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Lilienfeld radiation, named after Julius Edgar Lilienfeld , is electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons hit a metal surface. [ 1 ]
The Smith–Purcell effect is believed to be a variant of Lilienfeld radiation. [ 2 ]
Lilienfeld radiation is shown as Transition radiation by Vitaly Ginzburg and Ilya Frank in 194... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilienfeld_radiation |
Lilingyan ( Chinese : 戾陵堰 ; pinyin : lìlíngyàn ) was an ancient irrigation system built in 250 AD during the Three Kingdoms period to irrigate the Beijing Plain around Jicheng (modern-day Beijing ). The irrigation system consisted of Lilingyan, a dam across the Shishui ( Yongding River ) at the foot of Liangshan ( Sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilingyan |
In mathematics , Lill's method is a visual method of finding the real roots of a univariate polynomial of any degree . [ 1 ] It was developed by Austrian engineer Eduard Lill in 1867. [ 2 ] A later paper by Lill dealt with the problem of complex roots. [ 3 ]
Lill's method involves drawing a path of straight line segme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lill's_method |
Lillie's trichrome is a combination of dyes used in histology .
It is similar to Masson's trichrome stain , but it uses Biebrich scarlet for the plasma stain. It was initially published by Ralph D. Lillie in 1940. [ 1 ] It is applied by submerging the fixated sample into the following three solutions: [ 2 ] Weigert's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillie's_trichrome |
The Lilliput effect is an observed decrease in animal body size in genera that have survived a major extinction . [ 1 ] There are several hypotheses as to why these patterns appear in the fossil record , some of which are: [ 2 ]
The term was coined in by Urbanek (1993) in a paper concerning the end-Silurian extinction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilliput_effect |
The Lily mottle virus (LMoV) , is a plant virus of the Potyviridae virus family that causes asymptomatic to mild diseases of individual plant parts in plants of the lily family ( Liliaceae ). However, a frequently occurring simultaneous infection with other plant viruses, which on their own only cause moderate or no di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_mottle_virus |
A Liman (from Greek λιμήν ) in Israel is the name for an artificial earthen construction used to collect floodwater by damming a desert wadi . The runoff water is slowed by the dam, thus flooding a small area and allowing the water to infiltrate into the soil. This way, a small groves of trees can be sustained in the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liman_irrigation_system |
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Limbin (LBN) is a protein that is part of the EvC complex that consists of EvC and EvC2 genes, the activity of which is critical in bone formation and skeletal development. The complex positively regulates ciliary Hedgehog (Hh) signaling due to the ciliary localization.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbin |
Limbitless Solutions is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in the United States that uses additive manufacturing ( 3D printing ) to create accessible, yet affordable personalized bionics and prosthetic partial arms for children with limb differences. [ 1 ] The organization says their bionic arms are manufactur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbitless_Solutions |
Lime is an inorganic material composed primarily of calcium oxides and hydroxides . It is also the name for calcium oxide which is used as an industrial mineral and is made by heating calcium carbonate in a kiln. Calcium oxide can occur as a product of coal-seam fires and in altered limestone xenoliths in volcanic eje... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material) |
A lime kiln is a kiln used for the calcination of limestone ( calcium carbonate ) to produce the form of lime called quicklime ( calcium oxide ). The chemical equation for this reaction is: CaCO 3 + heat → CaO + CO 2
This reaction can take place at anywhere above 840 °C (1,540 °F), but is generally considered to occur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_kiln |
Lime softening (also known as lime buttering , lime-soda treatment , or Clark 's process ) [ 1 ] is a type of water treatment used for water softening , which uses the addition of limewater ( calcium hydroxide ) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts ) by precipitation . The process is also effecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_softening |
In horticulture , lime sulfur ( lime sulphur in British English , see American and British English spelling differences ) is mainly a mixture of calcium polysulfides and thiosulfate [ 1 ] (plus other reaction by-products as sulfite and sulfate ) formed by reacting calcium hydroxide with elemental sulfur , used in pest ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_sulfur |
In physiology , psychology , or psychophysics , a limen or a liminal point is a sensory threshold of a physiological or psychological response. Such points delineate boundaries of perception; that is, a limen defines a sensory threshold beyond which a particular stimulus becomes perceivable, and below which it remains ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limen |
A limepit is either a place where limestone is quarried, or a man-made pit used to burn lime stones in the same way that modern-day kilns and furnaces constructed of brick are now used above ground for the calcination of limestone ( calcium carbonate , CaCO 3 ) and by which quicklime ( calcium oxide , CaO) is produced,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limepit |
Liminal BioSciences Inc. , [ 1 ] formerly known as Prometic Life Sciences Inc., [ 2 ] is a Canadian biopharmaceutical company.
