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The International Association of Astronomical Artists (IAAA), is a non-profit organization whose members implement and participate in astronomical and space art projects, promote education about space art and foster international cooperation in artistic work inspired by the exploration of the Universe .
The IAAA was founded in 1982 and was formally registered as an association of astronomical artists in 1986. Since its founding, the IAAA has grown to approximately 200 members, representing twenty countries. The organization serves the community of artists creating works inspired by astronomy and outer space, serving as a networking resource on topics specific to the trade as well as issues common to professional artists. Although the early practitioners in the 1930s and 40s, such as Lucien Rudaux and Chesley Bonestell, (see Space Art ) were realists, many IAAA artists produce work which is impressionistic, expressionistic, abstract or surreal; however, the majority (unlike science fiction and fantasy artists, who work almost purely from imagination) do have a background in astronomy, physics and mathematics which enables them to interpret accurately the data from observatories and space probes, and convert them into believable images.
They may also be called upon to depict those very probes and satellites (often working with NASA or JPL scientists) – for who is out there to photograph them? They paint in oils, acrylics, gouache and markers, use pens, pastels or coloured pencils, or the latest digital technology. But these artists have an advantage over mere technology, for they can travel where machines cannot; and this includes into the past, the future and faster than light.
A major activity of the IAAA is space art workshops, in most cases at remote locations with geology common to what has been discovered on other worlds. Iceland, Death Valley, Hawaii, The Colorado Plateau including Meteor Crater, and other locations with a sense of the unworldly about them have been visited in workshops. Painting and sketching such scenery outdoors helps in training the artist to know the landscape and the forces shaping it, as well as to reinforce the sensory impressions one is putting into their work of the effects of light and shade in the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Astronomical_Artists |
The International Association of Engineers (IAENG) is a non-profit international association for engineers and computer scientists . IAENG was founded by a group of engineers and computer scientists in 1968, originally as a private club network for its founding members. [ 1 ] Nowadays, IAENG has its secretariat office in Hong Kong with more than 140,000 members (May 2014) and holds the annual congress World Congress on Engineering [ 2 ] for the engineering research communities.
The association is a promoter of the open-access publications . All of its current publications [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] have adopted the open-access policy, including its popular title Engineering Letters . [ 6 ] The association also cooperates with publishers like Springer, American Institute of Physics and World Scientific Publishing etc. to publish the book series IAENG Transactions on Engineering Technologies. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Engineers |
The IAGC ( International Association of GeoChemistry , formerly known as the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry) is affiliated with the International Union of Geological Sciences and has been one of the pre-eminent international geochemical organizations for over thirty-five years. [ citation needed ]
The principal objective of the IAGC is to foster co-operation in, and advancement of, geochemistry in the broadest sense. This is achieved by:
The scientific thrust of the IAGC takes place through its Working Groups (many of which organize regular symposia) and the official journal, Applied Geochemistry.
The specific objectives of the IAGC are:
The International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry (IAGC) was formally founded on 8 May 1967. Prior to that time the organization of international geochemical affairs was largely carried out through the Inorganic Chemistry section of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) starting in 1960. It was at the twenty-first International Geological Congress (IGC) at Copenhagen in 1960 when the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) was formally established and geochemists formed a close bond with the world geological community. Earl Ingerson, as Chairman or Secretary to three of the then existing international geochemical organizations, coordinated a meeting of members of the committees on geochemistry of the IGC, IUGG and IUPAC in New Delhi in 1964, but was himself unable to attend. This meeting, chaired by Ken Sugawara, drew up draft statutes and nominated temporary officers, with the result that in November 1965, Earl Ingerson called a meeting in Paris to name the association, complete the statutes, elect temporary officers and apply to IUGS for immediate affiliation. The first Council meeting was held on 8 May 1967 at UNESCO headquarters in Paris, presided over by Earl Ingerson.
Until 2000, the Association's governing body was the General Assembly which met during each IGC. The main internal financial support was provided by National Members who voted at the General Assembly. Some outside funding also came from UNESCO and IUGS Day-to-day operations between each General Assembly were carried out by a Council of five officers and eight Council members.
During its existence, IAGC has, through its various working groups and members, sponsored or co-sponsored more than 40 international meetings, which represent its main financial expenditure. Many of these meetings result from close cooperation with other associations affiliated with IUGS and IUGG, as well as various international, national, provincial and academic organizations. Proceedings of these meetings are usually published. In 1986 the IAGC launched its official journal, Applied Geochemistry.
At the General Assembly of the IAGC in Rio de Janeiro, National Memberships were terminated as it was widely felt that the IAGC was sufficiently mature and financially stable that the control and support of individual countries on the IAGC, through designated representatives (who may not have been geochemists), was redundant and potentially counter-productive. Thus, the IAGC evolved into a self-supported organization whose activities were controlled by its members, through an elected Executive and Council.
Recently, the Statutes of the IAGC have undergone important revisions to be more applicable to current plans and operations. Also, as described on the IAGC homepage, there has been a name change to reflect the applied geochemical nature of the IAGC (now the International Association of GeoChemistry). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_GeoChemistry |
The International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE) is an international non-profit organization with the objective of encouraging the wider development, distribution and application of Online Engineering (OE) technologies and its influence to the society. The association seeks to foster practices in education and research in universities, higher education institutions and the industry on OE. Moreover, the IAOE promotes OE for the improvement of living and working conditions. The IAOE encourages the exchange of knowledge as well as the exchange of staff and students between co-operating institutions.
IAOE proclaims a growing complexity of engineering tasks, increasingly specialized and expensive equipment as well as software tools and simulators. [ 1 ] It also observes the necessary use of expensive equipment and software tools/simulators in short time projects. As a consequence, it is increasingly necessary to allow and organize a shared use of equipment, but also specialized software as for example simulators .
Aims of the association in general are:
This includes the promotion of:
The International Journal of Online Engineering is the official publication of IAOE.
It is published quarterly. The association furthermore supports the International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) and the International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM). [ 2 ] IAOE also runs the scientific journal hosting platform Online-Journals.org , thus aiming at contributing to the advancement of science by providing an efficient and cost-effective way for making qualitative scientific results easily accessible to the largest possible audience.
The annual conference of the International Association of Online Engineering is the International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV) . Furthermore, IAOE is organizer or co-organizer of the following conferences: International Conference on Interactive Computer aided Learning (ICL) , Conference on Interactive Mobile and Computer aided Learning (IMCL) , Conference on Interactive Computer aided Blended Learning (ICBL) . [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Online_Engineering |
The International Association of People-Environment Studies (IAPS), has been promoting the interdisciplinary exchange of ideas between planning and social scientists for 35 years – above all between spatial planning, architecture, psychology, and sociology. IAPS was officially founded in 1981, although its origins can be traced back to a series of successful conferences in several European countries from 1969 to 1979.
The objectives of IAPS are:
People-environment studies, originating from environmental psychology ( Lewin , Barker, Brunswik ), have always tried to close the "mind gaps" between natural sciences, engineering, arts, and social sciences by an epistemological approach that encompasses denotations (objects and techniques) as well as connotations (subjective social, cultural meanings).
Benefits of membership include:
The biannual conference is the main event organised under auspices of the association. In the past years, the following conferences have been organised:
A database of all 4,400 abstracts from conferences since 1969, which permits a full-text search through the history of environmental psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_People-Environment_Studies |
The International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives ( IASA ) was established in 1969 to serve as a forum for international co-operation between archives, libraries, and individuals interested in the preservation of recorded sound and audiovisual documents. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The IASA constitution [ 4 ] states the following purposes:
IASA has members from more than 70 countries representing a broad palette of audiovisual archives and personal interests which are distinguished by their focus on particular subjects and areas, for example: archives for all sorts of musical recordings, historic, literary, folkloric and ethnological sound documents, theatre productions and oral history interviews, bio-acoustics, environmental and medical sounds, linguistic and dialect recordings, as well as recordings for forensic purposes.
IASA promotes the open and ongoing exchange of ideas and information on current issues in the audiovisual field via annual conferences, an IASA Journal, email list and the IASA web site.
IASA has held a conference each year since its inception, sometimes in partnership with related organisations. [ 5 ] In 2010, IASA and the Association of Moving Image Archivists (AMIA) came together for the first time in a joint IASA-AMIA conference held in Philadelphia, USA. With more than 750 participants and more than 100 presentations and lectures this was one of the biggest conferences in the audiovisual archiving field ever. The 2013 conference in Vilnius, Lithuania, was held in association with the Baltic Audiovisual Archival Council. The 2019 conference was held in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
IASA follows closely the progress of technology and members can call upon a pool of expertise for help and advice on various aspects, ranging from digitisation to metadata to technical issues. In this regard, IASA has published a number of special publications: [ 28 ]
The organisation issues awards for outstanding contributions to the profession of sound and audiovisual archiving, as well as financial support for research, for training, and for participating in annual conferences:
IASA has long standing relationships with international organisations such as UNESCO and Europeana and is a respected partner in various international audiovisual archive projects. IASA is a founding member of the CCAAA (Co-ordinating Council of Audiovisual Archive Associations).
In 2012 and 2013, IASA hosted the official website of the UNESCO World Day for Audiovisual Heritage , an event held annually on 27 October to raise awareness of the significance of and threats to sound and moving image heritage worldwide.
Term of office from 2020 to 2023: [ 29 ]
Source: [ 30 ]
IASA Committees focus on topics that are of common interest to all archives and collections. IASA Sections provide a platform for the exchange of information between specific types of archives and collections.
The Organising Knowledge Committee concerns itself with standards and rules as well as with systems, automated or manual, for the documentation and cataloguing of audiovisual media. Officers (chairpersons, secretaries) of the Organising Knowledge Committee (previously known as the Cataloguing and Documentation Committee) are elected within the committee. The committees exclusively decide on the objects and tasks they deal with. [ 31 ]
The Discography Committee deals with standards and recommended practices, as well as current and ongoing projects involving published recordings. Officers of the Discography Committee (chairpersons, secretaries) are elected within the committee. The committees exclusively decide on the objects and tasks they deal with. [ 32 ]
The Technical Committee devotes itself to all technical aspects of sound and audiovisual recordings. This includes the actual recording processes, optimisation of reproduction of historical and modern recordings, transfer and digitisation technologies, standards and storage technologies, software and carriers. The Technical Committee is concerned with the preservation of sound and audiovisual media and technically sustainable approaches to future access. The creation of special publications enabling the AV archive community to take educated decisions regarding this, is a main concern of the committee.
The Technical Committee has delivered several papers, which serve as technical guidelines, in the series Standards, Recommended Practices and Strategies . Officers of the Technical Committee (chairpersons, secretaries) are elected within the committee. The committees exclusively decide on the objects and tasks they deal with. [ 33 ]
The Training & Education Committee seeks to create and support an Audiovisual archival community who are knowledgeable, professional, capable of caring for their collections effectively, and acknowledged as such by their institutions or wider professional community. Officers of the Training & Education Committee (chairpersons, secretaries) are elected within the committee. The committees exclusively decide on the objects and tasks they deal with. The Training and Education Committee concerns itself with audiovisual archiving Training & Education, as well as concentrated actions in gaining multifunctional training and education material. [ 34 ]
The National Archives Section is where members meet to consider issues facing officially designated national collections, e.g. acquisition policies, legal deposit, the management of large collections, whether held in archives, museums, libraries, dedicated audiovisual organisations or research institutes and universities. [ 35 ]
The Broadcast Archives Section handles the special responsibilities of audiovisual archives in broadcast companies. [ 36 ]
The Europeana Sounds Task Force works on the following activities: [ 37 ]
National and regional branches of IASA, with their own membership and activities, exist for Austria, Britain and Ireland and German-Swissgerman regions. [ 38 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Sound_and_Audiovisual_Archives |
The International Astronautical Congress ( IAC ) is an annual meeting of the actors in the discipline of space science .
It is hosted by one of the national society members of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF), with the support of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) and the International Institute of Space Law (IISL).
It consists of plenary sessions , lectures and meetings. The IAC is attended by the agency heads and senior executives of the world's space agencies .
As the Second World War came to an end, the United States and the Soviet Union held different and competing political worldviews. As the Cold War began to take shape, communication between the two countries became less frequent. Both countries turned their focus to achieving military superiority over the other.
Six years after the Iron Curtain fell, the IAF was formed by scientists from all over Europe in the field of space research in order to collaborate once more. During the years of the Space Race , the IAF was one of the few forums where members of both East and West Europe could meet during the annual IAC. [ 1 ]
The International Astronautical Federation is a non-profit non-governmental organization created in 1951. Under French law, the IAF is defined as a federation of member organizations where a General Assembly is responsible for making decisions.
The IAF General Assembly is in charge of governing the Federation. Composed of delegates from every member organization, the assembly is responsible for voting to approve all major decisions regarding the Federation's rules and regulations as well as the acceptance of new member organizations. The General Assembly meets during the International Astronautical Congress. [ 2 ]
The IAF Bureau sets the agenda of the IAF General Assembly, including: review of new member candidates; supervision of IAF activities; and supervision of IAF accounts. It is made up of:
This branch is in charge of running the administration of the Federation.
International Astronautical Congresses are held in the late summer or fall months. In 2002 and 2012, the World Space Congress combined the IAC and COSPAR Scientific Assembly. The 2020 IAC was held virtually due to the global COVID pandemic . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronautical_Congress |
The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ; French : Union astronomique internationale , UAI ) is an international non-governmental organization (INGO) with the objective of advancing astronomy in all aspects, including promoting astronomical research, outreach, education, and development through global cooperation. It was founded on 28 July 1919 in Brussels , Belgium and is based in Paris , France .
The IAU is composed of individual members, who include both professional astronomers and junior scientists, and national members, such as professional associations, national societies, or academic institutions. Individual members are organised into divisions, committees, and working groups centered on particular subdisciplines, subjects, or initiatives. As of May 2024, [update] the Union had 85 national members and 12,734 individual members, spanning 90 countries and territories. [ 5 ]
Among the key activities of the IAU is serving as a forum for scientific conferences. It sponsors nine annual symposia and holds a triannual General Assembly that sets policy and includes various scientific meetings. The Union is best known for being the leading authority in assigning official names and designations to astronomical objects , and for setting uniform definitions for astronomical principles. It also coordinates with national and international partners, such as UNESCO , to fulfill its mission.
The IAU is a member of the International Science Council , which is composed of international scholarly and scientific institutions and national academies of sciences .
The International Astronomical Union is an international association of professional astronomers , at the PhD level and beyond, active in professional research and education in astronomy . [ 6 ] Among other activities, it acts as the recognized authority for assigning designations and names to celestial bodies ( stars , planets , asteroids , etc.) and any surface features on them. [ 7 ]
The IAU is a member of the International Science Council . Its main objective is to promote and safeguard the science of astronomy in all its aspects through international cooperation. The IAU maintains friendly relations with organizations that include amateur astronomers in their membership. The IAU has its head office on the second floor of the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris in the 14th arrondissement of Paris . [ 8 ]
This organisation has many working groups. For example, the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN), which maintains the astronomical naming conventions and planetary nomenclature for planetary bodies, and the Working Group on Star Names (WGSN), which catalogues and standardizes proper names for stars. The IAU is also responsible for the system of astronomical telegrams which are produced and distributed on its behalf by the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams . The Minor Planet Center also operates under the IAU, and is a "clearinghouse" for all non-planetary or non-moon bodies in the Solar System. [ 9 ]
The IAU was founded on 28 July 1919, at the Constitutive Assembly of the International Research Council (now the International Science Council ) held in Brussels , Belgium. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Two subsidiaries of the IAU were also created at this assembly: the International Time Commission seated at the International Time Bureau in Paris, France, and the International Central Bureau of Astronomical Telegrams initially seated in Copenhagen , Denmark. [ 10 ]
The seven initial member states were Belgium, Canada, France, Great Britain, Greece, Japan, and the United States, soon to be followed by Italy and Mexico. [ 10 ] The first executive committee consisted of Benjamin Baillaud (President, France), Alfred Fowler (General Secretary, UK), and four vice presidents: William Campbell (US), Frank Dyson (UK), Georges Lecointe (Belgium), and Annibale Riccò (Italy). [ 10 ] Thirty-two Commissions (referred to initially as Standing Committees) were appointed at the Brussels meeting and focused on topics ranging from relativity to minor planets. The reports of these 32 Commissions formed the main substance of the first General Assembly, which took place in Rome, Italy, 2–10 May 1922.
By the end of the first General Assembly, ten additional nations (Australia, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Africa, and Spain) had joined the Union, bringing the total membership to 19 countries. Although the Union was officially formed eight months after the end of World War I, international collaboration in astronomy had been strong in the pre-war era (e.g., the Astronomische Gesellschaft Katalog projects since 1868, the Astrographic Catalogue since 1887, and the International Union for Solar research since 1904). [ 10 ]
The first 50 years of the Union's history are well documented. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Subsequent history is recorded in the form of reminiscences of past IAU Presidents and General Secretaries. Twelve of the fourteen past General Secretaries in the period 1964–2006 contributed their recollections of the Union's history in IAU Information Bulletin No. 100. [ 12 ] Six past IAU Presidents in the period 1976–2003 also contributed their recollections in IAU Information Bulletin No. 104. [ 13 ]
In 2015 and 2019, the Union held the NameExoWorlds contests. [ 14 ] [ 15 ]
Starting in 2024, the Union, in partnership with the United Nations , is poised to play a critical role in developing the legislation and framework for lunar industrialization . [ 16 ]
As of 1 August 2019, the IAU has a total of 13,701 individual members , who are professional astronomers from 102 countries worldwide; 81.7% of individual members are male, while 18.3% are female. [ 3 ]
Membership also includes 82 national members , professional astronomical communities representing their country's affiliation with the IAU. National members include the Australian Academy of Science , the Chinese Astronomical Society, the French Academy of Sciences , the Indian National Science Academy , the National Academies (United States) , the National Research Foundation of South Africa , the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (Argentina), the Council of German Observatories, the Royal Astronomical Society (United Kingdom), the Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , the Russian Academy of Sciences , and the Science Council of Japan , among many others. [ 2 ]
The sovereign body of the IAU is its General Assembly , which comprises all members. The Assembly determines IAU policy, approves the Statutes and By-Laws of the Union (and amendments proposed thereto) and elects various committees.
The right to vote on matters brought before the Assembly varies according to the type of business under discussion. The Statutes consider such business to be divided into two categories:
On budget matters (which fall into the second category), votes are weighted according to the relative subscription levels of the national members. A second category vote requires a turnout of at least two-thirds of national members to be valid. An absolute majority is sufficient for approval in any vote, except for Statute revision which requires a two-thirds majority . An equality of votes is resolved by the vote of the President of the Union. [ citation needed ]
Since 1922, the IAU General Assembly meets every three years, except for the period between 1938 and 1948, due to World War II .
After a Polish request in 1967, and by a controversial decision [ 17 ] of the then President of the IAU, an Extraordinary IAU General Assembly was held in September 1973 in Warsaw , Poland, [ 18 ] to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus , soon after the regular 1973 GA had been held in Sydney.
Sources. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]
Commission 46 is a Committee of the Executive Committee of the IAU, playing a special role in the discussion of astronomy development with governments and scientific academies. The IAU is affiliated with the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), a non-governmental organization representing a global membership that includes both national scientific bodies and international scientific unions. They often encourage countries to become members of the IAU. The Commission further seeks to development, information or improvement of astronomical education. Part of Commission 46, is Teaching Astronomy for Development (TAD) program in countries where there is currently very little astronomical education. Another program is named the Galileo Teacher Training Program (GTTP), is a project of the International Year of Astronomy 2009, among which Hands-On Universe that will concentrate more resources on education activities for children and schools designed to advance sustainable global development. GTTP is also concerned with the effective use and transfer of astronomy education tools and resources into classroom science curricula. A strategic plan for the period 2010–2020 has been published. [ 27 ]
In 2004 the IAU contracted with the Cambridge University Press to publish the Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union . [ 29 ]
In 2007, the Communicating Astronomy with the Public Journal Working Group prepared a study assessing the feasibility of the Communicating Astronomy with the Public Journal ( CAP Journal ). [ 30 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union |
The International Astrostatistics Association (IAA) is a non-profit professional organization for astrostatisticians. Astrostatistics as a discipline is composed of astrophysicists, statisticians, and those in computer information sciences who have an interest in the statistical analysis and data mining of astronomical data. [ 1 ] The Association was founded as an independent organization in August 2012 by the Astrostatistics Committee and Network [ 2 ] of the International Statistical Institute (ISI).
The foremost objective of the IAA is to foster collaboration between statisticians and astrophysicists. The Association is managed by the IAA Council, composed of representatives from the ISI Astrostatistics Committee and the Astrostatistics Working Groups of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and American Astronomical Society (AAS). [ 3 ] The IAA has its convention in association with the biannual ISI World Statistics Congress. [ 1 ]
In April 2014, an independent group was created with the support of the IAA, the Cosmostatistics Initiative (COIN), [ 4 ] chaired by Dr. Rafael S. de Souza .
COIN is a worldwide endeavor aimed to create an interdisciplinary community around data-driven problems in Astronomy.
It was designed to promote innovation in all aspects of academic scientific research.
IAA Presidents and terms [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astrostatistics_Association |
The International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society (IBBS) is a scientific society with an international membership. It is a charity registered in the UK. IBBS belongs to the Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS), along with national organizations from European countries [ 1 ] and appears in the Yearbook of International Organisations On-line, published by the Union of International Associations . The aim of IBBS is to promote and spread knowledge of Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. Conferences are arranged on specific topics and every three years an International Symposium covering a wide range of research in these scientific areas is organized; the last (IBBS17) was held in Manchester, UK. [ 2 ] Members can apply for various grants or bursaries. The Society's journal, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, is published by Elsevier .
The International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society (IBBS) is a learned scientific society with a worldwide membership coming from academia and industry. Its aims are to promote the sciences of Biodeterioraion and Biodegradation by means of international meetings, conferences and publications. It appears in the Yearbook of International Organisations On-line, published by the Union of International Associations , in cooperation with the United Nations Economic and Social Council . It began as the Biodeterioration Society. The draft constitution of the Society was agreed in 1969 and the first annual general meeting was held on 9 July 1971 [1] . The aim of the Society was to promote the science of Biodeterioration, which is defined as any undesirable change in the properties of a material caused by the vital activities of living organisms. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The economic importance of biodeterioration was discussed in an article by Dennis Allsopp, a former president and secretary of the Society. [ 5 ] The first Biodeterioration Symposium was held prior to the inauguration of the Society, in Southampton, UK, in 1968. A copy of the abstracts is available at [2] . The Second International Biodeterioration Symposium, and the first to be held under the auspices of the newly-formed Society, was held in Lunteren, The Netherlands, in September, 1971. [ 6 ] The Third International Symposium, held at the University of Rhode Island, USA, in 1975, was designated the "Third International Biodegradation Symposium", [ 7 ] this being the more recognized word in the USA. It was not until the 8th Symposium, however, in Windsor, Ontario, in 1990, [ 8 ] that the term was reintroduced. Since then, all triennial events have been entitled "International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposia" and the Society adopted the word into its name, becoming the International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society, or IBBS.
IBBS is a charity registered in the UK. It has an executive body, the Council, with elected honorary officers [3] , which meets three times each year. The Honorary Scientific Programme Officers collaborate on the organization of conferences and small meetings suggested by members. A Newsletter [4] is produced under the aegis of its Honorary Managing Editor and emailed to members three times each year. IBBS has no physical headquarters, any physical records and publications being kept by Council members. Back issues of the Society's first publication, International Biodeterioration Bulletin (1965-1986, now discontinued) have been converted into digital format and made freely available on the website [5] . From 1984, the Journal was published by the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB) in the UK, under ISSN 0265-3036. In 1987, the Society agreed with Elsevier that the journal "International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation" (ISSN 0964-8305) would be published by them and acknowledged as the Official Journal of IBBS. Reduced subscriptions are available to IBBS members.
The Society is a member of FEMS (Federation of European Microbiological Societies) [6] , but its members are not restricted to Europe. IBBS has a diverse membership with scientists from all over the world and with approximately equal numbers of male and female members. "Country Representatives" have the role of promoting IBBS in their countries and acting as a focal point for members in that area. Meetings have been held in the UK, USA, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Holland, India, Italy, Poland and Spain, with overarching international symposia held every 3 years. The last triennial International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium (IBBS17) was held in Manchester, UK, in September, 2017. The 2020 Symposium was delayed because of the COVID outbreak and was held on-line in September, 2021, www.ibbs18.org. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Biodeterioration_and_Biodegradation_Society |
The International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA) , is a non-profit international society of building performance simulation researchers, developers and practitioners, dedicated to improving the built environment. [ 3 ] IBPSA aims to provide a forum for researchers, developers and practitioners to review building model developments, encourage the use of software programs, address standardization, accelerate integration and technology transfer, via exchange of knowledge and organization of (inter)national conferences. [ 4 ]
IBPSA is an international organization with regional affiliate organizations around the world. IBPSA is governed by a board of directors elected by the membership of all the regional affiliates. In addition to the president, vice-president, secretary, and treasurer, the board is made up of members-at-large and representatives sent by the regional affiliates.
ibpsaNEWS, IBPSA's online newsletter is published twice per year. The current edition and past issues are available at the IBPSA website .
IBPSA is organizer of the bi-annual international IBPSA Building Simulation Conference and Exhibition. Building Simulation is the premier international event in the field of building performance simulation. In addition to the international conferences, some regional affiliates organize local conferences, as well. All papers presented in the proceedings of these conferences are available at IBPSA's website .
The Journal of Building Performance Simulation (JBPS) is the official peer-reviewed scientific journal of the International Building Performance Simulation Association. JBPS publishes articles of the highest quality that are original, cutting-edge, well-researched and of significance to the international community. The journal also offers a forum for original review papers and researched case studies. [ 5 ] JBPS is published by Taylor & Francis Group , and co-edited by Dr. Jan Hensen ( Eindhoven University of Technology ) and Prof. Ian Beausoleil-Morrison ( Carleton University ).
Membership of IBPSA is organized through regional affiliates. These affiliates plan and coordinate different types of activities, such as conferences, software workshops, symposia, etc. There are currently 31 regional IBPSA affiliates, spanning 5 continents: Argentina, Australasia, Brazil, Canada, China, Chile, Czechia, Danube, Egypt, England, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands + Flanders, Nordic, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, USA, and Vietnam.
IBPSA has partnered with ASHRAE and IESNA to develop the Building Energy Modeling Professional Certification scheme. [ 6 ] In addition, IBPSA is supporter of mailing lists [ 7 ] and question-and-answer websites [ 8 ] that stimulation knowledge exchange and discussion among users of building performance simulation in research and practice.
