text stringlengths 11 320k | source stringlengths 26 161 |
|---|---|
The following applications can be used to create playable DVDs .
Free software implementations often lack features such as encryption and region coding due to licensing restrictions issues, and depending on the demands of the DVD producer, may not be considered
suitable for mass-market use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_authoring_software |
This aims to be a complete list of DVD manufacturers .
This list may not be complete or up to date. If you see a manufacturer that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please update the page accordingly. This list is only a list of brand names for DVDs and not an actual
manufacturers list. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DVD_manufacturers |
The first engines for JavaScript were mere interpreters of the source code , but all relevant modern engines use just-in-time compilation for improved performance. [ 1 ] JavaScript engines are typically developed by web browser vendors, and every major browser has one. In a browser, the JavaScript engine runs in concert with the rendering engine via the Document Object Model and Web IDL bindings. [ 2 ] However, the use of JavaScript engines is not limited to browsers; for example, the V8 engine is a core component of the Node.js runtime system . [ 3 ] Since ECMAScript is the standardized specification of JavaScript, ECMAScript engine is another name for these implementations . With the advent of WebAssembly , some engines can also execute this code in the same sandbox as regular JavaScript code. [ 4 ] [ 3 ]
The first JavaScript engine was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 for the Netscape Navigator web browser . [ 5 ] It was a rudimentary interpreter for the nascent language Eich invented. [ 6 ] (This evolved into the SpiderMonkey engine, still used by the Firefox browser. [ 5 ] ) Google debuted its Chrome browser in 2008, with the V8 JavaScript engine that was faster than its competition. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The key innovation was just-in-time compilation (JIT), which Mozilla had also been working on for SpiderMonkey. [ 9 ] Because of V8's performance, the other browser vendors needed to overhaul their engines for JIT. [ 10 ] Apple developed the Nitro engine for its Safari browser, which had 30% better performance than its predecessor. [ 11 ] Mozilla then leveraged portions of Nitro to improve SpiderMonkey. [ 12 ] Since 2017, these engines have added support for WebAssembly . [ 4 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ECMAScript_engines |
This is a list of notable enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. The first section is devoted to free and open-source software , and the second is for proprietary software . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ERP_software_packages |
The Eclipse IDE platform can be extended by adding different plug-ins . Notable examples include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eclipse-based_software |
The following is a list of European power companies by carbon intensity . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_power_companies_by_carbon_intensity |
FTP server return codes always have three digits, and each digit has a special meaning. [ 1 ] The first digit denotes whether the response is good, bad or incomplete:
The requested action is being initiated; expect another reply before proceeding with a new command. (The user-process sending another command before the completion reply would be in violation of protocol; but server-FTP processes should queue any commands that arrive while a preceding command is in progress.) This type of reply can be used to indicate that the command was accepted and the user-process may now pay attention to the data connections, for implementations where simultaneous monitoring is difficult. The server-FTP process may send at most, one 1xx reply per command.
The requested action has been successfully completed. A new request may be initiated.
The command has been accepted, but the requested action is being held in abeyance, pending receipt of further information. The user should send another command specifying this information. This reply is used in command sequence groups.
The command was not accepted and the requested action did not take place, but the error condition is temporary and the action may be requested again. The user should return to the beginning of the command sequence, if any. It is difficult to assign a meaning to "transient", particularly when two distinct sites (Server- and User-processes) have to agree on the interpretation. Each reply in the 4xx category might have a slightly different time value, but the intent is that the user-process is encouraged to try again. A rule of thumb in determining if a reply fits into the 4xx or the 5xx (Permanent Negative) category is that replies are 4xx if the commands can be repeated without any change in command form or in properties of the User or Server (e.g., the command is spelled the same with the same arguments used; the user does not change his file access or user name; the server does not put up a new implementation.)
The command was not accepted and the requested action did not take place. The User-process is discouraged from repeating the exact request (in the same sequence). Even some "permanent" error conditions can be corrected, so the human user may want to direct his User-process to reinitiate the command sequence by direct action at some point in the future (e.g., after the spelling has been changed, or the user has altered his directory status.)
RFC 2228 introduced the concept of protected replies to increase security over FTP communications. The 6xx replies are Base64 encoded protected messages that serves as responses to secure commands. When properly decoded, these replies fall into the above categories.
The second digit is a grouping digit and encodes the following information:
These replies refer to syntax errors, syntactically correct commands that don't fit any functional category, unimplemented or superfluous commands.
These are replies to requests for information, such as status or help.
Replies referring to the control and data connections.
Replies for the login process and accounting procedures.
These replies indicate the status of the Server file system vis-a-vis the requested transfer or other file system action.
Below is a list of all known return codes that may be issued by an FTP server. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FTP_server_return_codes |
Facebook is a social-network service website launched on February 4, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg . The following is a list of software and technology features that can be found on the Facebook website and mobile app and are available to users of the social media site.
The news feed is the primary system through which users are exposed to content posted on the network. Using a secret method (initially known as EdgeRank ), Facebook selects a handful of updates to actually show users every time they visit their feed, out of an average of 1500 updates they can potentially receive. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
On September 6, 2006, Ruchi Sanghvi announced a new home page feature called News Feed. Originally, when users logged into Facebook, they were presented with a customizable version of their own profile. The new layout, by contrast, created an alternative home page in which users saw a constantly updated list of their friends' Facebook activity. News Feed highlights information that includes profile changes, upcoming events, and birthdays, among other updates. This has enabled spammers and other users to manipulate these features by creating illegitimate events or posting fake birthdays to attract attention to their profile or cause. News Feed also shows conversations taking place between the walls of a user's friends. An integral part of the News Feed interface is the Mini Feed, a news stream on the user's profile page that shows updates about that user. Unlike in the News Feed, the user can delete events from the Mini Feed after they appear so that they are no longer visible to profile visitors. In 2011, Facebook updated the News Feed to show top stories and most recent stories in one feed, and the option to highlight stories to make them top stories, as well as to un-highlight stories. In response to users' criticism, Facebook later updated the News Feed to allow users to view recent stories first.
Initially, the addition of the News Feed caused some discontent among Facebook users. Many users complained that the News Feed was too cluttered with excess information. Others were concerned that the News Feed made it too easy for other people to track activities like changes in relationship status, events, and conversations with other users. [ 3 ] This tracking is often casually referred to as "Facebook-Stalking". In response to this dissatisfaction, creator Mark Zuckerberg issued an apology for the site's failure to include appropriate customizable privacy features. Thereafter, users were able to control what types of information were shared automatically with friends. Currently, users may prevent friends from seeing updates about several types of especially private activities, although other events are not customizable in this way.
With the introduction of the "New Facebook" in early February 2010 came a complete redesign of the pages, several new features and changes to News Feeds. On their personal Feeds (now integrated with Walls), users were given the option of removing updates from any application as well as choosing the size they show up on the page. Furthermore, the community feed (containing recent actions by the user's friends) contained options to instantly select whether to hear more or less about certain friends or applications.
On March 7, 2013, Facebook announced a redesigned newsfeed. In 2022, Facebook's parent company, Meta Platforms , announced it is renaming the "News Feed" to simply be named "Feed". [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
"Friending" someone on the platform is the act of sending another user a "friend request" on Facebook. The two people are Facebook friends once the receiving party accepts the friend request. In addition to accepting the request, the user has the option of declining the friend request or hiding it using the "Not Now" feature. Deleting a friend request removes the request, but does allow the sender to resend it in the future. The "Not Now" feature hides the request but does not delete it, allowing the receiver to revisit the request at a later date.
It is also possible to remove a user from one's friends, which is referred to as "unfriending" by Facebook. [ 6 ] Many Facebook users also refer to the process as "de-friending". [ 7 ] "Unfriend" was New Oxford American Dictionary 's word of the year in 2009. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Facebook does not notify a user if they have been unfriended, but there are scripts that provide this functionality. [ 10 ] There has also been a study on why Facebook users unfriend, which found that differences, especially between ages, and few mutual friendships were the dominant factors correlated with unfriending, all of which mirrors the decline of physical-world relationships. [ 11 ]
Facebook profiles also have advanced privacy features to restrict content to certain users, such as non-friends or persons on a specific list.
The wall is the original profile space where Facebook users' content was displayed, until December 2011. It allowed the posting of messages, often short or temporal notes, for the user to see while displaying the time and date the message was written. A user's wall is visible to anyone with the ability to see their full profile, and friends' wall posts appear in the user's News Feed.
In July 2007, Facebook allowed users to post attachments to the wall, whereas previously the wall was limited to text only. [ 12 ] In May 2008, the Wall-to-Wall for each profile was limited to only 40 posts. Facebook later allowed users to insert HTML code in boxes attached to the wall via apps like Static FBML which has allowed marketers to track use of their fan pages with Google Analytics.
The concept of tagging in status updates, an attempt to imitate Twitter, [ 13 ] began September 14, 2009. This meant putting the name of a user, a brand, an event or a group [ 14 ] in a post in such a way that it linked to the wall of the Facebook page being tagged, and made the post appear in news feeds for that page, as well as those of selected friends. [ 15 ] This was first done using the "@" symbol followed by the person's name. Later, a numerical ID for the person could be used. Visually, this was displayed with bold text. [ 16 ] Early in 2011, tagging in comments was added.