Liminal BioSciences development programs target seven transmembrane GPCRs (7TM GPCR’s), where the receptor protein passes through the cell membrane seven times. These receptors are easily acce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminal_BioSciences |
Liming is the application of calcium - (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)-rich materials in various forms, including marl , chalk , limestone , burnt lime or hydrated lime to soil . [ 1 ] In acid soils , these materials react as a base and neutralize soil acidity . This often improves plant growth and increases the activity of so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liming_(soil) |
In mathematics , a limit is the value that a function (or sequence ) approaches as the argument (or index) approaches some value. [ 1 ] Limits of functions are essential to calculus and mathematical analysis , and are used to define continuity , derivatives , and integrals .
The concept of a limit of a sequence is furt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(mathematics) |
In mathematics , the limit comparison test (LCT) (in contrast with the related direct comparison test ) is a method of testing for the convergence of an infinite series .
Suppose that we have two series Σ n a n {\displaystyle \Sigma _{n}a_{n}} and Σ n b n {\displaystyle \Sigma _{n}b_{n}} with a n ≥ 0 , b n > 0 {\displ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_comparison_test |
In mathematics , in the study of dynamical systems with two-dimensional phase space , a limit cycle is a closed trajectory in phase space having the property that at least one other trajectory spirals into it either as time approaches infinity or as time approaches negative infinity. Such behavior is exhibited in some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_cycle |
Limit load is the maximum load that a structure can safely carry. It's the load at which the structure is in a state of incipient plastic collapse. As the load on the structure increases, the displacements increases linearly in the elastic range until the load attains the yield value. Beyond this, the load-displacement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_load_(physics) |
Limit State Design ( LSD ), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design ( LRFD ), refers to a design method used in structural engineering . A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria. [ 1 ] The condition may refer to a degree of loading or other acti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_state_design |
In the philosophy of mathematics , specifically the philosophical foundations of set theory , limitation of size is a concept developed by Philip Jourdain and/or Georg Cantor to avoid Cantor's paradox . It identifies certain "inconsistent multiplicities", in Cantor's terminology, that cannot be sets because they are "t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitation_of_size |
In mathematics , a limiting case of a mathematical object is a special case that arises when one or more components of the object take on their most extreme possible values. [ 1 ] For example:
A limiting case is sometimes a degenerate case in which some qualitative properties differ from the corresponding properties o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_case_(mathematics) |
A limiting factor is a variable of a system that causes a noticeable change in output or another measure of a type of system. The limiting factor is in a pyramid shape of organisms going up from the producers to consumers and so on. A factor not limiting over a certain domain of starting conditions may yet be limiting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_factor |
The limiting oxygen concentration ( LOC ), [ 1 ] also known as the minimum oxygen concentration ( MOC ), [ 2 ] is defined as the limiting concentration of oxygen below which combustion is not possible, independent of the concentration of fuel. It is expressed in units of volume percent of oxygen. The LOC varies with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_oxygen_concentration |
Limiting pressure velocity is a tribological term relating to the maximum temperature and compression that an assembly with rubbing surfaces can bear without failing. Pressure-limiting valves are a type of pressure control valve. They safeguard the system against excessive system pressure or limit the operation pressur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_pressure_velocity |
The limiting reagent (or limiting reactant or limiting agent ) in a chemical reaction is a reactant that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is completed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The amount of product formed is limited by this reagent, since the reaction cannot continue without it. If one or more other reagents are pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_reagent |
Limiting similarity (informally "limsim") is a concept in theoretical ecology and community ecology that proposes the existence of a maximum level of niche overlap between two given species that will allow continued coexistence.
