) but fainter than that of a supernova ( M ~ −17). That nine magnitude range corresponds to a factor of nearly 40... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_luminosity_optical_transient |
Intermediate mesoderm or intermediate mesenchyme is a narrow section of the mesoderm (one of the three primary germ layers ) located between the paraxial mesoderm and the lateral plate of the developing embryo . [ 1 ] The intermediate mesoderm develops into vital parts of the urogenital system ( kidneys , gonads and re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_mesoderm |
In mathematical analysis , the intermediate value theorem states that if f {\displaystyle f} is a continuous function whose domain contains the interval [ a , b ] , then it takes on any given value between f ( a ) {\displaystyle f(a)} and f ( b ) {\displaystyle f(b)} at some point within the interval.
This has two imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_value_theorem |
An intermetallic (also called intermetallic compound , intermetallic alloy , ordered intermetallic alloy , long-range-ordered alloy ) is a type of metallic alloy that forms an ordered solid-state compound between two or more metallic elements. Intermetallics are generally hard and brittle, with good high-temperature me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermetallic |
Intermetallic particles form during solidification of metallic alloys.
Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys form Al5FeSi- plate like intermetallic phases like -Al8Fe2Si, Al2Cu, etc. The size and morphology of these intermetallic phases in these alloys control the mechanical properties of these alloys, especially strength and ductility.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermetallic_particle |
In dynamical systems , intermittency is the irregular alternation of phases of apparently periodic and chaotic dynamics ( Pomeau–Manneville dynamics ), or different forms of chaotic dynamics (crisis-induced intermittency). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Experimentally, intermittency appears as long periods of almost periodic behavior in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittency |
The intermittent inductive automatic train stop (also referred to as IIATS or just automatic train stop or ATS ) is a train protection system used in North American mainline railroad and rapid transit systems. It makes use of magnetic reluctance to trigger a passing train to take some sort of action. The system was d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_inductive_automatic_train_stop |
Intermittent rhythmic delta activity ( IRDA ) is a type of brain wave abnormality found in electroencephalograms (EEG). [ 1 ]
It can be classified based on the area of brain it originates from:
It can also be
It can be caused by a number of different reasons, some benign , unknown reasons, but also are commonly asso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_rhythmic_delta_activity |
A piped water supply and distribution system is intermittent when water continuity is for less than 24 hours a day or not on all days of the week. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] During this continuity defining factors are water pressure and equity. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] At least 45 countries have intermittent water supply (IWS) systems. [ 5 ] It i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_water_supply |
Intermodulation ( IM ) or intermodulation distortion ( IMD ) is the amplitude modulation of signals containing two or more different frequencies , caused by nonlinearities or time variance in a system. The intermodulation between frequency components will form additional components at frequencies that are not just at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodulation |
An intermolecular force ( IMF ; also secondary force ) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction
or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles (e.g. atoms or ions ). Intermolecular forces are weak relative to intramolecu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force |
Intermuscular Coherence is a measure to quantify correlations between the activity of two muscles , which is often assessed using electromyography . The correlations in muscle activity are quantified in frequency domain , [ 1 ] and therefore referred to as intermuscular coherence . [ 2 ]
The synchronisation of motor u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermuscular_coherence |
Internal Coordinate Mechanics ( ICM ) is a software program and algorithm to predict low-energy conformations of molecules by sampling the space of internal coordinates ( bond lengths , bond angles and dihedral angles ) defining molecular geometry . In ICM each molecule is constructed as a tree from an entry atom where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Coordinate_Mechanics |
The Internal Market Information System ( IMI ) is an IT-based network that links public bodies in the European Economic Area . It was developed by the European Commission together with the Member States of the European Union to speed up cross-border administrative cooperation. IMI allows public administrations at natio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Market_Information_System |
Right Interior Exterior
Adjacent Vertical Complementary Supplementary
Dihedral
In geometry , an angle of a polygon is formed by two adjacent sides . For a simple polygon (non-self-intersecting), regardless of whether it is convex or non-convex , this angle is called an internal angle (or interior angle) if a point ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_and_external_angles |