In addition to postings by other users, the wall also displayed other events that happened to the user's profile. This included when information was changed, when they changed their profile picture, and when they connected with new people, among other things. [ citation needed ]
The wall has been replaced by the Timeline profile layout, which was introduced in December 2011. [ citation needed ]
In September 2011, Facebook introduced "Timeline" at its developer conference , intended to revamp users' profiles in order to show content based on year, month and date. "Cover" photos were introduced, taking up a significant portion of the top of pages, and a redesigned display of personal information such as friends, likes and photos appeared on the left-hand side, while story posts appeared on the right. The new design introduced flexible sizing for story posts in the feed, along with more prominent location and photo placement. The Timeline also encouraged scrolling, with constantly loading story posts of users' pasts. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Timeline began gradually rolling out to users in New Zealand starting December 7, 2011, [ 20 ] and was made officially available to all users worldwide on December 15. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] By January, the switch to Timeline became required for all users. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] In February 2012, Timeline became available for Facebook Pages. [ 25 ]
The like button, first enabled on February 9, 2009, [ 26 ] enables users to easily interact with status updates, comments, photos, links shared by friends, videos and advertisements. Once clicked by a user, the designated content appears in the News Feeds of that user's friends, [ 27 ] [ 28 ] and the button also displays the number of other users who have liked the content, including a full or partial list of those users. [ 29 ] The like button was extended to comments in June 2010. [ 30 ] After extensive testing [ 31 ] and years of questions from the public about whether it had an intention to incorporate a "Dislike" button, [ 32 ] Facebook officially rolled out "Reactions" to users worldwide on February 24, 2016, letting users long-press on the like button for an option to use one of six pre-defined emotions, including "Like", "Love", "Haha", "Wow", "Sad", or "Angry" and for a limited time the following reactions, "Care", "Pride Flag", "Thankful". [ 31 ] [ 33 ] Reactions were also extended to comments in May 2017. [ 34 ] [ 35 ]
In June 2017, in celebration of Pride month , Facebook introduced a rainbow flag as part of its Reactions options. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] The design of the reactions was updated in April 2019, with more frames comprising the icons' animations as well as a general graphical overhaul. [ 39 ] The reactions were first shown off by reverse engineering expert Jane Manchun Wong on Twitter , [ 40 ] with mixed reactions both as replies and on Facebook itself. In September 2019 it was revealed that Facebook is conducting a trial in Australia to hide the like count on posts. [ 41 ] In 2020 during the COVID-19 outbreak, a "Care" reaction was added to Facebook. [ 42 ]
To mark the 30th anniversary of the GIF, Facebook has introduced a new feature enabling users to add GIFs to comments. The eagerly awaited feature can be accessed using the GIF button located beside the emoji picker. Users can choose from the available GIFs sourced from Facebook's GIF partners, but cannot upload other GIFs .
GIFs aside, the comments feature also allow users to attach stickers. Facebook has a standard sticker set, whereby sticker options are categorised according to popular moods and activities such as "Happy", "Eating", and "Confused". In 2020, Facebook introduced "Make Your Avatar" [ 43 ] which enables users to customize a virtual look-alike of yourself to use as stickers in comments as well as Messenger chats. Essentially Facebook's version of Snap's Bitmoji, Avatars have been since made available in Australia, New Zealand, Europe and Canada.
In December 2015, an indicator was added to the comment area to show when a friend is typing a new comment. [ 44 ]
Facebook Messenger is an instant messaging service and software application. Originally developed as Facebook Chat in 2008, [ 45 ] the company revamped its messaging service in 2010, [ 46 ] and subsequently released standalone iOS and Android apps in August 2011. [ 47 ] Over the years, Facebook has released new apps on a variety of different operating systems, [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] launched a dedicated website interface , [ 51 ] and separated the messaging functionality from the main Facebook app, requiring users to download the standalone apps. [ 52 ]
Facebook Messenger lets Facebook users send messages to each other. Complementing regular conversations, Messenger lets users make voice calls [ 53 ] and video calls [ 54 ] both in one-to-one interactions [ 55 ] and in group conversations. [ 56 ] Its Android app has integrated support for SMS [ 57 ] and "Chat Heads", which are round profile photo icons appearing on-screen regardless of what app is open, [ 58 ] while both apps support multiple accounts, [ 59 ] conversations with optional end-to-end encryption , [ 60 ] and playing "Instant Games", which are select games built into Messenger. [ 61 ] Some features, including sending money [ 62 ] and requesting transportation, [ 63 ] are limited to the United States. [ 62 ] In 2017, Facebook has added "Messenger Day", a feature that lets users share photos and videos in a story-format with all their friends with the content disappearing after 24 hours; [ 64 ] Reactions, which lets users tap and hold a message to add a reaction through an emoji ; [ 65 ] and Mentions, which lets users in group conversations type @ to give a particular user a notification. [ 65 ]
In March 2015, Facebook announced that it would start letting businesses and users interact through Messenger with features such as tracking purchases and receiving notifications, and interacting with customer service representatives. It also announced that third-party developers could integrate their apps into Messenger, letting users enter an app while inside Messenger and optionally share details from the app into a chat. [ 66 ] In April 2016, it introduced an API for developers to build chatbots into Messenger, for uses such as news publishers building bots to give users news through the service, [ 67 ] and in April 2017, it enabled the M virtual assistant for users in the U.S., which scans chats for keywords and suggests relevant actions, such as its payments system for users mentioning money. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Additionally, Facebook expanded the use of bots, incorporating group chatbots into Messenger as "Chat Extensions", adding a "Discovery" tab for finding bots, and enabling special, branded QR codes that, when scanned, take the user to a specific bot. [ 70 ]
In August 2018, Facebook discontinued users' ability to post to their Timeline using SMS.
In September 2022, Facebook added the "Community Chats" function, allowing people in a Facebook group to chat between each other on Messenger and on the Messenger app. [ 71 ]
Notifications tell the user that something has been added to their profile page. Examples include: a message being shared on the user's wall or a comment on a picture of the user or on a picture that the user has previously commented on. Initially, notifications for events were limited to one per event; these were eventually grouped category-wise. For instance, 10 users having liked a user's picture now count for one notification, whereas in the earlier stages, these would have accounted for ten separate notifications. The number of notifications can be changed in the settings section, to a maximum of 99. There is a red notification counter at the top of the page, which if clicked displays the most recent ones.
Facebook groups can be created by individual users. Groups allow members to post content such as links, media, questions, events, editable documents, and comments on these items.
Groups are used for collaboration and allow discussions, events, and numerous other activities. They are a way of enabling a number of people to come together online to share information and discuss specific subjects. They are increasingly used by clubs, companies and public sector organizations to engage with stakeholders, be they members of the public, employees, members, service users, shareholders or customers. Groups can have two different levels of privacy settings:
Previously, in October 2010, there were version 0 (legacy) and version 1 (current) groups. [ 73 ] Version 1 or "new" groups can contain the name of the group in their URL if the email address of the group is set. Groups do not have a RSS feed to export the wall or the member list, such as Pages or Events have, but third parties provide such service if the group is set to an "open" privacy setting. All groups have since been migrated to a single design. [ 74 ]
Facebook events are a way for members to let friends know about upcoming events in their community and to organize social gatherings. Events require an event name, network, host name, event type, start time, location, and a guest list of friends invited. Events can be public or private. Private events cannot be found in searches and are by invitation only. People who have not been invited cannot view a private event's description, Wall, or photos. They also will not see any Feed stories about the event. When setting up an event the user can choose to allow friends to upload photos or videos. Note that unlike real world events, all events are treated as separate entities (when the reality is some events sit inside other events, going to one event would preclude going to another, and so on).
In February 2011, Facebook began to use the hCalendar microformat to mark up events, and the hCard microformat for the events' venues, enabling the extraction of details to users' own calendar or mapping applications. Third parties facilitate events to be exported from Facebook pages to the iCalendar -format. [ citation needed ]
In 2007, Facebook introduced the Facebook Marketplace, allowing users to post classified ads within sale, housing, and jobs categories. [ 75 ] However, the feature never gained traction, and in 2009, control was transferred to Oodle , the platform powering the functionality. The feature was then eventually shut down in 2014. [ 75 ] In October 2016, Facebook announced a new Marketplace, citing the growth of organized "buy and sell" Facebook Groups, and gave the new version a higher prominence in the main Facebook app, taking the navigation position previously held by Facebook Messenger . [ 75 ] [ 76 ]
According to Facebook's internal data from 2019, the Marketplace used to only be a C2C platform but now there is a major B2C opportunity for US retailers. [ 77 ]
In June 2021, the European Commission and Competition and Markets Authority launched antitrust probes over concerns that Facebook's Marketplace took advantage of data from competing services that advertise on the platform and used it to gain "an undue competitive advantage". [ 78 ]
Facebook Notes was introduced on August 22, 2006, as a blogging platform offering users the ability to write notes, attach photos, and optionally import blog entries from external sources. [ 79 ]
The most known usage form of the Notes feature was the Internet meme "25 Random Things About Me", which involves writing 25 things about the user that their friends do not already know about them and using the tag function to ask 25 friends to do the same. The trend became popular in February 2009, with The New York Times discussing its sudden surge, noting that nearly five million notes were created for the purpose, a doubling of the feature's use in the previous week and larger than any other week in Facebook's history. [ 80 ]
In September 2015, the Notes feature received an update, bringing additional features, such as adding a cover photo and caption, the ability to resize photos, and text formatting options. [ 81 ]
Facebook announced Places on August 18, 2010. It is a feature that lets users check into Facebook using a mobile device to let a user's friends know where they are at the moment. [ 82 ]
In November 2010, Facebook announced "Deals", a subset of the Places offering, which allows for users to check in from restaurants, supermarkets, bars, and coffee shops using an app on a mobile device and then be rewarded discounts, coupons, and free merchandise. This feature is marketed as a digital version of a loyalty card or coupon where a customer gets rewarded for loyal buying behavior. [ 83 ]
On October 10, 2010, Places became available on BlackBerry , [ 84 ] iPhone , and Android . Other users, including Windows Mobile users, must use an HTML5 browser to use Places via Facebook Touch Site. [ 85 ]
Facebook Places was reported discontinued on August 24, 2011, [ 86 ] but was relaunched in November 2014, now including cover images, discovery sections, city/category landing pages, a deeper integration with the Location API, Graph Search queries and user generated content. [ 87 ]
The Facebook Platform provides a set of APIs and tools which enable third-party developers to integrate with the "open graph", whether through applications on Facebook.com or external websites and devices. Launched on May 24, 2007, Facebook Platform has evolved from enabling development just on Facebook.com to one also supporting integration across the web and devices.