This concept is a corollary of the competitive exclusion principle , which states that, co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_similarity |
In mechanical engineering , limits and fits are a set of rules regarding the dimensions and tolerances of mating machined parts. Limits and Fits are given to a part's dimensions to gain the desired type of fit . This is seen most commonly in regulating shaft sizes with hole sizes. [ 1 ]
Limits and Fits are standardize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limits_and_fits |
In calculus and mathematical analysis the limits of integration (or bounds of integration ) of the integral ∫ a b f ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx}
of a Riemann integrable function f {\displaystyle f} defined on a closed and bounded interval are the real numbers a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limits_of_integration |
Limulus amebocyte lysate ( LAL ) is an aqueous extract of motile blood cells ( amebocytes ) from the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus . LAL reacts with bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are components of the bacterial capsule , the outermost membrane of cell envelope of gram-negati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limulus_amebocyte_lysate |
The LinBi project [ 1 ] ran between February 2019 and October 2020 as an EU -funded INEA - CEF project which focused on biodiversity and documentation of the variety of life on Earth. This diversity is preserved in a wide range of formats – books, illustrations, specimen scans, glass plate photographs, sound recordings... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinBi |
The Lincoln County Process is a step used in producing almost all Tennessee whiskeys . The whiskey is filtered through—or steeped in [ 1 ] —maple charcoal chips before going into the charred oak casks for aging. The process is named for Lincoln County, Tennessee , which was the location of the cave spring where in 1825... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County_Process |
The Lincoln index is a statistical measure used in several fields to estimate the population size of an animal species. Described by Frederick Charles Lincoln in 1930, it is also sometimes known as the Lincoln-Petersen method after C.G. Johannes Petersen who was the first to use the related mark and recapture method. [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_index |
Linda-like systems are parallel and distributed programming models that use unstructured collections of tuples as a communication mechanism between different processes .
In addition to proper Linda implementations, these include other systems such as the following:
This computing article is a stub . You can help Wiki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda-like_systems |
Linda Faye Nazar OC FRSC FRS is a Senior Canada Research Chair in Solid State Materials and Distinguished Research Professor of Chemistry at the University of Waterloo . She develops materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Nazar demonstrated that interwoven composites could be used to improve the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Nazar |
Lindane , also known as gamma -hexachlorocyclohexane ( γ-HCH ), gammaxene , Gammallin and benzene hexachloride ( BHC ), [ 2 ] is an organochlorine chemical and an isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane that has been used both as an agricultural insecticide and as a pharmaceutical treatment for lice and scabies . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane |
A Lindblad resonance , named for the Swedish galactic astronomer Bertil Lindblad , [ 1 ] is an orbital resonance in which an object's epicyclic frequency (the rate at which one periapse follows another) is a simple multiple of some forcing frequency . Resonances of this kind tend to increase the object's orbital eccen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindblad_resonance |
In quantum mechanics , the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad equation ( GKSL equation , named after Vittorio Gorini , Andrzej Kossakowski , George Sudarshan and Göran Lindblad ), master equation in Lindblad form , quantum Liouvillian , or Lindbladian is one of the general forms of Markovian master equations describ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindbladian |
In probability theory , Lindeberg's condition is a sufficient condition (and under certain conditions also a necessary condition) for the central limit theorem (CLT) to hold for a sequence of independent random variables . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Unlike the classical CLT, which requires that the random variables in question ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindeberg's_condition |
In mathematics , Lindelöf's lemma is a simple but useful lemma in topology on the real line , named for the Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindelöf .
Let the real line have its standard topology. Then every open subset of the real line is a countable union of open intervals .
Lindelöf's lemma is also known as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindelöf's_lemma |
The Lindemann index [ 1 ] is a simple measure of thermally driven disorder in atoms or molecules.