IBPSA has three awards and also recognizes Fellows: [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Building_Performance_Simulation_Association |
The International Celestial Reference System ( ICRS ) is the current standard celestial reference system adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Its origin is at the barycenter of the Solar System , with axes that are intended to "show no global rotation with respect to a set of distant extragalactic objects". [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This fixed reference system differs from previous reference systems, which had been based on Catalogues of Fundamental Stars that had published the positions of stars based on direct "observations of [their] equatorial coordinates , right ascension and declination" [ 3 ] and had adopted as "privileged axes ... the mean equator and the dynamical equinox" at a particular date and time . [ 4 ]
The International Celestial Reference Frame ( ICRF ) is a realization of the International Celestial Reference System using reference celestial sources observed at radio wavelengths. In the context of the ICRS, a reference frame (RF) is the physical realization of a reference system, i.e., the reference frame is the set of numerical coordinates of the reference sources, derived using the procedures spelled out by the ICRS. [ 5 ]
More specifically, the ICRF is an inertial barycentric reference frame whose axes are defined by the measured positions of extragalactic sources (mainly quasars ) observed using very-long-baseline interferometry while the Gaia -CRF is an inertial barycentric reference frame defined by optically measured positions of extragalactic sources by the Gaia satellite and whose axes are rotated to conform to the ICRF. Although general relativity implies that there are no true inertial frames around gravitating bodies, these reference frames are important because they do not exhibit any measurable angular rotation since the extragalactic sources used to define the ICRF and the Gaia -CRF are extremely far away. The ICRF and the Gaia -CRF are now the standard reference frames used to define the positions of astronomical objects . [ 6 ]
It is useful to distinguish reference systems and reference frames. A reference frame has been defined as "a catalogue of the adopted coordinates of a set of reference objects that serves to define, or realize, a particular coordinate frame". [ 7 ] A reference system is a broader concept, encompassing "the totality of procedures, models and constants that are required for the use of one or more reference frames". [ 7 ] [ 8 ]
The ICRF is based on hundreds of extra-galactic radio sources , mostly quasars , distributed around the entire sky. Because they are so distant, they are apparently stationary to our current technology, yet their positions can be measured very accurately by Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). The positions of most are known to 1 milliarcsecond (mas) or better. [ 9 ]
In August 1997, the International Astronomical Union resolved in Resolution B2 of its XXIIIrd General Assembly "that the Hipparcos Catalogue shall be the primary realization of the ICRS at optical wavelengths." [ 6 ] The Hipparcos Celestial Reference Frame (HCRF) is based on a subset of about 100,000 stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue . [ 10 ] In August 2021 the International Astronomical Union decided in Resolution B3 of its XXXIst General Assembly "that as from 1 January 2022, the fundamental realization of the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) shall comprise the Third Realization of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF3) for the radio domain and the Gaia-CRF3 for the optical domain." [ 6 ]
The ICRF, now called ICRF1, was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as of 1 January 1998. [ 2 ] ICRF1 was oriented to the axes of the ICRS, which reflected the prior astronomical reference frame The Fifth Fundamental Catalog (FK5) . It had an angular noise floor of approximately 250 microarcseconds (μas) and a reference axis stability of approximately 20 μas; this was an order-of-magnitude improvement over the previous reference frame derived from (FK5). [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The ICRF1 contains 212 defining sources and also contains positions of 396 additional non-defining sources for reference. The positions of these sources have been adjusted in later extensions to the catalogue. ICRF1 agrees with the orientation of the Fifth Fundamental Catalog (FK5) " J2000.0 " frame to within the (lower) precision of the latter. [ 2 ]
An updated reference frame ICRF2 was created in 2009. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The update was a joint collaboration of the International Astronomical Union , the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service , and the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry . [ 14 ] ICRF2 is defined by the position of 295 compact radio sources (97 of which also define ICRF1). Alignment of ICRF2 with ICRF1-Ext2, the second extension of ICRF1, was made with 138 sources common to both reference frames. Including non-defining sources, it comprises 3414 sources measured using very-long-baseline interferometry . The ICRF2 has a noise floor of approximately 40 μas and an axis stability of approximately 10 μas. Maintenance of the ICRF2 will be accomplished by a set of 295 sources that have especially good positional stability and unambiguous spatial structure. [ 15 ]
The data used to derive the reference frame come from approximately 30 years of VLBI observations, from 1979 to 2009. [ 12 ] Radio observations in both the S-band (2.3 GHz) and X-band (8.4 GHz) were recorded simultaneously to allow correction for ionospheric effects. The observations resulted in about 6.5 million group-delay measurements among pairs of telescopes. The group delays were processed with software that takes into account atmospheric and geophysical processes. The positions of the reference sources were treated as unknowns to be solved for by minimizing the mean squared error across group-delay measurements. The solution was constrained to be consistent with the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2008) and earth orientation parameters (EOP) systems. [ 16 ]
ICRF3 is the third major revision of the ICRF, and was adopted by the IAU in August 2018 and became effective 1 January 2019. The modeling incorporates the effect of the galactocentric acceleration of the solar system, a new feature over and above ICRF2. ICRF3 also includes measurements at three frequency bands, providing three independent, and slightly different, realizations of the ICRS: dual frequency measurements at 8.4 GHz ( X band ) and 2.3 GHz ( S band ) for 4536 sources; measurements of 824 sources at 24 GHz ( K band ), and dual frequency measurements at 32 GHz ( Ka band ) and 8.4 GHz ( X band) for 678 sources. Of these, 303 sources, uniformly distributed on the sky, are identified as "defining sources" which fix the axes of the frame. ICRF3 also increases the number of defining sources in the southern sky. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ]
In 1991 the International Astronomical Union recommended "that observing programmes be undertaken or continued in order to ... determine the relationship between catalogues of extragalactic source positions and ... the [stars of the] FK5 and Hipparcos catalogues ." [ 1 ] Using a variety of linking techniques, the coordinate axes defined by the Hipparcos catalogue were aligned with the extragalactic radio frame. [ 20 ] In August 1997, the International Astronomical Union recognized in Resolution B2 of its XXIIIrd General Assembly "That the Hipparcos Catalogue was finalized in 1996 and that its coordinate frame is aligned to that of the frame of the extragalactic sources [ICRF1] with one sigma uncertainties of ±0.6 milliarcseconds (mas)" and resolved "that the Hipparcos Catalogue shall be the primary realization of the ICRS at optical wavelengths." [ 2 ]
The second Gaia celestial reference frame ( Gaia –CRF2), based on 22 months of observations of over half a million extragalactic sources by the Gaia spacecraft , appeared in 2018 and has been described as "the first full-fledged optical realisation of the ICRS, that is to say, an optical reference frame built only on extragalactic sources." The axes of Gaia -CRF2 were aligned to a prototype version of the forthcoming ICRF3 using 2820 objects common to Gaia -CRF2 and to the ICRF3 prototype. [ 21 ] [ 22 ]
The third Gaia celestial reference frame ( Gaia –CRF3) is based on 33 months of observations of 1,614,173 extragalactic sources. As with the earlier Hipparcos and Gaia reference frames, the axes of Gaia -CRF3 were aligned to 3142 optical counterparts of ICRF-3 in the S/X frequency bands. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] In August 2021 the International Astronomical Union noted that the Gaia -CRF3 had "largely superseded the Hipparcos Catalogue" and was "de facto the optical realization of the Celestial Reference Frame within the astronomical community." Consequently, the IAU decided that Gaia -CRF3 shall be "the fundamental realization of the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) ... for the optical domain." [ 6 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Celestial_Reference_System_and_its_realizations |
The International Census of Marine Microbes is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that inventories microbial diversity by cataloging all known diversity of single-cell organisms including bacteria , Archaea , Protista , and associated viruses , exploring and discovering unknown microbial diversity, and placing that knowledge into ecological and evolutionary contexts. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
The ICoMM program, led by Mitchell Sogin , has discovered that marine microbial diversity is some 10 to 100 times more than expected, and the vast majority are previously unknown, low abundance organisms thought to play an important role in the oceans. [ 5 ]
This biology article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Census_of_Marine_Microbes |
The International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), also known as the Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry and Dr Panjwani for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research , is a federally funded national research institute managed by the University of Karachi . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The national site is known for its dedicated focus and research in primarily in organic chemistry and natural products but takes research in environmental cleanup and other fundamental branches of chemistry including the computational , green , medicinal , and protein chemistry. [ 3 ] The site was established through the private funding made possible by the Husein Ebrahim Jamal Foundation in 1976 before becoming certified for the federal funding and achieved its status as national laboratory site in its success years. : 25–26 [ 1 ]
The HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry 's research programs are functioning under the International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), along with Center for Molecular Medicines and National Institute of Virology (NIV)— the national laboratory sites of the Ministry of Health to combat the emerging infectious diseases . : 25–26 [ 1 ] [ 3 ]
The national site has its genesis and long efforts led by the University of Karachi dedicated for educating and researching on natural product chemistry when the University of Karachi's Department of Chemistry established the "Postgraduate Institute of Chemistry" in 1967. : 25 [ 1 ] Upon retiring from his public services as chairman of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was employed as its chief scientist who was instrumental of establishing the national site who secured initial funding for his Institute of Chemistry when he witnessed his physicist colleagues establishing the national laboratory in physics in Nilore . : 25 [ 1 ]
The national laboratory site was finally established in its current form with the generous private funding ( $ 500,000 in 1976, $2.25 million as of 2020 [ 4 ] ) from the HEJ Foundation in 1976, and bares the name of Hussain Ebrahim Jamal. : 25 [ 1 ] At the time, this represented the largest private donation in nation's history to establish the national laboratory site in the country. : 25 [ 1 ] Later, the national laboratory site was certified for federal funding and began supporting his research efforts as parallel to KRL and PINSTECH from the sponsorship of the Ministry of Defense and later the Higher Education Commission. [ 2 ]
Atta-ur-Rahman succeeded in obtaining grants to acquire a new mass spectrometers and NMR spectrometers, both of which were installed in 1973, within a year of his return to Pakistan. He was appointed as the Co-Director in 1977. He succeeded in winning several major projects for the institute which established the institute in the field of Natural Product Chemistry. A generous donation was offered to the University for the Institute by Latif Ebrahim Jamal on behalf of the Husein Ebrahim Jamal Foundation in 1976, the largest donation at that time in the history of the country. The Institute was accordingly named as "Husein Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry", in the memory of late Husein Ebrahim Jamal.
Atta-ur-Rahman was appointed as the Director in January 1990, [ 5 ] while Viqar Uddin Ahmad took over as Co-Director in 1990. [ 6 ] In 1999, Professor Bina S. Siddiqui was appointed as the Co-Director [ 7 ] on the retirement of Professor Ahmad, while in 2002 M. Iqbal Choudhary was given the responsibilities of the Director (Acting) of ICCBS and Co-Director of Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research. In September 2008, he was appointed as the Director of the ICCBS institutions. [ 8 ]
The institute has organized a number of major international conferences and symposia on various aspects of Natural Product Chemistry, Spectroscopy, and Protein Chemistry. The institute hosted the 19th IUPAC Symposium on Natural Product Chemistry in January 1994 in which over 500 scientists from 52 countries, including 4 Nobel Laureates participated. [ 9 ]
Additionally, the Institute has also been selected as one of the three library centers of the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS). The H.E.J. Institute has been designated as the W.H.O. Center for Pesticide Analysis for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The institute is also a member of the IUCN-International, WAITRO, and COMSATS. More recently the institute is designated as the OIC Center of Excellence in Chemical Sciences. In 2001, the H.E.J. Research Institute became a constituent institution of the International Center for Chemical Sciences (later named as International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences). [ 10 ]
In 2004, the H.E.J. Research Institute received the prestigious IDB (Islamic Development Bank) prize for the best science institution in the entire Islamic world. [ 11 ] Recently, the IDB awarded the best science institution again to the H.E.J. Research Institute (second time), an unprecedented honor to any science institution in the OIC region. [ 12 ]
In August 2003, an Industrial Analytical Center was established as the service wing of H. E. J. Institute. [ 13 ] Third World Center (TWC) Laboratory complex was formally inaugurated by the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2005 as an extension of the H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry. The building of TWC was renamed to "Atta-ur-Rahman Laboratories" by the Executive Board in 2011, in recognition of the outstanding services of Atta-ur-Rahman (FRS) who is now serving the ICCBS institution as the Patron-in-chief. [ 14 ]
In the year 2004, the Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD) was established through a generous donation and patronage of Nadira Panjwani (Chairperson, Panjwani Memorial Trust) in the memory of her father, Mohammad Hussain Panjwani, a leading scholar and philanthropist. The main objective of the center is to train highly qualified manpower in the emerging new fields of molecular medicine and drug development. The academicians, clinicians, and pharmaceutical researchers are brought together to translate basic scientific discoveries into new therapies, vaccines, and diagnostic tests. [ 15 ]
Late Mr. Latif Ebrahim Jamal, Chairman Ebrahim Jamal Foundation, continuing his patronage to the Institute, established the Latif Ebrahim Jamal National Science Information Center in 2005. The beautiful building of this one of the largest paperless libraries of the region was constructed under the direct supervision of Mr. Aziz Latif Jamal S.I. (Current Chairman Husein Ebrahim Jamal Foundation), able and committed son of (Late) Mr. Latif Ebrahim Jamal. [ 16 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Chemical_and_Biological_Sciences |
ICRA, the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics is an international research institute for relativistic astrophysics and related areas. Its members are seven Universities and four organizations. The center is located in Rome, Italy.
The International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA) was founded in 1985 by Remo Ruffini ( University of Rome "La Sapienza" ) together with Riccardo Giacconi ( Nobel Prize for Physics 2002), Abdus Salam (Nobel Prize for Physics 1979), Paul Boyton ( University of Washington ), George Coyne (former director of the Vatican observatory ), Francis Everitt ( Stanford University ), Fang Li-Zhi ( University of Science and Technology of China ). It became a legal entity in 1991 with the Ministerial Decree 22/11/1991 from the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research. [ 1 ]
In 1978 Fang was assigned to host Ruffini, a guest of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. They gave joint university lectures and developed a profound friendship. In 1981 in China they published a small book introducing relativistic astrophysics that became revered among astrophysics students. In 1982 Fang and Ruffini organized the first international conference on astrophysics in China—the third Marcel Grossmann Meeting—and thereafter remained organizers of the Grossmann meetings. Together with Abdus Salam, Riccardo Giacconi, George Coyne, and Francis Everitt, they founded the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA) in 1985. [ 2 ] Physics Today
The International Center of Relativistic Astrophysics is located in the Department of Physics building at the main Campus of the University of Rome "Sapienza".
In 2005 ICRA has been among the founders of ICRANet , the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network. The national activities of research and teaching in Italy remained operative at ICRA in Rome, while international activities and coordination are now based in ICRANet in Pescara.
President: Yu Wang
Former President: Remo Ruffini
ICRA Council:
Stefano Ansoldi, University of Udine
Francesco Haardt, University of Insubria
Paul Boynton, University of Washington in Seattle
Remo Ruffini, former President and Director of Research
International Centre For Theoretical Physics (ICTP) - Trieste (Italy)
Space Telescope Institute - Baltimore - Maryland - (USA)
Specola Vaticana - Castelgandolfo (Vatican City)
Stanford University - Stanford, California (USA)
University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome (Italy)
University of Science and Technology of China (China)
University of Insubria (Italy)
University of Rome "Sapienza" (Italy)
University of Udine (Italy)
University of Washington at Seattle (USA)
World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) - Trieste (Italy)
Collaboration agreements have been signed between ICRA and scientific institutions worldwide, in particular:
AIGRC (The Australian International Gravitational Research Centre), Australia
ARSEC (Astrophysical Research center for the Structure and Evolution of the Cosmos), South Korea
BAO (Beijing Astronomical Observatory), China
CECS (Centro de Estudios Cientificos de Santiago), Chile
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
IHES (Institut Hautes Etudes Scientifiques), France
KSNU (Kyrgiz State National University), Kyrgyzstan
IPM (Keldysh Institute for Applied Mathematics), Russia
MEPhI (Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute), Russia
NCST (National Centre for Science and Technology), Vietnam
OCA (Côte d’Azur Observatory), France
PAO (Pyongyang Astronomical Observatory), North Korea
University of Tirana, Albania
YITP (Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics), Japan
UADP (Physics Department, University of Arizona), USA
Since 2002, ICRA co-organizes an International Ph.D. program in Relativistic Astrophysics - International Relativistic Astrophysics Ph.D. Program , IRAP-PhD, the first joint PhD astrophysics program.
Marcel Grossmann meetings
It is believed that in honor of Marcel Grossman's work and collaboration with Einstein, Remo Ruffini and Abdus Salam established in 1975 the Marcel Grossmann meetings (MG) on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, and Relativistic Field Theories which take place every three years in different countries. MG1 and MG2 were held in 1975 and in 1979 in Trieste; MG3 in 1982 in Shanghai; MG4 in 1985 in Rome; MG5 in 1988 in Perth; MG6 in 1991 in Kyoto; MG7 in 1994 at Stanford; MG8 in 1997 in Jerusalem; MG9 in 2000 in Rome; MG10 in 2003 in Rio de Janeiro; MG11 in 2006 in Berlin; MG12 in 2009 in Paris; MG13 in 2012 in Stockholm; MG14 in 2015 in Rome.
Italian-Korean Meetings on Relativistic Astrophysics
The Italian-Korean Symposia on Relativistic Astrophysics is a series of biannual meetings organized alternatively in Italy and in Korea since 1987. It has been focused on exchange of information and collaborations between Italian and Korean astrophysicists on new issues in the field of Relativistic Astrophysics. The symposia cover topics in astrophysics and cosmology, such as gamma ray bursts and compact stars, high energy cosmic rays, dark energy and dark matter, general relativity, black holes, and new physics related to cosmology. [ 3 ]
William Fairbank Meetings on Relativistic Gravitational Experiments in Space
The First William Fairbank Meeting was held at the University of Rome "La Sapienza," in 1990, under the auspices of ICRA with support from ASI (Italian Space Agency), ESA (European Space Agency), the Vatican Observatory, Stanford University and the University of Rome. Almost 80 physicists and engineers in widely diversified fields relativistic gravitation, space research, SQUID technology, large scale cryogenics, clock technology, laser and radar science and other fields - came together in the kinds of free technical exchange so characteristic of William Fairbank, in whose honor the meeting was held. The second meeting was held in Hong Kong and was devoted to relativistic gravitational experiments in space. The third meeting held in Rome and Pescara in 1998 was focused on the Lense-Thirring effect.
First William Fairbank Meeting, Rome, 10–14 September 1990, ICRA, University of Rome "La Sapienza" - ICRA Network, Pescara.
Second William Fairbank Meeting, December 13–16, 1993, Hong Kong
Third William Fairbank Meeting. The Lense-Thirring Effect, June 29 - July 4, 1998, ICRA, University of Rome "La Sapienza" - ICRA Network, Pescara.
The Galileo-Xu Guangqi meetings
The Galileo-Xu Guangqi meetings [ 4 ] have been created in the name of Galileo and Xu Guangqi, the collaborator of Matteo Ricci (Ri Ma Dou), generally recognized for bringing to China the works of Euclid and Galileo and for his strong commitment to the process of modernization and scientific development of China. The 1st Galileo - Xu Guangqi Meeting [ 5 ] was held in Shanghai, China in 2009. The 2nd Galileo - Xu Guangqi meeting took place in Hanbury Botanic Gardens (Ventimiglia, Italy) and Villa Ratti (Nice, France) in 2010. The 3rd and 4th Galileo - Xu Guangqi meetings were held in Beijing, China in 2011 and 2015, respectively.
INW I: LXV of R. Giacconi, Rome and Castelgandolfo, October 24–26, 1997
INW II: The Chaotic Universe, Rome and Pescara, February 1–5, 1999
INW III: Electrodynamics and Magnetohydrodynamics around Black Holes, Rome and Pescara, July 12–24, 1999
INW IV: Science at new Millennium, UWA, March 10–14, 2000
INW VI: Time structures in Relativistic Astrophysics, Pescara, July 2–14, 2001
INW VIII: Step and General Relativity, Pescara, September 16–21, 2002
INW IX: Fermi and Astrophysics, Rome and Pescara, October 3–7, 2001
INW X: Black Holes, Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, Rome and Pescara, July 15–20, 2002
INW XV: Testing the Equivalence Principle on Ground and in Space, Rome and Pescara, Italy September 20–23, 2004
In addition to the proceedings of conferences several books have been published, in particular:
The history of the relativistic astrophysics group in the Department of Physics (Fisica) of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" led by Remo Ruffini, started with his appointment to a chair of theoretical physics there in 1978 is represented here. [ 6 ]
Each meeting, one or two institutions and between two and six individual scientists are selected to receive the Marcel Grossmann Award. Each recipient is presented with a silver T. E. S. T. sculpture designed by artist A. Pierelli. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics |
The International Centre for Diffraction Data ( ICDD ) maintains a database of powder diffraction patterns, the Powder Diffraction File ( PDF ), including the d-spacings (related to angle of diffraction) and relative intensities of observable diffraction peaks. Patterns may be experimentally determined, or computed based on crystal structure and Bragg's law . It is most often used to identify substances based on x-ray diffraction data, and is designed for use with a diffractometer . The PDF contains more than a million unique material data sets. Each data set contains diffraction, crystallographic and bibliographic data, as well as experimental, instrument and sampling conditions, and select physical properties in a common standardized format.
The organization was founded in 1941 as the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards . In 1978, the current name was adopted to highlight the global commitment of this scientific endeavor.
The ICDD is a nonprofit scientific organization working in the field of X-ray analysis and materials characterization. It produces materials databases , characterization tools, and educational materials, as well as organizing and supporting global workshops, clinics and conferences.
Products and services of the ICDD include the paid subscription based Powder Diffraction File databases (PDF-2, PDF-4+, PDF-4+/Web , PDF-4/Minerals, PDF-4/Organics, PDF-4/Axiom, and ICDD Server Edition), educational workshops, clinics, and symposia. It is a sponsor of the Denver X-ray Conference and the Pharmaceutical Powder X-ray Diffraction Symposium. It also publishes the journals Advances in X-ray Analysis and Powder Diffraction .
In 2019, Materials Data, also known as MDI, merged with ICDD. Materials Data creates JADE software used to collect, analyze, and simulate XRD data and solve issues in an array of materials science projects.
In 2020, the ICDD and the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, which curates and maintains the Cambridge Structural Database, announced a data partnership.
This article about an organization or institute connected with physics is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
This spectroscopy -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Diffraction_Data |
The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ( ICGEB ) was established as a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in 1983. The Organisation has three Component laboratories with over 45 ongoing research projects in Infectious and Non-communicable diseases, Medical, Industrial and Plant Biology Biotechnology in: Trieste, Italy , New Delhi, India and Cape Town, South Africa .
On February 3, 1994, under the direction of Arturo Falaschi the ICGEB became an autonomous International Organisation and now has over 65 Member States across world regions.
Its main pillars of action comprise: Research, Advanced Education through PhD and Postdoctoral Fellowships, International Scientific Meetings and Courses, competitive Grants for scientists in Member States and Technology Transfer to industry. [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Genetic_Engineering_and_Biotechnology |
The International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research ( ICRAR ) is a multi-institutional astronomy research centre based in Perth, Western Australia . The centre is a joint venture between Curtin University and the University of Western Australia , with 'nodes' located at both universities. As of 2024, ICRAR has approximately 150 staff and students across both nodes. [ 4 ]
ICRAR launched in August 2009 with funding support from the State Government of Western Australia . Initially funded for five years to support Australia's bid to host the SKA telescopes, its funding was extended for a additional five year periods in 2013 (ICRAR II), 2019 (ICRAR III) and 2024 (ICRAR IV). [ 4 ]
In 2013, ICRAR became the first user of the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre , based in Kensington . [ 5 ]
Although radio astronomy features in the centre's name, its research has expanded to include optical and multi-wavelength astronomy .
Each of the centre's two university nodes specialises in different areas of astronomical research. The Curtin node specialises in extragalactic radio science, accretion physics and slow transients , the epoch of reionisation , and pulsars & other fast transients. [ 6 ] The UWA node specialises in studying galaxies in the local and distant Universe , and cosmological theory, with a particular focus on galactic and cosmological simulations . [ 6 ] The UWA node also operates a data intensive astronomy program, which researches techniques for managing and processing the large amounts of data created by current and future radio telescopes. [ 7 ]
Both nodes also operate engineering research programs, largely dedicated to the design and operation of radio telescopes and development of related spin-off technologies. [ 8 ] In particular, the timing and synchronisation system for the SKA-Mid radio telescope [ 9 ] and the power and signal distribution system for the SKA-Low radio telescope [ 10 ] were designed at developed at ICRAR's UWA and Curtin nodes, respectively.
ICRAR has also contributed to the design, technical operations and science programs of several Australian SKA precursors and prototypes, including the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), and the Aperture Array Verification Systems (AAVS1,2&3), [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] located at Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara, the CSIRO Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory .
ICRAR is governed by a board, with representatives from the governmnent, both universities, and other stakeholders including the CSIRO. The inaugural board chair was Bernard Bowen, (February 2009 - July 2016). [ 14 ] The current chair is David Skellern, appointed March 2024. [ 15 ]
ICRAR's day-to-day operations are managed by an executive team with members across both university nodes. The founding executive director was Peter Quinn (2009-2022). [ 16 ] The current executive director is Simon Ellingsen . [ 17 ]
ICRAR has run several successful citizen science projects.
theSkyNet [ 18 ] employed Internet-connected computers owned by the general public to do research in astronomy using BOINC technology. It combined the spectral coverage of the GALEX , Pan-STARRS1 , and WISE to generate a multi-wavelength (ultra-violet - optical - near infra-red) galaxy atlas for the nearby Universe. In September 2014 theSkyNet had 13573 total users, and 5198 recent users. [ 19 ] theSkyNet was powered down in 2018. [ 20 ]
AstroQuest launched in 2019, and aimed to help Australian scientists understand how galaxies grow and evolve. [ 21 ] Users inspected images of galaxies, and used paint tools to help classify light as coming from the galaxy or from other sources. As of 2021, approximately 10,000 users had classified the complete dataset of 60,000 galaxies, [ 22 ] and the project is on indefinite hold awaiting more galaxies to classify. [ 23 ]
In 2022, an unusual slow periodic radio transient was discovered in archival data in GLEAM ( G a L actic and E xtragalactic A ll-sky M urchison Widefield Array Survey), catalogued as GLEAM-XJ162759.5-523504 , the astrophysical radio source had an 18 minute period with 1 minute long bursts, not matching any then known periodic variables. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Radio_Astronomy_Research |
The International Chemical Identifier ( InChI , pronounced / ˈ ɪ n tʃ iː / IN -chee ) [ 3 ] is a textual identifier for chemical substances , designed to provide a standard way to encode molecular information and to facilitate the search for such information in databases and on the web. Initially developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) from 2000 to 2005, the format and algorithms are non-proprietary. Since May 2009, it has been developed by the InChI Trust, a nonprofit charity from the United Kingdom which works to implement and promote the use of InChI. [ 4 ]
The identifiers describe chemical substances in terms of layers of information — the atoms and their bond connectivity, tautomeric information, isotope information, stereochemistry , and electronic charge information. [ 5 ] Not all layers have to be provided; for instance, the tautomer layer can be omitted if that type of information is not relevant to the particular application. The InChI algorithm converts input structural information into a unique InChI identifier in a three-step process: normalization (to remove redundant information), canonicalization (to generate a unique number label for each atom), and serialization (to give a string of characters).
InChIs differ from the widely used CAS registry numbers in three respects: firstly, they are freely usable and non-proprietary; secondly, they can be computed from structural information and do not have to be assigned by some organization; and thirdly, most of the information in an InChI is human readable (with practice). InChIs can thus be seen as akin to a general and extremely formalized version of IUPAC names . They can express more information than the simpler SMILES notation and, in contrast to SMILES strings, every structure has a unique InChI string, which is important in database applications. Information about the 3-dimensional coordinates of atoms is not represented in InChI; for this purpose a format such as PDB can be used.
The InChIKey, sometimes referred to as a hashed InChI, is a fixed length (27 character) condensed digital representation of the InChI that is not human-understandable. The InChIKey specification was released in September 2007 in order to facilitate web searches for chemical compounds, since these were problematic with the full-length InChI. [ 6 ] Unlike the InChI, the InChIKey is not unique: though collisions are expected to be extremely rare, there are known collisions. [ 7 ]
In January 2009 the 1.02 version of the InChI software was released. This provided a means to generate so called standard InChI, which does not allow for user selectable options in dealing with the stereochemistry and tautomeric layers of the InChI string. The standard InChIKey is then the hashed version of the standard InChI string. The standard InChI will simplify comparison of InChI strings and keys generated by different groups, and subsequently accessed via diverse sources such as databases and web resources.
The continuing development of the standard has been supported since 2010 by the not-for-profit InChI Trust , of which IUPAC is a member. Version 1.06 and was released in December 2020. [ 8 ] Prior to 1.04, the software was freely available under the open-source LGPL license. [ 9 ] Versions 1.05 and 1.06 used a custom license called IUPAC-InChI Trust License. [ 10 ]
The current software version is 1.07.1 (August 2024), uses the MIT license, and may be downloaded from the InChI GitHub site.
In order to avoid generating different InChIs for tautomeric structures, before generating the InChI, an input chemical structure is normalized to reduce it to its so-called core parent structure. This may involve changing bond orders, rearranging formal charges and possibly adding and removing protons. Different input structures may give the same result; for example, acetic acid and acetate would both give the same core parent structure, that of acetic acid. A core parent structure may be disconnected, consisting of more than one component, in which case the
sublayers in the InChI usually consist of sublayers for each component, separated by semicolons (periods for the chemical formula sublayer). One way this can happen is that all metal atoms are disconnected during normalization; so, for example, the InChI for tetraethyllead will have five components, one for lead and four for the ethyl groups. [ 5 ]
The first, main, layer of the InChI refers to this core parent structure, giving its chemical formula, non-hydrogen connectivity without bond order ( /c sublayer) and
hydrogen connectivity ( /h sublayer.) The /q portion of the charge layer gives its charge, and the /p portion of the charge layer tells how many protons (hydrogen ions) must be added to or removed from it to regenerate the original structure. If present, the stereochemical layer, with sublayers b , /t , /m and /s , gives stereochemical information, and
the isotopic layer /i (which may contain sublayers /h , /b , /t , /m and /s ) gives isotopic information. These are the only layers which can occur in a standard InChI. [ 5 ]
If the user wants to specify an exact tautomer, a fixed hydrogen layer /f can be appended, which may contain various additional sublayers; this cannot be done in standard InChI though, so different tautomers will have the same standard InChI (for example, alanine will give the same standard InChI whether input in a neutral or a zwitterionic form.)
Finally, a nonstandard reconnected /r layer can be added, which effectively gives a new InChI generated without breaking bonds to metal atoms. This may contain various sublayers, including /f . [ 5 ]
Every InChI starts with the string " InChI= " followed by the version number, currently 1 . If the InChI is standard, this is followed by the letter S for standard InChIs , which is a fully standardized InChI flavor maintaining the same level of attention to structure details and the same conventions for drawing perception. The remaining information is structured as a sequence of layers and sub-layers, with each layer providing one specific type of information. The layers and sub-layers are separated by the delimiter " / " and start with a characteristic prefix letter (except for the chemical formula sub-layer of the main layer). The six layers with important sublayers are:
The delimiter-prefix format has the advantage that a user can easily use a wildcard search to find identifiers that match only in certain layers.
The condensed, 27 character InChIKey is a hashed version of the full InChI (using the SHA-256 algorithm), designed to allow for easy web searches of chemical compounds. [ 6 ] The standard InChIKey is the hashed counterpart of standard InChI . Most chemical structures on the Web up to 2007 have been represented as GIF files , which are not searchable for chemical content. The full InChI turned out to be too lengthy for easy searching, and therefore the InChIKey was developed. There is a very small, but nonzero chance of two different molecules having the same InChIKey, but the probability for duplication of only the first 14 characters has been estimated as only one duplication in 75 databases each containing one billion unique structures. With all databases currently having below 50 million structures, such duplication appears unlikely at present. A recent study more extensively studies the collision rate finding that the experimental collision rate is in agreement with the theoretical expectations. [ 12 ]
The InChIKey currently consists of three parts separated by hyphens, of 14, 10 and one character(s), respectively, like XXXXXXXXXXXXXX-YYYYYYYYFV-P . The first 14 characters result from a SHA-256 hash of the connectivity information (the main layer and /q sublayer of the charge layer) of the InChI. The second part consists of 8 characters resulting from a hash of the remaining layers of the InChI, a single character indicating the kind of InChIKey ( S for standard and N for nonstandard), and a character indicating the version of InChI used (currently A for version 1). Finally, the single character at the end indicates the protonation of the core parent structure, corresponding to the /p sublayer of the charge layer ( N for no protonation, O , P , ... if protons should be added and M , L , ... if they should be removed.) [ 13 ] [ 5 ]
Morphine has the structure shown on the right. The standard InChI for morphine is InChI=1S/C17H19NO3/c1-18-7-6-17-10-3-5-13(20)16(17)21-15-12(19)4-2-9(14(15)17)8-11(10)18/h2-5,10-11,13,16,19-20H,6-8H2,1H3/t10-,11+,13-,16-,17-/m0/s1 and the standard InChIKey for morphine is BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N . [ 14 ]
As the InChI cannot be reconstructed from the InChIKey, an InChIKey always needs to be linked to the original InChI to get back to the original structure. InChI Resolvers act as a lookup service to make these links, and prototype services are available from National Cancer Institute , the UniChem service at the European Bioinformatics Institute , and PubChem . ChemSpider has had a resolver until July 2015 when it was decommissioned. [ 15 ]
The format was originally called IChI (IUPAC Chemical Identifier), then renamed in July 2004 to INChI (IUPAC-NIST Chemical Identifier), and renamed again in November 2004 to InChI (IUPAC International Chemical Identifier), a trademark of IUPAC.