Facebook Platform Statistics as of May 2010:
On August 29, 2007, Facebook changed the way in which the popularity of applications is measured, to give attention to the more engaging applications, following criticism that ranking applications only by the number of people who had installed the application was giving an advantage to the highly viral , yet useless applications. Tech blog Valleywag has criticized Facebook Applications, labeling them a "cornucopia of uselessness". Others have called for limiting third-party applications so the Facebook "user experience" is not degraded.
Primarily attempting to create viral applications is a method that has certainly been employed by numerous Facebook application developers. Stanford University even offered a class in the Fall of 2007, entitled, Computer Science (CS) 377W: "Create Engaging Web Applications Using Metrics and Learning on Facebook". Numerous applications created by the class were highly successful, and ranked amongst the top Facebook applications, with some achieving over 3.5 million users in a month.
In May 2010, Facebook began testing Questions, which is expected to compete with services such as Yahoo! Answers . [ 88 ]
On March 24, 2011, Facebook announced that its new product, Facebook Questions, facilitates short, poll [ 89 ] -like answers in addition to long-form responses, and also links directly to relevant items in Facebook's directory of "fan pages". [ 90 ]
Facebook allows users to upload photos, and to add them to albums. In December 2010, the company enabled facial recognition technology, helping users identify people to tag in uploaded photos. [ 91 ] In May 2011, Facebook launched a feature to tag specific Facebook pages in photos, including brands, products, and companies. [ 92 ] On mobile, Facebook introduced photo filters in August 2011. [ 93 ]
In May 2016, Facebook started allowing users to upload and view 360-degree photos. Mobile users will move their device around to navigate the environment, while website users will have to click and drag. [ 94 ] [ 95 ]
According to Facebook in 2010, there were over 50 billion photos stored on the service. [ 96 ]
In May 2007, Facebook officially launched its video platform, allowing users to upload recorded videos or livestream videos from their webcams . The service supports the ability to "tag" friends in similar ways to photos. [ 97 ] In December 2014, Facebook began rolling out functionality for business Pages to pin ("Feature") a video to the top of their Videos tab. [ 98 ]
In January 2015, Facebook published a report detailing a significant growth in video viewing on the platform, specifically highlighting the fact that Facebook has seen an average of one billion video views every day since June 2014. [ 99 ]
In September 2015, Facebook announced that it would begin showing view counts for publicly posted videos. [ 100 ] A few weeks later, the company announced that users will be able to view 360-degree videos . On the website, users can click around to change the perspective, whereas mobile users can physically move their device to interact with the virtual space. The result is the work of a collaboration between Facebook and its Oculus division. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] [ 103 ]
In August 2015, Facebook began to allow users to live stream video. Streams appear on the News Feed, and users can comment on them in real-time. Live broadcasts are automatically saved as a video post to the streamer's page. The feature was positioned as a competitor to services such as Meerkat and Periscope . [ 104 ] [ 105 ]
The feature was initially available only to verified public figures through the Facebook Mentions app (which is also exclusive to these users). [ 104 ] [ 106 ] Live streaming began to roll out for public use in January 2016, beginning with the Facebook iOS app in the United States. [ 107 ] [ 108 ]
In April 2016, Facebook unveiled a live-streaming API , aimed to allow developers to use any device, including professional video cameras and drones , to integrate with the live-video streaming platform. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Facebook also updated its mobile app to provide a dedicated section for showcasing current and recent live broadcasts. [ 111 ] To drive its adoption, Facebook provided incentives to publishers and celebrities to perform live broadcasts, including monetary rewards. [ 112 ] [ 113 ]
In March 2017, Facebook extended live-streaming support to PCs. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] In May, Facebook Live was updated on iOS to let two users livestream together, [ 116 ] and the following month, Facebook added support for closed captioning to live video. This is limited to the CEA-608 standard, a notable difference from the automatic closed captioning available for Page videos that are recorded and then uploaded, due to difficulties in adapting the same standard at scale on the low-latency real-time nature for live content. [ 117 ] [ 118 ]
At the end of 2017, Facebook Live was updated to offer support for livestreaming Facebook Messenger games. [ 119 ] [ 120 ]
Facebook Live was used by the perpetrators of an incident in which four black young adults kidnapped and tortured a mentally disabled white male. [ 121 ] All four were charged and convicted of hate crimes. [ 122 ] Facebook Live was also used by Brenton Tarrant, perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings to broadcast the attack on Al Noor Mosque . A total of 51 people were killed and another 40 were injured at Al Noor and in a subsequent attack at Linwood Islamic Centre . This video was viewed over 4,000 times and had 200 watching it live. [ 123 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Because of this, Facebook announced it would be considering restrictions on the service. [ 126 ] The service was also used to broadcast the hostage taking during the Nakhon Ratchasima shootings , which ultimately left 31 people dead including the perpetrator and 57 others injured. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ] A shooting spree in Memphis in September 2022 was livestreamed by the suspect, a 19-year-old male; witnesses who viewed the stream saw him entering a store and shooting at customers inside. [ 130 ] Additionally, Ronnie McNutt , an army veteran, committed suicide on a Facebook Live stream, leading to the footage spreading outside of Facebook Live to other social media platforms, including TikTok and Instagram, also owned by Meta.
During the same week as its tenth anniversary (in 2014), Facebook launched the Paper iPhone app. The app consists of two major features: Firstly, Facebook's News Feed is more graphic, as the app uses technology such as full-screen photos and video footage. Content is organized under headings such as "Creators" and "Planet"; secondly, Paper allows users to post statuses, photos, and "stories" to Facebook that has been described as a different, more presentation-focused design. [ 131 ]
Facebook Mentions, initially an iOS -only app, was released by the company in 2014. It allows public figures with a verified account to engage with their respective fanbases in a more concentrated experience. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] The app had been in testing with select celebrities for nearly a year before its launch. [ 134 ] In September 2015, Facebook expanded the availability of the Mentions app to journalists and other verified pages, and also gave users of the app the ability to post exclusively to their Facebook followers rather than both followers and friends. The update also enabled the first livestreaming functionality through Facebook Live. [ 135 ] Facebook Mentions became available on Android in January 2016. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] In December 2016, Facebook Live on Mentions received several updates, including comment moderation tools, broadcasting appearance customization, and editing features to remove unnecessary footage at the beginning or end of a broadcast. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ]
Facebook Moments was a private photo sharing app launched by Facebook in 2015 but discontinued on February 25, 2019. [ 141 ] The app was powered by Facebook's facial recognition technology to group photos and let users easily share them. [ 142 ]
Facebook Podcast was unveiled in April and launched on June 22, 2021. [ 143 ] The integration allows listeners to find, subscribe to and listen to shows within the Facebook platform.
In addition to the podcast product, Facebook is also working on other audio-focused offerings like a virtual chatroom feature akin to Clubhouse and short-form audio posts dubbed "Soundbites".
In November 2015, Facebook made changes to their text-only status update on Timeline to allow for adjustable text sizes (dynamic text) on mobile apps. [ 144 ]
Facebook Credits are a virtual currency users can use to buy gifts, and virtual goods in many games and applications on the Facebook platform. As of July 2010, users of Facebook can purchase Facebook credits in Australian Dollars , British Pounds , Canadian Dollars , Chilean peso , Colombian peso , Danish krone , Euro , Hong Kong dollar , Japanese yen , Norwegian krone , Swedish krona , Swiss franc , Turkish lira , US Dollars , and Venezuelan Bolivar . Facebook credits can be used on many popular games such as Happy Aquarium, Happy Island, Zoo Paradise, Happy Pets, Hello City, It Girl, FarmVille , and Mafia Wars . [ 145 ]
Facebook Credits went into its alpha stage in May 2009 and progressed into the beta stage in February 2010, [ 146 ] [ 147 ] which ended in January 2011. [ 148 ] At that time, Facebook announced all Facebook game developers would be required to process payments only through Facebook Credits from July 1, 2011. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In March 2011, Facebook created an official subsidiary to handle payments: Facebook Payments Inc. [ 152 ] In June 2012, Facebook announced it would no longer use its own money system, Facebook Credits. Users with credits will see them converted into their own currencies. [ 153 ] Facebook Credits was officially removed from Facebook in September 2013. [ 154 ]
Although like all other website apps Facebook made its presence on the smartphones as mentioned but also is present for the feature phones . As the company said that the feature phones dominate the American cell phone markets, hence an app was exclusively made for this purpose as well. [ 155 ]
Released in July 2013, Graph Search allows users to search within their network of friends for answers to natural language questions such as, "Movies my friends who like The Hobbit liked" and receive direct answers, rather than the list of websites that search engines usually provide. [ 156 ] [ 157 ]
According to a June 2010 report by Network World , Facebook said that it was offering "experimental, non-production" support for IPv6 , the long-anticipated upgrade to the Internet's main communications protocol . The news about Facebook's IPv6 support was expected; Facebook told Network World in February 2010, that it planned to support native IPv6 user requests "by the midpoint of this year". [ 158 ]
In a presentation at the Google IPv6 Implementors Conference, Facebook's network engineers said it was "easy to make [the] site available on v6". Facebook said it deployed dual-stack IPv4 and IPv6 support on its routers, and that it made no changes to its hosts in order to support IPv6. Facebook also said it was supporting an emerging encapsulation mechanism known as Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP), which separates Internet addresses from endpoint identifiers to improve the scalability of IPv6 deployments. "Facebook was the first major Web site on LISP (v4 and v6)", Facebook engineers said during their presentation. [ citation needed ] Facebook said that using LISP allowed them to deploy IPv6 services quickly with no extra cost. In addition, Facebook enabled IPv6 on its main domain names during World IPv6 Launch . [ citation needed ]
Listen with Friends allows Facebook users to listen to music and discuss the tunes using Facebook Chat with friends at the same time. Users can also listen in as a group while one friend acts as a DJ . Up to 50 friends can listen to the same song at the same time, and chat about it. Every time a user begins listening to music with a friend, a "story will be posted to her/his friends" ticker and/or news feed. Users will have control over who will be able to see when they are listening with a friend through their App Settings page after installing the compatible music app. [ 159 ] This feature was initially supported through Audizer.com, but as of August 2012, services were discontinued and the Facebook / Audizer splash page has been redirected to Facebook.com. [ 160 ]
Facebook chat supports numerous emoticons , like (^^^) for a shark. Recently, it has also become possible to post larger, animated images through Facebook's built in emotion system.