The local Lindemann index is defined as: [ 2 ]
q i = 1 N − 1 ∑ j ≠ i ⟨ r i j 2 ⟩ − ⟨ r i j ⟩ 2 ⟨ r i j ⟩ {\displaystyle q_{i}={\frac {1}{N-1}}\sum _{j\neq i}{\frac {\sqrt {\langle r_{ij}^{2}\rangle -\langle r_{ij}\rangle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann_index |
In chemical kinetics , the Lindemann mechanism (also called the Lindemann–Christiansen mechanism [ 1 ] or the Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ) is a schematic reaction mechanism for unimolecular reactions . Frederick Lindemann and J. A. Christiansen proposed the concept almost simultaneously in 1921, [ 4 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann_mechanism |
In transcendental number theory , the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem is a result that is very useful in establishing the transcendence of numbers. It states the following:
Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem — if α 1 , ..., α n are algebraic numbers that are linearly independent over the rational numbers Q {\displaystyle \ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann–Weierstrass_theorem |
In mathematical logic , Lindenbaum's lemma , named after Adolf Lindenbaum , states that any consistent theory of predicate logic can be extended to a complete consistent theory. The lemma is a special case of the ultrafilter lemma for Boolean algebras , applied to the Lindenbaum algebra of a theory.
It is used in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindenbaum's_lemma |
The Linde–Frank–Caro process is a method for hydrogen production by removing hydrogen and carbon dioxide from water gas by condensation . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The process was invented in 1909 by Adolf Frank and developed with Carl von Linde and Heinrich Caro . [ 3 ]
Water gas is compressed to 20 bar and pumped into the Linde–F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linde–Frank–Caro_process |
Lindgren oxidation is a selective method for oxidizing aldehydes to carboxylic acids . [ 1 ] The reaction is named after Bengt O. Lindgren.
The oxidation takes place in water containing solvent mixtures under slightly acidic conditions (pH 3–5) with sodium chlorite as oxidizer. To avoid complicated oxidation reactions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindgren_oxidation |
In condensed matter physics , Lindhard theory [ 1 ] is a method of calculating the effects of electric field screening by electrons in a solid. It is based on quantum mechanics (first-order perturbation theory) and the random phase approximation . It is named after Danish physicist Jens Lindhard , who first developed t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindhard_theory |
The Lindsey–Fox algorithm , named after Pat Lindsey and Jim Fox, is a numerical algorithm for finding the roots or zeros of a high-degree polynomial with real coefficients over the complex field . It is particularly designed for random coefficients but also works well on polynomials with coefficients from samples of sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey–Fox_algorithm |
Lindstrand Balloons was a manufacturer of hot air balloons and other aerostats . The company was started by Swedish -born pilot and aeronautical designer Per Lindstrand in Oswestry , England, as Colt Balloons (later Thunder & Colt Balloons, then Lindstrand Balloons) in 1978. Lindstrand Balloons was known for its leadin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindstrand_Balloons |
In mathematical logic , Lindström's theorem (named after Swedish logician Per Lindström , who published it in 1969) states that first-order logic is the strongest logic [ 1 ] (satisfying certain conditions, e.g. closure under classical negation ) having both the (countable) compactness property and the (downward) Löwen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindström's_theorem |
In mathematics, the Lindström–Gessel–Viennot lemma provides a way to count the tuples of non-intersecting lattice paths , or, more generally, paths on a directed graph. It was proved by Gessel–Viennot in 1985, based on previous work of Lindström published in 1973. The lemma is named after Bernt Lindström , Ira Gessel a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindström–Gessel–Viennot_lemma |
Line-in recording is a term often used by manufacturers of sound equipment to refer to the capability of a device to record line level audio feeds . Microphone and instrument inputs, by contrast, are designed for devices which require further amplification to be at line-level.