Scientific direction of the InChI standard is carried out by the IUPAC Division VIII Subcommittee, and funding of subgroups investigating and defining the expansion of the standard is carried out by both IUPAC and the InChI Trust . The InChI Trust funds the development, testing and documentation of the InChI. Current extensions are being defined to handle polymers and mixtures , Markush structures , reactions [ 16 ] and organometallics , and once accepted by the Division VIII Subcommittee will be added to the algorithm.
The InChI Trust has developed software to generate the InChI, InChIKey and other identifiers. The release history of this software follows. [ 17 ]
The InChI has been adopted by many larger and smaller databases, including ChemSpider , ChEMBL , Golm Metabolome Database , and PubChem . [ 18 ] However, the adoption is not straightforward, and many databases show a discrepancy between the chemical structures and the InChI they contain, which is a problem for linking databases. [ 19 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier |
International Chemical Safety Cards ( ICSC ) are data sheets intended to provide essential safety and health information on chemicals in a clear and concise way. The primary aim of the Cards is to promote the safe use of chemicals in the workplace and the main target users are therefore workers and those responsible for occupational safety and health.
The ICSC project is a joint venture between the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) with the cooperation of the European Commission (EC). This project began during the 1980s with the objective of developing a product to disseminate the appropriate hazard information on chemicals at the workplace in an understandable and precise way.
The Cards are prepared in English by ICSC participating institutions and peer reviewed in semiannual
meetings before being made public. Subsequently, national institutions translate the Cards from English into their native languages and these translated Cards are also published on the Web. The English collection of ICSC is the original version. To date approximately 1700 Cards are available in English in HTML and PDF format . Translated versions of the Cards exist in different languages: Chinese, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish and others.
The objective of the ICSC project is to make essential health and safety information on chemicals available to as wide an audience as possible, especially at the workplace level. The project aims to keep on improving the mechanism for the preparation of Cards in English as well as increasing the number of translated versions available; therefore, welcomes the support of additional institutions who could contribute not only to the preparation of ICSC but also to the translation process.
ICSC cards follow a fixed format which is designed to give a consistent presentation of the information, and is sufficiently concise to be printed onto two sides of a harmonized sheet of paper, an important consideration to permit easy use in the workplace.
The standard sentences and consistent format used in ICSC facilitates the preparation and computer-aided translation of the information in the Cards. [ 1 ]
The identification of the chemicals on the Cards is based on the UN numbers, the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number and the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS / NIOSH ) numbers. It is thought that the use of those three systems assures the most unambiguous method of identifying the chemical substances concerned, referring as it does to numbering systems that consider transportation matters, chemistry and occupational health.
The ICSC project is not intended to generate any sort of classification of chemicals. It makes reference to existing classifications. As an example, the Cards cite the results of the deliberations of the UN Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods with respect to transport: the UN hazard classification and the UN packaging group, when they exist, are entered on the Cards. Moreover, the ICSC are so-designed that room is reserved for the countries to enter information of national relevance.
The preparation of ICSC is an ongoing process of drafting and peer reviewing by a group of scientists working for a number of specialized scientific institutions concerned with occupational health and safety in different countries.
Chemicals are selected for new ICSC based on a range of criteria for concern (high production volume, incidence of health problems, high risk properties). Chemicals can be proposed by countries or stakeholder groups such as trade unions.
ICSC are drafted in English by participating institutions based on publicly available data, and are then peer reviewed by the full group of experts in biannual meetings before being made publicly available. Existing Cards are updated periodically by the same drafting and peer review process, in particular when significant new information becomes available.
In this way approximately 50 to 100 new and updated ICSC become available each year and the collection of Cards available has grown from a few hundreds during the 1980s up to more than 1700 today.
The international peer review process followed in the preparation of ICSC ensures the authoritative nature of the Cards and represents a significant asset of ICSC as opposed to other packages of information.
ICSC have no legal status and may not meet all requirements included in national legislation. The Cards should complement any available Chemical Safety Data Sheet but cannot be a substitute for any legal obligation on a manufacturer or employer to provide chemical safety information. However, it is recognized that ICSC might be the principal source of information available for both management and workers in less developed countries or in small and medium-sized enterprises.
In general, the information provided in the Cards is in line with the ILO Chemicals Convention (No. 170) and Recommendation (No. 177), 1990; the European Union Council Directive 98/24/EC; and the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) criteria.
The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is now being widely used for the classification and labelling of chemicals worldwide. One of the aims of introducing the GHS was to make it easier for users to identify chemical hazards in the workplace in a more consistent way.
GHS classifications have been added to new and updated ICSC since 2006 and the language and technical criteria underlying the standard phrases used in the Cards has been developed to reflect ongoing developments in the GHS to ensure consistent approaches. The addition of GHS classifications to ICSC has been recognized by the relevant United Nations committee as a contribution to assisting countries to implement the GHS, and as a way of making GHS classifications of chemicals available to a wider audience.
Great similarities exist between the various headings of the ICSC and the manufacturers' Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of the International Council of Chemical Associations .
However, MSDS and the ICSC are not the same. The MSDS, in many instances, may be technically very complex and too extensive for shop floor use, and secondly it is a management document. The ICSC, on the other hand, set out peer-reviewed information about substances in a more concise and simple manner.
This is not to say that the ICSC should be a substitute for an MSDS; nothing can replace management's responsibility to communicate with workers on the exact chemicals, the nature of those chemicals used on the shop floor and the risk posed in any given workplace.
Indeed, the ICSC and the MSDS can even be thought of as complementary. If the two methods for hazard communication can be combined, then the amount of knowledge available to the safety representative or shop floor workers will be more than doubled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chemical_Safety_Cards |
The International Chemical Workers' Union ( ICWU ) was a labor union representing workers in the chemical industry in the United States and Canada.
The union's origins lay in the Chemical Workers' Council , established by the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1937, bringing together local unions in the Mid West. In 1940, this was replaced by the International Council of Chemical and Allied Industries Union , led by H. A. Bradley and based in Akron, Ohio . [ 1 ] On September 11, 1944, the council was chartered by the AFL as the ICWU. [ 2 ] In 1955, the union transferred to the new AFL–CIO , and by 1957, it had 84,299 members. [ 3 ]
In 1968, the union joined the Alliance for Labor Action , which led to it being expelled from the AFL–CIO the following year, [ 1 ] though it was readmitted in 1971. [ 2 ] In 1975, some of its Canadian locals split away, to form the Canadian Chemical Workers' Union . [ 4 ] By 1980, the union's membership had fallen slightly, to 65,800. [ 5 ] On July 1, 1996, it merged into the United Food and Commercial Workers' International Union . [ 2 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chemical_Workers'_Union |
The International Code of Area Nomenclature ( ICAN ) was proposed by a group of few biogeographers to provide a universal naming system or nomenclature for areas of endemism used in contemporary biogeography . There are other proposals to palaeobiogeographic areas. The ICAN also serves as the international standard rules for proposing and using "area of endemism" names. [ 1 ]
The ICAN was ratified by the Systematic and Evolutionary Biogeographical Association (SEBA) [ 2 ] in Paris in the only meeting of the group, during July 2007. This community was created and maintained by the same group of biogeographers that proposed the ICAN.
There is little agreement on the use of different methods and systems of nomenclature in Biogeography, and this proposal represents one of the various kinds of study in this science.
This standards - or measurement -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Area_Nomenclature |
The International Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ( INVAM ) is the largest collection of living arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and includes Glomeromycotan species from 6 continents. [ 1 ] Curators of INVAM acquire, grow, identify, and elucidate the biology, taxonomy, and ecology of a diversity AMF with the mission to expand availability and knowledge of these symbiotic fungi. [ 1 ] Culturing AMF presents difficulty as these fungi are obligate biotrophs that must complete their life cycle while in association with their plant hosts, [ 2 ] while resting spores outside of the host are vulnerable to predation and degradation. Curators of INVAM have thus developed methods to overcome these challenges to increase the availability of AMF spores. The inception of this living collection of germplasm occurred in the 1980s and it takes the form of fungi growing in association with plant symbionts in the greenhouse, with spores preserved in cold storage within their associated rhizosphere . [ 1 ] AMF spores acquired from INVAM have been used extensively in both basic and applied research projects in the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, agroecology, and in restoration. INVAM is umbrellaed under the Kansas Biological Survey at The University of Kansas , an R1 Research Institution. The Kansas Biological Survey is also home to the well-known organization Monarch Watch . INVAM is currently located within the tallgrass prairie ecoregion, and many collaborators and researchers associated with INVAM study the role of AMF in the mediation of prairie biodiversity. James Bever and Peggy Schultz are the Curator and Director of Operation team, with Elizabeth Koziol and Terra Lubin as Associate Curators. [ 3 ]
INVAM was conceptualized and actualized by Dr. Norman Schenk, a mycologist and professor of plant pathology. In 1985, Schenk’s vision was funded by the National Science Foundation to begin the International Culture Collection Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM). Schenk started INVAM at the University of Florida, and after his retirement in 1990, the collection moved to West Virginia University, where it merged with the collection maintained by Joe Morton. By 1990, Schenk’s collection included 182 accessions of 56 species, whereas Morton’s collection comprised 107 isolates and 49 species. The transition of Schenk’s collection from Florida to WVU presented challenges, as many cultures perished in transit. [ 1 ] In the early years at WVU the focus of INVAM was to acquire and propagate more isolates and to improve propagation protocols. A reflection of this, the collection increased in size sixfold from 1995 to 2005. [ 1 ] In 2021, the NSF funded the transition of INVAM to the University of Kansas, where it is under its current curatorship. [ 3 ]
Arbuscular (from arbuscula, Latin for “tiny tree”) mycorrhizal (“fungus-root”) fungi have ancient origins as plant symbionts. The earliest fossil evidence of a glomeromycete arbuscule, the site of plant-fungi exchange, is known from the Rhynie Chert, which dates to 407 million years ago, during the Lower Devonian. [ 4 ] This early fossil arbuscule does not occur in a plant root, but instead occurs in the lateral axis of a now-extinct plant. Arbuscule-forming fungi thus potentially preceded the existence of roots, [ 5 ] as roots likely evolved from rhizoid-based rooting systems during the Devonian (Kenrick 2014). Some researchers even suggest that roots evolved as habitats for fungi. [ 5 ] There is support for the hypothesis that mycorrhizal fungi and roots have coevolved in various ways, [ 6 ] and that Glomeromycotan fungi aided in the colonization of land by plants. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] AMF are known to associate with at least 80% of extant land plant species, [ 9 ] and they may benefit their host plants in a variety of important ways, including, but not limited to, increase in phosphorus and nitrogen acquisition, [ 10 ] increased biomass, [ 11 ] resilience against drought stress, [ 12 ] synergy with rhizobia partners, [ 13 ] defense priming, [ 14 ] and perhaps most contentious is AMFs ability to convey resistance to above-ground stressors such as herbivores. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Specific AMF-plant relationships can fall on various points of a mutualistic-pathogenic spectrum, depending on the associated species in the partnership, [ 17 ] and there is evidence that there could be significant differentiation in benefit conveyed when using native vs. commercially sourced inoculum. [ 18 ] On a landscape-wide scale, AMF have the potential to accelerate succession and increase diversity in plant communities, [ 19 ] [ 18 ] increase soil stability through glomalin production by the mycorrhizae, [ 20 ] and through development of mycorrhizal networks, they increase carbon storage in the soil, thus having global implications. [ 21 ]
The founder of INVAM, Dr. Norman Schenk, is coauthor of the book “Manual for the Identification of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi”, [ 22 ] a refence that is still cited today in AMF taxonomic studies. This reference describes morphological characters of AMF genera, and descriptions of then-known species, which is still useful as identification of AMF species via DNA sequencing presents difficulty as each spore can yield many Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). [ 23 ] In addition to overcoming the challenges presented by propagating and storing AMF, INVAM continues to play a role in the advancement of AMF identification technologies by providing correctly identified, diverse cultures for comparison when generating a sequenced database. [ 1 ]
INVAM has been cited as a resource in over 4000 scientific publications, as seen through Google Scholar. [ 1 ]
Personnel of INVAM have aided in the establishment of other AMF culture collections in Europe with The International Bank for the Glomeromycota, South America with the International Culture Collection of Glomeromycota, and other collections in South Africa, Taiwan, and China. [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Collection_of_(Vesicular)_Arbuscular_Mycorrhizal_Fungi |
International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering – CIGR ( Commission Internationale du Genie Rural ) founded in 1930 in Liège , Belgium, is "an international, non-governmental, non-profit organization consisting of a network of Regional and National Societies of Agricultural Engineering as well as private and public companies and individuals worldwide", [ 1 ] the largest and highest international institution in the field. [ citation needed ] Until 2008, the organisation was known as International Commission of Agricultural Engineering . [ 2 ] Its membership includes American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), Asian Association for Agricultural Engineering (AAAE), European Society of Agricultural Engineers (EurAgEng), Latin American and Caribbean Association of Agricultural Engineering (ALIA), South and East African Society of Agricultural Engineering (SEASAE), Euro Asian Association of Agricultural Engineers (EAAAE), Association of Agricultural Engineers of South-Eastern Europe (AAESEE), and many national societies. [ 3 ]
The structure of CIGR is divided into seven technical Sections and various working groups. Technical sections promote and develop their respective fields as they relate to agricultural engineering. [ 4 ] The Executive Board appoints working groups to "carry out studies on specific subjects of international importance and interest." [ 5 ]
CIGR publishes a journal, the Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal . In 2021, the journal had an impact factor of 0.484. [ 6 ] It has a SCImago Journal Rank of 0.191 as of 2023. This rank placed it in the third quartile in the "Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering" and "Automotive Engineering" categories and the fourth quartile in the "Agronomy and Crop Science" and "Energy (miscellaneous)" categories. It had an h -index of 28. [ 7 ]
CIGR has held the following World Congresses: [ 2 ]
Every four years, CIGR holds the world's largest agricultural technology conference, the CIGR International Conference. [ 8 ] The conference years and locations are as follows: [ 2 ]
The following have been organization presidents: [ 2 ]
The International Academy of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering was founded during the 2014 World Congress primarily to recognize outstanding individuals within the field. The academy gives the title of Fellow of iAABE (previously CIGR Fellow). [ 9 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_of_Agricultural_and_Biosystems_Engineering |
The International Commission on Large Dams , or ICOLD ( French : Commission Internationale des Grands Barrages or CIGB ), is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the sharing of professional information and knowledge of the design, construction , maintenance, and impact of large dams .
It was founded in 1928 and has its central office in Paris , France .
ICOLD consists of 100 member national committees which have a total membership of about 10,000 individuals. [ 1 ]
Official languages of the commission are English and French .
For the purpose of inclusion in the World Register of Dams, a large dam is defined as any dam above 15 metres in height (measured from the lowest point of foundation to top of dam) or any dam between 10 and 15 metres in height which meets at least one of the following conditions:
a) the crest length is not less than 500 metres; b) the capacity of the reservoir formed by the dam is not less than one million cubic metres; c) the maximum flood discharge dealt with by the dam is not less than 2 000 cubic metres per second; d) the dam had specially difficult foundation problems; e) the dam is of unusual design. - ICOLD's definition of "large dam". [ 2 ]
This article about an organization in France is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Large_Dams |
The International Committee on Aeronautical Fatigue and Structural Integrity ( ICAF ) was initiated by Dr. Ir. Frederik Plantema, head of the Structures and Materials Department of the National Aeronautical Research Institute (NLL) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands in 1951. Dr. Plantema proposed international collaboration in the field of aeronautical fatigue in response to growing concerns regarding fatigue problems in metal aircraft structures. The first conference of the International Committee on Aeronautical Fatigue (ICAF) was held in Amsterdam in 1952, with participants from the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sweden, Belgium and Switzerland. ICAF soon got a significant influence on the fatigue research in a large part of the world by suggesting the urgent problems to be studied and joining the efforts of many laboratories in different countries. It is an informal organization that consists of the General Secretary and the National Delegates from the (now) seventeen member countries. In 2010 the name was changed to the present one in order to clarify that the scope of the committee had broadened and now also includes topics such as damage formation and growth in composite structures , structural health and loads monitoring , probabilistic modeling of structural integrity, corrosion control, etc. The acronym ICAF was maintained.
The stated aims of ICAF are to encourage contacts between people actively engaged in aircraft structural integrity problems and to exchange information, experience, opinions and ideas concerning aeronautical fatigue and fatigue-related subjects. To this end a conference and a symposium are organized every two years for attendance by representatives of industry, universities and institutes, military specialists, regulatory agencies and aircraft operators throughout the world. The two-day conference consists of reviews of aeronautical fatigue and other structural integrity activities presented by the National Delegates. It is followed by a three-day symposium for specialist papers presented by authors with design, manufacturing, airworthiness regulations, operations and research backgrounds. The symposium also includes the Plantema Memorial Lecture, delivered by a leading member of the structural integrity community, and the presentation of the Schijve Award to a selected young researcher.
ICAF has no formal constitution or laws or funds. Its activities are possible only by the interest of the member countries and the activities of the National Delegates and the General Secretary, who is elected by the National Delegates from their ranks and is appointed for an indefinite period of time. The appointment of the National Delegates is also permanent. On resignation, a delegate nominates a successor for approval by the other delegates and the General Secretary. The National Delegates usually come from a non-profit research institute, although some delegates have a position in a university or within the aerospace industry.
Participation in the ICAF meetings is open for anybody interested in the topics. More information is provided on ICAF's website: "ICAF" . Retrieved 16 June 2023 .
Originally, ICAF started with five member countries only, while other countries were invited to join later. New member countries can still be invited to join ICAF upon agreement of the committee members. The current ICAF member countries are listed below.
The Plantema Medal has been established by ICAF in 1967. It is a career award that is presented to a selected leading member of the structural integrity community. The award recipient is invited to deliver a keynote lecture at the start of the biennial symposium. This Plantema Memorial Lecture is named after the late Dr. Ir. Frederik Johan Plantema, inspiror, founder and General Secretary of ICAF, from its foundation in 1951 until November 1966 when he untimely passed away. In the first Plantema Memorial Lecture Mr Barrois "(France) stated that "The ICAF is a neutral ground (...). No privilege can disturb the harmony of the members, as there is no nominal President, and the real President, Dr. Plantema, remained a modest secretary and confined himself strictly within this part, however always suggesting the way to follow which was generally agreed to."
This biennial award for young and talented academics in the field of aeronautical fatigue has been established in 2007 by Royal Netherlands Aerospace Centre NLR and Delft University in the Netherlands. The award is named after Prof. Jaap Schijve, to celebrate his 80th birthday. It consists of a token and a prize of €5000,=. Recognizing its promotional value, ICAF has offered the opportunity to present the award on the last day of the ICAF symposium. In 2009 the award was presented for the first time.
In 2018 ICAF has received the ICAS von Karman Award for International Collaboration in Aeronautics, in recognition of the multi-national world-wide work over almost seven decades to ensure the safe flight of both civil and military aircraft. This award was established in 1980 in memory of Theodore von Karman , a leading figure in the foundation of ICAS, the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences , and an outstanding proponent of international collaboration in the aeronautical sciences.
A similar prize, the Cristoforo Colombo International Communication Award, was presented to ICAF in 1980 by the City of Genoa in Italy . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Aeronautical_Fatigue_and_Structural_Integrity |
The International Committee on Anthropogenic Soils ( ICOMANTH ) defines its mission as follows. "ICOMANTH is charged with defining appropriate classes in soil taxonomy for soils that have their major properties derived from human activities. The committee should establish which criteria significantly reflect human activities, or when a soil 's properties are dominantly the result of human activities."
This article about a scientific organization is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Anthropogenic_Soils |
The International Community for Auditory Display ( ICAD ), founded in 1992, provides an annual conference for research in auditory display , the use of sound to display information. Research and implementation of sonification , audification , earcons and speech synthesis are central interests of the ICAD.
ICAD is home to auditory display researchers, who come from different disciplines, through its conference and peer-reviewed proceedings. [ 1 ] Auditory display researchers have various backgrounds in science , arts , and humanities , like computer science , cognitive science , human factors , systematic musicology and soundscape design .
Most of the proceedings are freely available through the Georgia Tech SMARTech repository. [ 2 ]
Auditory display professionals are board members of ICAD. [ 3 ]
This ICAD presidency has been held by Gregory Kramer (1992 - 1997), Jim Ballas (1997 - 2000), Eric Somers (2000–2003), Matti Gröhn (2003 - 2006), Bruce Walker (2006 - 2011), [ 4 ] Tony Stockman (2011 - 2016), David Worrall (2016 - 2018), and Myounghoon 'Philart' Jeon (2018 - 2022). The current president of ICAD is Paul Vickers. [ 5 ]
This computing article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Community_for_Auditory_Display |
ICWES (International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists) is an international conference for engineers and scientists. Established in 1964, it takes place every 3–4 years in countries around the world. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Since 1999, the conference has been organised by the International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists (INWES), which was founded at the World Conference on Science ( Budapest , Hungary) in 1999. [ 3 ] The first conference took place in New York City , USA in 1964, the second followed in 1967 in Cambridge , UK. Since then meetings have taken place in Turin , Italy (1971); Cracow , Poland (1975); Rouen , France (1978); Mumbai , India, (1981); Washington DC , USA (1984); Abidjan , Ivory Coast (1988); Warwick , UK (1991); Budapest, Hungary (1996); Chiba , Japan (1999); [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Ottawa , Canada (2002); Seoul , Korea (2005); Lille , France (2008); Adelaide , Australia (2011); [ 6 ] Los Angeles , USA (2014); New Delhi , India (2017). [ 7 ] ICWES 18 was postponed due to the Covid pandemic and took place in Coventry , UK, in 2021. [ 2 ] ICWES 19 was hosted in Aotearoa, New Zealand in 2023. [ 8 ]
The first ICWES conference took place in New York City, United States of America in 1964 and was organised by the American Society of Women Engineers (SWE). Beatrice Hicks was Conference Director and Ruth Shafer was Operations Chairman. [ 9 ] The Technical Program was managed by Margaret R. Fox and the PR by Elsie Eaves . [ 10 ] The theme of the conference was on developing engineering and scientific talent for the future. [ 10 ] [ 11 ]
There were 493 listed attendees from 35 different countries, including Lillian Gilbreth , Beatrice Hicks, Grace Hopper , Ayyalasomayajula Lalitha , and Isabel Hardwich . [ 1 ] The conference received funding from the National Science Foundation , the Asia Foundation, the Engineers Joint Council, as well as other companies and individual donations. [ 12 ] Included in the conference programme was a trip to the New York's World Fair , which was taking place at the same time. [ 12 ] The conference proceedings published a message sent to the conference from Lyndon B. Johnson , which stated that 'in focusing on the untapped potential and ability of talented women to participate in these professional activities, you and your colleagues are performing a distinguished service in our society'. [ 10 ]
Talks and statements were given by a variety of women from different countries, including Lillian Gilbreth (USA), Ira Rischowski (UK), Isabel Hardwich (UK), Cicely Thompson (UK) Jacqueline Juillard (Switzerland), Dorothy Mizoguchi (Japan), Ilse Knott-ter Meer (West Germany), Olwen Wooster (Australia), Maria Telkes (US), Anna Amour (Italy) and Francisca Fernández-Hall , a civil engineer and Guatemalan ambassador to Israel. [ 10 ] [ 13 ]
The second ICWES conference was organised by the United Kingdom's Women's Engineering Society (WES) and took place in Cambridge, England in 1967. [ 14 ] The themes of the conference were the application of technology to solve world food problems and the question of women's representation in engineering and science across the world. [ 14 ] There were 309 listed attendees from 35 different countries, with attendees including Ghanaian zoologist Leticia Obeng , Ugandan engineer Miriam Muwanga , Japanese geochemist Katsuko Saruhashi , American aeronautical engineer Katherine Stinson , Betty Lou Bailey who worked for General Electric Company and engineer and journalist Elsie Eaves [ 15 ] and Indian mechanical engineer Ila Ghose and K. K. Khubchandani. [ 1 ] Nigerian physicists Deborah Ajakaiye and Ebun Adegbohungbe also attended [ 14 ] [ 16 ] as did Sri Lanka 's first woman engineer Premala Sivaprakasapillai Sivasegaram . [ 15 ] In The Woman Engineer – journal of WES – Leticia Obeng commented on the atmosphere of the conference: 'The change from the serious talks in the Chemistry Laboratory Hall to the gay atmosphere at the pre-banquet reception was a vivid demonstration of the adaptability of the human female to varying conditions.' [ 17 ] [ 14 ] British attendees included engineers Isabel Hardwich, Ira Rischowski (who was accommodation secretary), Rose Winslade , Cicely Thompson , and Hettie Bussell . [ 15 ] No delegates attended from Russia due to the Six-Day War . [ 18 ]
The third International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists was held in Turin , Italy ( 30 August - 5 September 1971), organised by Dr Anna Amour and AIDIA (the Italian Association for Women in Engineering and Architecture), and supported by the late Dr. Emma Strada . [ 1 ] [ 19 ] [ 15 ] Attendees included Erna Hamburger , Letitia Obeng , Nicole Becarud, Deborah Ajakaiye , Ebun Oni (née Adegbohungbe), Olive Salembier, Azarmidokht Arjangi, May Maple , Hettie Bussell , Irene Ryan, Peggy Hodges , Elizabeth Laverick , Daphne Jackson , Grace Hopper , Veronica Milligan . [ 20 ]
Cracow , Poland (1975) [ 21 ]
The fifth International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists was held 4–8 September 1978 in Rouen , France, under the auspices of the Cercle Des Femmes Ingenieurs , led by their President, Nicole Becarud. It was attended by over 200 delegates from 35 countries. [ 21 ] [ 22 ]
Mumbai , India (1981) [ 21 ]
Washington DC , USA (1984) [ 21 ]
Abidjan , Ivory Coast (1988) [ 21 ]
Warwick , UK (1991) [ 21 ]
Budapest , Hungary (1996) [ 21 ]
Chiba , Japan (1999); [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 21 ]
Ottawa , Canada (2002) [ 21 ]
Seoul , South Korea (2005) [ 21 ]
Lille , France (2008) [ 21 ]
Adelaide , Australia (2011) [ 6 ] [ 21 ]
Los Angeles , USA (2014) [ 21 ]
ICWES17 was held on 5–7 October 2017 in New Delhi , India, hosted by WISE-India, with nearly 300 attendees from 18 countries and four continents. [ 21 ]
ICWES18 was held in Coventry in 2021. [ 2 ]
ICWES19 was held in 2023. [ 8 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_of_Women_Engineers_and_Scientists |
The International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics ( CIBB ) is a yearly scientific conference focused on machine learning and computational intelligence applied to bioinformatics , biostatistics , and medical informatics .
The CIBB conferences are typically organized by members of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (IEEE CIS) and the International Neural Network Society (INNS), among others. Their main themes are machine learning , data mining , and computational intelligence algorithms applied to biological and biostatistical problems.
The CIBB conference was originally started by Francesco Masulli ( Università di Genova ), Antonina Starita ( Università di Pisa ), and Roberto Tagliaferri ( Università di Salerno ) as a special session within other international conferences held in Italy: the 14th Italian Workshop on Neural Networks (2004), the 6th International Workshop on Fuzzy Logic and Applications (2005), the 7th International Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Technologies in Nuclear Science Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence (2006), and the 7th International Workshop on Fuzzy Logic and Applications (2007). Because of the broad participation of researchers to the CIBB special session at the latter meeting, which included twenty-six submitted papers, the CIBB steering committee decided to turn CIBB into an autonomous conference starting with the 2008 edition in Vietri sul Mare , Italy. [ 1 ]
During their first editions, the CIBB conferences were organized and attended mainly by Italian researchers at various academic locations throughout Italy. As international audience and importance of the conference grew, following editions moved outside Italy. The 2012 CIBB conference was held for the first time outside Europe , in Houston, Texas .
The conference is a single track meeting that includes invited talks as well as oral and poster presentations of refereed papers. It usually lasts three days in September, and traditionally includes some special sessions about the application of computational intelligence to specific aspects of biology (for example, the "Special session on machine learning in health informatics and biological systems" at CIBB 2018, [ 2 ] ) and occasionally some tutorials.
At the 2011 conference edition in Gargnano , the scientific committee gave a young researcher best paper award. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Proceedings of the conferences are published as a book series by Springer Science+Business Media , [ 5 ] whereas selected papers are published in journals such as BMC Bioinformatics and BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making . [ 6 ]
Future:
Past: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Computational_Intelligence_Methods_for_Bioinformatics_and_Biostatistics |
The annual International Conference on Digital Audio Effects or DAFx Conference is a meeting of enthusiasts working in research areas on audio signal processing, acoustics , and music related disciplines, who come together to present and discuss their findings. The conference evolved from an EU-COST-G6 project “Digital Audio Effects” in 1998.
