text stringlengths 11 320k | source stringlengths 26 161 |
|---|---|
In taxonomy, a kleptotype is an unofficial term referring to a stolen, unrightfully displaced type specimen or part of a type specimen. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
The term is composed of klepto- , from the Ancient Greek κλέπτω (kléptō) meaning "to steal", [ 5 ] [ 6 ] and -type referring to type specimens . It translates ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptotype |
The Klerer–May System is a programming language developed in the mid-1960s, oriented to numerical scientific programming, whose most notable feature is its two-dimensional syntax based on traditional mathematical notation .
For input and output, the Klerer–May system used a Friden Flexowriter modified to allow half-li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klerer–May_System |
The Klimisch score is a method of assessing the reliability of toxicological studies, mainly for regulatory purposes, that was proposed by H.J. Klimisch, M. Andreae and U. Tillmann of the chemical company BASF in 1997 in a paper entitled A Systematic Approach for Evaluating the Quality of Experimental Toxicological and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimisch_score |
In mathematics, a Kline sphere characterization, named after John Robert Kline , is a topological characterization of a two-dimensional sphere in terms of what sort of subset separates it. Its proof was one of the first notable accomplishments of R. H. Bing ; Bing gave an alternate proof using brick partitioning in h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kline_sphere_characterization |
In Petrophysics a Klinkenberg correction is a procedure for calibration of permeability data obtained from a minipermeameter device. A more accurate correction factor can be obtained using Knudsen correction . When using nitrogen gas for core plug measurements, the Klinkenberg correction is usually necessary due to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinkenberg_correction |
In the theory of chemical reactivity , the Klopman–Salem equation describes the energetic change that occurs when two species approach each other in the course of a reaction and begin to interact, as their associated molecular orbitals begin to overlap with each other and atoms bearing partial charges begin to experien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klopman–Salem_equation |
Klotz Digital AG was a manufacturer of audio media products based in Munich, Germany ; it was founded in 1990 and acquired by United Screens Media AG in 2009. The company was active in the two business segments Public Address and Radio & TV Broadcast . Its products include systems for radio broadcast, television broadc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klotz_Digital |
A kludge or kluge ( / k l ʌ dʒ , k l uː dʒ / ) is a workaround or makeshift solution that is clumsy, inelegant, inefficient, difficult to extend, and hard to maintain. This term is used in diverse fields such as computer science , aerospace engineering , Internet slang , evolutionary neuroscience , animation and govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kludge |
The Klumpke-Roberts Award , one of seven international and national awards for service to astronomy and astronomy education given by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , was established from a bequest by astronomer Dorothea Klumpke-Roberts to honor her husband Isaac Roberts and her parents.
It recognizes outstand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klumpke-Roberts_Award |
In stereochemistry , the Klyne–Prelog system (named for William Klyne and Vladimir Prelog ) for describing conformations about a single bond offers a more systematic means to unambiguously name complex structures, where the torsional or dihedral angles are not found to occur in 60° increments. [ 1 ] Klyne notation view... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klyne–Prelog_system |
In mathematics , a partially ordered set P is said to have Knaster's condition upwards (sometimes property (K) ) if any uncountable subset A of P has an upwards-linked uncountable subset. An analogous definition applies to Knaster's condition downwards .
The property is named after Polish mathematician Bronisław Knas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaster's_condition |
The Knaster–Kuratowski–Mazurkiewicz lemma is a basic result in mathematical fixed-point theory published in 1929 by Knaster , Kuratowski and Mazurkiewicz . [ 1 ]
The KKM lemma can be proved from Sperner's lemma and can be used to prove the Brouwer fixed-point theorem .