At an event in April 2013, Mark Zuckerberg announced a new Android-based "Home" feature, which would show content from users' Facebook pages on the home page of their mobile phones, without having to open an app. [ 162 ]
Since Facebook's inception, users have had the ability to "poke" other users. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] [ 165 ] The feature, its actual purpose never officially explained by the company, served as a quick way to attract the attention of another user. [ 166 ] In a 2007 opinion article in The Guardian , Facebook explained to a question about the "poke" that "When we created the poke, we thought it would be cool to have a feature without any specific purpose. People interpret the poke in many different ways, and we encourage you to come up with your own meanings." [ 167 ] The feature was never removed from Facebook; in December 2017, the company gave the button a significantly more prominent placement on users' profiles, [ 168 ] along with new forms of quick interactions, including "hug", "wink" and "high-five", collectively all referred to as "Greetings". [ 169 ] Facebook's inception, users have had the ability to "poke" other users—a feature that, despite its enigmatic purpose, persisted throughout the platform's evolution. [ 170 ]
Many smartphones offer access to the Facebook services either through their respective web browsers or through mobile apps .
The iPhone -compatible website was launched in August 2007, followed by a dedicated iOS app in July 2008. [ 171 ] The early mobile website was severely limited in its feature set, only gaining the ability to post comments in late 2008, a year after launch. [ 172 ] By 2009, other companies had developed Facebook mobile apps for Nokia, HTC, LG, Motorola, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, and Windows Mobile devices, though a significant portion of Facebook's userbase was still using the original mobile website. [ 172 ] During the early success of app stores, Facebook gambled on the idea of a universal webpage rather than specific operating systems, choosing to maintain its primary focus on its mobile site. CEO Mark Zuckerberg told Fortune that such a decision was "probably one of the biggest mistakes we've ever made". [ 172 ] While the app was experiencing significant criticism for software bugs and crashes , Facebook began its "Facebook for Every Phone" initiative in January 2011, designing an app for a large number of feature phones . As Android and iOS rose in popularity, Facebook shifted its focus, creating dedicated apps for each platform. However, Facebook was still not entirely convinced, using a "hybrid" solution of native computing code as a sort of "picture frame" for its mobile website. Mashable described it as a "one-size-fits-all nightmare". [ 172 ] In October 2011, Facebook updated its iOS app with support for iPad , adding larger photos and enabling more functionality, including the ability to post status updates and photos. [ 172 ] Finally, in 2012, the company relaunched its Android and iOS apps, going mobile-first and putting all of its resources into making an optimized experience for smartphones, including significant speed improvements. [ 172 ] In the years since, the company has increasingly expanded the feature set of its apps, dedicating more resources and seeing its userbase shifting from the mobile web to its apps. [ 172 ]
Third-party companies also created Facebook apps for their platforms. Microsoft developed a Facebook app for their Windows Phone 7 platform in February 2012, [ 173 ] Nokia offered a Facebook app on its Ovi Store for Nokia S60 devices in June 2009, [ 174 ] while BlackBerry also offered a Facebook application for its software platform in September 2012. [ 175 ]
In December 2013, Facebook enabled a "Donate" button for charities and non-profit organizations to raise money. [ 176 ] Approximately two years later, the company released a new fundraiser feature, exclusively allowing non-profits to set up campaign pages and collect payments. [ 177 ] [ 178 ] This was expanded in June 2016, when anyone could set up fundraisers on behalf of non-profit organizations, [ 179 ] and again expanded in March 2017 to offer personal users in the United States the ability to raise money, as well as for Facebook Pages to add a "Donate" button to their Facebook Live video streams . [ 180 ] [ 181 ] In May, fundraisers were expanded with support for communities and sports teams, [ 182 ] and subsequently, in September, expanded internationally for charities in Europe. [ 183 ]
"Status updates" (also called a "status") allows users to post messages for their friends to read. In turn, friends can respond with their own comments, as well as clicking the "Like" button. A user's most recent updates appear at the top of their Timeline/Wall and are also noted in the "Recently Updated" section of a user's friend list. Originally, the purpose of the feature was to allow users to inform their friends of their current "status", including feelings, whereabouts, or actions, where Facebook prompted the status update with " Username is"... and users filled in the rest. This feature first became available in September 2006, though on December 13, 2007, the requirement to start a status update with is was removed. [ 184 ]
The is updates were followed by the "What are you doing right now?" status update question; in March 2009, the question was changed to "What's on your mind?" [ 185 ] In 2009, Facebook added the feature to tag certain friends (or groups, etc.) within one's status update by adding an @ character before their name, turning the friend's name into a link to their profile and including the message on the friend's wall. Tagging has since been updated to recognize friends' names by typing them into a status while a list of friends whose names match the inputted letters appears. A large percentage of the updates that are posted are humorous and as a result, many apps, websites and books have sprung up to help users to update their own.
In September 2011, Facebook launched a "Subscribe" button, allowing users to follow public updates from people without requiring a Facebook friendship connection. [ 186 ] [ 187 ] The feature was expanded to Pages in July 2012, [ 188 ] and to stories in the News Feed in August 2012. [ 189 ]
In September 2011, Facebook launched the "Ticker", a continually-updated feed on the right side of the screen showing friends' activities, including "likes", status updates, and comments. [ 190 ] The feed was criticized by users for offering a quiet way to stalk users' every move, prompting the company to consider removing it in a March 2013 redesign, though never did. [ 191 ] In December 2017, the company officially ended the "Ticker" feature, though quietly and without an announcement or explanation. [ 192 ] [ 193 ]
Starting June 13, 2009, Facebook lets users choose a username specifically for their profile, enabling them to share links bearing their own www.facebook.com/username URL address. [ 194 ] There are limitations, however, to what usernames can be used, including only alphanumerical characters (A-Z, 0–9), a length of over five characters, only one username that is unique to the profile, and must adhere to Facebook's Statement of Rights and Responsibilities agreement. [ 195 ] The following December, Facebook launched its own URL shortener based on the FB.me domain name. [ 196 ] [ 197 ]
TechCrunch reported in February 2012 that Facebook would introduce a "Verified Account" concept, denoting official pages for public figures. Such pages gain more prominence in the "People To Subscribe To" suggestions lists. Persons with established stage names, such as Stefani Germanotta known as Lady Gaga , can also choose to use their specific stage name for their profile, with the real name in the profile's "About" page. However, at the time, the feature did not show any visual signs of distinction from other pages. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] In May 2013, the concept was updated to include a blue checkmark badge to highlight the account's Verified status. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] In October 2015, Facebook introduced a "gray badge" verification system for local businesses with physical addresses, with the gray color intended to differentiate from its typical blue checkmarks assigned to celebrities, public figures, sports teams and media organizations. [ 202 ]
On June 12, 2013, Facebook introduced its support for clickable hashtags to help users search for topics being actively discussed on the social network. [ 203 ] [ 204 ]
In March 2014, some page administrators in Italy started being prompted to add an impressum to their Facebook page, described as "a legally mandated statement of the ownership and authorship of a document". [ 205 ]
In October 2014, Facebook announced that users could connect to the website through a Tor hidden service using the privacy-protecting Tor browser and encrypted using SSL . [ 206 ] [ 207 ] Announcing the feature, Facebook engineer Alec Muffett said that "Facebook's onion address provides a way to access Facebook through Tor without losing the cryptographic protections provided by the Tor cloud. [...] It provides end-to-end communication, from your browser directly into a Facebook datacenter." [ 206 ] [ 207 ]
In November 2014, Facebook introduced "Say Thanks", an experience that lets user create personalized video greeting cards for friends on Facebook. [ 208 ]
In December 2014, Facebook announced that Pages run by businesses can display a so-called "call-to-action button" next to the page's like button. "Call to action" is a customizable button that lets page administrators add external links for easy visitor access to the business' primary objective, with options ranging from "Book Now", "Contact Us", "Use App", "Play Game", "Shop Now", "Sign Up", and "Watch Video". [ 209 ] Initially only rolled out in the United States, the feature was expanded internationally in February 2015. [ 210 ]
In September 2017, Facebook began testing a "Snooze" button, letting users temporarily unfollow friends for 24 hours, 7 days or 30 days. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] The following December, the feature was enabled for all users, though the period of temporary unfollowing is specifically for 30 days. [ 213 ] [ 214 ]
In response to decreased use of status updates on Facebook, the company began enabling "Did You Know?" social questionnaires in December 2017. The feature, which asks users to answer questions that are then shared as a status update, includes such questions as "The superpower I want most is...", "The first thing I'd do after winning the lottery is...", and "A guilty pleasure that I'm willing to admit to is..." [ 215 ] [ 216 ]
In December 2017, Facebook announced "Sound Collection"; an archive of copyright- and payment-free soundtracks and audio effects its users can use in their videos. [ 217 ] [ 218 ]
In an August 20 blogpost, Facebook's Chief Privacy Officer Erin Egan, and Director of Product Management David Baser, announced "Off-Facebook Activity", to be released in Ireland, South Korea, and Spain, before being rolled out globally. [ 219 ] Egan and Baser outline that with the feature, "you can:
A second blogpost on Facebook's Engineering website says that, while users will be able to "Choose to disconnect future off-Facebook activity" from their accounts, there will be a 48-hour window in which data from other websites will remain linked to the account." [ 220 ] During the 48-hour window when incoming off-Facebook data is still linked to your account, "it may be used for measurement purposes and to make improvements to our ads systems". [ 221 ]
The Memories feature, introduced in late 2010, allows browsing ones timeline by year. [ 222 ] A feature under the same name was introduced in June 2018, showing events from the same day of earlier years. [ 223 ]
On May 12, 2011, Facebook announced that it is launching several new security features designed to protect users from malware and from getting their accounts hijacked. [ 224 ]
Facebook will display warnings when users are about to be duped by clickjacking and cross-site scripting attacks in which they think they are following a link to an interesting news story or taking action to see a video and instead end up spamming their friends. [ 224 ]
Facebook also offers two-factor authentication called "login approvals", which, if turned on, will require users to enter a code whenever they log into the site from a new or unrecognized device. The code is sent via text message to the user's mobile phone. [ 224 ]
Facebook is partnering with the free Web of Trust safe surfing service to give Facebook users more information about the sites they are linking to from the social network. When a user clicks on a potentially malicious link, a warning box will appear that gives more information about why the site might be dangerous. The user can either ignore the warning or go back to the previous page. [ 224 ]
In February 2010, TechCrunch reported that Facebook was working to rewrite its messaging service to turn it into a "fully featured webmail product", dubbed "Project Titan". [ 225 ] The feature, unofficially dubbed a " Gmail killer" internally, was launched on November 15, 2010, [ 226 ] and allowed users to directly communicate with each other via Facebook using several different methods. Users could create their own "username@facebook.com" email address to communicate, use text messaging, or through the Facebook website or mobile app's instant messaging chat. All messages were contained within single threads in a unified inbox. [ 227 ] The email service was terminated in February 2014 because of low uptake. [ 228 ] [ 229 ]
Facebook Markup Language (FBML) was considered to be Facebook's own version of HTML . While many of the tags of HTML can be used in FBML, there were also important tags that could not be used, such as HTML, HEAD, and BODY. Also, JavaScript could not be used with FBML.