The acronym DAFx stands for Digital Audio Effects and is also the name of a book [ 1 ] which was written by people in the community around the conference
A list of past and upcoming conferences together with an archive of all proceedings can be found at the website. [ 2 ]
This sound technology article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Digital_Audio_Effects |
The International IUPAC Conferences on Green Chemistry (ICGCs) gather several hundreds scientists, technologists, and experts from all over the world with the aim to exchange and disseminate new ideas, discoveries, and projects on green chemistry and a sustainable development . After mid twentieth century, an increasingly general consensus acknowledges that these subjects play a unique role in mapping the way ahead for the humankind progress. [ 1 ] Typical topics discussed in these IUPAC Conferences are:
In 2006 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) promoted the organization of the 1st International IUPAC Conference on Green-Sustainable Chemistry (ICGC-1). This conference, started in collaboration with the German Chemical Society (GDCh), was a major acknowledgement by IUPAC of the relevance of green chemistry. The Special Topic Issue on Green Chemistry [ 3 ] in Pure and Applied Chemistry and the starting of a Subcommittee on Green Chemistry , [ 4 ] operating in the IUPAC Division of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, were two important landmarks towards that acknowledgement.
ICGC-1 registered the presence of over 450 participants from 42 countries and proceedings were published in Pure and Applied Chemistry . This Conference then became a biannual appointment that continuously attracted several hundreds scientists and technologists from academia, research institutes, and industries.
On 14 July 2017, IUPAC established the Interdivisional Committee on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development ICGCSD that supersedes the former Subcommittee on Green Chemistry and has the aim to assist IUPAC in initiating, promoting, and coordinating the work of the Union in the area of green and sustainable chemistry.
ICGCSD will continue to organize the ICGCs Series. The next 8th Conference will take place in Bangkok, Thailand, in September 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Green_Chemistry |
International Conference on Mechanical Industrial & Energy Engineering (ICMIEE) is held in Bangladesh every alternate 2 years starting from 2010. [ 1 ] The objective of ICMIEE is to present the latest research and results of scientists and researchers. The conference provides opportunities for different area delegates to exchange new ideas and applications experiences face-to-face to establish research relationships.
Technological development can be enhanced through continuous research. The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology organizes International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Energy Engineering (ICMIEE) . [ 2 ] It brings great opportunities for both researchers and industrial communities to meet, discuss and share their research outcomes. This helps develop a bridge among the researchers and the experts of the industry. This conference aims to provide a common platform for the participants throughout the world to exchange their views and share the ideas in the vast field of Mechanical, Industrial and Energy Engineering. [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Mechanical_Industrial_&_Energy_Engineering |
The International Conference on Microreaction Technology ( IMRET ) is a scientific conference series
in the field of micro process engineering and the science of microreactors .
This article about a chemistry organization is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
This engineering-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Microreaction_Technology |
Radiation Effects in Insulators (REI) is a long-running international conference series
dedicated to basic and applied scientific research relating to radiation effects in insulators and non-metallic materials. It is held every second year in locations around the world.
The REI conference has a long history. [ 1 ] Since the first conference was held in 1981, REI has been the international forum to present and discuss the latest achievements in the field of insulating materials modification through different kind of radiation ( ions , electrons , neutrons , etc). The conference regularly attracts about 200 attendees. [ 1 ]
The REI conference covers a wide range of topics including the following.
The proceedings of REI-1 (1981) and REI-3 (1985) were published in the peer-reviewed journal Radiation Effects , renamed Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids in 1989. The proceedings of REI-1 are found in volume 64 [issues 1-4] and volume 65 [issues 1-4] of this journal. The proceedings of REI-3 are found in volume 97 [issues 3-4], volume 98 [issues 1-4], and volume 99 [issues 1-4] of this journal.
The proceedings of REI-2 (1983) and every REI conference since REI-4 (1987) have been published in the peer-reviewed Elsevier journal Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B . These REI proceedings can be found in the following volumes of this journal: REI-2 (vol. 1), REI-4 (vol. 32), REI-5 (vol. 46), REI-6 (vol. 65), REI-7 (vol. 91), REI-8 (vol. 116), REI-9 (vol.141), REI-10 (vol. 166-167), REI-11 (vol. 191), REI-12 (vol. 218), REI-13 (vol. 250), REI-14 (vol. 266), REI-15 (vol. 268), REI-16 (vol. 286), REI-17 (vol. 326), REI-18 (vol. 379) and REI-19 (vol. 435). The proceedings of REI-20 and following conferences are reported in special issue collections of Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B.
The complete list of REI conferences held up to 2025 is as follows.
The chairman for REI-1 is taken from the Foreword to the REI-1 proceedings. The chairmen for the conferences from 1983 to 2009 are taken from the list of proceedings editors in [ 1 ]
Jan Meijer, Ricardo Papaléo, Jose Olivares, Olli Pakarinen, Patrick Kluth, Marika Schleberger, Orazio Puglisi, Izabela Szlufarska, Yugang Wang, Jiro Matsuo, Kostya Trachenko, Aurelien Debelle, Shengqiang Zhou, Giancarlo Rizza | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Radiation_Effects_in_Insulators |
The International Conference on Systems Biology (ICSB) is the primary international conference for systems biology research . Created by Hiroaki Kitano in 2000, its organization is now coordinated by the International Society for Systems Biology (ISSB).
This article about a biology organization is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Systems_Biology |
The International Congress of Quantum Chemistry ( ICQC ), is an international conference dedicated to the field of quantum chemistry . It is organized by the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science . The first conference was held from July 4 to 10, 1973 in Menton , France . The first conference marked the "50th anniversary of the discovery of wave mechanics".
In chronological order:
Papers from the Congresses have been published by the International Journal of Quantum Chemistry (IJQC). [ 4 ]
This chemistry -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Quantum_Chemistry |
International Congress on Fracture (ICF), or the International Conference on Fracture, is an international body for promoting worldwide cooperation among scientists and engineers concerned with the mechanics and mechanisms of fracture , fatigue and strength of solids .
The idea for an International Congress on Fracture dates to 1961 and a meeting at MIT when an “Interim International Conference Committee” was established under the Chairmanship of Takeo Yokobori. [ 1 ]
In November 1965, ICF1 was organised in Sendai, Japan . In April 1969, at ICF2 in Brighton, England , ICF was formally founded with statutes and by-laws, a Council and Executive. Thereafter ICF organised a major conference every four years. ICF also organised “interquadrennial” conferences, the first of which was in Beijing, China in November 1983. ICF established national organisations in their member nations, one of the first being the “Australasian Fracture Group” in 1971.
ICF became more than a conference organiser and rather a society for the broad field of structural integrity , fracture, fatigue , creep, corrosion and reliability – from biological to geophysical materials: metals, alloys, ceramics, composites, electronic and natural materials. The scope evolved through ICF1-1CF12 from nano to macro scales, from basic science, engineering and mathematics to practical technology and systems modelling for safe design.
At an ICF Interquadrennial Conference in Anaheim, California , May 2011 ICF was renamed “ICF: The World Academy of Structural Integrity”.
ICF-WASI is governed by a Council which comprises members from each member nation, with one nation one vote. The Council meets once every four years at each ICF-WASI Quadrennial . Council delegates the management of ICF-WASI to a President and an Executive Committee.
Since ICF 6, the Treasurer has acted as the de facto CEO working closely with the President and Secretary-General. The Council elects Fellows every four years who are now termed “ Academicians ” (50). ICF-WASI in its widest sense consists also of the “Associates” who comprise the whole community of the up to 10,000 delegates who have attended Quadrennial and Interquadrennial conferences.
The next Conference (ICF-16) is scheduled for 2027. [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_on_Fracture |
The International Consortium of Universities for the Study of Biodiversity and the Environment or iCUBE aims to connect a group of public research universities to form a consortium to address the problems and issues related to biodiversity and the environment, for both research and educational purposes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
iCUBE is composed of a key group of public research universities sharing a common mission whilst committed to education and research on the environment, biodiversity and climate change , namely: [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]
iCUBE aims to promote awareness and understanding, disseminate knowledge as well conduct collaborative research on problems and issues relevant to the environment and biodiversity. The group is designed to strengthen the existing international linkages and further it by promoting educational and intellectual exchanges as well as collaboration among scholars and students. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Universities_for_the_Study_of_Biodiversity_and_the_Environment |
International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (or ICBG ) is a program under National Institutes of Health , National Science Foundation and USAID established in 1993 to promote collaborative research between American universities and research institutions in countries that harbor unique genetic resource in the form of biodiversity —the practice known as bioprospecting . The basic aim of the program is to benefit both the host community and the global scientific community by discovering and researching the possibilities for new solutions to human health problems based on previously unexplored genetic resources . It therefore seeks to conserve biodiversity, and to foment, encourage and support sustainable practices of usage of biological resources. Groups are headed by a principal investigator who coordinates the efforts of the research consortium which often has branches in the US and the host country as well as in the countries of other third party institutions. There are currently International Cooperative Biodiversity groups operating in Latin America , Africa , Asia and Papua-New Guinea . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The Maya ICBG , a group dedicated to collecting the ethnobiological knowledge of the Maya population of Chiapas , Mexico led by Dr. Brent Berlin was closed in 2001 after two years of funding after accusations of having failed to obtain prior informed consent. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cooperative_Biodiversity_Groups |
The International Coronelli Society for the Study of Globes ( German : Internationale Coronelli-Gesellschaft für Globenkunde ) is a non-profit academic organization devoted to the analysis, restoration and comprehensive study of terrestrial and celestial globes and other cosmographical instruments, such as armillary spheres and planetaria , mainly made before 1850. [ 1 ]
Founded in Vienna in 1952 by the Austrian engineer and private scholar Robert Haardt [ de ] (1884–1962), the Society's name is an hommage to Franciscan friar , cosmographer , cartographer , and publisher Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718). As of 2023, the Society counts around 300 members from academic institutions around the world. [ 2 ]
The eponymous Coronelli was not only a renowned producer of large-scale globe pairs, but also the founder of the first geographical society in the world, the Venetian Accademia Cosmografica degli Argonauti . [ 3 ]
Since 1963, it has furthered the study of globe -related topics, including inventorying, restoration and conservation, [ 4 ] which have been discussed in dedicated international symposia.
The Society awards two international prizes, The International Coronelli-Society Award for Encouragement of Globestudies, and the Fiorini-Haardt Prize for research into pre-1945 globes and their makers. [ 5 ]
Since its foundation in 1952, the society publishes a journal, Der Globusfreund: Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Globenkunde . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Since 2002 there is an English-language version with the title Globe Studies . [ 6 ] [ 8 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Coronelli_Society_for_the_Study_of_Globes |
The International Cost Engineering Council (ICEC) is a nonpolitical, nonprofit organization. ICEC’s objective is to promote cooperation between cost engineering , quantity surveying , and project management organizations. This is a global and local initiative to ensure the shared well-being of the organization and that of its members.
ICEC identifies itself as a Worldwide Confederation of Cost Engineering, Quantity Surveying, and Project Management Societies. [ 1 ]
ICEC is an NGO in Roster Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations .
ICEC was founded in 1976 and now represents more than 100,000 cost engineers and project managers in over 100 different nations. Where subjects of common interests need to be exchanged and discussed, regular ICEC meetings are attended by delegates of the member societies. Each member society has one vote on the Council.
ICEC is closely tied with the Pacific Association of Quantity Surveyors (PAQS) and the Africa Association of Quantity Surveyors (AAQS) and has Reciprocal agreements with the International Project Management Association (IPMA) and The Fédération Internationale Des Géomètres (FIG).
The ICEC is divided geographically. The Regions are:
ICEC regional meetings and congresses occur regularly, being held at least once a year. These meetings are usually held in conjunction with key regional events.
The ICEC holds a World Congress once every two years. This is considered the flagship event of the Council in which member associations travel from around the world. This allows all involved to network, share information/ideas, and develop strategic plans for the ICEC organization.
While ICEC does not permit individual membership, it does represent, collectively, more than 100,000 project cost management professionals from over 100 different nations. These members belong to various fields including Cost Engineering, Quantity Surveying, and Project Management. Comprising well over 40 professional associations spread throughout the world, it is considered an umbrella organization, representing project cost management associations on a global scale.
ICEC accreditation is available to ICEC Member Associations. These qualifications include; Cost Engineering, Quantity Surveying, and Project Management certification. It is also dedicated to the continuing professional development programs (CPD). All of these programs must meet ICEC standards before being recognized.
The expertise of ICEC members covers all Cost Engineering related activities.
The ICEC International Cost Management Journal (ICMJ) is a peer reviewed online journal that features a collection of papers and articles that have been previously published in conference proceedings, symposia or journals produced by ICEC and ICEC member associations. It is a perpetual journal which allows papers to be submitted and included at any time. The ICMJ enables ICEC member associations to acknowledge contributions to their publications and conference proceedings. The journal effectively contains the papers/articles published around the world by member associations.
The ICEC publishes a biannual newsletter, titled “ICEC International Roundup Newsletter”. This includes news and reports about ICEC's activities, papers and news submitted by ICEC member associations as well as technical papers of interest. The newsletter is available in digital format via download from the ICEC Website .
ICEC has an ‘Inventory of Best Practice and Standards’. Drawn from a variety of different countries, the database is a listing of best practices and standards that have been developed for project cost management. This includes documents developed by ICEC member associations as well as independent standards prepared by other organisations. Examples of these would be the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Project Management Organization (IPMA) and the Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (IEC).
[ 2 ] In order to assist other associations in the development and accreditation of their own education and certification programs, ICEC also provides a range of professional competency standards. These are developed by member associations for the purpose of sharing information about the various standards for cost engineering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cost_Engineering_Council |
The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ( ICH ) is an initiative that brings together regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product development and registration. The mission of the ICH is to promote public health by achieving greater harmonisation through the development of technical guidelines and requirements for pharmaceutical product registration. [ 1 ]
Harmonisation leads to a more rational use of human, animal and other resources, the elimination of unnecessary delay in the global development, and availability of new medicines while maintaining safeguards on quality, safety , efficacy, and regulatory obligations to protect public health. Junod notes in her 2005 treatise on clinical drug trials that "[a]bove all, the ICH has succeeded in aligning clinical trial requirements." [ 2 ]
In the 1980s, the European Union began harmonising regulatory requirements. In 1989, Europe, Japan, and the United States began creating plans for harmonisation. The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) was created in April 1990 at a meeting in Brussels . ICH had the initial objective of coordinating the regulatory activities of the European, Japanese and American regulatory bodies in consultation with the pharmaceutical trade associations from these regions, to discuss and agree the scientific aspects arising from product registration. [ 3 ] Since the new millennium, ICH's attention has been directed towards extending the benefits of harmonisation beyond the founding ICH regions. [ citation needed ]
In 2015, ICH underwent several reforms and changed its name to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use while becoming a legal entity in Switzerland as a non-profit association. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The aim of these reforms was to transform ICH into a truly global initiative supported by a robust and transparent governance structure. [ 6 ] The ICH association established an assembly as the over-arching governing body with the aim of focusing global pharmaceutical regulatory harmonisation work in one venue that allows pharmaceutical regulatory authorities and concerned industry organisations to be more actively involved in ICH's harmonisation work. The new assembly met for the first time on 23 October 2015. [ 5 ]
The ICH comprises the following bodies: [ 7 ]
The ICH assembly brings together all members and observers of the ICH association as the overarching governing body of ICH. It adopts decisions in particular on matters such as on the adoption of ICH guidelines, admission of new members and observers, and the ICH association's work plans and budget. Member representatives appointed to the assembly are supported by ICH coordinators who represent each member to the ICH secretariat on a daily basis. [ citation needed ]
The ICH Management Committee (MC) is the body that oversees operational aspects of ICH on behalf of all members, including administrative and financial matters and oversight of the working groups (WGs). [ citation needed ]
The MedDRA Management Committee (MC) is responsible for direction of MedDRA, ICH's standardised medical terminology. The MedDRA MC has the role of managing, supporting, and facilitating the maintenance, development, and dissemination of MedDRA. [ 8 ]
The ICH secretariat is responsible for day-to-day management of ICH, coordinating ICH activities as well as providing support to the assembly, the MC and working groups. The ICH secretariat also provides support for the MedDRA MC. The ICH secretariat is located in Geneva, Switzerland. [ citation needed ]
The ICH WGs are established by the assembly when a new technical topic is accepted for harmonisation, and are charged with developing a harmonised guideline that meets the objectives outlined in the concept paper and business plan. Face-to-face meetings of the WG will normally only take place during the biannual ICH meetings. Interim reports are made at each meeting of the assembly and made publicly available on the ICH website.
ICH harmonisation activities fall into 4 categories: Formal ICH Procedure, Q&A Procedure, Revision Procedure and Maintenance Procedure, depending on the activity to be undertaken.
The development of a new harmonised guideline and its implementation (the formal ICH procedure) involves 5 steps: [ 9 ]
The WG works to prepare a consensus draft of the technical document, based on the objectives set out in the concept paper.
When consensus on the draft is reached within the WG, the technical experts of the WG will sign the Step 1 Experts sign-off sheet. The Step 1 Experts' technical document is then submitted to the assembly to request adoption under Step 2 of the ICH process.
Step 2a is reached when the assembly agrees, based on the report of the WG, that there is sufficient scientific consensus on the technical issues for the technical document to proceed to the next stage of regulatory consultation. The assembly then endorses the Step 2a technical document.
Step 2b is reached when the regulatory members of the assembly further endorse the draft guideline. [ 10 ]
Step 3 occurs in three distinct stages: regulatory consultation, discussion, and finalisation of the Step 3 expert draft guideline.
Step 4 is reached when the regulatory members of the assembly agree that there is sufficient scientific consensus on the draft guideline and adopt the ICH harmonised guideline.
The ICH harmonised guideline moves immediately to the final step of the process that is the regulatory implementation. This step is carried out according to the same national or regional procedures that apply to other regional regulatory guidelines and requirements in the ICH regions.
Information on the regulatory action taken and implementation dates are reported back to the assembly and published by the ICH secretariat on the ICH website. [ 11 ]
The ICH topics are divided into four categories and ICH topic codes are assigned according to these categories: [ 11 ]
ICH guidelines are not binding, and instead implemented by regulatory members through national and regional governance. [ 12 ]
MedDRA is a rich and highly specific standardised medical terminology developed by ICH to facilitate sharing of regulatory information internationally for medical products used by humans. It is used for registration, documentation and safety monitoring of medical products both before and after a product has been authorised for sale. Products covered by the scope of MedDRA include pharmaceuticals, vaccines and drug-device combination products. [ 13 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Harmonisation_of_Technical_Requirements_for_Pharmaceuticals_for_Human_Use |
The International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) is an organisation for professional applied mathematics societies and related organisations. The current president is Wil Schilders. The cash award for each of the prizes [ 1 ] is 5000 USD. [ 2 ]
Until 1999 the Council was known as the Committee for International Conferences on Industrial and Applied Mathematics (CICIAM). Formed in 1987 with the start of the ICIAM conference series, this committee represented the leaders of four applied mathematics societies: the Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (GAMM), in Germany, the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA), in England, the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), in the USA, and the Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles (SMAI), in France. The first two presidents of the council, Roger Temam and Reinhard Mennicken , oversaw the addition of several other societies as members and associate members of the council; as of 2015 it had 21 full members and 26 associate members. Past Presidents include Olavi Nevanlinna , Ian Sloan , Rolf Jeltsch , Barbara Keyfitz , [ 3 ] and María J. Esteban .
ICIAM organizes the four-yearly International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics , the first of which was held in 1987. The most recent congress was in 2019 in Valencia (Spain), and the next will be in 2023 in Tokyo (Japan). It also sponsors several prizes, awarded at the congresses: the Lagrange Prize for exceptional career contributions, the Collatz Prize for outstanding applied mathematicians under the age of 42, the Pioneer Prize for applied mathematical work in a new field, the Maxwell Prize for originality in applied mathematics, and the Su Buchin Prize for outstanding contributions to emerging economies and human development. [ 2 ]
The Collatz Prize is awarded by ICIAM every four years at the International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics , to an applied mathematician under the age of 42. It was established in 1999 on the initiative of Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (GAMM), to recognize outstanding contributions in applied and industrial mathematics. [ 2 ]
Named after the German mathematician Lothar Collatz , it is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious prizes for young applied mathematicians.
The Lagrange Prize is awarded by ICIAM every four years at the International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics , for lifetime achievement in applied mathematics. Named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange , it was established in 1999 on the initiative of Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles (SMAI), Sociedad Española de Matemática Aplicada (SEMA) and Società Italiana di Matematica Applicata e Industriale (SIMAI).
The Maxwell Prize is awarded by ICIAM every four years at the International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics . Established in 1999 and named after James Clerk Maxwell , the prize provides international recognition to a mathematician who has demonstrated originality in applied mathematics. It was created on the initiative of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications with the support of the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation . [ 2 ]
The Pioneer Prize is awarded by ICIAM every four years at the International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics , for pioneering applied mathematical work in a new field. It was established in 1999 on the initiative of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM).
The Su Buchin Prize is awarded by ICIAM every four years at the International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics . Established in 2003 and named after the Chinese mathematician Su Buchin , the prize provides international recognition to outstanding contributions to applying mathematics to emerging economies and human development, including improving teaching and research. It was created on the initiative of the China Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (CSIAM), and was first awarded in 2007.
An Olga Taussky-Todd Lecture has been held at each International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics since 2007. Named after Olga Taussky-Todd , the lectureship is conferred upon an outstanding woman applied mathematician. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics |
The International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences ( CAETS ) is an independent nonpolitical and non-governmental international organization of engineering and technological sciences academies, one member academy per country, that advances the following objectives: [1]
| Provide an independent nonpolitical and non-governmental international forum for enlightened dialog and communication of engineering and technological sciences;
| Contribute to advancing engineering and technological sciences in order to promote economic growth, sustainable development, and societal well-being throughout the world;
| Foster collaboration and the development of bi- and multi-lateral programs between the member academies;
| Prepare science-based proposals in order to advise governments and international organizations on policy issues related to engineering and technology development;
| Promote diversity and inclusion in the global engineering profession;
| Promote ethics in engineering education, research and practice;
| Contribute to continuous improvement and modernization of engineering education and practice internationally;
| Foster a balanced public understanding of the applications of engineering and technology; and
| Foster establishment of additional engineering academies in countries where none exist.
CAETS was founded in 1978 by the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering , the Royal Academy of Engineering , the Academy of Engineering of Mexico [ es ] , the US National Academy of Engineering , and the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences . As of 2022, CAETS has 31 member academies. [ 1 ] CAETS is incorporated as a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation in the District of Columbia , US. [ 2 ] From 1985 till 2000 the name “Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS)” was used, and upon 2000, the current name “International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences, Inc. (CAETS) is in usage. [ 3 ]
CAETS has Council (meets annually), Board of Directors and Executive Committee. [ 4 ]
The CAETS Board of Directors includes four Officers (President: Denis Ranque ; President-Elect: Neven Duić ; Past-President: Manuel Solanet ; Secretary/Treasurer: Ruth David ) together with eight additional members elected by the Council to serve two year terms. [ 5 ]
CAETS Member Academies:
Argentina: Academia Nacional de Ingenieria (ANI) - Elected to CAETS 1999 - website
Australia: Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering (ATSE) - Elected to CAETS 1978 (Founding Member) - website
Belgium: Royal Belgian Academy Council of Applied Sciences (BACAS) - Elected to CAETS 1990 - website
Canada: Canadian Academy of Engineering (CAE) - Elected to CAETS 1991 - website
China: Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) - Elected to CAETS 1997 - website
Croatia: Croatian Academy of Engineering (HATZ) - Elected to CAETS 2000 - website
Czech Republic: Engineering Academy of the Czech Republic - Elected to CAETS 1999 - website
Denmark: Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV) - Elected to CAETS 1987 - website
Finland: Council of Finnish Academies (CoFA) - Elected to CAETS 1989 - website
France: National Academy of Technologies of France (NATF) - Elected to CAETS 1989 - website
Germany: National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech) - Elected to CAETS 2005 - website
Hungary: Hungarian Academy of Engineering (HAE) - Elected to CAETS 1995 - website
India: Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE) - Elected to CAETS 1999 - website
Ireland: Irish Academy of Engineering (IAE) - Elected to CAETS 2020 - website
Japan: Engineering Academy of Japan (EAJ) - Elected to CAETS 1990 - website
Korea: National Academy of Engineering of Korea (NAEK) - Elected to CAETS 2000 - website
Mexico: Academy of Engineering of Mexico (AIM) - Elected to CAETS 1978 (Founding Member) - website
Netherlands: Netherlands Academy of Technology and Innovation (AcTI) - Elected to CAETS 1993 - website
New Zealand: Royal Society Te Aparangi (RSNZ) - Elected to CAETS 2019 - website
Nigeria: Nigerian Academy of Engineering (NAE) - Elected to CAETS 2019 - website Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine
Norway: Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences - Elected to CAETS 1990 - website
Pakistan: Pakistan Academy of Engineering (PAE) - Elected to CAETS 2018 - website
Serbia: Academy of Engineering Sciences of Serbia (AESS) - Elected to CAETS 2019 - website Archived 2022-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
Slovenia: Slovenian Academy of Engineering (IAS) - Elected to CAETS 2000 - website
South Africa: South African Academy of Engineering (SAAE) - Elected to CAETS 2009 - website
Spain: Real Academia de Ingenieria (RAI) - Elected to CAETS 1999 - website
Sweden: Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA) - Elected to CAETS 1978 (Founding Member) - website
Switzerland: Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (SATW) - Elected to CAETS 1988 - website
United Kingdom: Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) - Elected to CAETS 1978 (Founding Member) - website
United States: National Academy of Engineering (NAE) - Elected to CAETS 1978 (Founding Member) - website
Uruguay: National Academy of Engineering of Uruguay - Elected to CAETS 2000 - website
In October 2007, CAETS issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth :
In following years, CAETS has issued statements as listed: [ 7 ]
2008: Delta Technology for a Sustainable and Habitable Planet
2009: Global Natural Resources – Management and Sustainability
2010: Sustainable Food Systems – Toward Food for All
2011: Engineering Analysis and Management to Reduce Risks
2012: Urban Development and Public Transportation: Improved Understanding of the Interdependencies
2013: Educating Engineers
2014: Engineering and the Future of Humankind
2015: Pathways to Sustainability in the Energy, Mobility and Health Care Sectors
2018: Sustainable Development of Agricultural and Forestry Systems
2019: Engineering a Better World – The Next 100 Years
2020: Engineering a Better World – Smart Society
2021: CAETS Statement on COP26
2022: CAETS Statement on Invasion of Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Academies_of_Engineering_and_Technological_Sciences |
The International Council of Chemical Associations ( ICCA ) is the trade association of the global chemical industry . [ 1 ] Its members are both regional trade associations like Cefic or the Gulf Petrochemicals and Chemicals Association , and also national associations including the American Chemistry Council .
According to its own figures, ICCA represents chemical companies which account for more than 75% of the global production capacities, making more than US$1.6 trillion in revenues each year.
ICCA is the steward of Responsible Care , a voluntary scheme to improve chemical safety among its members. Responsible Care had been launched by the Chemistry Industry Association of Canada in 1985. At the 2006 International Conference on Chemicals Management, Responsible Care was extended through a Global Product Strategy and a Global Charter .
Full members of ICCA include: [ 2 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Chemical_Associations |
The International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences ( ICAS ) is a worldwide institution, established as an international forum for individual national aeronautical professional associations.
It was formed on 29 January 1957 at a conference in the US. [ 1 ] The first ICAS Congress was held in Spain in 1958. Frank Wattendorf , of AGARD , was the first Director.
A second meeting was held in Paris, with Hugh Latimer Dryden of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics , and representatives from ONERA (Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales), the Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS), the WGL (now the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt), the Association Française des Ingénieurs et Techniciens de l'Aéronautique (now the Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France ), and the Aeronautical Research Institute of Sweden .
It holds a biennial international congress in September. In 1986 it was held in London. In 2000 the congress was held in North Yorkshire . The 2018 Congress was held by Associação Brasileira de Engenharia e Ciências Mecânicas (ABCM) in Brazil. The 2020 congress will be held in Shanghai, China.
The secretariat of ICAS is at Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Bonn . It was first headquartered at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the DLR from 1978, the RAeS in 1986, the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Luchtvaarttechniek from 1990, the AAAF (Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France) from 1997, then Sweden from 2002, and Germany from January 2011. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_the_Aeronautical_Sciences |
The International Council on Systems Engineering ( INCOSE ; pronounced / ɛ n - k oʊ s i / ) is a not-for-profit membership organization and professional society in the field of systems engineering with about 26,000 members and associates [ 1 ] including individual, corporate, and student members. INCOSE's main activities include conferences, publications, local chapters, certifications and technical working groups.
The INCOSE International Symposium is usually held in July, and the INCOSE International Workshop is held in the United States or Europe in January.
Currently, there are about 70 local INCOSE chapters globally with most chapters outside the United States representing entire countries, while chapters within the United States represent cities or regions.
INCOSE organizes about 55 technical working groups with international membership, aimed at collaboration and the creation of INCOSE products, printed and online, in the field of Systems engineering . There are working groups for topics within systems engineering practice, systems engineering in particular industries and systems engineering's relationship to other related disciplines.
INCOSE produces two main periodicals: the journal, [ 2 ] and the practitioner magazine, [ 3 ] and a number of individual published works, including the INCOSE Handbook. [ 4 ] In collaboration with the IEEE Systems Society [ 5 ] and the Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC)/ Steven Institute of Technology , [ 6 ] INCOSE produces and maintains the online Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK)], [ 7 ] a wiki-style reference open to contributions from anyone, but with content controlled and managed by an editorial board.
INCOSE certifies systems engineers through its three-tier certification process, [ 8 ] which requires a combination of education, years of experience and passing an examination based on the INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook. [ 4 ]
INCOSE is a member organization of the Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations (FEAPO), a worldwide association of professional organizations formed to advance the discipline of Enterprise Architecture .