The internal carotid venous plexus is a network of veins surrounding the internal carotid artery as it passes through the carotid canal . [ 2 ] The plexus interconnects the internal jugular vein (extracranially) and cavernous sinus (intracranially). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_venous_plexus |
An internal combustion engine ( ICE or IC engine ) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high- temperature and high- pressure gase... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine |
An internal control region is a sequence of DNA located with the coding region of eukaryotic genes that binds regulatory elements such as activators or repressors . This region can recruit RNA Polymerase or contribute to splicing . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_control_region |
Internal conversion is an atomic decay process where an excited nucleus interacts electromagnetically with one of the orbital electrons of an atom. This causes the electron to be emitted (ejected) from the atom. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Thus, in internal conversion (often abbreviated IC), a high-energy electron is emitted from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conversion |
Internal conversion is a transition from a higher to a lower electronic state in a molecule or atom. [ 1 ] It is sometimes called "radiationless de-excitation", because no photons are emitted. It differs from intersystem crossing in that, while both are radiationless methods of de-excitation, the molecular spin state f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conversion_(chemistry) |
In nuclear physics , the internal conversion coefficient describes the rate of internal conversion .
The internal conversion coefficient may be empirically determined by the following formula: α = number of de-excitations via electron emission number of de-excitations via gamma-ray emission {\displaystyle \alpha ={\fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conversion_coefficient |
An internal drainage board ( IDB ) is a type of operating authority which is established in areas of special drainage need in England and Wales with permissive powers to undertake work to secure clean water drainage and water level management within drainage districts . The area of an IDB is not determined by county or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_drainage_board |
The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the energy of the system as a state function , measured as the quantity of energy necessary to bring the system from its standard internal state to its present internal state of interest, accounting for the gains and losses of energy due to changes in its internal state,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy |
The internal environment (or milieu intérieur in French ; French pronunciation: [mi.ljø ɛ̃.te.ʁjœʁ] ) was a concept developed by Claude Bernard , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] a French physiologist in the 19th century, to describe the interstitial fluid and its physiological capacity to ensure protective stability for the tissues and or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_environment |
Internal heat is the heat source from the interior of celestial objects , such as stars , brown dwarfs , planets , moons , dwarf planets , and (in the early history of the Solar System ) even asteroids such as Vesta , resulting from contraction caused by gravity (the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism ), nuclear fusion , tidal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_heating |
In the subject area of control theory , an internal model is a process that simulates the response of the system in order to estimate the outcome of a system disturbance. The internal model principle was first articulated in 1976 by B. A. Francis and W. M. Wonham [ 1 ] as an explicit formulation of the Conant and Ashb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_model_(motor_control) |
Internal oxidation , in corrosion of metals , is the process of formation of corrosion products (e.g. a metal oxide ) within the metal bulk. In other words, the corrosion products are created away from the metal surface, and they are isolated from the surface. [ 1 ]
Internal oxidation occurs when some components of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_oxidation |
Internal pressure is a measure of how the internal energy of a system changes when it expands or contracts at constant temperature . It has the same dimensions as pressure , the SI unit of which is the pascal .
Internal pressure is usually given the symbol π T {\displaystyle \pi _{T}} . It is defined as a partial deri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_pressure |
An internal ribosome entry site , abbreviated IRES , is an RNA element that allows for translation initiation in a cap-independent manner, as part of the greater process of protein synthesis . Initiation of eukaryotic translation nearly always occurs at and is dependent on the 5' cap of mRNA molecules, where the transl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_ribosome_entry_site |
In a chemical analysis , the internal standard method involves adding the same amount of a chemical substance to each sample and calibration solution. The internal standard responds proportionally to changes in the analyte and provides a similar, but not identical, measurement signal. It must also be absent from the sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_standard |
Internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ) is the spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and large-subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript.