According to the Facebook Markup Language (FBML) Developer's page, FBML is now deprecated. No new features will be added to FBML and developers are recommended to develop new applications utilizing HTML, JavaScript and CSS. FBML support ended January 1, 2012, and FBML was no longer functioning as of June 1, 2012.
In August 2009, Facebook announced the rollout of a "lite" version of the site, optimized for users on slower or intermittent Internet connections. Facebook Lite offered fewer services, excluded most third-party applications and required less bandwidth . [ 230 ] A beta version of the slimmed-down interface was released first to invited testers [ 231 ] before a broader rollout across users in the United States, Canada, and India. [ 230 ] It was announced on April 20, 2010, that support for the "lite" service had ended and that users would be redirected back to the normal, full content, Facebook website. The service was operational for only eight months.
In June 2015, this feature was reintroduced as an app with a total size of less than 1 MB, primarily focusing markets where internet access is slow or limited. [ 232 ]
Facebook announced a pilot program called Deals , which offered online coupons and discounts from local businesses, at an event at its Palo Alto office on 3 November 2010. [ 233 ]
Deals launched on April 25, 2011, in five cities— Atlanta , Austin , Dallas , San Diego , and San Francisco —with the hope of expanding. This new offering was a direct competitor to other social commerce sites such as LivingSocial and Groupon for online coupons and deals-of-the-day . Facebook users were able to use Facebook Credits to purchase vouchers that could be redeemed for real goods and services. [ 234 ] [ 235 ]
Deals expanded to Charlotte, St. Louis and Minneapolis in late June 2011. [ 236 ]
Facebook closed the Deals program on 26 August 2011, describing the product as a "test." [ 237 ]
Jobs
News | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Facebook_features |
This is a list of common Feynman diagrams . His first published diagram appeared in Physical Review in 1949. [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Feynman_diagrams |
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
1999
1998
1997
1996
1994
Others: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fibre_Channel_standards |
Mozilla Firefox has features which distinguish it from other web browsers , such as Google Chrome , Safari , and Microsoft Edge .
To avoid interface bloat, ship a relatively smaller core customizable to meet individual users' needs, and allow for corporate or institutional extensions to meet their varying policies, Firefox relies on a robust extension system to allow users to modify the browser according to their requirements instead of providing all features in the standard distribution.
While Opera and Google Chrome do the same, extensions for these are fewer in number as of late 2013. Internet Explorer also has an extension system but it is less widely supported than that of others. Developers supporting multiple browsers almost always support Firefox, and in many instances exclusively. As Opera has a policy of deliberately including more features in the core as they prove useful, the market for extensions is relatively unstable but also there is less need for them. The sheer number of extensions is not a good guide to the capabilities of a browser.
Protocol support and the difficulty of adding new link type protocols also vary widely across not only these browsers but across versions of these browsers. Opera has historically been most robust and consistent about supporting cutting-edge protocols such as robust file sharing eDonkey links or bitcoin transactions. These can be difficult to support in Firefox without relying on unknown small developers, which defeats the privacy purpose of these protocols. Instructions for supporting new link protocols vary widely across operating systems and Firefox versions, and are generally not implementable by end users who lack systems administration comfort and the ability to follow exact detailed instructions to type in strings.
Firefox supports most basic Web standards including HTML , XML , XHTML , CSS (with extensions [ 1 ] ), JavaScript , DOM , MathML , SVG , XSLT and XPath . [ 2 ] Firefox's standards support and growing popularity have been credited as one reason Internet Explorer 7 was to be released with improved standards support. [ 3 ]
Since Web standards are often in contradiction with Internet Explorer's behaviors, Firefox, like other browsers, has a quirks mode . This mode attempts to mimic Internet Explorer's quirks modes, which equates to using obsolete rendering standards dating back to Internet Explorer 5 , or alternately newer peculiarities introduced in IE 6 or 7. [ 4 ] However, it is not completely compatible. [ 5 ] Because of the differing rendering, PC World notes that a minority of pages do not work in Firefox, [ 6 ] however Internet Explorer 7's quirks mode does not either. [ 4 ]
CNET notes that Firefox does not support ActiveX controls by default, which can also cause webpages to be missing features or to not work at all in Firefox. [ 7 ] Mozilla made the decision to not support ActiveX due to potential security vulnerabilities, its proprietary nature and its lack of cross-platform compatibility. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] There are methods of using ActiveX in Firefox such as via third-party plugins but they do not work in all versions of Firefox or on all platforms. [ 11 ]
Beginning on December 8, 2006, Firefox Nightly builds pass the Acid2 CSS standards compliance test, so all future releases of Firefox 3 would pass the test. [ 12 ]
Firefox also implements [ 13 ] a proprietary protocol [ 14 ] from Google called "safebrowsing", which is not an open standard .
Mozilla Firefox runs on certain platforms that coincide OS versions in use at the time of release. In 2004 version 1 supported older operating systems such as Windows 95 and Mac OS X 10.1, by 2008 version 3 required at least OS X 10.4 and even Windows 98 support ended.
Various releases available on the primary distribution site can support the following operating systems, although not always the latest Firefox version.
Builds for Solaris (x86 and SPARC), contributed by the Sun Beijing Desktop Team, are available on the Mozilla web site. [ 17 ]
Mozilla Firefox 1.x installation on Windows 95 requires a few additional steps .
Since Firefox is open source and Mozilla actively develops a platform independent abstraction for its graphical front end , it can also be compiled and run on a variety of other architectures and operating systems. Thus, Firefox is also available for many other systems. This includes OS/2 , AIX , and FreeBSD . Builds for Windows XP Professional x64 Edition are also available. Mozilla Firefox is also the browser of choice for a good number of smaller operating systems, such as SkyOS and ZETA .
Firefox uses the same profile format on the different platforms, so a profile may be used on multiple platforms, if all of the platforms can access the same profile; this includes, for example, profiles stored on an NTFS (via FUSE ) or FAT32 partition accessible from both Windows and Linux, or on a USB flash drive . This is useful for users who dual-boot their machines. However, it may cause a few problems, especially with extensions.
Firefox is free-libre software, and thus in particular its source code is visible to everyone. This allows anyone to review the code for security vulnerabilities. [ 18 ] It also allowed the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to give funding for the automated tool Coverity to be run against Firefox code. [ 19 ]
Additionally, Mozilla has a security bug bounty system - anyone who reports a valid critical security bug receives a $3000 (US) cash reward for each report and a Mozilla T-shirt. [ 20 ] With effect from December 15, 2010, Mozilla added Web Applications to its Security Bug Bounty Program. [ 21 ] [ 22 ]
Firefox supports tabbed browsing , which allows users to open several pages in one window. This feature was carried over from the Mozilla Application Suite , which in turn had borrowed the feature from the popular MultiZilla Archived 2017-10-14 at the Wayback Machine extension for Mozilla.
Firefox also permits the "homepage" to be a list of URLs delimited with vertical bars (|), which are automatically opened in separate tabs, rather than a single page.
Firefox 2 supports more tabbed browsing features, including a "tab overflow" solution that keeps the user's tabs easily accessible when they would otherwise become illegible, a "session store" which lets the user keep the opened tabs across the restarts, and an "undo close tab" feature.
The tab browsing feature allows users to open multiple tabs or pages on one window. This is convenient for users who enjoy browsing from one window and is also advantageous in ensuring ease of browsing. The tabs are easily made accessible and users can close tabs that are not in use for better usability.
Firefox also includes integrated customizable pop-up blocking . Firefox was given this feature early in beta development, and it was a major comparative selling point of the browser until Internet Explorer gained the capability in the Windows XP SP2 release of August 25, 2004. Firefox's pop-up blocking can be turned off entirely to allow pop-ups from all sites. Firefox's pop-up blocking can be inconvenient at times — it prevents JavaScript -based links from opening a new window while a page is loading unless the site is added to a "safe list" found in the options menu.
In many cases, it is possible to view the pop-up's URL by clicking the dialog that appears when one is blocked. This makes it easier to decide if the pop-up should be displayed.
Private browsing was introduced in Firefox 3.5, which released on June 30, 2009. This feature lets users browse the Internet without leaving any traces in the browsing history.
An integrated customizable download manager is also included. Downloads can be opened automatically depending on the file type, or saved directly to a disk. By default, Firefox downloads all files to a user's desktop on Mac and Windows or to the user's home directory on Linux, but it can be configured to prompt for a specific download location. Version 3.0 added support for cross-session resuming (stopping a download and resuming it after closing the browser). From within the download manager, a user can view the source URL from which a download originated as well as the location to which a file was downloaded.