The common 3.5 mm line-in connector has t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-in_recording |
In geometry , a straight line , usually abbreviated line , is an infinitely long object with no width, depth, or curvature , an idealization of such physical objects as a straightedge , a taut string, or a ray of light . Lines are spaces of dimension one, which may be embedded in spaces of dimension two, three, or high... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(geometry) |
Line 10 of the Beijing Subway ( Chinese : 北京地铁10号线 ; pinyin : běijīng dìtiě shíhào xiàn ) is the second loop line in Beijing 's rapid transit network as well as the second longest and most widely used line. The line is 57.024 km (35.433 mi) in length, [ 3 ] and runs entirely underground through Haidian , Chaoyang and F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_10_(Beijing_Subway) |
Line 10 is an east-west line on the Nanjing Metro system, running from Andemen to Yushanlu . Line 10 opened on July 1, 2014 with 14 stations spanning a total of 35.9 km (22.3 mi). [ 2 ]
The eastern section of Line 10 is the former Line 1 section between Andemen and Olympic Sport Center stations. [ 3 ] Together with it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_10_(Nanjing_Metro) |
Line 1 of the Nanjing Metro ( Chinese : 南京地铁1号线 ; pinyin : Nánjīng Dìtiě Yī Hào Xiàn ) is a north-south line and the first operating metro line in the Nanjing Metro system, inaugurated on September 3, 2005. After the opening of the 25.08 km (15.58 mi)-long south extension line on May 28, 2010, [ 2 ] the total length of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Nanjing_Metro) |
Line 2 of the Nanjing Metro ( Chinese : 南京地铁2号线 ; pinyin : Nánjīng Dìtiě ÈrHào Xiàn ) is a subway line that runs mainly in an east-west direction on the Nanjing Metro network, running from Jingtianlu to Youfangqiao ; it entered operation on May 28, 2010. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] It covers a length of 37.95 km (23.58 mi) with 26 sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_2_(Nanjing_Metro) |
Line 2 is an east–west line in the Shanghai Metro network. With a length of nearly 64 km (40 mi), it is the second longest line in the metro system after line 11 . Line 2 runs from National Exhibition and Convention Center in the west to Pudong Airport Terminal 1&2 in the east, passing Hongqiao Airport , the Huangpu ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_2_(Shanghai_Metro) |
Line 8 of the Beijing Subway ( Chinese : 北京地铁8号线 ; pinyin : běijīng dìtiě bāhàoxiàn ) is a rapid transit line in Beijing . It sits on the central axis of Beijing. Line 8's color is green. It is 49.5 km (30.8 mi) in length with 35 stations (34 in operation). The most recent extension is the central section from National... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_8_(Beijing_Subway) |
In geometry and topology , the line at infinity is a projective line that is added to the affine plane in order to give closure to, and remove the exceptional cases from, the incidence properties of the resulting projective plane . The line at infinity is also called the ideal line . [ 1 ]
In projective geometry, any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_at_infinity |
In telecommunications , a line code is a pattern of voltage, current, or photons used to represent digital data transmitted down a communication channel or written to a storage medium . This repertoire of signals is usually called a constrained code in data storage systems. [ 1 ] Some signals are more prone to error th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_code |
In geometry , line coordinates are used to specify the position of a line just as point coordinates (or simply coordinates ) are used to specify the position of a point.
There are several possible ways to specify the position of a line in the plane. A simple way is by the pair ( m , b ) where the equation of the line ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_coordinates |
In mathematics , a line field on a manifold is a formation of a line being tangent to a manifold at each point, i.e. a section of the line bundle over the manifold. Line fields are of particular interest in the study of complex dynamical systems , where it is conventional to modify the definition slightly.
In general... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_field |
In scientific visualization , line integral convolution ( LIC ) is a method to visualize a vector field (such as fluid motion ) at high spatial resolutions. [ 1 ] The LIC technique was first proposed by Brian Cabral and Leith Casey Leedom in 1993. [ 2 ]
In LIC, discrete numerical line integration is performed along th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integral_convolution |
Line level is the specified strength of an audio signal used to transmit analog sound between audio components such as CD and DVD players, television sets , audio amplifiers , and mixing consoles .
Generally, line level signals sit in the middle of the hierarchy of signal levels in audio engineering. There are weaker ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_level |
Line moiré is one type of moiré pattern ; a pattern that appears when superposing two transparent layers containing correlated opaque patterns. Line moiré is the case when the superposed patterns comprise straight or curved lines. When moving the layer patterns, the moiré patterns transform or move at a faster speed. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_moiré |
Line notation is a typographical notation system using ASCII characters, most often used for chemical nomenclature . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_notation |
The Line of Contact ( Armenian : շփման գիծ , shp’man gits , Azerbaijani : təmas xətti ) was the front line which separated Armenian forces (the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army and the Armenian Armed Forces ) and the Azerbaijan Armed Forces from the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 until the 2020 Nagorno-Kara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Contact_(Nagorno-Karabakh) |
In physics , the line of action (also called line of application ) of a force ( F → ) is a geometric representation of how the force is applied. It is the straight line through the point at which the force is applied, and is in the same direction as the vector F → . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The lever arm is the perpendicular distan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_action |
An orbital node is either of the two points where an orbit intersects a plane of reference to which it is inclined. [ 1 ] A non-inclined orbit , which is contained in the reference plane, has no nodes.