In bacteria and archaea , there is a single ITS, located between the 16S a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_transcribed_spacer |
Internal waves are gravity waves that oscillate within a fluid medium, rather than on its surface. To exist, the fluid must be stratified : the density must change (continuously or discontinuously) with depth/height due to changes, for example, in temperature and/or salinity. If the density changes over a small vertica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_wave |
Internal working model of attachment is a psychological approach that attempts to describe the development of mental representations, specifically the worthiness of the self and expectations of others' reactions to the self. This model is a result of interactions with primary caregivers which become internalized, and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_working_model_of_attachment |
Internally grooved copper tubes, also known as "microfin tubes", are a small diameter coil technology for modern air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Grooved coils facilitate more efficient heat transfer than smooth coils. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Small diameter coils have better rates of heat transfer than conventionally-si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_grooved_copper_tube |
An internalnet is a computer network composed of devices inside and on the human body . Such a system could be used to link nanochondria , bionic implants, wearable computers , and other devices.
This computer networking article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalnet |
The International Academy for Production Engineering (CIRP) is a professional body for research into production engineering . CIRP comes from the French acronym of College International pour la Recherche en Productique (CIRP). [ 1 ]
CIRP was founded in 1951 as the International Institution for Production Engineering R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_for_Production_Engineering |
The International Academy of Mathematical Chemistry (IAMC) was founded in Dubrovnik , Croatia , in 2005 by Milan Randić . [ 1 ] It is an organization for chemistry and mathematics avocation; its predecessors have been around since the 1930s. [ 1 ] There are 88 Academy members (as of 2011 [update] ) from around the worl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Mathematical_Chemistry |
The International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science ( IAQMS ) is an international scientific learned society covering all applications of quantum theory to chemistry and chemical physics . It was created in Menton in 1967. The founding members were Raymond Daudel , Per-Olov Löwdin , Robert G. Parr , John Pople and B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science |
The International Academy of Wood Science (IAWS) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] is an international academy and a non-profit assembly of wood scientists, recognizing all fields of wood science with their associated technological domains and securing a worldwide representation. [ 9 ]
Since June 2023, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Wood_Science |
The International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) [ 1 ] is a non-profit organisation with mission to promote the exchange of knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society, taking into consideration technical, economic, en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Bridge_and_Structural_Engineering |
The International Association for Cereal Science and Technology (ICC) was founded in 1955 and was originally called the International Association for Cereal Chemistry . It was set up to develop international standard testing procedures for cereals and flour . It has currently more than fifty member countries and headqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Cereal_Science_and_Technology |
The International Association for Engineering and Food (IAEF) is a global body of around 25 delegates representing professional engineering societies including food engineering activities. This organization identifies the sites for ICEF events. ICEF, International Congress on Engineering and Food , is a congress in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_and_Food |
The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research ( IAHR ), founded in 1935, is a worldwide, non-profit, independent organisation of engineers and water specialists working in fields related to the hydro-environment and in particular with reference to hydraulics and its practical application.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Hydro-Environment_Engineering_and_Research |
The International Association for Life-Cycle Civil Engineering ( IALCCE ) is an international organization founded in October 2006. Its declared mission is " to be the premier international organization for the advancement of the state-of-the-art in the field of life-cycle civil engineering ".
The activities of the IA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Life_Cycle_Civil_Engineering |
The International Association for Sports Surface Sciences (ISSS) is the union of labs and experts in the field of sports surfaces. [ 1 ] It was founded in 1985 in Switzerland . Its aims are the exchange of information and ideas regarding testing sports surfaces such as sports hall floors, synthetic surfaces of athletic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Sports_Surface_Sciences |
The International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS) is a non-profit organization committed to furthering international cooperation and scientific advancement in space systems safety. Its aim is to advance the science and application of space safety. IAASS was legally established on April 16, 2004 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Space_Safety |
The International Association for the Study of Dreams ( IASD ) is a multi-disciplinary [ 1 ] professional nonprofit organization for scientific dream research ( oneirology ), [ 2 ] [ 3 ] founded in 1983 [ 4 ] and headquartered in the U.S. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
The organization was originally named the Association for the Study ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Study_of_Dreams |
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