Let Δ n − 1 {\displaystyle \Delta _{n-1}} be an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaster–Kuratowski–Mazurkiewicz_lemma |
In the mathematical areas of order and lattice theory , the Knaster–Tarski theorem , named after Bronisław Knaster and Alfred Tarski , states the following:
It was Tarski who stated the result in its most general form, [ 1 ] and so the theorem is often known as Tarski's fixed-point theorem . Some time earlier, Knaster... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaster–Tarski_theorem |
A kneader reactor (or kneading reactor ) is a device used for mixing and kneading substances with high viscosity . Many industries, such as the food processing , utilize kneader reactors to produce goods, as for example, polymers or chewing gum . Although the machine has existed for decades, kneader reactors are only r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneader_reactor |
A knee wall is a short wall , typically under three feet (one metre) in height, used to support the rafters in timber roof construction. In his book A Visual Dictionary of Architecture , Francis D. K. Ching defines a knee wall as "a short wall supporting rafters at some intermediate position along their length." [ 1 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee_wall |
A Knelson concentrator is a type of gravity concentration apparatus, predominantly used in the gold mining industry. It is used for the recovery of fine particles of free gold, meaning gold that does not require gold cyanidation for recovery. [ 1 ]
The machines utilise the principles of a centrifuge to enhance the gra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knelson_concentrator |
In mathematics , the Kneser theorem can refer to two distinct theorems in the field of ordinary differential equations :
Consider an ordinary linear homogeneous differential equation of the form
with
continuous .
We say this equation is oscillating if it has a solution y with infinitely many zeros, and non-oscillati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneser's_theorem_(differential_equations) |
In graph theory , the Kneser graph K ( n , k ) (alternatively KG n , k ) is the graph whose vertices correspond to the k -element subsets of a set of n elements , and where two vertices are adjacent if and only if the two corresponding sets are disjoint . Kneser graphs are named after Martin Kneser , who first investig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneser_conjecture |
A knight's tour is a sequence of moves of a knight on a chessboard such that the knight visits every square exactly once. If the knight ends on a square that is one knight's move from the beginning square (so that it could tour the board again immediately, following the same path), the tour is "closed", or "re-entrant"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight's_tour |
The Knight shift is a shift in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) frequency of a paramagnetic substance first published in 1949 by the UC Berkeley physicist Walter D. Knight . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
For an ensemble of N spins in a magnetic induction field B → {\displaystyle {\vec {B}}} , the nuclear Hamiltonian for the K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_shift |
In economics , Knightian uncertainty is a lack of any quantifiable knowledge about some possible occurrence, as opposed to the presence of quantifiable risk (e.g., that in statistical noise or a parameter's confidence interval). The concept acknowledges some fundamental degree of ignorance, a limit to knowledge, and an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty |
Knockdown resistance , also called kdr , describes cases of resistance to diphenylethane (e.g. DDT ) and pyrethroid [ 1 ] insecticides in insects and other arthropods that result from reduced sensitivity of the nervous system caused by point mutations in the insect population's genetic makeup. Such mutative resistance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockdown_resistance |
Knockdown texture is a drywall finishing style. It is a mottled texture, it has more changes in textures than a simple flat finish, but less changes than orange peel , or popcorn , texture.
Knockdown texture is created by watering down joint compound to a soupy consistency. A trowel is then used to apply the joint c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockdown_texture |
A knockout moss is a kind of genetically modified moss . One or more of the moss's specific genes are deleted or inactivated (" knocked out "), for example by gene targeting or other methods. After the deletion of a gene, the knockout moss has lost the trait encoded by this gene. Thus, the function of this gene can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_moss |
In organic chemistry , the Knoevenagel condensation ( pronounced [ˈknøːvənaːɡl̩] ) reaction is a type of chemical reaction named after German chemist Emil Knoevenagel . It is a modification of the aldol condensation . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
A Knoevenagel condensation is a nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoevenagel_condensation |
The Knorr pyrrole synthesis is a widely used chemical reaction that synthesizes substituted pyrroles (3) . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The method involves the reaction of an α- amino - ketone (1) and a compound containing an electron-withdrawing group (e.g. an ester as shown) α to a carbonyl group (2) . [ 4 ]
The mechanism requ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorr_pyrrole_synthesis |
The Knorr quinoline synthesis is an intramolecular organic reaction converting a β-ketoanilide to a 2-hydroxyquinoline using sulfuric acid . This reaction was first described by Ludwig Knorr (1859–1921) in 1886 [ 1 ]
The reaction is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution accompanied by elimination of water. A 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorr_quinoline_synthesis |
In the mathematical field of knot theory , a knot polynomial is a knot invariant in the form of a polynomial whose coefficients encode some of the properties of a given knot .