From 2004, live bookmarks allowed users to dynamically monitor changes to their favorite news sources, using RSS or Atom feeds. Instead of treating RSS-feeds as HTML pages as most news aggregators do, Firefox treated them as bookmarks and automatically updated them in real-time with a link to the appropriate source. In December 2018, version 64.0 of Firefox removed live bookmarks and web feeds , with Mozilla suggesting its replacement by add-ons or other software with news aggregator functionality like Mozilla Thunderbird . [ 23 ] [ 24 ]
Firefox also has an incremental find feature known as "Find as you type", invoked by pressing Ctrl+F. With this feature enabled, a user can simply begin typing a word while viewing a web page, and Firefox automatically searches for it and highlights the first instance found. As the user types more of the word, Firefox refines its search. Also, if the user's exact query does not appear anywhere on the page, the "Find" box turns red. Ctrl+G can be pressed to go to the next found match.
Alternatively the slash (/) key can be used instead to invoke the "quick search". The "quick search", in contrast to the normal search, lacks search controls and is wholly controlled by the keyboard. In this mode highlighted links can be followed by pressing the enter key . The "quick search" has an alternate mode which is invoked by pressing the apostrophe (') key, in this mode only links are matched.
A built-in Mycroft Web search function features extensible search-engine listing; by default, Firefox includes plugins for Google and Yahoo! , and also includes plugins for looking up a word on dictionary.com and browsing through Amazon.com listings. Other popular Mycroft search engines include Wikipedia , eBay , and IMDb .
Smart Bookmarks (aka Smart keywords ) can be used to quickly search for information on specific Web sites. [ 25 ] A smart keyword is defined by the user and can be associated with any bookmark, and can then be used in the address bar as a shortcut to quickly get to the site or, if the smart keyword is linked to a searchbox, to search the site. For example, "imdb" is a pre-defined smart keyword; to search for information about the movie 'Firefox' on IMDb , jump to the location bar with the Ctrl + L shortcut, type "imdb Firefox" and press the Enter key or just simply type in "imdb" if one wants to get to the frontpage instead.
The Chrome packages within Firefox control and implement the Firefox user interface. [ 26 ]
Search term suggestions will now appear as users type in the integrated search box when using the Google, Yahoo! or Answers.com search engines. A new search engine manager makes it easier to add, remove and re-order search engines, and users will be alerted when Firefox encounters a website that offers new search engines that the user may wish to install.
Support for Microsummaries was added in version 2.0. Microsummaries are short summaries of web pages that are used to convey more information than page titles. Microsummaries are regularly updated to reflect content changes in web pages so that viewers of the web page will want to revisit the web page after updates. Microsummaries can either be provided by the page, or be generated by the processing of an XSLT stylesheet against the page. In the latter case, the XSLT stylesheet and the page that the microsummary applies to are provided by a microsummary generator . Support for Microsummaries was removed as of Firefox 6. [ 27 ]
When a website offers a microsummary (a regularly updated summary of the most important information on a Web page), users can create a bookmark with a "Live Title". Compact enough to fit in the space available to a bookmark label, they provide more useful information about pages than static page titles, and are regularly updated with the latest information. There are several websites that can be bookmarked with Live Titles, and even more add-ons to generate Live Titles for other popular websites. Support for Live Titles was removed as of Firefox 6. [ 27 ]
The Session Restore feature restores windows, tabs, text typed in forms, and in-progress downloads from the last user session. It will be activated automatically when installing an application update or extension, and users will be asked if they want to resume their previous session after a system crash.
A built-in spell checker enables users to quickly check the spelling of text entered into Web forms without having to use a separate application.
Firefox 2 was designed for the average user, hiding advanced configuration and making features that do not require user interaction to function. [ 28 ] Jim Repoza of eWEEK states:
eWEEK Labs found Firefox 2.0, which can be downloaded at www.mozilla.com, to have the greatest out-of-the-box usability of any Web browser that we have tested (and that's a lot of Web browsers). [ 29 ]
Firefox also won UK Usability Professionals' Association's 2005 award for "Best software application". [ 30 ]
Quickly add bookmarks from the location bar with a single click; a second click lets the user file and tag them.
Firefox 10 added the CSS Style Inspector to the Page Inspector, which allow users to check out a site's structure and edit the CSS without leaving the browser. [ 31 ]
Firefox 10 added support for CSS 3D Transforms and for anti-aliasing in the WebGL standard for hardware-accelerated 3D graphics. These updates mean that complex site and Web app animations will render more smoothly in Firefox, and that developers can animate 2D objects into 3D without plug-ins. [ 32 ]
Firefox 11, released January 2012, introduced a tiltable three-dimensional visualization of the Document Object Model (DOM), where more nested elements protrude further from the page surface. [ 33 ] This feature was removed with version 47. [ 34 ]
On August 21, 2015, Firefox developers announced that due to planned changes to Firefox's internal operations, including the planned implementation of a new multi-process architecture codenamed "Multiprocess Firefox" or "Electrolysis" (stylized "e10s"). [ 35 ] Introduced to some users in version 48, Firefox adopted a new extension architecture known as WebExtensions. WebExtensions uses HTML and JavaScript APIs and is designed to be similar to the extension API used by Google Chrome , and run within a multi-process environment, but does not enable the same level of access to the browser. XPCOM and XUL add-ons are no longer supported effective Firefox 57. [ 36 ] [ 37 ]
Firefox 83 introduced HTTPS-only mode, a security enhancing mode that once enabled forces all connections to websites to use HTTPS. [ 38 ]
Released on December 3, 2019, Firefox 71 is the first Firefox release to include Picture-in-picture . [ 39 ] At first a Windows only feature, with Mac and Linux support introduced in Firefox 72, [ 40 ] picture-in-picture allows users to place a video from a webpage into a small separate window that's viewable regardless of which tab the user is in—including from outside the browser. [ 41 ]
Firefox 81 allowed users in the US to save, manage, and auto-fill credit card information. [ 42 ] Support for more countries have been added since the release. As of 2023, the list of supported countries is: Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, the U.K. and the U.S. [ 43 ]
Automatic translation of web content, performed entirely locally on device, was introduced to users in Firefox 118. [ 44 ] This feature is a joint effort between Mozilla, University of Edinburgh, Charles University, University of Sheffield, and the University of Tartu under the name Project Bergamot. [ 45 ] Project Bergamot was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. [ 46 ]
Firefox 3 includes a "Smart Location Bar". While most other browsers, such as Internet Explorer, will search through history for matching web sites as the user types a URL into the location bar, the Smart Location Bar will also search through bookmarks for a page with a matching URL. Additionally, Firefox's Smart Location Bar will also search through page titles, allowing the user to type in a relevant keyword, instead of a URL, to find the desired page. Firefox uses frecency and other heuristics to predict which history and bookmark matches the user is most likely to select.
View, organize and search through bookmarks, tags and browsing history using the new Library window. Create or restore full backups of this data whenever with a few clicks.
Users can quickly access their most visited bookmarks from the toolbar, or recently bookmarked and tagged pages from the bookmark menu. Smart Bookmark Folders can be created by saving a search query in the Library.
From the View menu and via keyboard shortcuts, the new zooming feature lets users zoom in and out of entire pages, scaling the layout, text and images, or optionally only the text size. Zoom settings will be remembered for each site.
In addition to being able to double-click and drag to select text by words; or triple-click and drag to select text by paragraph, Ctrl (Cmd on Mac) can be held down to retain the previous selection and extend it instead of replacing it when doing another selection. [ 47 ]
Web applications, such as a user's favorite webmail provider, can now be used instead of desktop applications for handling mail to links from other sites. Similar support is available for other protocols (Web applications will have to first enable this by registering as handlers with Firefox).
There are six types of add-ons in Firefox: extensions , themes , language packs , plugins , social features and apps . Firefox add-ons may be obtained from the Mozilla Add-ons web site or from other sources.
Firefox users can add features and change functionality in Firefox by installing extensions. Extension functionality is varied; such as those enabling mouse gestures , those that block advertisements , and those that enhance tabbed browsing .
Features that the Firefox developers believe will be used by only a small number of its users are not included in Firefox, but instead left to be implemented as extensions. [ 48 ] Many Mozilla Suite features, such as IRC chat ( ChatZilla ) and calendar have been recreated as Firefox extensions. Extensions are also sometimes a testing ground for features that are eventually integrated to the main codebase. For example, MultiZilla Archived 2017-10-14 at the Wayback Machine was an extension that provided tabbed browsing when Mozilla lacked that feature.
While extensions provide a high level of customizability, PC World notes the difficulty a casual user would have in finding and installing extensions as compared to their features being available by default. [ 6 ]
Most extensions are not created or supported by Mozilla. Malicious extensions have been created. [ 49 ] Mozilla provides a repository of extensions that have been reviewed by volunteers and are believed to not contain malware. Since extensions are mostly created by third parties, they do not necessarily go through the same level of testing as official Mozilla products, and they may have bugs or vulnerabilities. [ 50 ] Like applications on Android and iOS , Firefox extensions have permission model: for example before installing of extension user must agree that this extension can have access to all webpages, or maybe have permission to manage downloads, [ 51 ] or have no special permissions — in such way the extension can be manually activated and interact with current page. From 2019 Firefox, Chromium based browsers ( Google Chrome , Edge , Opera , Vivaldi ) have the same format of extension: WebExtensions API, [ 52 ] this is mean that web extension developed for Google Chrome can be used on Firefox (in most cases), and vice versa.
Firefox also supports a variety of themes for changing its appearance. Prior to the release of Firefox 57, themes are simply packages of CSS and image files. From Firefox 57 onwards, themes consist solely of color modifications through the use of CSS. Many themes can be downloaded from the Mozilla Update web site.
Language packs are dictionaries for spell checking of input fields.
Firefox supports plugins based on Netscape Plugin Application Program Interface ( NPAPI ), i.e. Netscape-style plugins. As a side note, Opera and Internet Explorer 3.0 to 5.0 also support NPAPI.