Common planes of reference include the following:
If a reference direction from one side of the plane of reference t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_nodes |
The line of sight , also known as visual axis or sightline (also sight line ), is an imaginary line between a viewer/ observer / spectator 's eye (s) and a subject of interest, or their relative direction . [ 1 ] The subject may be any definable object taken note of or to be taken note of by the observer, at any distan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_sight |
The line of thrust is the locus of the points, through which forces pass in a retaining wall or an arch . It is the line, along which internal forces flow, [1] , [2] .
In a stone structure , the line of thrust is a theoretical line that through the structure represents the path of the resultants of the compressive for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_thrust |
Line representations in robotics are used for the following:
When using such line it is needed to have conventions for the representations so they are clearly defined. This article discusses several of these methods.
A line L ( p , d ) {\displaystyle L(p,d)} is completely defined by the ordered set of two vectors:
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_representations_in_robotics |
In geometry , a line segment is a part of a straight line that is bounded by two distinct endpoints (its extreme points ), and contains every point on the line that is between its endpoints. It is a special case of an arc , with zero curvature . The length of a line segment is given by the Euclidean distance between it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_segment |
A line source , as opposed to a point source , area source , or volume source , is a source of air, noise, water contamination or electromagnetic radiation that emanates from a linear (one-dimensional) geometry. The most prominent linear sources are roadway air pollution , aircraft air emissions , roadway noise , cer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_source |
Line spectral pairs ( LSP ) or line spectral frequencies ( LSF ) are used to represent linear prediction coefficients (LPC) for transmission over a channel. [ 1 ] LSPs have several properties (e.g. smaller sensitivity to quantization noise) that make them superior to direct quantization of LPCs. For this reason, LSPs a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs |
An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Lineages are subsets of the evolutionary tree of life . Lineages are often determined by the techniques of molecular systematics .
Lineages are typi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(evolution) |
The lineage markers are characteristic molecules for cell lineages , e.g. cell surface markers , mRNAs , or internal proteins . Certain antibodies can be used to detect or purify cells with these markers by binding to their surface antigens. A standard cocktail of antibodies can be designed to remove or purify mature h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_markers |
Linear Algebra and its Applications is a biweekly peer-reviewed mathematics journal published by Elsevier and covering matrix theory and finite-dimensional linear algebra .
The journal was established in January 1968 with A.J. Hoffman , A.S. Householder , A.M. Ostrowski , H. Schneider , and O. Taussky Todd as founding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra_and_Its_Applications |
The Linear Executable (LE) format is a file format for executables , object code , and DLLs designed for 32-bit protected mode operating systems. Originally used by the OS/2 operating system and adopted by various DOS extenders , it also served as the file format for Virtual Device Drivers (VxD) in early versions of Wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Executable |
Linear acetylenic carbon ( LAC ), also known as carbyne or a Linear Carbon Chain ( LCC ), is an allotrope of carbon that has the chemical structure (−C≡C−) n as a repeat unit , with alternating single and triple bonds . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It would thus be the ultimate member of the polyyne family.