The first knot polynomial, the Alexander polynomial , was introduced by James Waddell Alexander II in 1923. Other knot polynomials were not fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_polynomial |
Knotted column (also serpent column) is an architectural element, consisting of a pair of columns joined together by a "flat knot". [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The column was particularly used during the Romanesque period when it spread in a wide geographical area between Northern Italy, Bavaria, and Burgundy, and was particularly ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knotted_column |
Single Chain Cyclized/Knotted Polymers are a new class of polymer architecture with a general structure consisting of multiple intramolecular cyclization units within a single polymer chain . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Such a structure was synthesized via the controlled polymerization of multivinyl monomers, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knotted_polymers |
Knotted proteins are proteins whose backbones entangle themselves in a knot. One can imagine pulling a protein chain from both termini, as though pulling a string from both ends. When a knotted protein is “pulled” from both termini, it does not get disentangled. Knotted proteins are very rare, making up only about one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knotted_protein |
The knower paradox is a paradox belonging to the family of the paradoxes of self-reference (like the liar paradox ). Informally, it consists in considering a sentence saying of itself that it is not known, and apparently deriving the contradiction that such sentence is both not known and known.
A version of the parado... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knower_paradox |
Knowledge-based processors (KBPs) are used for processing packets in computer networks . Knowledge-based processors are designed to increase the performance of the IPv6 network. By contributing to the build-out of the IPv6 network, KBPs provide the means for an improved and secure networking system.
All networks are r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge-based_processor |
A knowledge-based system ( KBS ) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems . Knowledge-based systems were the focus of early artificial intelligence researchers in the 1980s. The term can refer to a broad range of systems. However, all knowledge-based systems have two defini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge-based_systems |
kgb (stylized in lower case) is a privately held , New York –based company that provides directory assistance and enhanced information services across Europe and North America. It describes itself as "the world’s largest independent provider of directory assistance and enhanced information services." Founded in 1992 by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Generation_Bureau |
Knowledge inertia ( KI ) is a concept in knowledge management . The term initially proposed by Shu-hsien Liao comprises a two dimensional model which incorporates experience inertia and learning inertia. [ 1 ] Later, another dimension—the dimension of thinking inertia—has been added based on the theoretical exploration... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_inertia |
A knowledge production mode is a term from the sociology of science which refers to the way (scientific) knowledge is produced. So far, three modes have been conceptualized. Mode 1 production of knowledge is knowledge production motivated by scientific knowledge alone ( basic research ) which is not primarily concerned... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_production_modes |
A known error is a software bug that has not been fixed, but has a known root cause and either has little disruptive impact on the end user or a known work around. [ 1 ]
Tested systems are often described as "free from known errors" in recognition that complex systems cannot be proven to be error free. [ 2 ]
In IT Op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_error |
In crystal growth , a Knudsen cell is an effusion evaporator source for relatively low partial pressure elementary sources (e.g. Ga, Al, Hg, As). Because it is easy to control the temperature of the evaporating material in Knudsen cells, they are commonly used in molecular-beam epitaxy .
The Knudsen effusion cell was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knudsen_cell |
In fluid dynamics , the Knudsen equation is used to describe how gas flows through a tube in free molecular flow . When the mean free path of the molecules in the gas is larger than or equal to the diameter of the tube , the molecules will interact more often with the walls of the tube than with each other. For typica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knudsen_equation |
Free molecular flow describes the fluid dynamics of gas where the mean free path of the molecules is larger than the size of the chamber or of the object under test. For tubes/objects of the size of several cm, this means pressures well below 10 −3 mbar . This is also called the regime of high vacuum , or even ultra-hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knudsen_flow |
A Knudsen gas is a gas in a state of such low density that the average distance travelled by the gas molecules between collisions ( mean free path ) is greater than the diameter of the receptacle that contains it. [ 1 ] If the mean free path is much greater than the diameter, the flow regime is dominated by collisions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knudsen_gas |
The Knudsen layer , also known as evaporation layer, is the thin layer of vapor near a liquid or solid. It is named after Danish physicist Martin Knudsen (1871–1949).
At the interface of a vapor and a liquid/solid, the gas interaction with the liquid/solid dominates the gas behavior, and the gas is, very locally, not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knudsen_layer |
The Knudsen number ( Kn ) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale . This length scale could be, for example, the radius of a body in a fluid. The number is named after Danish physicist Martin Knudsen (1871–1949).