The stated vision of INCOSE is "A better world through a systems approach" and its mission is "To address complex societal and technical challenges by enabling, promoting and advancing systems engineering and systems approaches. [ 1 ] The organization's goals are focused on the creation and dissemination of systems engineering information, promoting international collaboration and promoting the profession of Systems engineering .
INCOSE's International Council on Systems Engineering Standards Technical Committee (STC) is working to advance and harmonize systems engineering standards used worldwide. Some of the notable standards the STC has been involved with are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_on_Systems_Engineering |
The International Cytokine & Interferon Society (sometimes abbreviated as ICIS, often referred to as the Cytokine Society) [1] is a non-profit organization composed of researchers of cytokines, interferons and chemokine cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, and the use of biological response modifiers clinically. [ 1 ] As the premier organization in the field of cytokine biology, it has more than 950 member scientists and holds annual conferences around the world.
The International Cytokine & Interferon Society has an elected Council that oversees operations. Sarah Gaffen (University of Pittsburgh) is the current President, Curt Horvath (Northwestern University) is President-Elect, Chris Hunter (University of Pennsylvania) is Past-President.
Originally founded in 1988 as "The International Cytokine Society" (ICS), after having co-hosted annual meetings with the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research (ISICR), the two organizations merged to become the International Cytokine and Interferon Society (ICIS) in 2013. [ 1 ]
International Cytokine & Interferon Society holds annual conferences around the world, usually in October or November. The 2024 conference was held jointly with the Korean Association of Immunology at the COEX Convention & Exhibition Center Seoul, Korea. The conference featured keynote speakers Professors Judi Allen (University of Manchester) and Nobel Laureate Drew Weissman (University of Pennsylvania). The 2025 ICIS meeting will be held Nov 2-5 in Seattle Washington [2] .
Each year the society selects recipients of multiple awards at various career stages.
Mid-Senior career awards: ICIS/Pfizer Award for Excellence in Cytokine and Interferon Research (formerly known as the Seymour and Vivian Milstein Award), the ICIS/BioLegend William E. Paul Award, the ICIS/Luminex Jack Kettman Award, the ICIS Mentorship Award, the ICIS Honorary Lifetime Membership Award, and the ICIS/Howard A. Young Distinguished Service Award.
Young Investigator awards: ICIS/ Regeneron Pharmaceuticals New investigator awards, ICIS/Christina Fleischmann Award, ICIS/ Pfizer Amanda Proudfoot Tribute Award for Advances in Chemokine Biology, and the Joan and Sidney Pestka Graduate and Post-Graduate awards.
Travel Awards: Many travel awards are given to top-ranked abstracts for attendance at the annual meeting. The ICIS Joan Oefner travel award was created in 2024.
The International Cytokine & Interferon Society has no official journal. There are informal connections to the Journal of Cytokine and Interferon Research , published by Mary Ann Liebert, and Cytokine , a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of cytokine biology is published by Elsevier . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cytokine_&_Interferon_Society |
The International Day for Biological Diversity (or World Biodiversity Day ) is a United Nations –sanctioned international day for the promotion of biodiversity issues. It is currently held on May 22. [ 1 ]
The International Day for Biological Diversity falls within the scope of the UN Post-2015 Development Agenda's Sustainable Development Goals . In this larger initiative of international cooperation , the topic of biodiversity concerns stakeholders in sustainable agriculture ; desertification , land degradation and drought; water and sanitation ; health and sustainable development ; energy; science, technology and innovation , knowledge-sharing and capacity-building; urban resilience and adaptation; sustainable transport ; climate change and disaster risk reduction ; oceans and seas; forests; vulnerable groups including indigenous peoples ; and food security . [ 2 ] The critical role of biodiversity in sustainable development was recognized in a Rio+20 outcome document, “The World We Want: A Future for All”. [ citation needed ]
From its creation by the Second Committee of the UN General Assembly in 1993 until 2000, it was held on December 29 to celebrate the day the Convention on Biological Diversity went into effect. On December 20, 2000, [ 3 ] The date was shifted to commemorate the adoption of the Convention on May 22, 1992, at the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit , and partly to avoid the many other holidays that occur in late December. [ 4 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_for_Biological_Diversity |
The International Day of Women and Girls in Science is an annual observance adopted by the United Nations General Assembly to promote the full and equal access and participation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields. [ 1 ] The United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 70/212 on 22 December 2015, [ 2 ] which proclaimed the 11th day of February as the annual commemoration of the observance. [ 3 ] A theme is selected annually to highlight a particular focus and area of discussion around a focus point for gender equality in science. [ 4 ]
The International Day of Women and Girls in Science is implemented annually at the United Nations Headquarters by the Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) in close collaboration and partnership with the United Nations entities (including UNESCO and UN-Women) and Member States, intergovernmental organisations, civil society partners, universities and corporations in order to achieve the shared goal of promoting the role of women and girls in scientific fields and celebrate those already successful in the field. [ 5 ]
In comparison to their male peers, females are underrepresented in science and technology fields. Between the 1960s and 1980s, the number of women obtaining science and engineering degrees steadily increased in American universities , however reached an unexpected plateau from the 1980s. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] A 2013 UK study explored that there has existed a persistent underrepresentation of women in STEM fields, and that in the prior 25-year period there had been little change of the participation of women in science and technology. [ 8 ] Further, social barriers including the expectation of women in the home, early marriage and discriminatory practices in the labour market have been persistent in preventing women in developing regions across the world such as Africa, South Asia and the Caribbean from not only pursuing science and technology further, but education more broadly. [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
In the present day these barriers to participation are still persistent, and present as social barriers. A 2013 study in the United Kingdom explored the social barriers to participation post the compulsory participation age in sciences (particularly physics) and determined that pervasive gender biases exist, with girls less likely to be encouraged to study physics by their teachers, family, and friends. [ 11 ]
Throughout the world there are also regional differences in the particular barriers for female participation in the sciences. In the United States, it was found that lower enrolment and attraction to scientific education across the pipeline resulted in lower female participation. [ 12 ] This differed to the Arab world, where enrolment in scientific education is particularly high, comprising a sixty to eighty percent share of total enrolments, however career and social barriers prevented further participation. [ 12 ]
Initiated by the Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) facilitated by the Government of Malta, and sponsored by more than 60 countries, the 70th Session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 70/212 titled "International Day of Women and Girls in Science" on 22nd December 2015. [ 2 ] This resolution formally proclaimed February 11 as the annual observation of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. [ 3 ] The United Nations General Assembly invited all member states, organisations and bodies of the United Nations alongside individuals and the private sector to engage in awareness raising and educational activities to promote the full and equal access for women and girls in science. [ 1 ] In adopting the resolution, the United Nations drew on several of its previous resolutions in order to cite the need for the observation of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. Notably, resolution 70/1 titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", which declared the United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Goals , was cited, namely the goals of quality education and gender equality. [ 13 ] Alongside this, resolution 68/220 was cited, where the United Nations General Assembly recognised that in order to achieve gender equality and female empowerment, it is essential to promote the full and equal access of females to participate in science, technology and innovation. [ 14 ] The Royal Academy of Science International Trust, the Government of Malta, and the Permanent Missions to the United Nations are responsible for commemorating the International Day of Women and Girls in Science.
Following the adoption of Resolution A/RES/70/212 on the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, The Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) continues to work with UN Member States, Inter-Governmental Organizations, the UN and its entities to achieve equality in science, technology, and innovation for socio-economic sustainable development in line with the 2030 Agenda and its SDGs.
Following the adoption of UNGA Resolution 70/212 , Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) reached out to UNESCO and UN Women on January 4, 2016, eager to discuss the vision for commemorating the inaugural International Day of Women and Girls in Science. Just days later, on January 7, a momentous communication arrived from UNESCO, accompanied by UN Women, acknowledging RASIT’s commitment and expertise in empowering women and girls in the field of science. They extended an invitation for RASIT to take the lead in orchestrating the celebrations.
Inspired by this recognition, Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) embraced the opportunity with enthusiasm and dedication. With a shared vision for equality and empowerment, preparations for the commemoration began in earnest. For RASIT, this is not just a commemoration; it is a catalyst for change, a chance to uplift voices and pave the way for a future where women and girls in science are celebrated and supported in their journeys to greatness.
Each year on February 11 , Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT), in close collaboration and partnership with the United Nations Member States, Departments, organizations and entities, as well as Intergovernmental Organizations organizes the International Day of Women and Girls in Science Assembly at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. The High-Level Assembly brings together both representatives of member states alongside representatives of international organisations, the private sector and leading scientists to discuss measures and initiatives to promote the increased participation of females in STEM. [ 15 ]
Each year the assembly focuses upon a key theme as a central topic of discussion.
In a groundbreaking shift from traditional international observances initiated by the United Nations, the Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) has established a vibrant new tradition—one where the themes for the International Day of Women and Girls in Science resonate directly from the voices of women in science. This innovative approach not only illuminates the invaluable contributions of women as trailblazers and leaders in the pursuit of sustainable development but also elevates their voices on the world stage.
Through this approach, the Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) is creating an environment where these remarkable women feel empowered to lead, inspire, and create—where they are not merely following the paths laid before them but are fearlessly forging their own. As we honor their accomplishments and aspirations, we pave the way for a world enriched by diversity, creativity, and revolutionary advancements that uplift all of humanity. This is what the Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) is aiming for, to cultivate a legacy where every woman’s voice matters, and where the contributions of women in science shine brightly, illuminating the path to a better tomorrow.
The acclaim garnered by the Royal Academy of Science International Trust (RASIT) endeavors is underscored by the historical achievement of February 11 being the ONLY INTERNATIONAL DAY on the UN calendar addressed by Heads of State and Governments , the highest number of co-organizers and co-sponsors Member States, UN Departments and Entities, and IGOs, and more significantly with outcome documents and declarations endorsed by UN member States and Inter-Governmental Organizations. Furthermore, the February 11 annual Assembly is the first to be moderated by Girls in Science and includes the voices of the blind and deaf women in science.
Since 2016, the International Day of Women and Girls in Science Assembly has aimed to bridge between the International Community and women in science and experts by linking their knowledge and expertise and its applications in a systematic, critical way for the 2030 agenda and its 17 global goals . In addition, it has been marked by involving women scientists to assist policymakers – at all levels whether in public or private sectors - to evolving a more mature relationship between science, policy, and society for strategies that they can commit to for the future.
In addition to the above, RASIT’s advocacy and initiatives are widely seen every February 11 th worldwide, with governments and multi-stakeholders celebrating the achievements of their women in science and the annual commemoration now includes over 155,000 events and projects that demonstrate the commitment of girls, women, and supportive men to this Day.
Alongside the annual assembly of the United Nations, various governments and governmental organisations promote initiatives to recognise and endorse the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, including raising awareness and increasing funding to initiatives promoting women in science. Selected examples have been highlighted below.
As a permanent sponsor mission, the Australian Government has actively taken steps to promote and encourage female participation in alignment with the recognition and celebration of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. To commemorate the event in 2022, the Australian Government Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources committed A$6.7 million of funding to address female underrepresentation in STEM fields by expanding successful initiatives targeting the issue. [ 16 ]
The executive branch of the European Union , the European Commission , has specifically called upon its citizens to acknowledge the achievements of female participation in scientific research and innovation on the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. [ 17 ] The European Union has actively implemented initiatives to promote women and girls in science, such as requiring organisations to have a Gender Equality Plan in place to be eligible to receive Horizon Europe funding and grants as well as awarding three EUR 50,000 grants in 2022 to female innovators under 35. [ 17 ]
The Irish Government actively recognises the International Day of Women and Girls in Science and has used the commemoration to announce reforms to recognise and promote the need for increased female participation in STEM. [ 18 ] On recognition of the 7th annual observation of the event, the Irish Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science , Simon Harris , announced that the three largest providers of scientific funding in Ireland require Higher Education institutions to have gender equality accreditation before they have access to research funding. [ 18 ]
The Government of the Republic of Kenya , specifically the Ministry of Education and National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation have actively celebrated the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. In 2022, the organisations alongside the UNESCO Kenya National Mission hosted a virtual celebration to celebrate the 2022 theme involving speakers and educational aspects. [ 19 ]
The Government of the United Kingdom is an active supporter of the International Day of Women and Girls, and actively promotes it through its Government agencies. Notably, the United Kingdom's Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office actively promoted and stated the United Kingdom's commitment to supporting women and girls in STEM through its social media channels for the 2022 commemoration [ 20 ] and through interviews with leading British female scientists in 2021. [ 21 ]
Globally, non-government and corporate organisations have also recognised the International Day of Women and Girls in Science through their own initiatives to promote the role of females in STEM. Selected examples have been highlighted below.
Universities and academic organisations play a key role in the recognition of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. For example, in 2017 for the 2nd annual commemoration of the event, the International Particle Physics Outreach Group , a network of academics and scientists from universities and research laboratories around the globe, launched masterclasses ran by female scientists for female students across Barcelona , Cagliari , Cosenza , Heidelberg , Madrid , Paris , Prague , Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo . [ 22 ] After their launch these masterclasses have continued to run annually alongside the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. [ 23 ] Associated members of the International Science Council including the International Astronomical Union, International Mathematical Union and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry all host events both in person and virtually on an annual basis to celebrate the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. [ 24 ]
Various corporations actively participate in initiatives to promote women and girls in science that coincide with the commemoration of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. L'Oreal sponsors the L'Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards which are presented annually on 11 February [ 25 ] to five female scientists from regions across the globe to recognise esteemed accomplishment in scientific fields. [ 26 ] Airbus , a global aviation company, utilises the focus of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science to highlight important women in their company and the key roles they play for the firm globally. [ 27 ] In 2022, they highlighted the role of the first female to join Airbus' space programme manager's group in Madrid. [ 27 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Women_and_Girls_in_Science |
International Deep Drawing Research Group (IDDRG)
The International Deep Drawing Research Group ( IDDRG ) focuses on sheet metal research in industry and academia. It was started 1957 as an organization of national groups. [ 1 ] The original focus was on the fabrication of cups hence the name Deep Drawing Research Group. At the initial meeting the purpose was enlarged to do cooperative research on tests, materials, and processes. Such work included for example, methods for determining the strain hardening exponent n, the anisotropy-values ( lankford coefficient ), as well as other tests for sheet metal formability and, later, forming limit diagrams . [ 2 ]
Starting in 1960, a schedule was established for working group meetings every year with open Congresses in every second, even numbered years. The working group meetings were closed sessions made up of delegations from the National Groups that comprised the IDDRG. The reason for these closed sessions was to allow experts to informally review critical issues related to materials, tests, and processes.
As some of the initial technical issues were resolved, the working groups became progressively more informal, and over the years became mini conferences. By 1998, it had become obvious that the former format of the IDDRG has to be changed. This evolution took time, but starting in 2003, the meeting schedule shifted to yearly Conferences with both regular papers and poster presentations that are included in conference proceedings.
The Mission of the International Deep Drawing Research Group ( IDDRG ) is to co-ordinate research and development work in sheet metal forming, to bring together scientists, researchers and industrialists working on these fields all over the World, to provide open and scientifically highly acknowledged forum to its members to present their research and development findings on all aspects of sheet metal forming and certain related subjects.
The combination of technical presentations and opportunities for discussion are meant to stimulate thinking and to provide valuable interchange of ideas.
Conferences are normally scheduled for May or June in Europe, North America or Asia. However, most conferences are held in Europe because the majority of the current membership resides in Europe. Conferences start with an informal reception on Sunday evening followed by two and a half days of technical sessions. Ample time is allowed for technical discussion, and various social events are scheduled in association with the conference. Typical topics include machinery and press tools , new processes, new materials, experimental methods for evaluating formability and studying press operations, springback , constitutive equations, plasticity criteria, and friction and wear with attention to interface behavior as characterized by topography and surface chemistry, lubrication , speed, and temperature.
The officers of the IDDRG are the current President, Vice-Presidents, General Secretary, Treasurer, and active Past-Presidents. The officers of the IDDRG comprise the Executive Committee. The vice-presidents are selected for their expertise and to represent, as far as possible, the geographic distribution of the member countries. Specific responsibilities of vice-presidents are to contact and represent the National delegations in their geographic area and to chair technical sessions at conferences.
Member countries include: Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , Canada , Czech Republic , China , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Hungary , Italy , Japan , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , and the United States . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Deep_Drawing_Research_Group |
International Display Technology ( IDTech ) was a partnership between Taiwan's Chi Mei Corporation and IBM Japan. Its manufacturing factory was sold to Sony in 2005. The headquarters was renamed to the current name, CMO Japan Co., Ltd. in 2006. It manufactured the IBM T220/T221 LCD monitors , among other products.
This computing article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Display_Technology |
The Australian Injecting & Illicit Drug Users League ( AIVL ) is the peer-led peak organisation and harm reduction network advancing the wellbeing, health & human rights of the millions of people who use drugs illicitly (PWUD) in Australia and representing peer-based Drug User Organisations (DUOs) and also support the capacity building of peer-based harm reduction programs and networks in the Asia-Pacific region. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] AIVL is based in Sydney but fully decentralised , as of 2023, for a better diverse representation. [ 5 ] AIVL host on its website: harm reduction, advocacy, research and drug policy resources, an online training platform for PWUD, harm reduction peer workers and healthcare allies, and the AIVL NSP Directory .
International Drug Users Remembrance Day is a health awareness day observed on 21 July each year. It is a day where friends and family can meet together to memorialise and remember loved ones whose lives were cut short due to drug use and the criminalisation and stigmatisation of people who use drugs. [ 6 ]
It is also a day to remember everyone who has worked to advance the health and human rights of people who use drugs, many of whom have provided services borne out of civil disobedience such as needle and syringe programs and medically supervised injecting center's which have saved many lives. [ 7 ] [ 8 ]
When talking about what it meant to him, as a young drug user, Matthew Bonn said: [ 9 ]
My grief is personal, and colored by the knowledge that it could easily have been me. At the same time, it’s experienced by millions of others in their own ways.
Bonn also talks about specific friends that he had lost to drug use and tells some of their stories. [ 9 ]
It is similar to International Overdose Awareness Day (31 August) [ 10 ] and International Drug Users Day (1 November). [ 11 ] [ 12 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Drug_Users_Remembrance_Day |
The International Early Warning Program ( IEWP ), was first proposed at the Second International Early Warning Conference (EWCII) in 2003 in Bonn , Germany . It developed increasing importance in the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami , which claimed over 200,000 lives and injured over half a million people.
In January 2005, the United Nations (UN) launched extensive plans to create a global warning system to lessen the impact of deadly natural disasters at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction , held in Kobe , Japan . The UN programme would help improve prevention and resilience to all types of natural disasters , including droughts , wildfires , floods , typhoons , hurricanes , landslides , volcanoes and tsunamis , by using a comprehensive set of methods including rapid information sharing and training communities at risk. It is believed that the loss of human life would have been dramatically reduced, if a tsunami warning system , like the one that exists for the volcano-and-earthquake prone Pacific Rim , had been operational in the Indian Ocean . Technology, such as tremor and tidal gauges, fast data transfer and alarm mechanisms, used in combination with training in the danger zones, would have given hundreds of thousands of people time to move to the safety of higher ground.
Early warning systems are now widely recognized as worthwhile and necessary investments to help save lives. In 2004, millions of people in the Americas and Asia were evacuated when tropical storms struck, which saved thousands of lives. According to Michel Jarraud, Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organisation , about 90% of all natural disasters were caused by hazards related to weather and water. Speaking at the conference, he said: "It is WMO's aim to halve the number of deaths due to natural disasters of meteorological, hydrological and climatic origin over the next 15 years, more specifically to reduce by half the associated ten-year average fatality from the period 1995-2004 to the period 2010-2019 for these disasters." [ 1 ]
There was unanimous support among participants to the January 2005 conference, as an initial step towards an International Early Warning Programme, for UN-led efforts to establish an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System . [ 2 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Early_Warning_Programme |
The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ), formerly the International Earth Rotation Service , is the body responsible for maintaining global time and reference frame standards, notably through its Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP) and International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) groups.
The IERS was established in its present form in 1987 by the International Astronomical Union and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics , replacing the earlier International Polar Motion Service (IPMS) and the Earth rotation section of the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH). The service began operation on January 1, 1988. Since its inception, the IERS has established new bureaus including the GPS Coordinating Centre in 1990, the DORIS Coordinating Centre in 1994 and the Global Geophysical Fluids Centre in 1998. The organization was formerly known as International Earth Rotation Service until 2003 when it formally changed its name to its present form, in which the organization chose to retain the acronym IERS.
The IERS has various components located in the United States , Europe and Australia . Among its other functions, the IERS is responsible for announcing leap seconds .
The Sub-bureau for Rapid Service and Predictions of Earth Orientation Parameters of the IERS, located at the United States Naval Observatory , monitors the Earth's rotation . Part of its mission involves the determination of a time scale based on the current rate of the rotation of the Earth. Other services of IERS are at the Paris Observatory .
UT1 is the non-uniform time defined based on the Earth's rotation.
It defined the IERS Reference Meridian , the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), and subsequent International Terrestrial Reference Frames (ITRF). Related coordinate systems are used by satellite navigation systems like GPS and Galileo : WGS84 and GTRF . The definitions and relationships among ITRF, ICRF and EOP are established by IERS conventions standards. As of 2022 [update] , the most recent convention is the IERS Conventions (2010). [ 2 ]
A mission of the IERS is to provide earth orientation information to the greater geodesy community in the form of bulletins: [ 3 ] [ 4 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service |
The International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ; French : Commission électrotechnique internationale ) is an international standards organization [ 3 ] [ 4 ] that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical , electronic and related technologies. IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission and distribution to home appliances and office equipment, semiconductors, fibre optics, batteries, solar energy , nanotechnology , and marine energy, as well as many others. The IEC also manages four [ 5 ] global conformity assessment systems that certify whether equipment, system or components conform to its international standards.
All electrotechnologies are covered by IEC Standards, including energy production and distribution, electronics, magnetics and electromagnetics , electroacoustics , multimedia , telecommunications and medical technology , as well as associated general disciplines such as terminology and symbols, electromagnetic compatibility, measurement and performance, dependability, design and development, safety and the environment.
The first International Electrical Congress took place in 1881 at the International Exposition of Electricity , held in Paris. At that time the International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units was agreed to.
The International Electrotechnical Commission held its inaugural meeting on 26 June 1906, following discussions among the British Institution of Electrical Engineers , the American Institute of Electrical Engineers , and others, which began at the 1900 Paris International Electrical Congress, [ citation needed ] , with British engineer R. E. B. Crompton playing a key role. In 1906, Lord Kelvin was elected as the first President of the International Electrotechnical Commission. [ 6 ]
The IEC was instrumental in developing and distributing standards for units of measurement, particularly the gauss , hertz , and weber . [ 7 ] It was also first to promote the Giorgi System of standards, later developed into the SI , or Système International d'unités (in English, the International System of Units).
In 1938, it published a multilingual international vocabulary to unify terminology relating to electrical, electronic and related technologies. This effort continues, and the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary is published online as the Electropedia .
The CISPR ( Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques ) – in English, the International Special Committee on Radio Interference – is one of the groups founded by the IEC.
Currently, 89 countries are IEC members [ 8 ] while another 85 participate in the Affiliate Country Programme, [ 9 ] which is not a form of membership but is designed to help industrializing countries get involved with the IEC. Originally located in London , United Kingdom, the IEC moved to its current headquarters in Geneva , Switzerland in 1948.
It has regional centres in Africa ( Nairobi , Kenya), Asia ( Singapore ), Oceania ( Sydney , Australia), Latin America ( São Paulo , Brazil) and North America ( Worcester, Massachusetts , United States).
The work is done by some 10,000 electrical and electronics experts from industry, government, academia, test labs and others with an interest in the subject.
IEC Standards are often adopted as national standards by its members.
The IEC cooperates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) . In addition, it works with several major standards development organizations, including the IEEE with which it signed a cooperation agreement in 2002, which was amended in 2008 to include joint development work.
IEC Standards that are not jointly developed with ISO have numbers in the range 60000–79999 and their titles take a form such as IEC 60417: Graphical symbols for use on equipment . Following the Dresden Agreement with CENELEC the numbers of older IEC standards were converted in 1997 by adding 60000, for example IEC 27 became IEC 60027. Standards of the 60000 series are also found preceded by EN to indicate that the IEC standard is also adopted by CENELEC as a European standard; for example IEC 60034 is also available as EN 60034.
Standards developed jointly with ISO, such as ISO/IEC 26300 ( Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.0 ), ISO/IEC 27001 ( Information technology, Security techniques, Information security management systems, Requirements ), and ISO/IEC 17000 series, carry the acronym of both organizations. The use of the ISO/IEC prefix covers publications from ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 – Information Technology , as well as conformity assessment standards developed by ISO CASCO (Committee on conformity assessment) and IEC CAB (Conformity Assessment Board). Other standards developed in cooperation between IEC and ISO are assigned numbers in the 80000 series, such as IEC 82045–1.
IEC Standards are also being adopted by other certifying bodies such as BSI (United Kingdom), CSA (Canada), UL & ANSI / INCITS (United States), SABS (South Africa), Standards Australia , SPC / GB (China) and DIN (Germany). IEC standards adopted by other certifying bodies may have some noted differences from the original IEC standard. [ 10 ]
The IEC is made up of members, called national committees, and each NC represents its nation's electrotechnical interests in the IEC. This includes manufacturers, providers, distributors and vendors, consumers and users, all levels of governmental agencies, professional societies and trade associations as well as standards developers from national standards bodies. National committees are constituted in different ways. Some NCs are public sector only, some are a combination of public and private sector, and some are private sector only. About 90% of those who prepare IEC standards work in industry. [ 11 ] IEC Member countries include:
In 2001 and in response to calls from the WTO to open itself to more developing nations, the IEC launched the Affiliate Country Programme to encourage developing nations to become involved in the commission's work or to use its International Standards. Countries signing a pledge to participate in the work and to encourage the use of IEC Standards in national standards and regulations are granted access to a limited number of technical committee documents for the purposes of commenting. In addition, they can select a limited number of IEC Standards for their national standards' library. [ 13 ] Countries participating in the Affiliate Country Programme are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission |
The International Energy Conservation Code ( IECC ) is a building code created by the International Code Council in 2000. It is a model code adopted by many states and municipal governments in the United States for the establishment of minimum design and construction requirements for energy efficiency . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The code is updated every 3 years, to provide an ongoing standard of best practices for energy efficiency. [ 3 ]
In addition to overall building standards the code defines the Climate Zones used in building, shown in this picture. These should not be confused with the USDA plant Hardiness zone .
This engineering-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Conservation_Code |
The Fédération internationale du béton – International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib) is a not-for-profit association committed to advancing the technical, economic, aesthetic and environmental performances of concrete structures worldwide. The organization depends on the voluntary contributions of international experts to achieve its mission and plays a role in stimulating research and promoting the use and development of concrete.
The fib was created in 1998 via the merger of the CEB and the FIP.
Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte - International Federation for Prestressing was inaugurated in 1952 at an international meeting in Cambridge, United Kingdom.
The Comité européen du béton - European Committee for Concrete (later: Comité euro-international du béton) was established in 1953.
In 1962 a common initiative by the FIP and CEB led to the creation of the 'Mixed CEB-FIP Committee for Drafting of Recommendations for Prestressed Concrete'.
In 1983 the Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland invited the CEB to open an office on its campus. Today this office is the headquarters of the fib .
The CEB and the FIP merged in 1998 during the last FIP Congress to form the "fib". The fib continues the work of its founding associations by providing technical reports, state-of-the-art reports, manuals, textbooks, guides, recommendations and model codes.
The fib ’s general assembly (GA) is composed of delegates appointed by the organization’s national member groups. There are forty-one national member groups (NMGs) in the fib . They act as forums for co-operation and coordination. The general assembly deals with high-level administrative and technical matters, such as elections, finances, statutes and the approval of model codes. The technical council (TC) oversees the work of the commissions and task groups. The commissions and task groups of the fib develop the technical bulletins that form the cornerstone of the fib ’s activities. The presidium is the organization’s executive committee and implements decisions made by the GA and the TC. It handles such matters as the scheduling of events, membership, awards and honours.
In 2025 the fib counts forty-two member countries. They are: Argentina , Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , Canada , China , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Iceland, India , Iran , Israel , Italy , Japan , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Slovakia , Slovenia , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Tanzania, Turkey , Ukraine , the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom and the United States of America .
The vision for fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2020 (MC2020) , as a single merged general structural code, goes beyond the point reached by fib MC2010, recent ISO codes, such as ISO 16311, and the current Eurocode activities to extend their application to existing structures. The envisaged development is intended to result in an internationally recognized and comprehensive fib Model Code 2020 for new and existing concrete structures. This work is to be taken forward by TG10.1: Model Code 2020. It is clear from discussions at the TC that Commission 10 and TG10.1 should have wide international representation.
The fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2020 is only available in PRINTED version. Please select the DHL shipment as your delivery option when you make your order. Please be aware that shipping may take 3-4 weeks, depending on your location. The electronic version is accessible via the online viewer depending on your subscription but a PDF version cannot be purchased nor downloaded.