This polymeric carbyne is o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_acetylenic_carbon |
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as
linear maps such as
and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra |
A linear biochemical pathway is a chain of enzyme-catalyzed reaction steps where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction . The molecules progress through the pathway sequentially from the starting substrate to the final product. Each step in the pathway is usually facilitated by a differ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_biochemical_pathway |
In Hamiltonian mechanics , the linear canonical transformation ( LCT ) is a family of integral transforms that generalizes many classical transforms. It has 4 parameters and 1 constraint, so it is a 3-dimensional family, and can be visualized as the action of the special linear group SL 2 ( C ) on the time–frequency pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_canonical_transformation |
In chemistry and materials science , linear chain compounds are materials composed of one-dimensional arrays of metal-metal bonded molecules or ions . Such materials exhibit anisotropic electrical conductivity . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Many linear chain compounds feature square planar complexes . One example is Rh(acac)(CO) 2 , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_chain_compound |
In mathematics , a linear combination or superposition is an expression constructed from a set of terms by multiplying each term by a constant and adding the results (e.g. a linear combination of x and y would be any expression of the form ax + by , where a and b are constants). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The concept of l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_combination |
A linear combination of atomic orbitals or LCAO is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals and a technique for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry . [ 1 ] In quantum mechanics, electron configurations of atoms are described as wavefunctions . In a mathematical sense, these wave functions are the basi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_combination_of_atomic_orbitals |
In mathematical optimization theory , the linear complementarity problem (LCP) arises frequently in computational mechanics and encompasses the well-known quadratic programming as a special case. It was proposed by Cottle and Dantzig in 1968. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Given a real matrix M and vector q , the linear complement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_complementarity_problem |
In the mathematical field of order theory , a continuum or linear continuum is a generalization of the real line .
Formally, a linear continuum is a linearly ordered set S of more than one element that is densely ordered , i.e., between any two distinct elements there is another (and hence infinitely many others), and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_continuum |
Linear dichroism ( LD ) or diattenuation is the difference between absorption of light polarized parallel and polarized perpendicular to an orientation axis. [ 1 ] It is the property of a material whose transmittance depends on the orientation of linearly polarized light incident upon it. As a technique, it is primaril... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_dichroism |
In mathematics , a linear differential equation is a differential equation that is linear in the unknown function and its derivatives, so it can be written in the form a 0 ( x ) y + a 1 ( x ) y ′ + a 2 ( x ) y ″ ⋯ + a n ( x ) y ( n ) = b ( x ) {\displaystyle a_{0}(x)y+a_{1}(x)y'+a_{2}(x)y''\cdots +a_{n}(x)y^{(n)}=b(x)}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_differential_equation |
Linear dynamical systems are dynamical systems whose evolution functions are linear . While dynamical systems, in general, do not have closed-form solutions , linear dynamical systems can be solved exactly, and they have a rich set of mathematical properties. Linear systems can also be used to understand the qualitat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_dynamical_system |
In dosimetry , linear energy transfer (LET) is the amount of energy that an ionizing particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance. It describes the action of radiation into matter.
It is identical to the retarding force acting on a charged ionizing particle travelling through the matter. [ 1 ] By def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_energy_transfer |
In mathematics , a linear equation is an equation that may be put in the form a 1 x 1 + … + a n x n + b = 0 , {\displaystyle a_{1}x_{1}+\ldots +a_{n}x_{n}+b=0,} where x 1 , … , x n {\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}} are the variables (or unknowns ), and b , a 1 , … , a n {\displaystyle b,a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n}} are the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation |
In algebra , linear equations and systems of linear equations over a field are widely studied. "Over a field" means that the coefficients of the equations and the solutions that one is looking for belong to a given field, commonly the real or the complex numbers . This article is devoted to the same problems where "fie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation_over_a_ring |
In order theory , a branch of mathematics , a linear extension of a partial order is a total order (or linear order) that is compatible with the partial order. As a classic example, the lexicographic order of totally ordered sets is a linear extension of their product order .
A partial order is a reflexive , transitiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_extension |
In mathematics , especially in the area of mathematical analysis known as dynamical systems theory , a linear flow on the torus is a flow on the n -dimensional torus T n = S 1 × S 1 × ⋯ × S 1 ⏟ n {\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{n}=\underbrace {S^{1}\times S^{1}\times \cdots \times S^{1}} _{n}} ,
which is represented by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_flow_on_the_torus |
In mathematics , a linear form (also known as a linear functional , [ 1 ] a one-form , or a covector ) is a linear map [ nb 1 ] from a vector space to its field of scalars (often, the real numbers or the complex numbers ).
If V is a vector space over a field k , the set of all linear functionals from V to k is itself ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_form |
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