The Knudsen number... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knudsen_number |
The Knudsen paradox has been observed in experiments of channel flow with varying channel width or equivalently different pressures. [ 1 ] If the normalized mass flux through the channel is plotted over the Knudsen number based on the channel width a distinct minimum is observed around K n = 0.8 {\displaystyle Kn=0.8} ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knudsen_paradox |
Knut Rønningen (20 July 1938 – 3 February 2020) was a Norwegian biotechnologist.
He was born in Tylldalen . He studied at the Norwegian College of Agriculture , Edinburgh and Cornell University , before finally taking his dr.agric. degree at the Norwegian College of Agriculture in 1970. He became a professor at the Sw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Rønningen |
Simpath is an algorithm introduced by Donald Knuth that constructs a zero-suppressed decision diagram (ZDD) representing all simple paths between two vertices in a given graph. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
This algorithms or data structures -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth's_Simpath_algorithm |
In number theory , an n - Knödel number for a given positive integer n is a composite number m with the property that each i < m coprime to m satisfies i m − n ≡ 1 ( mod m ) {\displaystyle i^{m-n}\equiv 1{\pmod {m}}} . [ 1 ] The concept is named after Walter Knödel . [ citation needed ]
The set of all n -Knödel number... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knödel_number |
The Kobon triangle problem is an unsolved problem in combinatorial geometry first stated by Kobon Fujimura (1903-1983). The problem asks for the largest number N ( k ) of nonoverlapping triangles whose sides lie on an arrangement of k lines . Variations of the problem consider the projective plane rather than the Eucli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobon_triangle_problem |
Koch's postulates ( / k ɒ x / KOKH ) [ 2 ] are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease . The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle , and the statements were refined and published by K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch's_postulates |
The Koch reaction is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tertiary carboxylic acids from alcohols or alkenes and carbon monoxide . Some commonly industrially produced Koch acids include pivalic acid , 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid and 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid. [ 1 ] The Koch reaction employs carbon monoxide as a reage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_reaction |
The Kochi reaction is an organic reaction for the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids to alkyl halides with lead(IV) acetate and a lithium halide. [ 1 ]
The reaction is a variation of the Hunsdiecker reaction .
This organic chemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi_reaction |
The French Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) and German Robert Koch (1843–1910) are the two greatest figures in medical microbiology and in establishing acceptance of the germ theory of disease (germ theory). [ 1 ] In 1882, fueled by national rivalry and a language barrier, the tension between Pasteur and the younger Koch erup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch–Pasteur_rivalry |
Kodaikanal mercury poisoning is a proven case of mercury contamination at the hill station of Kodaikanal , Tamil Nadu , India by Hindustan Unilever in the process of making mercury thermometers for export around the world. The exposé of the environmental abuse led to the closure of the factory in 2001 and opened up a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal_mercury_poisoning |
A kodecyte (ko•de•cyte) is a living cell that has been modified (koded) by the incorporation of one or more function-spacer-lipid constructs (FSL constructs) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] to gain a new or novel biological, chemical or technological function. The cell is modified by the lipid tail of the FSL construct incorporating... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodecyte |
Kodenshi AUK Group is a conglomerate of two companies, Kodenshi Corporation based in Kyoto, Japan and AUK Corporation based in Iksan , South Korea .
Kodenshi Corporation was established in May 1972, in Uji-shi, Kyoto, Japan as a semiconductor-producing company. The company has been active in the optical semiconductor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodenshi_AUK_Group |
The term kodecyte is used to describe cells with detectable Function-Spacer-Lipid (FSL) constructs, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and in concert, the term kodevirion (pronounced co-da-virion), is used to describe virions with detectable FSL constructs. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
The method for labeling virions with FSL constructs is simpl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodevirion |
In operator algebra , the Koecher–Vinberg theorem is a reconstruction theorem for real Jordan algebras . It was proved independently by Max Koecher in 1957 [ 1 ] and Ernest Vinberg in 1961. [ 2 ] It provides a one-to-one correspondence between formally real Jordan algebras and so-called domains of positivity. Thus it l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koecher–Vinberg_theorem |
Koedoe , subtitled African Protected Area Conservation and Science , is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering biology , ecology , and biodiversity conservation in Africa. It was established in 1958. Koedoe is Afrikaans for Kudu .