This work, published as a hardcover and an e-book by John Wiley & Sons , presents new developments in and ideas about concrete structures and structural materials and describes the complete life cycle of structures, from conceptual design through to dismantlement. Its purpose is to serve as a basis for future codes and to present new developments in structural material, techniques and the means to achieve optimum behaviour. It is an essential document for national and international code committees, practitioners and researchers. [ 2 ]
The bulletins include technical reports, state-of-the-art reports, manuals, textbooks, guides, recommendations and model codes, all of which form a detailed record of the results obtained by commissions and task groups in the field of research synthesis and operational applications to concrete structures. [ 3 ]
Structural Concrete , [ 4 ] the official journal of the fib , publishes peer-reviewed papers featuring the design, construction and performance of concrete structures, as well as broader issues such as environmental impact assessment.
fib -news is a newsletter that is printed at the back of Structural Concrete . [ 4 ]
Symposia organized by the national member groups of the fib are international meetings where innovations in concrete design and construction are analysed and debated. Symposia take place three years out of four in principle. Past Symposia include Prague (1999), Orlando (2000), Berlin (2001), Athens (2003), Avign (2004), New Delhi (2004), Budapest (2005), La Plata (2005), Dubrovnik (2007), Amsterdam (2008), London (2009), Prague (2011), Stockholm (2012), Tel-Aviv (2013), Copenhagen (2015), Cape Town (2016), Maastricht (2017), Krakow (2019), Shanghai (2020), Lisbon (2021), Istanbul (2023) and Christchurch (2024). PhD Symposia are biennial forums that allow PhD students to share information with the international research community. Prizes are awarded for outstanding papers and presentations. Past PhD Symposia include Budapest (1996 and 1998), Vienna (2000), Munich (2002), Delft (2004), Zurich (2006), Stuttgart (2008), Copenhagen (2010), Karlsruhe (2012), Quebec (2014), Tokyo (2016, Prague (2018), Paris (2020-2021), Rome (2022) and Budapest (2024).
Held every four years, the fib Congress is the organization's flagship event, where practitioners and researchers from around the world convene to discuss and exhibit all aspects of concrete structures. Pas Congresses include Osaka (2002), Naples (2006), Washington (2010), Mumbai (2014), Melbourne (2018) and Oslo (2022).
Generally held at least once a year, short courses, seminars and workshops are aimed at local, specialized audiences and are presented by international experts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Structural_Concrete |
International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science (IFToMM) is an organization that supports international exchange of researchers and engineers from the wide range of discipline related to Mechanical Engineering .
To promote research and development in the field of Machines and Mechanisms by theoretical and experimental methods, along with their practical application.
It was on September 29, 1969m at the Second World Congress on Theory of Mechanisms and Machines which took place in Zakopane (Poland), that two scientists, Ivan Artobolevski (USSR) and Erskine Crossley (USA), proposed to establish an International Federation of scientists and engineers to facilitate worldwide collaboration. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Representatives of 13 countries signed the foundation act and the International Federation for the Theory of Machines (IFToMM) came into existence. [ 3 ] The initial Member Organizations were represented by:
Given the expansion of the topics within the IFToMM umbrella, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] in 1999, the Executive Council decided to recognize the changing role of the organization in international collaboration and approved a new name: "The International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science" . However, the Executive Council considered that the abbreviation IFToMM was already widely used, and therefore suggested to keep it (along with the logo) as a short version of the organization's name. [ 8 ]
IFToMM officers are the Chairs of IFToMM Member Organizations, the Chairs of Permanent Commissions and Technical Committees, as well as the members of the Executive Council. A complete historical list of IFToMM officers was published in the Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms HMM2004. [ 9 ]
The Presidents were:
The Secretaries General were:
List of all IFToMM World congresses:
Membership in IFToMM is not individual. Instead, it is by Member Organization (MO) which are akin to national or territorial organizations. A full list of Member Organizations available on the IFToMM web site . Each MO has its own individual or group membership rules.
As of the 2015 General Assembly held in Taipei (Taiwan), IFToMM had 47 MOs. In 2018, the membership went down to 45 MOs.
The organizational structure of IFToMM includes following bodies
The General Assembly is the supreme body of the Federation that determines policy. It is composed of the Chief Delegates of IFToMM Members and members of the Executive Council.
The Executive Council is responsible for managing the affairs of the Federation between the sessions of the General Assembly. The Executive Council includes the President, Vice-President, Secretary-General, Treasurer, and six ordinary members.
There are four Permanent Commissions (PCs) and 14 Technical Committees (TCs) established under IFToMM supervision. Each Permanent Commission and Technical Committee is composed of a Chairperson, appointed by the Executive Council, and a Secretary and members, nominated by the Chairperson and appointed by the Executive Council. The general goals for the work of the Commissions and Committees are aimed at promoting their fields of interest by attracting researchers and practitioners, including young individuals.
The four PCs are:
While the 14 TCs are:
The new official website https://iftomm-world.org/ replaced the old legacy website http://www.iftomm.net/ in early 2021. The legacy website is kept online for now to insure information availability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_the_Promotion_of_Mechanism_and_Machine_Science |
International Federation of Air Traffic Safety Electronics Associations ( IFATSEA ) unites the professional associations of air traffic safety electronics personnel (ATSEPs) from around the world.
The aims of the Federation, as defined in the constitution, are as follows:
The aims and problems related to electronics for air safety are generally similar throughout the world. These aims and the solutions of the related problems can best be achieved by international cooperation,
mutual understanding and exchange of ideas, informæion and experience.
It is fitting, therefore, that, Air Traffic Safety Electronics personnel at all levels and of all nations
should unite in a worldwide professional Federation which is based upon the principle of cooperation
in all professional matters.
Further, it must be emphasised that the Federation is independent of profit making or political
motives, essential requirements for international co-operation.
In order that IFATSEA aims are achieved, the Federation closely co-operates with national and international organisations, authorities and institutions. They do this by closely cooperating with national and international aviation authorities, and as such are represented in a large number of bodies that are looking at the present and future developments in air traffic control .
Following a series of person to person contacts over a number of years a meeting was convened in Brussels on 12 and 13 November 1971.
Attending the inaugural meeting were representatives from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Switzerland.
The meeting agreed that a draft Constitution would be presented to an inaugural Assembly to be held in Frankfurt in October 1972.
Ten countries were represented at the first Assembly.
These were: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Switzerland and United Kingdom
The Assembly adopted the Constitution and the Federation had come into being with a membership of ten and a course of action was set in motion to make IFATSEA known, and to have as its primary object the recognition of Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel, by national and international bodies. It was decided that the achievement of these aims would best be served, by producing a journal and seeking the amendment of ICAO Annex 1.
Ten years after the setting up of IFATSEA, the membership had doubled and the federation was fully recognised as representing the interests of Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel by such bodies as, ICAO , International Labour Organization and EUROCAE . The association works closely with other Professional Associations for staff in the aviation sector, International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF), IFATCA and IFALPA .
After internal reorganization IFATSEA is registered in Montenegro in March 2023.
The executive board consists of the posts of President, vice President, Executive Secretary, Treasurer and four regional directors, each of whom serve a term of office of four years. Elections take place every two years with half of the posts being elected. At the 22nd Assembly on Cyprus, it was decided to cancel the titles 1st, 2nd and 3rd in connection with vice presidents, and only keep the titles vice presidents.
The Federation consists of four subcommittee who are responsible for implementation of strategic deliverables between the general assemblies. These subcommittees are overseen by the Regional Directors. The subcommittees are as follows:
A general change of names for the Standing Committees was decided at the Assembly 1986, for better recognition of the working areas.
The membership includes 74 countries worldwide.
The Association also offers Corporate membership. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Traffic_Safety_Electronics_Associations |
The International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC), founded in September 1957 in France, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is a multinational federation of 49 national member organizations (NMO), each one representing the engineering and scientific societies concerned with automatic control in its own country.
The aim of the Federation is to promote the science and technology of control in the broadest sense in all systems, whether, for example, engineering , physical, biological , social or economic , in both theory and application. IFAC is also concerned with the impact of control technology on society.
IFAC pursues its purpose by organizing technical meetings, by publications, and by any other means consistent with its constitution and which will enhance the interchange and circulation of information on automatic control activities.
International World Congresses are held every three years. Between congresses, IFAC sponsors many symposia, conferences and workshops covering particular aspects of automatic control.
The official journals of IFAC are Automatica , Control Engineering Practice , Annual Reviews in Control , Journal of Process Control , Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence , the Journal of Mechatronics, Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems , and the IFAC Journal of Systems and Control .
IFAC Fellows
Major Medals
High Impact Paper Award
Outstanding Service Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Automatic_Control |
The International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions ( ICEM ) was a global union federation of trade unions . As of November 2007, ICEM represented 467 industrial trade unions in 132 countries, claiming a membership of over 20 million workers. [ 1 ]
The federation was founded in 1995 in Washington, DC, when the Miners' International Federation merged with the International Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions . [ 2 ] In 2000, the small Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers merged into the federation, [ 3 ] while in 2007, the World Federation of Industry Workers joined. [ 4 ] In June 2012, affiliates of ICEM merged into the new global federation IndustriALL Global Union .
The organization represented workers employed in a wide range of industries, including energy , mining , chemicals and bioscience , pulp and paper , rubber , gems and jewellery , glass , ceramics , cement , environmental services and others.
The international headquarters of ICEM was variously based in Brussels , Belgium, [ 5 ] and Geneva , Switzerland, where meetings of the Presidium and the executive committee were held. These governing bodies organized activities on a higher level while the regional offices organized regional conferences, workshops and solidarity actions. The Presidium oversaw the grand line of ICEM whilst the executive committee was more involved in the day-to-day routine of the organization. Every four years, starting in 1995, a worldwide congress was organized in which new committee members were elected and policies were changed. The congresses were held in the following order:
The regional offices dealt with specific geographical areas such as Africa, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean and North America. The regional office of the Asia Pacific area was housed in Seoul, South Korea. This regional office was one of the most active offices of ICEM. [ 5 ]
ICEM supported many strikes in various regions including the strike of 7 October 1998 in Russia by communists and the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia during the 1998 Russian Financial Crisis . [ 5 ] Affiliates of ICEM have also organized protests in South Africa. ICEM worked together with human rights and environmental activists who were in conflict with multinationals such as Rio Tinto by raising awareness and funding research. [ 5 ]
ICEM published two quarterly bulletins called ICEM Info and ICEM Global which merged in 2002 to become ICEM Global Info . [ 6 ]
Richard Croucher and Elizabeth Cotton's book Global Unions, Global Business contains a case study of the ICEM's dealings with the Anglo-American mining company. This is in Chapter Eight. The book is published by Middlesex University Press (2009). ISBN 978-1-904750-62-8 .
The archive of ICEM is housed in the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam and is open to the public. [ 5 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Chemical,_Energy,_Mine_and_General_Workers'_Unions |
The International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers' Unions (ICEF) was a global union federation of trade unions .
The secretariat was founded in August 1907, as the International Federation of General Factory Workers , but became inactive during World War I . It was re-established on 27 October 1920 at a conference in Amsterdam, and set up its headquarters at 17 Museumplein in the city. By 1935, the federation had affiliates in Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, the UK, and Yugoslavia. [ 1 ]
The federation held regular sectional conferences for the chemical industry. Following the collapse of the International Federation of Glass Workers , it added a glass industry section, with its first conference in 1938. Similarly, the International Federation of Pottery Workers dissolved before World War II , and in 1947, the federation held the first conference of its new pottery industry section. In 1954, it held a conference for the rubber industry. [ 2 ]
In 1950, the federation was renamed as the International Federation of Industrial Organisations and General Workers' Unions (IFF), and then in 1964 it became the International Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions (ICF). [ 3 ] At this time, the organisation was in competition with the International Federation of Petroleum and Chemical Workers , but that collapsed in 1976, with many of its affiliates joining the IFCGW, which renamed itself as the International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers' Unions (ICEF). Membership accordingly rose from four million to 6.3 million by 1992. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In 1995, the ICEF merged with the Miners' International Federation to form the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions . [ 4 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Chemical,_Energy_and_General_Workers'_Unions |
The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine ( IFCC) is a global professional association that promotes the fields of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine . [ 1 ] It was established in Paris in 1952 as the International Association of Clinical Biochemists to organize the various national societies of these fields and is based in Milan, Italy. [ 2 ]
The IFCC's aims are to set global standards , support and educate its members, and provide conferences and other gatherings for sharing knowledge among the global laboratory medicine community. [ 1 ]
IFCC members fall into three groups: national societies of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, corporations , and affiliate international or national societies involved in laboratory medicine. [ 2 ] As of 2023, these members represented more than 45,000 individual clinical chemists , laboratory scientists, and laboratory physicians. [ 3 ]
The IFCC is governed by a council consisting of representatives appointed by member groups. The council elects an executive board , which carries out objectives via committees and the organization's divisions. [ 4 ]
The Scientific Division works to advance the science of clinical chemistry and to apply it to the practice of clinical laboratory medicine. It is responsible for responding to the scientific and technical needs of IFCC member societies, IFCC corporate members and external agencies. It instigates and promotes theoretical and practical developments in the field of standards and standardization in clinical chemistry.
The Education and Management Division provides IFCC members and the health-care community with education relevant to clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. It administers a visiting lecturer program as well as clinical courses and workshops in molecular biology and other specialized areas.
The Communications and Publications Division promotes the work of the IFCC to scientists, physicians, and global health policy makers. It also publishes the academic journal eJIFCC .
The Emerging Technologies Division identifies new technologies that could be applied to laboratory medicine and explores applications for those technologies.
The Congresses and Conferences Committee administers and manages IFCC meetings and conferences .
The IFCC partners with International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation to educate the public and industry professionals on accreditation standards. [ 5 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Clinical_Chemistry_and_Laboratory_Medicine |
The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (commonly known as FIDIC , acronym for its French name Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils ) is an international standards organization for construction technology and consulting engineering. The organization is best known for the FIDIC suite of contract templates. [ 3 ]
There were 59 participants at the inaugural meeting during a World Exhibition in Ghent , Belgium , in July 1913, called to discuss the possibility of forming a global federation of consulting engineers. Of these, 19 were official delegates from the US , Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Netherlands and Switzerland , with the remainder coming from Austria – Hungary , Canada , Russia and the UK . This meeting led to FIDIC's formal constitution being adopted on 22 July 1913. Some countries maintained only provisional links during the first few years. The founding members of FIDIC were Belgium, France, and Switzerland. FIDIC led a difficult life until the late 1940s with changing numbers of members, all from European countries. The United States, Australia , Canada, and South Africa joined these in 1959. The first member associations from the developing world , from Central Africa (now Malawi ), Zambia and Zimbabwe , joined in 1962. Colombia joined in 1967. [ 4 ] FIDIC has members in 104 countries. [ 5 ]
In March 2018, Nelson Ogunshakin was appointed as the new CEO of FIDIC, to replace its retiring managing director, Enrico Vink. [ 6 ] The current president is Catherine Karakatsanis. [ 7 ]
FIDIC has a mission of representing consulting engineering globally, including through promoting the interests of companies, organizations and engineers who provide technology-based services. The organization arranges a number of seminars and training courses, including the World Consulting Engineer Conference. [ 8 ] [ citation needed ]
FIDIC publishes international contracts and business practice documents which are used globally. The organization published an updated "rainbow suite" of contracts in 1999, which established a number of different conditions of contract depending on the circumstances of the works:
The Yellow Book and the Silver Book effectively superseded the Green Book, as it is common for them to be used in the relevant circumstances. [ 11 ] In 2005 FIDIC published an amended version of the Red Book for use by Multilateral Development Banks . [ 11 ]
In 2017, FIDIC published the second edition of all of its Books. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Consulting_Engineers |
The International Federation of Engineering Education Societies ( IFEES ) is a global network of engineering educators and allies. The missions of the federation are to enhance the effectiveness of member organizations and to contribute to the improvement of engineering education around the world. By identifying, sharing, and promoting effective engineering education processes, the federation contributes to efforts to assure a global supply of well-prepared engineering graduates.
The origins of the federation may be traced to an early conversation in 2005 at the Global Colloquium on Engineering Education in Australia. On October 9, 2006, representatives from 29 organizations and three industrial affiliates based in 18 countries formerly established IFEES during the American Society for Engineering Education 's Global Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
In 2016, to mark its tenth anniversary, the federation published a report outlining the history, current status, and future plans. [ 3 ] In 2016, representatives from 47 organizations and eight industrial affiliates reaffirmed their commitment to the shared mission.
The federation organizes the annual World Engineering Education Forum (WEEF) in partnership with the Global Engineering Deans Council (GEDC) and a local host university. [ 4 ] And the federation partners with allies to design and conduct surveys and publish new scholarship on engineering education in a global context. [ 5 ]
To recognize individuals who have made innovative and meritorious contributions with a significant impact on the advancement of engineering education, the IFEES selects an annual recipient of the Duncan Fraser Global Award for Excellence in Engineering Education. In 2015, the annual IFEES award became the IFEES Duncan Fraser Global Award for Excellence in Engineering Education. Fraser, who died on July 19, 2014, would have been IFEES’ 5th president. [ 6 ]
Past winners, include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Engineering_Education_Societies |
The International Federation of Multimedia Associations (French: Federation Internationale des Associations de Multimedia) (FIAM) is a non-governmental organisation founded in Canada by Hervé Fischer . FIAM is headquartered in Montreal, with offices in China, Europe and Australia via AIMIA .
FIAM’s mission is to bring together the various digital media associations from around the world that represent small to medium enterprises developing services, technologies , and content. It also has an international network of partners, most notably the United Nations , via accreditation since 2004 under the ECOSOC economic and social program, UNESCO , the International Francophone Organisation , the Commonwealth of Nations , and Hispanic and Portuguese organisations as well as major corporations and foundations globally.
FIAM provides support and guidance to an international community of economic , professional, and governmental partners. One such duty is as overseer between inter-governmental Public/private partnerships , such as the digital park in Shenyang, China. [ 1 ]
Since 2004, FIAM has hosted a yearly summit entitled "World Summit on Internet and Multimedia (WSIM)". [ 2 ] In addition to the World Summit on Internet and Multimedia, FIAM hosts a variety of workshops year-round. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Multimedia_Associations |
The International Federation of Petroleum and Chemical Workers (IFPCW) was a global union federation bringing together trade union representing workers in the chemical and oil industries.
The secretariat was established in 1954 at a meeting in Paris, held on the initiative of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the Oil Workers' International Union of the United States. It was formed in response to the growth of employment in the oil industry, and was initially named the International Federation of Petroleum Workers . Most of its founder members had previously been affiliated to the International Federation of Industrial Organisations and General Workers' Unions (IFF). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The secretariat was based in Denver , and was the only global union federation to have headquarters outside Europe. By 1960, it had 43 affiliates, with a membership of more than 500,000. In 1963, the union began recruiting unions of chemical workers, and renamed itself as the "International Federation of Petroleum and Chemical Workers". This brought it into conflict with the IFF, which renamed itself as the "International Federation of Chemical and General Workers' Unions" (ICF), and the ICFTU suspended grants to both organisations. [ 1 ]
By the late 1960s, it became known that the IFPCW was receiving regular grants from CIA funds, and it became regarded as a CIA front organisation. Faced with a loss of prestige, it discussed a potential merger with the ICF, but this did not occur, and it dissolved in 1976. [ 1 ]
In 1960, the following unions were affiliated to the federation: [ 2 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Petroleum_and_Chemical_Workers |
The International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers ( IFPTE ) is a North American labor union representing various professional , technical , and administrative support workers in the United States and Canada, in both the public and private sectors .
Its roots may be traced back to the International Federation of Draftsmen's Unions, a craft union for shipyard engineers and draftsmen , chartered by the American Federation of Labor in 1918, and expanding its jurisdiction in 1919 to become the International Federation of Technical Engineers, Architects, and Draftsmen's Unions. [ 1 ]
This article related to a North American labor union or trade union is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Professional_and_Technical_Engineers |
International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists ( IFSCC ) is an international association based in New York City that promotes international cooperation in cosmetic science and technology. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The Federation was founded in Brussels, Belgium in 1959 and had its headquarters in London before moving to New York in 2015. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] IFSCC is the world's largest association of researchers in the field of cosmetics, and as of 2023 the Federation consists of 51 societies representing 81 countries. [ 1 ] [ 7 ]
The initiative to establish the International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists (IFSCC) was proposed in Paris in 1956. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] On April 15, 1959, the first council meeting to form the IFSCC was held in London , during which representatives from eight countries attended, including Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden and the United States (the Society of Cosmetic Chemists ). [ 3 ]
On September 8, 1959, IFSCC was founded in Brussels, Belgium . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The first IFSCC president was Maison G. de Navarre from the United States. [ 7 ] In 1960, the first IFSCC Congress was held in Munich, Germany with 350 delegates attending from 16 countries. [ 8 ]
IFSCC had its headquarters in London, England for over three decades, and in 2015 the organization moved its headquarters to New York, USA . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] As of 2023, IFSCC consists of 51 societies representing 81 countries, and the number of individual members in the Federation exceeds 16,000. [ 1 ]
The role of IFSCC includes promoting international standards, funding researches, coordinating international congresses and meetings, issuing scientific publications, and sponsoring awards of cosmetic sciences. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] Since 1998, IFSCC publishes the journal IFSCC Magazine . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The Federation also offers the database KOSMET , a comprehensive online database specializing in Cosmetic Science and Industry information. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ]
Before 2023, IFSCC organized an international scientific event each autumn: a Congress in even years, a Conference in odd years. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Starting in 2023, only the IFSCC Congress is offered annually. [ 16 ] [ 17 ]
All eligible papers for the IFSCC Awards are judged by a committee of qualified and experienced cosmetic scientists, according to criteria "Novelty and originality of the experimental approach", "The impact of the experimental findings for the cosmetic industry at large", and "The extent to which the results provide an answer to as yet unresolved scientific matters". [ 18 ] Presentation of the results is also being judged. [ 18 ]
The following awards are given at an IFSCC Congress in even years: [ 19 ]
The following awards were given at an IFSCC Conference (in odd years) before 2023 and are given at an IFSCC Congress since 2023 in odd years: [ 19 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Societies_of_Cosmetic_Chemists |
The International Fine Particle Research Institute (IFPRI) is a cooperative organisation concerned with advancing the fundamentals of fine particle technology . [ 1 ] Its mission statement is "To define long-term research objectives in particle science and engineering aligned with the industrial agenda, providing the scientific foundations that will lead to the discovery of new and improved materials, and more efficient manufacturing process technology". [ 2 ]
It was started in 1979 by 5 academics concerned with particle technology: Bob Pfeffer ( City College of New York ); Kurt Leschonski ( Clausthal University of Technology ); Koichi Iinoya ( Kyoto University ); Brian Scarlett ( Loughborough University ) ; and Frank Tiller ( University of Houston ), supported by 12 international companies. [ 3 ]
As of 2017 it consists of a consortium of 23 industrial companies and some individual members who are engaged in particle research. The industrial members provide funding for research which is administered by IFPRI: the Institute is not institutionalized in a building. [ 1 ] The research is published in the academic literature. In addition, IFPRI has produced over 500 research reports, giving the progress of projects which it has funded. [ 4 ] It provides networking for industry and academics in the area of particle technology via steering groups and through an annual meeting, and organizes workshops such as "Particle Technology Education in the Twenty-First Century Workshop" (April, Sheffield , UK). [ 5 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fine_Particle_Research_Institute |
The International Flame Research Foundation – IFRF is a non-profit research association and network created in 1948 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] in IJmuiden (Netherlands), established in Livorno (Italy) between 2005 [ 3 ] and 2016 (Fondazione Internazionale per la Ricerca Sulla Combustione – ONLUS) , and in Sheffield (UK) since 2017. [ 4 ] Meredith Thring was one of the founders. [ 5 ]
The IFRF Membership Network unites some 1000 combustion researchers from 130 industrial companies and academic institutions worldwide, around a common interest in efficient and environmentally responsible industrial combustion , with a focus on flame studies.
The IFRF can be traced to a proposal written in 1948 by Meredith Thring , head of the Physics Department in the newly formed British Iron and Steel Research Association (BISRA). [ 6 ] Entitled Proposals for the Establishment of an International Research Project on Luminous Radiation , the document resulted in the formation of the International Flame Radiation Research Committee with representatives of the steel, fuel and appliance making industries in France, Holland and England - specifically the British Iron and Steel Research Association (BISRA), the Iron and Steel Research Association of France (IRSID) and the Royal Dutch Iron and Steel Company (KNHS). [ 6 ]
The IFRF is the publisher of technical reports and regular publications:
Theses publications are freely available on-line.
The IFRF organises events to disseminate knowledge on combustion: conferences , technical meetings (called TOTeMs), common days with other technical or scientific associations and courses:
TOTeMs are organized since 1989, once or twice a year:
IFRF Conferences (formerly Members Conference) are organized approximately every two or three years:
The IFRF organises short courses:
The IFRF organises events with other scientific associations such as the Combustion Institute and special flame days with other national committees.
The IFRF is organised in 9 national committee plus the Associate Member Group (AMG) where no national committee exists.
The IFRF in managed by a Council and an Executive Committee.
From 1948 to 2005 the IFRF facilities were located in the CORUS R&D centre at IJmuiden (Netherlands).
In 2005, the research station was relocated at ENEL facilities in Livorno (Italy), the measurement programme was restarted November 27, 2006. [ 76 ]
In 2015 a relocation of the IFRF headquarters process was initiated. [ 77 ] Leading to the designation of University of Sheffield and its PACT Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine laboratory as the new IFRF location from 2017. [ 78 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Flame_Research_Foundation |
The International Generic Sample Number or IGSN is a persistent identifier for sample . As an active persistent identifier it can be resolved through the Handle System . The system is used in production by the System for Earth Sample Registration (SESAR), Geoscience Australia , Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Mineral Resources, Australian Research Data Commons (ARDC), University of Bremen MARUM, German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) , IFREMER Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM), and University of Kiel . Other organisations are preparing the introduction of the IGSN.
The IGSN was developed as the International Geo Sample Number to provide a persistent, globally unique, web resolvable identifier for physical samples. IGSN is both a governance and technical system for assigning globally unique persistent identifiers to physical samples. Even though initially developed for samples in the geosciences, the application of IGSN can be and has already been expanded to other domains that rely on physical samples and collections. To take into account the expanded scope of the application of IGSN beyond the earth and environmental sciences, the IGSN Implementation Organization (IGSN e.V.) voted to change the name of the identifier to International Generic Sample Number (IGSN) and rename the organisation accordingly.
The IGSN preserves the identity of a sample even as it is moved from lab to lab and as data appear in different publications, thus eliminating ambiguity that stems from similar names for samples from the earth. The IGSN unique identifier allows researchers to track the analytical history of a sample and build on previously collected data as new techniques are developed. Additionally, the IGSN provides a link between disparate data generated by different investigators and published in different scientific articles.
In September 2021, the members of IGSN e.V. [ 1 ] and DataCite agreed to enter a partnership. [ 2 ] Under the partnership, DataCite will provide the IGSN ID registration services and supporting technology to enable the ongoing sustainability of the IGSN PID infrastructure. The IGSN e.V. will facilitate a Community of Communities to promote and support new research and innovation for standard methods of identifying, citing, and locating physical samples.
The IGSN was developed as part of SESAR with the support of the National Science Foundation at the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory . The project was initiated and managed by the Geoinformatics for Geochemistry Program under the direction of Kerstin Lehnert to address data curation obstacles such as different samples that share the same name, and samples that are renamed as they move between laboratories and thus generating analyses that are published under different aliases. As a result, metadata that ensure unique identification are often missing and this causes irritation for future reuse of data from a sample or the sample itself. Sample databases, such as the SESAR database, are designed to address these issues.
At a workshop hosted at the San Diego Supercomputer Center in 2011, a group of experts met to discuss how to transition the IGSN project into a sustainable infrastructure. The group recommended opening the system to other IGSN registration agents, making it international and transferring the operation and governance of the IGSN to an independent body. This recommendation led to the foundation of the International Geo Sample Implementation Organization e.V. (IGSN e.V.) and the founding event was held at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2011 in San Francisco , California. [ 1 ] The IGSN e.V. is an incorporated organisation under German law and is registered at the Magistrates Court in Potsdam , Germany.
Membership in the organisation is open only to institutions, not to individuals. At present, IGSN e.V. has 16 full members. [ 3 ]
In 2018, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation awarded Columbia University 's Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory a grant for a project to modernise the IGSN business model and system architecture. The funding from the Sloan Foundation will support a series of workshops, at which international experts will come together to redesign the IGSN system and its management to allow researchers world-wide use the IGSN with confidence. [ 4 ]
In September 2021, IGSN e.V. and DataCite entered a partnership under which DataCite will provide the IGSN ID registration services and supporting technology to enable the ongoing sustainability of the IGSN PID infrastructure. The IGSN e.V. will facilitate a Community of Communities to promote and support new research and innovation for standard methods of identifying, citing, and locating physical samples. The partnership allows IGSN to leverage DataCite DOI registration services and to focus community efforts on advocacy and expanding the global samples ecosystem. [ 2 ]
IGSN and DataCite have a common purpose, and a close relationship in the future will provide mutual benefit to our shared vision of connecting research and identifying knowledge. The partnership brings years of experience across our organizations and communities to scale sample community engagement, develop sample identifier practice standards, and increase adoption globally. In a study published 2023 by Knowledge Exchange it is highlighted that IGSN IDs point to physical objects instead of intellectual property or outcomes (as DOIs mostly do) or their creators. Besides, the report emphasized that the service itself and its organisational framework were developed bottom-up in a sheer community-based effort. [ 5 ]
An example of a publication using live IGSNs can be found here:
Dere, A. L., T. S. White, R. H. April, B. Reynolds, T. E. Miller, E. P. Knapp, L. D. McKay, and S. L. Brantley (2013), Climate dependence of feldspar weathering in shale soils along a latitudinal gradient, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 122, 101–126, https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.08.001 .
This paper contains several samples identified by IGSN. One of them is IGSN: 10.58052/SSH000SUA. Information about this sample can be obtained by resolving the IGSN by adding the URL of the resolver before the IGSN: https://doi.org/10.58052/SSH000SUA .
IGSN can be used to identify samples and sampling features , such as boreholes or outcrops . The IGSN 10.60510/ICDP5054ESYI201 identifies a core section from core 5054_1_A_658_Z (IGSN 10.60510/ICDP5054ECYD101) of the COSC Expedition [ 6 ] of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program . The corresponding drill hole ( sampling feature ) 5054_1_A is identified by IGSN 10.60510/ICDP5054EEW1001 .