On June 30, 2004, the Mozilla Foundation, in partnership with Adobe , Apple , Macromedia , Opera , and Sun Microsystems , announced a series of changes to web browser plugins. The then-new API allowed web developers to offer richer web browsing experiences , helping to maintain innovation and standards. The then-new plugin technologies were implemented in the future versions of the Mozilla applications.
Mozilla Firefox 1.5 and later versions include the Java Embedding plugin , [ 53 ] which allow Mac OS X users to run Java applets with the then-latest 1.4 and 5.0 versions of Java (the default Java software shipped by Apple is not compatible with any browser, except its own Safari).
After the releases of Firefox OS based on stack of web technologies, Mozilla added a feature to install mobile apps on PC using Firefox as base.
Beyond the use of Add-ons, Firefox additional customization features.
A number of internal configuration options are not accessible in a conventional manner through Firefox's preference dialogs, although they are exposed through its about:config interface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Firefox_features |
The distributed-computing project Folding@home uses scientific computer programs, referred to as "cores" or "fahcores", to perform calculations. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Folding@home's cores are based on modified and optimized versions of molecular simulation programs for calculation, including TINKER , GROMACS , AMBER , CPMD , SHARPEN , ProtoMol , and Desmond . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] These variants are each given an arbitrary identifier (Core xx). While the same core can be used by various versions of the client, separating the core from the client enables the scientific methods to be updated automatically as needed without a client update. [ 1 ]
These cores listed below are currently used by the project. [ 1 ]
Cores for the Graphics Processing Unit use the graphics chip of modern video cards to do molecular dynamics. The GPU Gromacs core is not a true port of Gromacs, but rather key elements from Gromacs were taken and enhanced for GPU capabilities. [ 8 ]
These are the third generation GPU cores, and are based on OpenMM , Pande Group's own open library for molecular simulation. Although based on the GPU2 code, this adds stability and new capabilities. [ 9 ]
These cores are not currently used by the project, as they are either retired due to becoming obsolete, or are not yet ready for general release. [ 1 ]
TINKER is a computer software application for molecular dynamics simulation with a complete and general package for molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics, with some special features for biopolymers. [ 13 ]
Short for Car–Parrinello Molecular Dynamics , this core performs ab-initio quantum mechanical molecular dynamics . Unlike classical molecular dynamics calculations which use a force field approach, CPMD includes the motion of electrons in the calculations of energy, forces and motion. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Quantum chemical calculations have the possibility to yield a very reliable potential energy surface, and can naturally incorporate multi-body interactions. [ 42 ]
The software for this core was developed at D. E. Shaw Research . Desmond performs high-speed molecular dynamics simulations of biological systems on conventional computer clusters. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] The code uses novel parallel algorithms [ 52 ] and numerical techniques [ 53 ] to achieve high performance on platforms containing a large number of processors, [ 54 ] but may also be executed on a single computer. Desmond and its source code are available without cost for non-commercial use by universities and other not-for-profit research institutions.
Short for Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement, AMBER is a family of force fields for molecular dynamics, as well as the name for the software package that simulates these force fields. [ 56 ] AMBER was originally developed by Peter Kollman at the University of California, San Francisco , and is currently maintained by professors at various universities. [ 57 ] The double-precision AMBER core is not currently optimized with SSE nor SSE2, [ 58 ] [ 59 ] but AMBER is significantly faster than Tinker cores and adds some functionality which cannot be performed using Gromacs cores. [ 59 ]
ProtoMol is an object-oriented, component based, framework for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. ProtoMol offers high flexibility, easy extendibility and maintenance, and high performance demands, including parallelization. [ 60 ] In 2009, the Pande Group was working on a complementary new technique called Normal Mode Langevin Dynamics which had the possibility to greatly speed simulations while maintaining the same accuracy. [ 9 ] [ 61 ]
These are the second generation GPU cores. Unlike the retired GPU1 cores, these variants are for ATI CAL -enabled 2xxx/3xxx or later series and NVIDIA CUDA -enabled NVIDIA 8xxx or later series GPUs. [ 63 ]
These are the third generation GPU cores, and are based on OpenMM , Pande Group's own open library for molecular simulation. Although based on the GPU2 code, this adds stability and new capabilities. [ 9 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Folding@home_cores |
This is a list of Fourier analysis topics . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fourier_analysis_topics |
FreeBSD malware includes viruses , Trojans , worms and other types of malware that affect the FreeBSD operating system .
The following is a partial list of known FreeBSD malware. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FreeBSD_malware |
Fujitsu manufactures two series of image scanners : ScanSnap for consumers/SOHO, and fi for business (fi includes SP brand). [ 1 ] Popular ScanSnap models include the S1300, a feature-rich scanner that can scan double-sided color originals, [ 2 ] and the S1100, one of the world's smallest scanners. [ 3 ] By September 2018, ScanSnap had sold more than five million units globally since 2001, [ 4 ] and the ScanSnap brand reached the age of twenty years on July 10, 2021.
The following is a selection of scanners manufactured under the Fujitsu brand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_image_scanners |
Fujitsu , a multinational computer hardware and IT services company, provides services and consulting as well as a range of products including computing products, software, telecommunications, microelectronics, and more. Fujitsu also offers customized IT products that go beyond the off-the shelf products listed below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fujitsu_products |
As of 22 January 2025 [update] , 83 Global Positioning System navigation satellites have been built: 31 are launched and operational, 3 are in reserve or testing, 43 are retired, 2 were lost during launch, and 1 prototype was never launched. 3 Block III satellites have completed construction and have been declared "Available For Launch" (AFL). The next launch is GPS III SV08, currently targeted for 2025.
The constellation requires a minimum of 24 operational satellites, and allows for up to 32; typically, 31 are operational at any one time. A GPS receiver needs four satellites to work out its position in three dimensions. [ 1 ]
SVNs are "space vehicle numbers" which are serial numbers assigned to each GPS satellite. PRNs are the "pseudo-random noise" sequences, or Gold codes , that each satellite transmits to differentiate itself from other satellites in the active constellation.
After being launched, GPS satellites enter a period of testing before their signals are set to "Healthy". During normal operations, certain signals may be set to "Unhealthy" to accommodate updates or testing. After decommissioning, most GPS satellites become on-orbit spares and may be recommissioned if needed. Permanently retired satellites are sent to a higher, less congested disposal orbit where their fuel is vented, batteries are intentionally depleted and communication is switched off. [ 2 ]
Refer to GPS Constellation Status for the most up-to-date information.
Numbers in parentheses refer to non-operational satellites.
Once launched, GPS satellites do not change their plane assignment but slot assignments are somewhat arbitrary and are subject to change.
As of 20 February 2025 [update] , 31 of 32 PRNs are in use; PRN 21 is unassigned. Two additional satellites are designated as on-orbit spares.
This section is for the purpose of making it possible to determine the PRN associated with a SVN at a particular epoch. For example, SVN 049 had been assigned PRNs 01, 24, 27, and 30 at different times of its lifespan, whereas PRN 01 had been assigned to SVNs 032, 037, 049, 035, and 063 at different epochs. This information can be found in the IGS ANTEX file [ permanent dead link ] , which uses the convention "GNN" and "GNNN" for PRNs and SVNs, respectively. For example, SVN 049 is described as:
whereas for PRN 01 the following excerpt is relevant:
A table extracted out of the ANTEX file is made available by the Bernese GNSS Software .
Declared "Available for Launch" on 10 June 2021. [ 119 ]
Declared "Available for Launch" on 23 Aug 2022. [ 120 ]
Declared "Available for Launch" on 08 Dec 2022. [ 125 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites |
This is a list of notable applications that use GTK and/or Clutter for their GUI widgets . Such applications blend well with desktop environments that are GTK-based as well, such as GNOME , Cinnamon , LXDE , MATE , Pantheon , Sugar , Xfce or ROX Desktop .
The GNOME Project , i.e. all the people involved with the development of the GNOME desktop environment, is the biggest contributor to GTK , and the GNOME Core Applications as well as the GNOME Games employ the newest GUI widgets from the cutting-edge version of GTK and demonstrates their capabilities.
Despite the immense popularity of Qt, there continues to be science software using the GUI widgets of version 2 of GTK toolkit. Whether this is going to remain that way, or whether the software will be ported to some current version of GTK (maybe GTK 4) remains to be seen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GTK_applications |
The following is a list of products, services, and apps provided by Google . Active, soon-to-be discontinued, and discontinued products, services, tools, hardware, and other applications are broken out into designated sections.
Applications that are no longer in development and scheduled to be discontinued in the future:
Google has retired many offerings, either because of obsolescence, integration into other Google products, or lack of interest. [ 21 ] Google's discontinued offerings are colloquially referred to as Google Graveyard. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products |
Graduate Women in Science , formerly known as Sigma Delta Epsilon, is an international organization for women in science . It was established in 1921 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York , United States.
In the following list, active chapters are indicated in bold and inactive chapters are in italics . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Graduate_Women_in_Science_chapters |
Graduate Women in Science formerly known as Sigma Delta Epsilon , is an international organization for women in science . [ 1 ] It was established in 1921 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York , United States as a women's fraternity . [ 1 ] Following are some of its notable members. Membership includes graduate students in the sciences, alumnae, and honorary members. [ 2 ] The latter are professional women who had achieved recognition in the science. [ 2 ]
at the University of Nebraska State Museum
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research
National Cancer Institute , the National Institutes of Health (NIH), | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Graduate_Women_in_Science_members |
The following is a list of products from the French-owned computer hardware and software company Groupe Bull .
In October 2013 Groupe Bull introduced the Hoox line of cellular phones with enhanced encryption and biometric authentication targeting security-conscious users. [ 8 ]
Models:
As of June 2012 Bull has 16 machines on the TOP500 supercomputer list [ 10 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Groupe_Bull_products |
HDL simulators are software packages that simulate expressions written in one of the hardware description languages , such as VHDL , Verilog , SystemVerilog .
This page is intended to list current and historical HDL simulators, accelerators, emulators, etc.
Some commercial proprietary simulators (such as ModelSim) are available in student, or evaluation/demo editions. These editions generally have many features disabled, arbitrary limits on simulation design size, but are sometimes offered free of charge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HDL_simulators |
The following is a list of HTML editors .