For full information visit the journal website link http://koedoe.co.za... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koedoe |
The Koelsch radical (also known as Koelsch's radical and 1,3-bisdiphenylene-2-phenylallyl or α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl , abbreviated BDPA ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is a chemical compound that is an unusually stable carbon -centered radical , due to its resonance structures.
BDPA is an unusually stable radical compound due ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koelsch_radical |
Koenig's manometric flame apparatus was a laboratory instrument invented in 1862 by the German physicist Rudolph Koenig , and used to visualize sound waves . It was the nearest equivalent of the modern oscilloscope in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The manometric flame apparatus consisted of a ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenig's_manometric_flame_apparatus |
In mathematics , the Koenigs function is a function arising in complex analysis and dynamical systems . Introduced in 1884 by the French mathematician Gabriel Koenigs , it gives a canonical representation as dilations of a univalent holomorphic mapping , or a semigroup of mappings, of the unit disk in the complex numbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenigs_function |
The Koenigsberger ratio is the proportion of remanent magnetization relative to induced magnetization in natural rocks. [ 1 ] It was first described by J.G. Koenigsberger [ de ] . [ 2 ] It is a dimensionless parameter often used in geophysical exploration to describe the magnetic characteristics of a geological body fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenigsberger_ratio |
The Koenigs–Knorr reaction in organic chemistry is the substitution reaction of a glycosyl halide with an alcohol to give a glycoside . It is one of the oldest glycosylation reactions. It is named after Wilhelm Koenigs (1851–1906), a student of von Baeyer and fellow student with Hermann Emil Fischer , and Edward Knorr,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenigs–Knorr_reaction |
A Kofler bench , or Kofler heating bar; Kofler hot bar; Kofler hot bench, in German, Kofler-Heizbank , [ 1 ] is a metal strip with a temperature gradient (range room temperature to 300°C). Any substance can be placed on a section of the strip revealing its thermal behaviour at the temperature at that point. [ 2 ] The g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofler_bench |
A Kohn anomaly or the Kohn effect is an anomaly in the dispersion relation of a phonon branch in a metal. The anomaly is named for Walter Kohn , who first proposed it in 1959.
In condensed matter physics , a Kohn anomaly (also called the Kohn effect [ 1 ] ) is an anomaly in the dispersion relation of a phonon branch i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn_anomaly |
Kohn–Luttinger superconductivity is a theoretical mechanism for unconventional superconductivity proposed by Walter Kohn and Joaquin Mazdak Luttinger [ 1 ] based on Friedel oscillations . In contrast to BCS theory , in which Cooper pairs are formed due to electron–phonon interaction, Kohn–Luttinger mechanism is based o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn–Luttinger_superconductivity |
The Kohn-Sham equations are a set of mathematical equations used in quantum mechanics to simplify the complex problem of understanding how electrons behave in atoms and molecules. They introduce fictitious non-interacting electrons and use them to find the most stable arrangement of electrons, which helps scientists un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn–Sham_equations |
The Koide formula is an unexplained empirical equation discovered by Yoshio Koide in 1981. In its original form, it is not fully empirical but a set of guesses for a model for masses of quarks and leptons, as well as CKM angles. From this model it survives the observation about the masses of the three charged leptons ;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koide_formula |
Koinophilia is an evolutionary hypothesis proposing that during sexual selection , animals preferentially seek mates with a minimum of unusual or mutant features, including functionality, appearance and behavior. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Koinophilia intends to explain the clustering of sexual organisms into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinophilia |
The Kolbe electrolysis or Kolbe reaction is an organic reaction named after Hermann Kolbe . [ 1 ] The Kolbe reaction is formally a decarboxylative dimerisation of two carboxylic acids (or carboxylate ions ). The overall reaction is:
If a mixture of two different carboxylates are used, all combinations of them are gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbe_electrolysis |
The Kolbe nitrile synthesis is a method for the preparation of alkyl nitriles by reaction of the corresponding alkyl halide with a metal cyanide . [ 1 ] A side product for this reaction is the formation of an isonitrile because the cyanide ion is an ambident nucleophile . The reaction is named after Hermann Kolbe .