Samples are registered through Allocating Agents. At present (November 2021) the following IGSN Allocation Agents register IGSN:
To obtain an IGSN, users need to register a sample by submitting information about it to an IGSN Allocating Agent. Once logged in, users can: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Generic_Sample_Number |
The iGEM ( International Genetically Engineered Machine) competition is a worldwide synthetic biology competition that was initially aimed at undergraduate and 'overgraduate' university students, but has since expanded to include divisions for high school students, entrepreneurs, and community laboratories. iGEM is presented as " the heart of synthetic biology " - educating the next generation of leaders and workforce of the field. Since its inception in 2003, over 80 000 students from over 65 countries have been trained in the responsible, safe and secure use of synthetic biology.
The iGEM Competition is a flagship program of the iGEM Foundation - an independent, non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of synthetic biology, education and competition, and the development of an open, collaborative, and cooperative community. Aside from the competition, iGEM has established many initiatives and programs to support the future growth of synthetic biology throughout the world: iGEM Community, iGEM Technology, iGEM Responsibility, iGEM Startups, and iGEM Leagues.
Student teams are given a kit (so called ‘Distribution Kit’) of standard, interchangeable parts (so called ' BioBricks ') at the beginning of the summer from the Registry of Standard Biological Parts comprising various genetic components such as promoters , terminators , reporter elements , and plasmid backbones . Working at their local laboratories over the summer, they use these parts and new parts of their own design to build biological systems and operate them in living cells.
The teams are free to choose a project, which can build on previous projects or be new to iGEM. Successful projects produce cells that exhibit new and unusual properties by engineering sets of multiple genes together with mechanisms to regulate their expression.
At the end of the summer, the teams add their new BioBricks to the Parts Registry and the scientific community can build upon the expanded set of BioBricks in the next year.
At the annual ‘iGEM Jamboree ’ teams from all continents meet in Paris for a scientific expo event and conference where they present their projects to each other and to a scientific jury of ~400 judges. The judges award medals and special prizes to the teams and select a ‘Grand Prize Winner’ team as well as ‘Runner-Up’ teams in each division (High School, Undergraduate and Overgraduate).
Each participant receives a participating certificate (see fig. below) and has the possibility to earn medals (bronze, silver and gold; see fig. below) with their team depending on different criteria that the team fulfilled in the competitions. For a bronze medal it is for example necessary to submit a new part to the Parts Registry , for a silver medal the team is required to document the functionality of a part and for a gold medal it is finally, among other criteria, necessary to obtain a proof-of-principle for the team's project.
In 2016 as an example, 300 teams participated in the competition from which 37% received a gold medal, 25% a silver medal, 26% a bronze medal and 12% were not awarded a medal.
In each division, the best performance in a certain aspect of the competition is honored with special prizes . The special prizes include: 'Best Project' in the respective categories (app. 10 categories), 'Best Art & Design', 'Best Hardware', 'Best Measurement', 'Best Software', 'Best Human Practices', 'Best Model', 'Best New Part', 'Best Poster', 'Best Presentation', 'Best Wiki' and others depending on the competition year. Together with individual certificates, the teams are given glass trophies for each special prize (see fig. below).
From all teams in a respective division, a number of finalists are selected (1 to 6, depending on year and division) and allowed to present their project again in front of all Jamboree participants. From the presented projects all judges select the winner of this year's iGEM competition, the Grand Prize Winner team, who are then awarded a big metal Lego -brick (see fig. below). The winning team may keep this challenge trophy for a year until it gets awarded to the next 'Grand Prize Winner'. Participants of a 'Grand Prize Winner' team are also given challenge coins of the respective year (see fig. below).
iGEM developed out of student projects conducted during MIT's Independent Activities Periods in 2003 and 2004. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Later in 2004, a competition with five teams from various schools was held. In 2005, teams from outside the United States took part for the first time. [ 4 ] Since then iGEM has continued to grow, with 130 teams entering in 2010. [ 5 ] Randy Rettberg, an engineer who has worked for technology companies including Apple , Sun and BBN , [ 6 ] is the founder and president of iGEM.
Because of this increasing size, in the years 2011 - 2013 the competition was split into three regions: Europe, the Americas, and Asia (though teams from Africa and Australia also entered via "Europe" and "Asia" respectively). [ 7 ] Regional jamborees occurred during October; and some subset of teams attending those events were selected to advance to the World Championship at MIT in November. [ 8 ]
In January 2012 the iGEM Foundation was spun out of MIT as an independent non-profit organization located in Cambridge, Massachusetts , USA. The iGEM Foundation supports scientific research and education through operating the iGEM competition. The same year, iGEM expanded into having not only the Collegiate division, but also competitions for entrepreneurs and high school students.
For their tenth anniversary, iGEM added new tracks to the existing ones: Art & Design, Community Labs, Entrepreneurship, Measurement, Microfluidics, Policy & Practice, and Software. Although Entrepreneurship and Software were tracks in previous years, in 2014 they were made more distinct in terms of their judging requirements. [ 9 ] Furthermore, in 2014 iGEM did not have regional jamborees, but instead hosted a giant jamboree so every team could participate in one conference in Cambridge unlike in previous years where only the regional finalists were brought to Cambridge. [ 10 ]
The iGEM Jamborees for 2020 and 2021 were held online, due to the COVID-19 pandemic .
Starting in 2022, the event was redesigned and rebranded to the iGEM Grand Jamboree, held in the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles .
Beyond just building biological systems, broader goals of iGEM include:
iGEM's dual aspects of self-organization and imaginative manipulation of genetic material have demonstrated a new way to arouse student interest in modern biology and to develop their independent learning skills. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Genetically_Engineered_Machine |
The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project is a non-profit organization created in the late 1980s to address growing international concerns over rapid changes observed in Earth's atmosphere.
It developed under joint sponsorship of the Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution ( CACGP ) of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS), and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP).
This article about a chemistry organization is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
This meteorology –related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
This article about an environmental organization is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Global_Atmospheric_Chemistry |
The International Grape Genomics Program ( IGGP ) is a collaborative genome project dedicated to determining the genome sequence of the grapevine Vitis vinifera . It is a multinational project involving research centers in Australia , Canada , Chile , France , Germany , Italy , South Africa , Spain , and the United States .
The project was established on the premise that whereas the Vitis family provides the world's most economically important fruit , its biology is still poorly understood. Many centuries of viticulture have provided many well-informed wine-producing centres throughout the world, yet exactly how a grapevine plant responds and interacts with the physical environment and deals with abiotic stresses, pests and diseases is currently unknown.
Agricultural technology surrounding Vitis has been traditionally based upon specific genotypes , which in the main have relied on "vegetative multiplication" and control of growing conditions to improve quality and yield . While advances in quality have certainly been achieved, it has involved increased costs and is in danger of incurring unsustainable environmental overheads . The argument is that the relatively unknown biology of Vitis is capable of delivering desired viticultural improvements without the associated ongoing costs, and establishing its genome sequence will examine the role individual genes play in viticulture , improving grape characteristics and quality in a predictable way. [ 1 ]
As of March 2007, the project has mapped over half of the grapevine genome. In the course of their research, the Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture (CRCV), based at the CSIRO Plant Industry Horticulture Unit in Adelaide , Australia (one of the IGGP collaborating centres) discovered that white grapes only exist today as a result of a rare genetic mutation which took place thousands of years ago. White grapes are believed to have arisen due to the extremely rare and independent mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes , VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2 , in a red grape parent.
Most grapevine cultivars can be divided into two groups – red and white – based on the presence or absence of anthocyanin in the skin of the fruit, which the geneticists discovered to be controlled by these two genes. Although either can dictate colour, the VvMYBA1 gene, which activates the anthocyanin biosynthesis necessary to produce red grapes, was shown not to be transcribed in white grape berries. The white berry allele of VvMYBA2 was inactivated by two mutations, one leading to an amino acid substitution and the other to a frameshift mutation. Tests showed that either mutation removes the ability of the regulator to switch on anthocyanin biosynthesis, and when both are switched off it results in a white cultivar. Sequence analyses of the VvMYBA2 gene confirmed that all of the 55 white cultivars tested contained the white berry allele, but not red berry alleles – and all displayed exactly the same double mutation, pointing to a single, common ancestor . [ 2 ] Assuming this to be true of all white cultivars, without this single parent vine there would be no white grapes today. White wine residues discovered in ancient Egyptian pottery remains suggest that this mutation occurred at least three thousand years ago, [ 3 ] although in lieu of testing against a known white grape genome, the possibility remains that the mutation could have occurred more recently.
A similar dual mutation occurred during the last decade. Viticultor Jesús Galilea Esteban, of the vineyard Murillo de Rio Leza in Rioja , Spain, noticed a white grape mutation in some Tempranillo grapevines growing on his estate. After the white vine was propagated and the mutation did not revert, the new varietal was granted outline permission to apply for approved grape status by the Rioja D.O. and the first hectare of white Tempranillo was planted in the region in the year 2000. Both white and red vines share identical leaves, clusters and berry shape, as well as the short ripening cycles and sensitivity to pests and diseases typical of the red Tempranillo. The mutation is thought to have occurred as a result of environmental factors. [ 4 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program |
Established in 1987, the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association ( IGSHPA ) is a nonprofit, membership-based organization that promotes geothermal heat pump technology. It was a outreach unit of the College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology (CEAT) at Oklahoma State University until 2020. In June 2020, the OSU Board of Regents voted to approve a transfer of IGSHPA, its intellectual property, and assets to the control of the Geothermal Exchange Organization (GEO).
IGSHPA is the main organization for establishing standards of practice and standards of design for Geothermal Heat Pump (GHP) systems in the US. [ 1 ] Related organizations have been formed in other countries on four continents, including Australia, Canada, China, India, South Korea, and Sweden.
Each year the association hosts an annual conference for people such as manufacturers, contractors, distributors, and drillers.
IGSHPA sets and revises standards for Geothermal Heat Pump (GHP) system installs based on ongoing research and field application results.
"Ground Source Heat Pumps: From Green to Gold" (PDF) . okcareertech.org . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2015-11-24 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ground_Source_Heat_Pump_Association |
The International HapMap Project was an organization that aimed to develop a haplotype map ( HapMap ) of the human genome , to describe the common patterns of human genetic variation . HapMap is used to find genetic variants affecting health, disease and responses to drugs and environmental factors. The information produced by the project is made freely available for research.
The International HapMap Project is a collaboration among researchers at academic centers, non-profit biomedical research groups and private companies in Canada , China (including Hong Kong ), Japan , Nigeria , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It officially started with a meeting on October 27 to 29, 2002, and was expected to take about three years. It comprises three phases; the complete data obtained in Phase I were published on 27 October 2005. [ 1 ] The analysis of the Phase II dataset was published in October 2007. [ 2 ] The Phase III dataset was released in spring 2009 and the publication presenting the final results published in September 2010. [ 3 ]
Unlike with the rarer Mendelian diseases, combinations of different genes and the environment play a role in the development and progression of common diseases (such as diabetes , cancer , heart disease , stroke , depression , and asthma ), or in the individual response to pharmacological agents. [ 4 ] To find the genetic factors involved in these diseases, one could in principle do a genome-wide association study : obtain the complete genetic sequence of several individuals, some with the disease and some without, and then search for differences between the two sets of genomes. At the time, this approach was not feasible because of the cost of full genome sequencing . The HapMap project proposed a shortcut.
Although any two unrelated people share about 99.5% of their DNA sequence, their genomes differ at specific nucleotide locations. Such sites are known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and each of the possible resulting gene forms is called an allele . [ 5 ] The HapMap project focuses only on common SNPs, those where each allele occurs in at least 1% of the population.
Each person has two copies of all chromosomes , except the sex chromosomes in males . For each SNP, the combination of alleles a person has is called a genotype . Genotyping refers to uncovering what genotype a person has at a particular site. The HapMap project chose a sample of 269 individuals and selected several million well-defined SNPs, genotyped the individuals for these SNPs, and published the results. [ 6 ]
The alleles of nearby SNPs on a single chromosome are correlated. Specifically, if the allele of one SNP for a given individual is known, the alleles of nearby SNPs can often be predicted, a process known as genotype imputation . [ 7 ] This is because each SNP arose in evolutionary history as a single point mutation , and was then passed down on the chromosome surrounded by other, earlier, point mutations. SNPs that are separated by a large distance on the chromosome are typically not very well correlated, because recombination occurs in each generation and mixes the allele sequences of the two chromosomes. A sequence of consecutive alleles on a particular chromosome is known as a haplotype . [ 8 ]
To find the genetic factors involved in a particular disease, one can proceed as follows. First a certain region of interest in the genome is identified, possibly from earlier inheritance studies. In this region one locates a set of tag SNPs from the HapMap data; these are SNPs that are very well correlated with all the other SNPs in the region. Using these, genotype imputation can be used to determine (impute) the other SNPs and thus the entire haplotype with high confidence. Next, one determines the genotype for these tag SNPs in several individuals, some with the disease and some without. By comparing the two groups, one determines the likely locations and haplotypes that are involved in the disease.
Haplotypes are generally shared between populations, but their frequency can differ widely. Four populations were selected for inclusion in the HapMap: 30 adult-and-both-parents Yoruba trios from Ibadan , Nigeria (YRI), 30 trios of Utah residents of northern and western European ancestry (CEU), 44 unrelated Japanese individuals from Tokyo , Japan (JPT) and 45 unrelated Han Chinese individuals from Beijing , China (CHB). Although the haplotypes revealed from these populations should be useful for studying many other populations, parallel studies are currently examining the usefulness of including additional populations in the project.
All samples were collected through a community engagement process with appropriate informed consent. The community engagement process was designed to identify and attempt to respond to culturally specific concerns and give participating communities input into the informed consent and sample collection processes. [ 9 ]
In phase III, 11 global ancestry groups have been assembled: ASW (African ancestry in Southwest USA); CEU (Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry from the CEPH collection); CHB (Han Chinese in Beijing, China); CHD (Chinese in Metropolitan Denver, Colorado); GIH (Gujarati Indians in Houston, Texas); JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan); LWK (Luhya in Webuye, Kenya); MEX (Mexican ancestry in Los Angeles, California); MKK (Maasai in Kinyawa, Kenya); TSI (Tuscans in Italy); YRI (Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria). [ 10 ]
Three combined panels have also been created, which allow better identification of SNPs in groups outside the nine homogenous samples: CEU+TSI (Combined panel of Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry from the CEPH collection and Tuscans in Italy); JPT+CHB (Combined panel of Japanese in Tokyo, Japan and Han Chinese in Beijing, China) and JPT+CHB+CHD (Combined panel of Japanese in Tokyo, Japan, Han Chinese in Beijing, China and Chinese in Metropolitan Denver, Colorado). CEU+TSI, for instance, is a better model of UK British individuals than is CEU alone. [ 10 ]
It was expensive in the 1990s to sequence patients’ whole genomes. So the National Institutes of Health embraced the idea for a "shortcut", which was to look just at sites on the genome where many people have a variant DNA unit. The theory behind the shortcut was that, since the major diseases are common, so too would be the genetic variants that caused them. Natural selection keeps the human genome free of variants that damage health before children are grown, the theory held, but fails against variants that strike later in life, allowing them to become quite common (In 2002 the National Institutes of Health started a $138 million project called the HapMap to catalog the common variants in European, East Asian and African genomes). [ 11 ]
For the Phase I, one common SNP was genotyped every 5,000 bases. Overall, more than one million SNPs were genotyped. The genotyping was carried out by 10 centres using five different genotyping technologies. Genotyping quality was assessed by using duplicate or related samples and by having periodic quality checks where centres had to genotype common sets of SNPs.
The Canadian team was led by Thomas J. Hudson at McGill University in Montreal and focused on chromosomes 2 and 4p. The Chinese team was led by Huanming Yang in Beijing and Shanghai , and Lap-Chee Tsui in Hong Kong and focused on chromosomes 3, 8p and 21. The Japanese team was led by Yusuke Nakamura at the University of Tokyo and focused on chromosomes 5, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 19. The British team was led by David R. Bentley at the Sanger Institute and focused on chromosomes 1, 6, 10, 13 and 20. There were four United States' genotyping centres: a team led by Mark Chee and Arnold Oliphant at Illumina Inc. in San Diego (studying chromosomes 8q, 9, 18q, 22 and X), a team led by David Altshuler and Mark Daly at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, USA (chromosomes 4q, 7q, 18p, Y and mitochondrion ), a team led by Richard Gibbs at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston (chromosome 12), and a team led by Pui-Yan Kwok at the University of California, San Francisco (chromosome 7p).
To obtain enough SNPs to create the Map, the Consortium funded a large re-sequencing project to discover millions of additional SNPs. These were submitted to the public dbSNP database. As a result, by August 2006, the database included more than ten million SNPs, and more than 40% of them were known to be polymorphic . By comparison, at the start of the project, fewer than 3 million SNPs were identified, and no more than 10% of them were known to be polymorphic.
During Phase II, more than two million additional SNPs were genotyped throughout the genome by David R. Cox, Kelly A. Frazer and others at Perlegen Sciences and 500,000 by the company Affymetrix .
All of the data generated by the project, including SNP frequencies, genotypes and haplotypes , were placed in the public domain and are available for download. [ 12 ] This website also contains a genome browser which allows to find SNPs in any region of interest, their allele frequencies and their association to nearby SNPs. A tool that can determine tag SNPs for a given region of interest is also provided. These data can also be directly accessed from the widely used Haploview program. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_HapMap_Project |
The International Human Epigenome Consortium (IHEC) is a scientific organization, founded in 2010, that helps to coordinate global efforts in the field of Epigenomics . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The initial goal was to generate at least 1,000 reference (baseline) human epigenomes from different types of normal and disease-related human cell types . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
IHEC's operations are funded by its full members (national and regional scientific funding agencies), and staffed largely on a volunteer basis by scientists and other experts from participating funding agencies and epigenome mapping projects. [ 8 ]
In addition, countries and agencies supportive of IHEC goals are organizations that have not yet made a full financial contribution to the project, but whose members provide time and expertise: [ 22 ]
Oversight of IHEC is provided by an executive committee, whose members are nominated by Full Member organizations. [ 23 ] This committee works closely with an International Scientific Steering Committee, whose members are the scientific leaders of participating projects and other leaders in the field of epigenetics, as well as a Data Coordination Center. Additional expertise is contributed by workgroups composed of members of participating research projects.
IHEC interacts and coordinates its efforts with other large-scale international genomics projects, such as the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), [ 24 ] ENCODE ., [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health. [ 27 ] Committee and workgroup members, as well as other individuals involved in IHEC, meet annually at an event hosted by member countries on a rotating basis. [ 28 ] Most meetings are hosted in conjunction with a scientific symposium, some of which are open to non-IHEC scientists and sometimes members of the public.
The ultimate objective of IHEC is to determine how the Epigenome has shaped human populations over generations and in response to the environment. [ 25 ] [ 29 ] The first phase of IHEC's operations involves coordinating the production of at least 1,000 reference epigenomes from healthy and diseased human cells, as well as a limited number of model organisms relevant to specific human diseases. The initial focus is on cellular states including stemness, immortality, proliferation , differentiation , senescence, and stress.
The reference epigenome for each sample comprises high resolution maps of DNA methylation and key regulatory histone modifications, with corresponding information about the type and expression level of all transcribed genes ( protein coding as well as non-coding / small RNAs). [ 30 ] The data produced are made freely available to the research community via the IHEC Data Portal, [ 31 ] [ 32 ] European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA), [ 33 ] and other venues. [ 34 ] [ 25 ] [ 35 ]
In addition, participating research projects are engaged in developing new epigenomics and associated bioinformatics methods.
In November 2016 IHEC members from Canada, the European Union's BLUEPRINT Consortium, the German Epigenome Program “DEEP”, Japan, Singapore, and the United States published a group of 41 coordinated papers in Cell Press and other journals. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] The papers included descriptions of molecular biology and computational methods as well as new research on normal and disease biology. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ]
[ 44 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Human_Epigenome_Consortium |
International Ideographs Core (IICore) is a subset of up to ten thousand CJK Unified Ideographs characters, which can be implemented on devices with limited memories and capability that make it not feasible to implement the full ISO 10646 / Unicode standard. [ 1 ]
The IICore subset was initially raised in the 21st meeting of the Ideographic Rapporteur Group (IRG) in Guilin during 17th-20 November in 2003, and is subsequently passed in the group's 22nd meeting in Chengdu in May 2004.
CJK Unified Ideographs CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I CJK Radicals Supplement Kangxi Radicals Ideographic Description Characters CJK Symbols and Punctuation CJK Strokes Enclosed CJK Letters and Months CJK Compatibility CJK Compatibility Ideographs CJK Compatibility Forms Enclosed Ideographic Supplement CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
0 BMP 0 BMP 2 SIP 2 SIP 2 SIP 2 SIP 2 SIP 3 TIP 3 TIP 2 SIP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 0 BMP 1 SMP 2 SIP
4E00–9FFF 3400–4DBF 20000–2A6DF 2A700–2B73F 2B740–2B81F 2B820–2CEAF 2CEB0–2EBEF 30000–3134F 31350–323AF 2EBF0–2EE5F 2E80–2EFF 2F00–2FDF 2FF0–2FFF 3000–303F 31C0–31EF 3200–32FF 3300–33FF F900–FAFF FE30–FE4F 1F200–1F2FF 2F800–2FA1F
20,992 6,592 42,720 4,154 222 5,762 7,473 4,939 4,192 622 115 214 16 64 39 255 256 472 32 64 542
Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Unified Not unified Not unified Not unified Not unified Not unified Not unified Not unified 12 are unified Not unified Not unified Not unified
Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Han Common Han, Hangul , Common, Inherited Common Hangul, Katakana , Common Katakana, Common Han Common Hiragana , Common Han
This software article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core |
The International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics (IIAS) is a non-profit educational organization registered in Tecumseh , Ontario , Canada . [ 1 ] Founded in 1980, the IIAS is committed to the development and promotion of Cybernetics and Systems Research and the advancement of interdisciplinary studies in the sciences , engineering , arts and humanities . [ 2 ]
The IIAS hosts an annual conference in Baden-Baden , Germany with several interdisciplinary symposia in Baden-Baden , Germany , where researchers from around the world submit and share their papers on topics ranging from artificial intelligence and nanotechnology to risk analysis . [ 3 ] The IIAS annual conference is known as the " InterSymp [Year] Conference" in academic circles. [ 4 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies_in_Systems_Research_and_Cybernetics |
Cryogenics and liquefied gases Thermodynamics, equipment and systems Biology and food technology Storage and transport
The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) (also known, in French, as the Institut International du Froid (IIF)), is an independent intergovernmental science and technology-based organization that promotes knowledge of refrigeration and associated technologies and applications on a global scale that improve quality of life in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable manner, including:
Its scientific and technical activities are coordinated by ten commissions which are divided into five distinct sections.
The early 19th century witnessed a sharp increase in the demand for natural ice during the summer months, particularly among breweries producing lager. Thanks to the advent of railways and steam ships , natural ice came onto the market. In order to meet demand, suppliers began looking for alternative ways of producing ice artificially.
Thus, entrepreneurs begin research on the means of producing ice.
Although Oliver Evans was the first to document the cycle, it was Jacob Perkins , an American working in England, who first patented a machine based on the vapour-compression cycle in 1835.
In 1855, the first compression machines that proved to be successful on an industrial scale were developed by James Harrison . Ferdinand Carré invented the absorption device in 1859, then came the model of vapor compression refrigerator .
This absorption machine was later replaced by a much simpler vapour-compression refrigerator, invented by French engineer Charles Tellier in 1885, that is still used today.
In order to support the development of refrigeration technologies and in view of the economic development potential they represented, the IIR was created in several stages:
The IIR status as an international organisation were defined by an International Agreement signed on December 1, 1954, and General Regulations for the Application of the International Agreements signed on November 20, 1956.
Since then, the IIR has been operating at its headquarters based in Paris and is now an international organisation for expertise on refrigeration. The institute has continued to run the International Congress of Refrigeration every four years since its inauguration and has now expanded its event portfolio to ten conference series covering a vast variety of refrigeration topics. Working alongside governments, today the IIR remains committed to promoting knowledge on refrigeration for sustainable development, and continues to provide key services to disseminate information on associated technologies to all stakeholders (companies, universities, professionals...).
The IIR is a bilingual organization that works in both English and French and operates thanks to:
The General Conference of the IIR defines the general policy of the IIR and convenes once every four years during its international congress. It includes representatives appointed by member countries.
The General Conference elects the president and vice-presidents of the executive committee.
The Executive Committee of the IIR handles the administrative and financial aspects of the daily running of the IIR, and meets once per year. It includes one delegate per member country, a president and three to six vice-presidents.
The Management Committee is responsible for the general management of the IIR in between Executive Committee meetings. It includes:
The Science and Technology Council (STC) coordinates the scientific and technical activities of the IIR. The Science and Technology Council includes five distinct Sections that are in turn divided into ten Commissions. The Science and Technology Council includes:
The scientific activities of the IIR are organised into five Sections, each of which is divided into two Commissions; there are thus 10 Commissions:
Section A on Cryogenics and Liquefied Gases focuses on refrigeration science and technology at low temperatures: the cryogenic domain spans the lower part of the temperature scale, from absolute zero to 120 K, thus encompassing the normal boiling points of air gases as well as of liquid natural gas (LNG).
Section A comprises two Commissions, A1 Cryophysics and Cryoengineering, and A2 Liquefaction and Separation of Gases. Commission A1 deals with research, development and industrial activities at the lowest temperatures, including low-temperature physics, applications of superconductivity and helium cryogenics. Commission A2 essentially covers the liquefied gas industry, including air separation and LNG technology, two mature domains with high economic stakes and ongoing developments addressing important societal issues such as energy efficiency and carbon sequestration .
Section A also maintains and develops relations with other Sections of the IIR, mainly Commission B1 Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes in the field of thermodynamics and transfer processes, essential tools of the cryogenic engineer, and Commission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products for the cooling of biological specimens and living tissues for preservation or treatment which require implementing cryogenic processes. Section A consists of a panel of multidisciplinary professionals and experts in sciences and technologies such as thermodynamics, condensed matter physics, materials science, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, vacuum and leak-tightness, instrumentation and process control, applied to the low-temperature domain.
Commission A1 on Cryophysics and Cryoengineering deals with research, development and industrial activities at the lowest temperatures, including low-temperature physics, applications of superconductivity and helium cryogenics.
The work of Commission A2 Liquefaction and Separation of Gases reflects world-wide activities in the domain of separation of gases and liquefaction. Apart from the personal involvement of Commission members in various projects, the commission is present at conferences, workshops and seminars: LNG International Exhibition and Conference, GASTECH, Cryogenics, Cryogen Expos, European Cryogenic Course and others.
The commission is close to academia, industry and end users of separated and liquefied gases.
Commission members work closely with Commission A1 Cryophysics, Cryoengineering and Commission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products.
Section B on Thermodynamics, Equipment and Systems of the IIR focuses on the technological and scientific fundamentals of classical refrigeration, excluding cryogenic temperatures. The fundamentals are represented by its Commission B1 Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes whereas Commission B2 Refrigerating Equipment covers all kinds of refrigeration technology. Section B is a key player in most of the IIR international conferences; except for the International Conference of Refrigeration (ICR) organised every four years for all 10 IIR Commissions, where approximately 50% of all presentations are related to Section B topics.
Independently, and together with other Sections, Section B hosts a multitude of conferences such as the Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids and the Ohrid Conference on Ammonia and CO 2 Refrigeration Technologies; or conferences on Thermodynamic Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants, on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature, on Compressors and Coolants, and on Phase Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.
A number of Working Groups, where emerging topics in refrigeration are discussed by IIR experts with the aim of publishing results in handbooks or other forms publications, are organised within the scope of Section B. Main topics include mitigation of direct emissions of greenhouse gases in refrigeration, refrigerant charge reduction in refrigerating systems, magnetic cooling, life cycle climate performance evaluation, and refrigerant system safety.
The objectives of Commission B1 on Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes are to provide academic and industrial information and data, and to propose any solutions on thermodynamics and transfer processes. The Commission B1 has been extremely active in IIR Working Groups, sub-commissions, IIR conferences and co-sponsored conferences and commission business meetings.
As well as being involved in IIR Working Groups on the mitigation of direct emissions of greenhouse gases in refrigeration, the commission is equally involved in the Working Group on Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) Evaluation.
Active in IIR conferences and congresses, Commission B1 similarly organises workshops in various fields such as refrigerant charge reduction in refrigerating systems. Initiatives and opportunities, such as the phase-down of high-GWP refrigerants, energy-efficient buildings and cars, transport refrigeration, food preservation, the economic importance of the refrigeration sector, the involvement of the younger generation and identifying industrial needs are all at the heart of Commission B1.
Commission B2 Refrigerating Equipment participates in many IIR activities aimed at promoting knowledge of refrigeration technologies and their applications worldwide. It is a key Commission for most IIR activities synergizing with other Commissions. The Commission is very active in various IIR Working Groups on Magnetic Cooling and Refrigeration Safety.
The activities of Section C deal with the application of refrigeration technologies to life sciences and food sciences.
Commission C1 Cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products is particularly focused on the application of refrigeration technologies on various branches of medicine: cryosurgery and oncology, cryotherapy, blood, organs and tissue preservation, health products (especially vaccines and thermosensitive preparations). On the one hand, the work focusses on the biological and biochemical aspects of the effects of refrigeration on organs, tissues and treated products, and on the other hand on the applied refrigeration techniques and technologies.
Commission C2 food science and engineering is focused more particularly on the application of refrigeration technologies in the area of food sciences: preservation (refrigeration, freezing); hygiene and safety in its microbiological aspect; process (lyophilisation, cryoconcentration, cryoprecipitation, partial or total crystallisation). The work focuses on establishing a model for the transfer of heat and matter during refrigeration treatments, on the effects of refrigeration on food products, and on the evolution kinetics of products kept in cold storage. The work deals with the impact of the integrity of the cold chain on the quality of food, including in warm climate countries.