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbe_nitrile_synthesis |
The Kolbe–Schmitt reaction or Kolbe process (named after Hermann Kolbe and Rudolf Schmitt ) is a carboxylation chemical reaction that proceeds by treating phenol with sodium hydroxide to form sodium phenoxide , [ 1 ] then heating sodium phenoxide with carbon dioxide under pressure (100 atm , 125 °C), then treating the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbe–Schmitt_reaction |
In probability theory , Kolmogorov's inequality is a so-called "maximal inequality " that gives a bound on the probability that the partial sums of a finite collection of independent random variables exceed some specified bound.
Let X 1 , ..., X n : Ω → R be independent random variables defined on a common probability... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov's_inequality |
In probability theory , Kolmogorov's three-series theorem , named after Andrey Kolmogorov , gives a criterion for the almost sure convergence of an infinite series of random variables in terms of the convergence of three different series involving properties of their probability distributions . Kolmogorov's three-serie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov's_three-series_theorem |
In probability theory , Kolmogorov's two-series theorem is a result about the convergence of random series. It follows from Kolmogorov's inequality and is used in one proof of the strong law of large numbers .
Let ( X n ) n = 1 ∞ {\displaystyle \left(X_{n}\right)_{n=1}^{\infty }} be independent random variables with e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov's_two-series_theorem |
In probability theory , Kolmogorov's zero–one law , named in honor of Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov , specifies that a certain type of event , namely a tail event of independent σ-algebras , will either almost surely happen or almost surely not happen; that is, the probability of such an event occurring is zero or one.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov's_zero–one_law |
In 1973, Andrey Kolmogorov proposed a non-probabilistic approach to statistics and model selection . Let each datum be a finite binary string and a model be a finite set of binary strings. Consider model classes consisting of models of given maximal Kolmogorov complexity .
The Kolmogorov structure function of an indivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov_structure_function |
The Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser ( KAM ) theorem is a result in dynamical systems about the persistence of quasiperiodic motions under small perturbations. The theorem partly resolves the small-divisor problem that arises in the perturbation theory of classical mechanics .
The problem is whether or not a small perturbatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser_theorem |
In general relativity , the Komar superpotential , [ 1 ] corresponding to the invariance of the Hilbert–Einstein Lagrangian L G = 1 2 κ R − g d 4 x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\mathrm {G} }={1 \over 2\kappa }R{\sqrt {-g}}\,\mathrm {d} ^{4}x} , is the tensor density :
associated with a vector field ξ = ξ ρ ∂ ρ {\dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komar_superpotential |
Kombucha (also tea mushroom , tea fungus , or Manchurian mushroom when referring to the culture ; Latin name Medusomyces gisevii ) [ 1 ] is a fermented , effervescent , sweetened black tea drink. Sometimes the beverage is called kombucha tea to distinguish it from the culture of bacteria and yeast . [ 2 ] Juice, spices... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha |
Komlós' theorem is a theorem from probability theory and mathematical analysis about the Cesàro convergence of a subsequence of random variables (or functions ) and their subsequences to an integrable random variable (or function). It's also an existence theorem for an integrable random variable (or function). There ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komlós'_theorem |
In the mathematical theory of non-standard positional numeral systems , the Komornik–Loreti constant is a mathematical constant that represents the smallest base q for which the number 1 has a unique representation, called its q -development. The constant is named after Vilmos Komornik and Paola Loreti , who defined it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komornik–Loreti_constant |
Kompaneyets equation refers to a non-relativistic, Fokker–Planck type , kinetic equation for photon number density with which photons interact with an electron gas via Compton scattering , first derived by Alexander Kompaneyets in 1949 and published in 1957 after declassification. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The Kompaneyets equation d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaneyets_equation |
Komputeko is an online project of the non-profit youth organization E@I (“Education@Internet”) with the goal of bringing together parallel computer terminology from various dictionaries in order to facilitate access to and comparison between different translations and thus promote exact use of language and counteract t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputeko |
In physics , the Kondo effect describes the scattering of conduction electrons in a metal due to magnetic impurities , resulting in a characteristic change i.e. a minimum in electrical resistivity with temperature. [ 1 ] The cause of the effect was first explained by Jun Kondo , who applied third-order perturbation the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondo_effect |
In solid-state physics , Kondo insulators (also referred as Kondo semiconductors and heavy fermion semiconductors ) are understood as materials with strongly correlated electrons, that open up a narrow band gap (in the order of 10 meV) at low temperatures with the chemical potential lying in the gap, whereas in heavy f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondo_insulator |
The Kondo model (sometimes referred to as the s-d model ) is a model for a single localized quantum impurity coupled to a large reservoir of delocalized and noninteracting electrons . The quantum impurity is represented by a spin-1/2 particle, and is coupled to a continuous band of noninteracting electrons by an antife... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondo_model |
Kong Inc. is a software company that provides open-source platforms and cloud services for managing, monitoring, and scaling application programming interfaces (APIs) and microservices . Some of the products offered by Kong Inc. include: Kong Gateway, an open-source API gateway; Kong Enterprise, an API platform that is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Inc. |
Konrad Osterwalder (born June 3, 1942) is a Swiss mathematician and physicist, former Undersecretary-General of the United Nations , former Rector of the United Nations University (UNU), [ 1 ] and Rector Emeritus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ( ETH Zurich ). He is known for the Osterwalder–Schrade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Osterwalder |
Konrad Seppelt (born September 2, 1944 in Leipzig) [ 1 ] is an academic, author, professor and former vice president of the Free University of Berlin .
A random selection of Prof Seppelt's publications: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Seppelt |
Konstantinos Drosatos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Δροσάτος), born in Athens, Greece, is a Greek-American molecular biologist, who is the Ohio Eminent Scholar and Professor of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. His parents were Georgios Drosatos an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Drosatos |
Koopmans' theorem states that in closed-shell Hartree–Fock theory (HF), the first ionization energy of a molecular system is equal to the negative of the orbital energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital ( HOMO ). This theorem is named after Tjalling Koopmans , who published this result in 1934 for atoms. [ 1 ]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koopmans'_theorem |
The Koopman–von Neumann (KvN) theory is a description of classical mechanics as an operatorial theory similar to quantum mechanics , based on a Hilbert space of complex , square-integrable wavefunctions. As its name suggests, the KvN theory is related to work [ 1 ] [ 2 ] : 220 by Bernard Koopman and John von Neumann .
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koopman–von_Neumann_classical_mechanics |
Kopin Liu ( Chinese : 劉國平 ; born 25 January 1949) is a Taiwanese physical chemist.
Liu graduated from National Tsing Hua University in 1971 and subsequently pursued his doctorate at Ohio State University in the United States. He initiated his research career at the Georgia Institute of Technology , then moved to Argon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopin_Liu |
The Kopp–Etchells effect is a sparkling ring or disk that is sometimes produced by rotary-wing aircraft when operating in sandy conditions, particularly near the ground at night. The name was coined by photographer Michael Yon to honor two soldiers who were killed in combat; Benjamin Kopp, a US Army Ranger, and Joseph ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopp–Etchells_effect |
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute ( KAERI ; Korean : 한국원자력연구원 ) in Daejeon, South Korea was established in 1959 as the sole professional research-oriented institute for nuclear power in South Korea , and has rapidly built a reputation for research and development in various fields.
KAERI was established in 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Atomic_Energy_Research_Institute |
The Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety ( KINS ; Korean : 한국원자력안전기술원 ) is a government-funded technical expert organization in Daejeon, South Korea , which aims to develop and implement regulations for nuclear safety .
KINS was established in February 1990, and supports the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission in tech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Institute_of_Nuclear_Safety |
Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) is the national chemical research institute for the Republic of Korea. It has performed research & development and public infrastructure services in chemistry and related convergence technologies. KRICT was established in 1976 and is a National Research Council of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Research_Institute_of_Chemical_Technology |
Korean Chemical Society was founded on July 7, 1946. It is a non-profit corporation that aims a contribution toward a chemical scholarship, technological development, education, education, and the spread of chemical knowledge. There are about 7,000 members active around university, laboratories, industry, and schools, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Chemical_Society |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.