Commission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products have clearly defined objectives in cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products research; knowledge dissemination; technology transfer and education.
This commission is truly active and participates in the various workshop series on cryoprocessing of biopharmaceuticals and biomaterials, as well as establishing innovative e-training actions concerning the commission's multidisciplinary needs as well as the interdisciplinary needs of the following commissions: A1 Cryophysics, Cryoengineering, A2 Liquefaction and Separation of Gases and finally C1 Cryobiology, Cyomedicine and Health Products.
Commission C2 on Food Science and Engineering focuses on research and breakthrough technologies related to food science and engineering. The commission is key in hosting the IIR Sustainability and the Cold Chain Conference (ICCC), held internationally since 2010. In addition to the Cold Chain conferences and the IIR Congress, Commission C2 has also co-sponsored four other conferences in Macedonia, Spain, Croatia and Germany, and continues to reinforce its leading role at the heart of developments in food science and engineering.
The commission is involved in various IIR Working Groups and innovative projects linked to the development of the food chain across the globe.
Section D ON Storage and Transport of the IIR is involved in the controlled-temperature logistics and distribution of temperature-sensitive products, from foodstuffs to health products (medicines, vaccines, blood products, organs ...) from artwork to chemicals.
It addresses all issues of equipment and solutions for a durable cold chain from the production or manufacture, to the consumption or use of these products.
Section D thus covers the issues of storage, transportation by land, air or water, packaging, distribution and delivery of these products to the consumer, and the traceability of the cold chain.
The Section is involved in warehouse and platform equipment, devices for temperature-controlled transport, coolants or cool packs, small coolers and refrigerated containers, chillers, refrigerated furnishings, refrigerated cabinets, climate chambers, refrigerators and freezers, but also to thermometers and temperature recorders.
The cold chain involves many temperature ranges, both positive and negative, from -80 °C to + 63 °C.
Commission D1 on Refrigerated Storage deals with the storage of all products which require temperature control, such as food and pharmaceuticals. Industrial, commercial and residential storage are also taken into account so that, in cooperation with Commission D2 Refrigerated Transport, the entire cold chain is treated, from raw materials to the final product at our home. Refrigeration plays an essential role for perishable products. While the estimated capacity of refrigerated warehouses was over 500 million cubic meters worldwide in 2014, in some countries global food losses due to the lack of a cold chain are still very important and can reach as much as 20% of the global food supply. At the same time, in heavily industrialised countries, the use of commercial and domestic refrigerators accounts for up to 6% of global electricity consumption.
As a result, the Commission faces important issues in order to promote widespread, energy efficient and environmentally friendly storage systems. New refrigerants, synergies to save or exchange energy with other systems and new technologies are the main focus of its activity. One of the most important themes in these days for this commission is energy efficiency
The IIR's Commission D2 on Refrigerated Transport is extremely active. In addition to the IIR's four yearly congress, Commission D2 participates in the IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, held out of synchronisation to the congress.
Every year, Commission D2 CERTE test engineers meet in a European country to discuss refrigerated transport technology and testing issues. This group subsequently advises the United Nations working party on transport of perishable foodstuffs [ 1 ] held each year in Geneva. Commission D2 is currently addressing the “Cold Chain for Pharmaceutical Products” and will add this to regular transport discussion and advisory topics. Commission D2 also helps to produce Informatory Notes to assist in areas of technical or regulatory difficulty.
The role of the IIR is well recognized, and in particular, the expertise of the members of Commission D2 makes an important contribution to refrigerated transport issues: reducing food wastage and minimizing emissions.
IIR Section E co-ordinates the work of the both Commissions E1 Air-Conditioning and E2 Heat Pumps and Heat Recovery.
The core activities and interests of both Commissions are strongly connected resulting in tight collaborate and jointly organised conferences.
Air-conditioning is a subject that is now more frequently addressed due to both better comfort in an increasing number of countries and the effects of global warming. Now, even countries where demand for air-conditioning during summer months was limited, due to a cooler climate, require the operation of an air-conditioning plant for longer periods. The demand of heating is nevertheless significant and the most efficient system to provide heating is undoubtedly the heat pump. No other technology can provide net primary energy savings, economic benefits to users and reduced climate impact at the same time.
Also providing a cooling effect, the heat pump is expected to be the most common solution in the future for all year round operations. The combination of these technologies, with heat recovery capable buildings or industrial plants, cooling and heating requirements can be meet in the most efficient, reliable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
Commission E1 on Air Conditioning often collaborates with Commission E2 on Heat pumps and Energy Recovery as they have at least one common aspect, the compressor. Both Commissions frequently work with the same equipment which is adapted according to the seasons, alternating between air conditioners and heat pumps.
The commission is involved in various aspects of air conditioning from equipment to systems. In the last years it developed a particular focus on energy saving and sustainability, whilst maintaining good conditions of thermal comfort ranging from topics such as free cooling, solar cooling or long term energy storage. The general importance of the themes addressed by the Commission results in relevant International Conferences.
The expertise of the Commission members on the use of new refrigerants in air conditioning systems, annual comparative studies of innovative and renewable energy systems, opportunities of part load operation on air conditioning systems to limit penalties or even to gain efficiency, and on other up-to-date research fields, is valuable, not only to the scientific community but also to the multitude of air conditioning users.
Commission members are proposed by member countries then appointed by the STC following proposals from Presidents of commissions. These commission members comprise industry, university, and research-centre specialists or refrigeration practitioners.
The aim of commission E2 on Heat Pumps, Energy Recovery is to promote and enhance scientific and technological knowledge in heat pump and energy recovery fields thanks to various activities such as the organization or co-sponsoring of international conferences, or the publication of books and Informatory Notes.
FRIDOC is the most comprehensive database in the world [ non-primary source needed ] dedicated to refrigeration. It contains over 110,000 references to documents in all domains of refrigeration. [ 2 ]
A large number of the documents referenced in FRIDOC are scientific and technical. FRIDOC also contains many review articles, documents on economic data and statistics, articles dealing with regulations and standardization, etc.
The IIR has over 200 publications available on refrigeration technologies and applications: reference documents, guides, technical books, conference and congress papers and proceedings, tables and diagrams comprising the thermophysical properties of refrigerants.
Books in the refrigeration field published by other publishers are also available for purchase.
The Institute produces a monthly International Journal of Refrigeration that is published by Elsevier . [ 3 ]
The International Journal of Refrigeration is the reference journal in the refrigeration field. It is practical for all those wanting to keep abreast of research and industrial news in all fields of refrigeration including air-conditioning, heat-pump, refrigerated storage and transport.
The IIR produces an electronic monthly newsletter that features news and updates on the refrigeration sector: regulation, events, economic data, monitoring, technological progress, etc.
It provides a detailed overview of the general developments within the sector worldwide and as acts a regular information tool for readers.
The IIR holds international conferences and congresses [ 4 ] on key themes which include:
First held in 1908, the International Congress of Refrigeration of the IIR is a flagship event that converges industry and research.
Covering all fields of refrigeration, the Congress, which takes place every four years, reunites key international stakeholders and provides perspectives on the future of the industry in line with sustainable development.
The IIR publishes two professional Directories: a Laboratory Directory , which lists more than 300 laboratories in 55 countries; an Expertise Directory , which lists over 300 international experts in the refrigeration sector.
IIR Working Groups operate on a temporary basis, bringing together specialists, to work on projects arising from current issues.
Their aim is to promote development, provide knowledge and give recommendations in these spheres. In order to achieve these objectives, they hold conferences and workshops, write publications and provide recommendations. Members of WGs are IIR members from industry, academia, national administrations and research.
Funded by t he European Commission- Horizon 2020 and European Green Deal
Duration: 4 years (October 2021-September 2025)
Objective : The main scope of the project is to support the EU farm to fork sustainable strategy by providing technical, financial, and political tools and solutions to reduce GHG emissions (by 2030) and achieve carbon neutrality (by 2050) in the food industry.
Funded by the European Commission- Horizon 2020 and European Green Deal
Duration: 4 years (October 2021-September 2025)
Objective : SophiA enables African countries to pursue sustainable pathways of development through a low-carbon, climate resilient and green growth trajectory, leapfrogging fossil fuels and high global warming potential refrigerant technologies.
Today, the IIR has 59 member countries representing over two-thirds of the global population.
According to their annual financial contributions to the IIR, these member countries are divided into six category levels and this determines the services they receive and their level of voting power within the IIR. Member Countries take part in IIR activities via their delegates and their nominated commission members. The delegates and commission members determine IIR priorities and take part in the IIR scientific activities and Working Groups, and develop recommendations. Member countries are entitled to host several IIR conferences and meetings per year.
The following countries are members of the IIR:
Benefactor and corporate members can be companies, universities, national, regional or international organizations, laboratories, associations or any other structure active in or connected to the refrigeration industry or IIR activities.
Private members include individuals such as researchers, scientists, industrial practitioners, journalists or professors with extensive expertise, passion or active in fields related to the refrigeration sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration |
The International Institute of Welding ( IIW ) is an international scientific and engineering body for welding , brazing and related technologies. Its membership consists of the national welding societies from around the world. The Institute was founded in 1948 by 13 national societies. By 2011 its membership has expanded to 55 national welding societies. [ 1 ]
The general assembly of the national societies defines the policy of the institute and elects its president and a board of directors. A permanent secretariat deals with regular day-to-day activities and maintains contact with other international bodies. [ 2 ]
The institute has established a number of technical commissions, each one covering a relatively broad subject of welding science and technology. Under some of them there exist a number of technical sub-commissions, each one involved in a more specific aspect. The IIW participates in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standardization activities in Technical Committee TC44 (welding and allied processes). [ 3 ] A total of 21 ISO standards and updates have been published under the direct responsibility of IIW. [ 4 ]
The Institute publishes Welding in the World , a bimonthly international scientific, technical and trade journal . [ 5 ]
This article about a scientific organization is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Welding |
The International Journal of Algebra and Computation is published by World Scientific , and contains articles on general mathematics, as well as:
According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 0.719.
The journal is indexed in: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Algebra_and_Computation |
The International Journal of Biometeorology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes original research papers, review articles, and short communications on studies examining the interactions between living organisms and factors of the natural and artificial physical environment. The journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the International Society of Biometeorology , its scope includes the fields of Earth and environmental science , life sciences , animal physiology , plant physiology and environmental medicine / environmental psychology .
This article about a journal on climatology or meteorology is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
See tips for writing articles about academic journals . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page .
This article about a biology journal is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
See tips for writing articles about academic journals . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Biometeorology |
Established in 2007, the International Journal of Environmental Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of scholarly research pertaining to the environment. Since 2017, the journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media with its editorial team based at the Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran , Iran. The Editor-in-Chief and Associate Editor are Dr. Hamidreza Jafari and Dr. Alireza Bazargan.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded , Scopus , Astrophysics Data System , EBSCO databases , INIS Atomindex , and The Zoological Record . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.229. [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research |
The International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering environmental science , technology , engineering , and management . It was established in 2004 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media . The editor-in-chief is Madjid Abbaspour.
This journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.860.
It has been reported that the website "ijest.org" claims to publish Open Access articles under the name of the International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (IJEST). However, this website is not associated with the legitimate journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. The articles featured on "ijest.org" include content that appears scientific but does not originate from the actual IJEST and often focus on unrelated topics such as nootropics.
Additionally, some articles from "ijest.org" are indexed in Google Scholar, which may lead to confusion and misrepresentation of these articles as being academically credible or associated with the legitimate IJEST. These articles may also appear in certain generative AI tools designed to summarize academic literature. Researchers and users are advised to verify the source of articles and refer to the official IJEST website hosted by Springer for legitimate content. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Environmental_Science_and_Technology |
The International Journal of Fatigue is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research, theory, and practice concerning the fatigue of materials and structures. The journal is published by Elsevier in affiliation with the European Structural Integrity Society . As of October 2022, the editors-in-chief are Guozheng Kang ( Southwest Jiaotong University ), Michael D. Sangid ( Purdue University ), and Michael Vormwald ( TU Darmstadt ).
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 6.0. [ 7 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Fatigue |
The International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics (IJGMMP) is a peer-reviewed journal, published by World Scientific , covering mathematical physics . It was originally published bimonthly beginning in January 2004; as of 2006 it appears 8 times a year, and as of 2024 it appears 14 times a year. Editorial policy for the journal specifies that "The journal publishes short communications, research and review articles devoted to the application of geometric methods (including differential geometry, algebraic geometry, global analysis and topology) to quantum field theory, non-perturbative quantum gravity, string and brane theory, quantum mechanics, semi-classical approximations in quantum theory, quantum thermodynamics and statistical physics, quantum computation and control theory." [ 1 ]
IJGMMP was founded in 2003 by Gennadi Sardanashvily, a theoretical physicist at Moscow State University. He served as managing editor of the journal until 2013. [ 2 ]
The journal is indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded , ISI Alerting Services, Inspec , Current Contents /Physical Chemical and Earth Sciences, Mathematical Reviews , Scopus , and Zentralblatt MATH . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.874. [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Geometric_Methods_in_Modern_Physics |
The International Journal of Geometry is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers Euclidean , Non-Euclidean and Discrete geometry .
It was established in 2012 with two volumes per year, and as of 2021 is published quarterly by the Department of Mathematics of the Vasile Alecsandri National College of Bacău .
It is abstracted and indexed among others by Zentralblatt MATH , [ 1 ] MathSciNet , [ 2 ] the Electronic Journals Library [ 3 ] and Ebsco . Its founding editor-in-chief is Cătălin Barbu, a professor of mathematics at the Vasile Alecsandri National College of Bacău. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Geometry |
The International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control is a monthly scientific journal covering industry research on greenhouse gas control through carbon capture and storage at large stationary emitters in the power sector and in other major resource, manufacturing and production industries.
It is peer-reviewed and published by Elsevier . As of 2024 the founding editor is John J Gale, employed by the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas Research and Development Programme, Cheltenham , United Kingdom. The editor-in-chief is Andrea Ramirez, Delft University of Technology. [ citation needed ] The International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas Research and Development Programme states: "Our research actively contributes to the development and deployment of CCS technology." [ 1 ]
According to the Journal Citation Reports in 2021, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 3.738, [ 2 ] It started in 2007 as a quarterly publication, in 2009 every other month and in 2014 monthly issues.
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The International Journal of Plasticity is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research that relates to micro and macro plastic deformation and fracture for isotropic and anisotropic materials.The journal is published by Elsevier and the editors-in-chief is Akhtar S. Khan ( University of Maryland, Baltimore County ). [ 1 ]
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 9.8. [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Plasticity |
The International Journal of Quantum Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing original, primary research and review articles on all aspects of quantum chemistry , including an expanded scope focusing on aspects of materials science , biochemistry , biophysics , quantum physics , quantum information theory , etc. [ 1 ]
According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.444. [ 2 ]
It was established in 1967 by Per-Olov Löwdin . [ 3 ] In 2011, the journal moved to an in-house editorial office model, in which a permanent team of full-time, professional editors is responsible for article scrutiny and editorial content.
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The International Journal of Shape Modeling covers theories and techniques with regard to handling the shape of objects, focusing on disciplines, roles, and applications. Shape modeling should be intended both in a creative and an analytical sense. This includes articles on shape characteristics, as well as mathematical theory in differential geometry and the like. The multi-disciplinary journal was published by World Scientific until 2010.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Inspec , Zentralblatt MATH , and Compendex .
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The International Journal of Technoethics is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering ethics as it relates to science , technology , and engineering . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was established in 2010 and is published by IGI Global . The editor-in-chief is Steven Umbrello ( Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies ).
The journal is indexed by DBLP . [ 3 ]
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The International Journal of Wireless Information Networks is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on wireless networks , including sensor networks , mobile ad hoc networks , wireless personal area networks , wireless LANs , indoor positioning systems , wireless health , body area networking , cyber-physical systems , and RFID techniques. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus . [ 1 ]
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The International Linear Algebra Society (ILAS) is a professional mathematical society organized to promote research and education in linear algebra , matrix theory and matrix computation . It serves the international community through conferences, publications, prizes and lectures. [ 1 ] Membership in ILAS is open to all mathematicians and scientists interested in furthering its aims and participating in its activities.
ILAS was founded in 1989. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Its genesis occurred at the Combinatorial Matrix Analysis Conference held at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada, May 20–23, 1987, [ 4 ] hosted by Dale Olesky and Pauline van den Driessche . [ 5 ] ILAS was initially known as the International Matrix Group, founded in 1987. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The founding officers of ILAS were Hans Schneider , President; Robert C. Thompson, Vice President; Daniel Hershkowitz , Secretary; [ 8 ] and James R. Weaver, Treasurer. [ 9 ]
The inaugural meeting of ILAS took place at Brigham Young University (including one day at the Sundance Mountain Resort) in Provo, Utah, USA, from August 12–15, 1989. [ 10 ] The organizing committee consisted of Wayne Barrett, Daniel Hershkowitz, Charles Johnson, Hans Schneider, and Robert C. Thompson. [ 11 ] Much additional support came from Don Robinson, Chair of the BYU Mathematics Department, and James R. Weaver, ILAS Treasurer. [ 11 ] The conference received support from Brigham Young University, the National Security Agency , and the National Science Foundation . [ 12 ] There were 85 in attendance at the conference from 15 countries including Olga Taussky-Todd , a renowned mathematician in Matrix Theory. [ 11 ] The proceedings of the Conference appeared in volume 150 of the journal Linear Algebra and Its Applications .
The 2nd ILAS conference was held in Lisbon, Portugal, August 3–7, 1992. The chair of the organizing committee was José Dias da Silva. There were 150 participants from 27 countries and the conference was supported by 11 different organizations. [ 13 ] The proceedings of the conference can be found in volumes 197–198 of Linear Algebra and Its Applications .
ILAS conferences were held the next 4 years, alternating between the United States and Europe, before beginning the standard pattern of holding the Conference two of every three years (with a few exceptions). The number of participants at each ILAS conference has grown steadily through the years.
The first ILAS conference outside of the United States and Europe was held in Haifa, Israel in 2001. The first in the Far East was in Shanghai in 2007 and the first in Latin America was in Cancun, Mexico in 2008. The complete list of locations hosting ILAS conferences follows: [ 14 ]
1. Provo, Utah, USA (1989)
2. Lisbon, Portugal (1992)
3. Pensacola, Florida, USA (1993)
4. Rotterdam, The Netherlands (1994)
5. Atlanta, Georgia, USA (1995)
6. Chemnitz, Germany (1996)
7. Madison, Wisconsin, USA (1998)
8. Barcelona, Spain (1999)
9. Haifa, Israel (2001)
10. Auburn, Alabama, USA (2002)
11. Coimbra, Portugal (2004)
12. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada (2005)
13. Amsterdam, the Netherlands (2006)
14. Shanghai, China (2007)
15. Cancun, Mexico (2008)
16. Pisa, Italy (2010)
17. Braunschweig, Germany (2011)
18. Providence, Rhode Island, USA (2013)
19. Seoul, Korea (2014)
20. Leuven, Belgium (2016)
21. Ames, Iowa, USA (2017)
22. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2019)
23. Virtual (originally planned for New Orleans, Louisiana, USA) (2021)
24. Galway, Ireland (2022)
25. Madrid, Spain (2023)
26. Kaohsiung, Taiwan (2025)
ILAS has three prizes named after giants in Linear Algebra.
In addition ILAS awards Special Lectures at ILAS conferences as well as conferences of collaborating mathematics organizations. [ 16 ]
ILAS publishes an electronic journal – the Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra (ELA ) , [ 17 ] founded in 1996. [ 18 ] The first Editors-in-Chief were Volker Mehrmann and Daniel Hershkowitz . [ 18 ] ELA is a platinum open access journal, meaning that it is free to all: no subscription and no article processing fee or page charges. ELA is an all-electronic journal that welcomes high quality mathematical articles that contribute new insights to matrix analysis and the various aspects of linear algebra and its applications. ELA sets high standards for refereeing while using conventional refereeing of articles that is carried out electronically. [ 19 ]
ILAS also produces and distributes IMAGE , a semiannual electronic bulletin founded in 1988 with Robert C. Thompson as its first Editor. [ 20 ] IMAGE contains: essays related to linear algebra activities; feature articles; interviews of linear algebra experts; book reviews; brief reports on conferences; ILAS business notices; announcements of upcoming workshops and conferences; problems and solutions; and news about individual members. [ 21 ]
Hans Schneider , 1987–1996
Richard A. Brualdi , 1996–2002
Daniel Hershkowitz , 2002–2008
Stephen Kirkland, 2008–2014
Peter Šemrl, 2014–2020
Daniel B. Szyld , 2020–present [ citation needed ]
ILAS collaborates with the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), the American Mathematical Society (AMS) and the International Workshop on Operator Theory and its Applications (IWOTA).
The collaboration with SIAM started in 1999. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The SIAM Activity Group on Linear Algebra (SIAG/LA) holds a conference every three years [ 24 ] (when the year minus 2000 is divisible by 3). As part of the agreement, and to encourage interaction between ILAS and SIAG/LA members, the two societies do not hold conferences in the same year. As a result, ILAS holds conferences two out of every three years. In addition, the two societies exchange speakers with ILAS sponsoring two ILAS speakers at every triennial SIAM Applied Linear Algebra (SIAM ALA) meeting (organized by SIAG/LA) and with SIAM sponsoring a SIAM speaker at every ILAS conference. [ 25 ] The first ILAS speakers at a SIAM ALA meeting were Hans Schneider and Hugo Woerdeman in 2000, [ 26 ] and the first SIAM speakers at an ILAS conference were Michele Benzi and Misha Kilmer in 2002. [ 27 ]
The collaboration with AMS started in late 2020 with the establishment of
ILAS as a partner in the Joint Mathematics Meetings (JMM). In this capacity
ILAS will support a speaker for the "ILAS Lecture" at the JMM to be
selected by ILAS. In addition, at least four special sessions at the JMM will be
identified as ILAS special sessions, the contents of which will be determined by ILAS.
The partnership took effect starting with the JMM 2022 held virtually.
The collaboration with IWOTA started in 2017 with the establishment of the Israel Gohberg ILAS-IWOTA Lecture, which is funded by donations. This lecture series consists of biennial lectures either at an ILAS conference or at an IWOTA meeting. Israel Gohberg was the founding president of IWOTA and an active member of ILAS. [ 28 ] The first Israel Gohberg ILAS-IWOTA Lecturer was Vern Paulsen at the 2021 IWOTA Lancaster UK meeting. [ 29 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Linear_Algebra_Society |
The International Lunar Observatory ( ILO ) is a private scientific and commercial lunar mission by the International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA Hawai'i) [ 2 ] of Kamuela, Hawaii to place a permanent observatory near the South Pole of the Moon to conduct astrophysical studies using an optical telescope and possibly an antenna dish. [ 3 ] The mission aims to prove a conceptual design for a lunar observatory that would be reliable, low cost, and fast to implement. A precursor mission, ILO-X [ 4 ] consisting of two small imagers (totaling less than 0.6 kg), launched on 15 February 2024 aboard the Intuitive Machines IM-1 mission to the Moon south pole region. [ 1 ] It is hoped to be a technology precursor to a future observatories on the Moon, and other commercial initiatives. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
The ILO-1 mission is being organized by the International Lunar Observatory Association [ 8 ] and the Space Age Publishing Company. [ 9 ] It was planned to be launched in 2008 with development by SpaceDev, [ 10 ] and was first delayed to 2013. [ 11 ] The prime contractors originally were Moon Express , providing the MX-1E lander, [ 12 ] and Canadensys Aerospace, providing the optical telescope system. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The estimated cost in 2004 was of US$50 million. [ 15 ]
The ILO-1 mission, was later scheduled to be launched in July 2020 with an Electron rocket from New Zealand. [ 16 ] The mission was called Moon Express Lunar Scout , and it would have used the MX-1E lander to deliver the observatory on top of the Malapert Mountain , a 5 km tall peak in the Aitken Basin region that has an uninterrupted direct line of sight to Earth, which facilitates communications any time. [ 12 ] [ 17 ] The original launch of the MX-1E lander with an Electron rocket was cancelled sometime before February 2020; no launch date or launch rocket for the MX-1E has been since announced, leaving the status of it unknown. [ 18 ] The ILO-1 flagship payload, and its back up ILO-2, is still being advanced through work by Canadensys Aerospace Corporation (March 2024) [ 19 ] while ILOA seeks a different landing provider and partner to land on Malapert Mountain. ILO-1 or ILO-2 may fly with Intuitive Machines to the Moon South Pole region in late 2024 aboard IM-2, or fly with other international or national lunar missions currently under development. [ 20 ]
The small robotic ILO-1 observatory is designed to withstand the long lunar nights so it is expected to operate for a few years. [ 17 ] Moon Express would have also utilized the mission to explore the Moon's South Pole for mineral resources including water ice. [ 12 ] [ 6 ] The original plan for the ILO-1 included an optical portion of the system is a Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope . [ 21 ] That optical system uses a 7 cm diameter lens, with an 18 cm focal plane, a 13 cm f/5.6 aperture, [ 6 ] [ 22 ] and 6.4-megapixel resolution. [ 5 ] The telescope system would have been "about the size of a shoe-box" with a mass of approximately 2 kg. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] As of 2024, the instruments for ILO-1 and ILO-2 are under consideration which main goals being astronomy from the Moon and imaging the Milky Way Galaxy Center. [ 19 ]
Some collaborators include the National Astronomical Observatory of China (NAOC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the newly formed Southeast Asia Principal Operating Partnership, and others. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]
An ILO-X Precursor instruments were launched on the Intuitive Machines Nova-C IM-1 mission on 15 February 2024. [ 25 ] IM-1 landed on the Moon on 22 February, about halfway through the lunar day. Since the lander is unprotected from the cold lunar night, it was only expected to operate until sunset, about seven earth days. ILO-X includes both wide-field and narrow-field imaging systems. [ 26 ] The narrow field-of-view imager was named "Ka 'Imi" (To Search) after a student won the Moon Camera Naming Contest held statewide in Hawai'i from March–May 2022. [ 27 ] There was an auction [ 28 ] to name the wide field-of-view instrument which closed 22 March 2024 and resulted in the winning name Lunar Codex being proposed and accepted. [ 29 ] ILOA released its first images from the ILO-X wide field-of-view imager to the public on 29 February 2024 which included one image taken during Deorbit, Descent and Landing (DDL) on 22 February 2024 about 4.2 minutes prior to touchdown which occurred 23:24 UTC, and another image post-landing taken at about 00:30 UTC on 25 February 2024 which shows portions of the lunar landscape, regolith / dust, the Sun, and the IM-1 Odysseus lunar lander. [ 30 ] The company received a total of 16 high-res images and 322 thumbnails from the ILO-X imagers, [ 31 ] but the mission did not fulfill its main astronomy mission goals to capture images of the Milky Way Galaxy or stars in the celestial sky due to off-nominal pointing of the lander. [ 32 ] Also stored on the flash memory within the ILO-X instruments are digital assets (41 files, 2 copies of which were transmitted back to Earth from the Moon surface), which are documented on the commercial payloads/digital assets catalogue of the Space Artefacts site under search term "ILOA Moon Museum".
An ILO-C payload is planned to be launched aboard China's Chang'E-7 lunar lander around 2026. [ 33 ] CNSA announced its solicitation for payloads onboard Chang’E-7 mission, from which the ILO-C proposal was selected to move forward. ILO-C "seeks to advance Galaxy imaging, 21st Century Astronomy / Science from the Moon and precursor proof-of-concept development for the ILO-1 flagship mission". [ 34 ] It will be a small, wide-field optical telescope, produced in Beijing, China through a Memorandum of Understanding between International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA), Hong Kong University (HKU), National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC), and the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT). [ 35 ]
The ILO-1 mission's objective is to conduct astrophysical observations from the surface of the Moon, whose lack of atmosphere eliminates much of the need for costly adaptive optics technology. [ 36 ] Also, since the Moon's days (about fourteen Earth days) have a dark sky, it allows for nonstop astronomical observations. [ 36 ] Disadvantages include micrometeorite impacts, cosmic and solar radiation, lunar dust, and temperature shifts as large as 350 °C. [ 36 ] The mission aims to acquire images of galaxies, stars, planets, the Moon and Earth. The project will promote commercial access to the telescope use to schools, scientists and the public at large through the Internet. [ 5 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory |
The International Manufacturing Technology Show ( IMTS ), first held in Cleveland, Ohio in 1927 [ 1 ] , is a trade show that features industrial machinery and technology. It is the largest manufacturing technology trade show in North America, [ 2 ] and in 1990 was renamed from the original "International Machine Tool Show" to reflect the growing scope of the show to additional technologies such as welding , lubrication , and materials engineering . [ 3 ] The show is managed by the Association for Manufacturing Technology .
An agreement between the AMT and the CECIMO (European Machine Tool Industry Association), which organizes the European-based EMO trade show for the metal working industry, coordinates the IMTS and the EMO such that every even-numbered year the IMTS is held in Chicago, and every odd-numbered year the EMO is held in Europe.
The next show is scheduled for September 9-14, 2024 at Mccormick Place, Chicago Illinois. https://www.imts.com/show/abouttheshow.cfm
The six-day show is held in even-numbered years at Chicago 's McCormick Place and draws attendees and exhibitors from the U.S. and some 119 other countries. IMTS was cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but reconvened for 2022. For 2018, there were 129,415 registrants and 2,563 exhibitors across four buildings and 1,424,232 square feet (132,315.5 m 2 ) of exhibit space. [ 4 ]
Since 2004, IMTS has sponsored the Emerging Technology Center, where the latest academic and industrial advancements are showcased. IMTS 2012, for example, featured a Local Motors Rally Fighter car built live on the show floor, MTConnect , the open-source communication and interconnectivity standard, and MT Insight , the game-changing customized manufacturing business intelligence system. [ 5 ]
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