Source code editors evolved from basic text editors , but include additional tools specifically geared toward handling code.
HTML editors that support What You See Is What You Get ( WYSIWYG ) paradigm provide a user interface similar to a word processor for creating HTML documents, as an alternative to manual coding. [ 1 ] Achieving true WYSIWYG however is not always possible .
While word processors are not ostensibly HTML editors, the following word processors are capable of editing and saving HTML documents. Results will vary when opening some web pages. [ 2 ]
WYSIWYM (what you see is what you mean) is an alternative paradigm to WYSIWYG, in which the focus is on the semantic structure of the document rather than on the presentation. These editors produce more logically structured markup than is typical of WYSIWYG editors, while retaining the advantage in ease of use over hand-coding using a text editor.
Editors that have been discontinued, but may still be in use or cited on published web pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTML_editors |
The following is a partial list of products manufactured under the Hewlett-Packard brand.
HP categories of printers as of November 2014 are:
(Current Line: November 2014)
High-volume black and white laser printers
Office black and white laser printers
(As of November 2014)
Office color laser printers
Personal Color Laser printers
(As of November 2014)
Office laser multifunction printers
Personal laser multifunction printers
Discontinued models
(As of November 2014)
Photo and document all-in-one printers
(As of November 2014)
Compact photo printers
(Current Line: November 2014)
Business ink multifunction printers
Page wide array printers
6+3262
36+41
(Current Line: November 2014)
Office Color Inkjet Printers
Discontinued models
(Current Line: November 2014)
Graphics Printers
Scanners
Production Printers
Discontinued models
(Current Line: November 2014)
Industrial Digital Press
(Current Line: November 2014)
Inkjet Digital Web Press
Current Line: (June 2015)
Mid to High-volume Latex Printers
Current Line: (June 2015)
Industrial Printers
Current Line: (November 2014)
Internal Print Servers
Wireless Print Servers
Printer Notes: In HP printers introduced since ca 2006, alpha codes indicate product groupings and optional features, thus for example: [ 3 ]
[1]
Originally made by Compaq , acquired by HP in 2002 following the merger.
Source: HP Handheld/Pocket/Palmtop PCs
HP 9800 series desktop computers as follows:
The Compaq Evo line of business desktops and laptops were originally made by Compaq in 2001 and was rebranded HP Compaq after the 2002 merger (see HP Business Desktops for recent products).
See HP X-Terminals
See HP Business Desktops
See also HP Mobile Thin Clients
A series of desktop computers made by Compaq under the Compaq Presario brand since 1993. Acquired by HP in 2002, discontinued in 2013.
HP's line of business-oriented notebook computers since 1993. In chronological order of release:
Following HP's acquisition of Compaq in 2002, this series of notebooks was discontinued, replaced with the HP Pavilion, HP Compaq, and Compaq Presario notebooks.
The OmniBook name would later be repurposed for a line of consumer-oriented notebooks in 2024, made to complement (and supersede) the Pavilion and Spectre series of notebooks. [ 6 ]
The Compaq Evo line of business desktops and laptops were originally made by Compaq and was rebranded HP Compaq after the 2002 merger (see below for recent products).
nc6230 [ 27 ]
See the HP EliteBook article for more details.
First generation — The xx30 generation comprised the following models:
Second generation — The xx40 series comprised the following models:
Third generation — The xx60 series, announced on February 23, 2011, [ 37 ] comprised the following models:
Fourth generation — The fourth generation, announced on May 9, 2012, [ 38 ] comprised the following models:
A series of notebook computers made by Compaq under the Compaq Presario brand since 1996. Acquired by HP in 2002 and replaces HP OmniBook that year, discontinued in 2013.
A series of multimedia notebooks. Some models released from 2004–2009 had the HP developed QuickPlay software which enabled booting to a linux based DVD/Music player held on a separate partition (models with Windows Vista are unable to boot into QuickPlay due to compatibility issues). [ 39 ]
A series of notebook computers introduced in 2024 that included built-in artificial intelligence features. The name was originally used for a line of business-oriented laptops and notebooks made by Hewlett-Packard from 1993–2002.
HP Z Series - All-in-One
HP Z Series - Desktop
Generation 1 (2010 - 2012)
Z Series Generation 2 (2013 - 2015)
Z Series Generation 3 (2015 - 2018)
Z Series Generation 4 (2019 on)
Entry-level servers used either the NetServer or ProLiant brands. The NetServer line of servers were discontinued following the merger with Compaq in 2002, with the then-newly acquired ProLiant line of servers succeeding it afterwards. The ProLiant line of servers was then acquired by Hewlett Packard Enterprise in 2015 after HP split up into two separate companies.
ProLiant servers originally made by Compaq from 1993–2002 included the company's own SmartStart and Insight Management Agents, among others. HP-branded ProLiant entry-level servers, despite using the ProLiant name however, are based on that of HP's former NetServer line from 1993–2002 (specifically the tc series) and as such do not come with the aforementioned management tools. This applies to all other post-merger ProLiant models made by HP (and later HPE), especially after acquiring Compaq in 2002.
These are in a tower form factor.
Marketed as Compaq (pre-merger)
Marketed as HP (post-merger)
ML 100 series
ML 300 series
ML 100 series
ML 300 series
ML100 series
ML300 series
ML100 series
ML300 series
Marketed as HP (pre-split)
Marketed as HPE (post-split)
These are in a rack mount form factor.
A series of servers under the ProLiant brand, originally made by Compaq. The ProLiant brand was acquired by HP in 2002 during their merger with Compaq and later acquired by Hewlett Packard Enterprise in 2015.
ProLiant servers originally made by Compaq from 1993–2002 included the company's own SmartStart and Insight Management Agents, among others. This applies to all pre-merger ProLiant models, as they are not based on HP's own NetServer line from 1993–2002 unlike the later entry-level ProLiant server models. Post-merger ProLiant models made by HP (and later HPE), however, do not come with these aforementioned management tools following HP's acquisition of Compaq in 2002.
These are in a tower form factor.
'e' indicates 'essential' and 'p' indicates 'performance' variants.
These are in a rack mount form factor.
DL560 G1
DL560 Gen8
These are in a blade form factor.
HPE Integrity Servers
Integrity BL blades
Compaq ProLiant
ProCurve Networking by HP is the networking division of HP.
All sold in either the DLT 8K or Ultrium 230 format. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewlett-Packard_products |
The following is a list of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks as designated by the American Society of Civil Engineers since it began the program in 1964. The designation is granted to projects, structures, and sites in the United States ( National Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks ) and the rest of the world ( International Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks ).
As of 2024, there are 235 designated Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks in the United States and 61 internationally, totaling 296 landmarks worldwide. [ 1 ] Sections or chapters of the American Society of Civil Engineers may also designate state or local landmarks within their areas; those landmarks are not listed here.
Download coordinates as: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks |
Soon after the release of HyperCard in 1987, computer viruses appeared that targeted the application. [ 1 ] The viruses were written in the HyperTalk programming language and typically spread by infecting the Home stack and then infecting other stacks from there. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HyperCard_viruses |
This is a list of all Internet Relay Chat commands from RFC 1459, RFC 2812, and extensions added to major IRC daemons. Most IRC clients require commands to be preceded by a slash (" / "). Some commands are actually sent to IRC bots ; these are treated by the IRC protocol as ordinary messages, not as / -commands.
Conventions used here: Angle brackets ("<" and ">") are used here to indicate a placeholder for some value, and are not a literal part of a command. Square brackets ("[" and "]") are used to indicate that a value is optional .
Syntax:
Instructs the server to return information about the administrators of the server specified by <target>, where <target> is either a server or a user. If <target> is omitted, the server should return information about the administrators of the current server. [ 1 ]
Syntax:
Provides the server with a message to automatically send in reply to a PRIVMSG directed at the user, but not to a channel they are on. [ 2 ] If <message> is omitted, the away status is removed. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Sends a channel NOTICE message to <nickname> on <channel> that bypasses flood protection limits. The target nickname must be in the same channel as the client issuing the command, and the client must be a channel operator.
Normally an IRC server will limit the number of different targets a client can send messages to within a certain time frame to prevent spammers or bots from mass-messaging users on the network, however this command can be used by channel operators to bypass that limit in their channel. For example, it is often used by help operators that may be communicating with a large number of users in a help channel at one time.
This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is in use by some IRC networks. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the CNOTICE keyword
Syntax:
Sends a private message to <nickname> on <channel> that bypasses flood protection limits. The target nickname must be in the same channel as the client issuing the command, and the client must be a channel operator.
Normally an IRC server will limit the number of different targets a client can send messages to within a certain time frame to prevent spammers or bots from mass-messaging users on the network, however this command can be used by channel operators to bypass that limit in their channel. For example, it is often used by help operators that may be communicating with a large number of users in a help channel at one time.
This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is in use by some IRC networks. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the CPRIVMSG keyword
Syntax:
Instructs the server <remote server> (or the current server, if <remote server> is omitted) to connect to <target server> on port <port>. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] This command should only be available to IRC operators . Defined in RFC 1459; the <port> parameter became mandatory in RFC 2812.
Syntax:
Instructs the server to shut down. [ 5 ] This command may only be issued by IRC server operators. Defined in RFC 2812.
Syntax:
This command is for use by servers to encapsulate commands so that they will propagate across hub servers not yet updated to support them, and indicates the subcommand and its parameters should be passed unaltered to the destination, where it will be unencapsulated and parsed. This facilitates implementation of new features without a need to restart all servers before they are usable across the network. [ 6 ]
Syntax:
This command is for use by servers to report errors to other servers. It is also used before terminating client connections. [ 7 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Requests the server to display the help file. This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is in use by most [ which? ] major IRC daemons.
Syntax:
Returns information about the <target> server, or the current server if <target> is omitted. [ 8 ] Information returned includes the server's version, when it was compiled , the patch level , when it was started, and any other information which may be considered to be relevant. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Invites <nickname> to the channel <channel>. [ 9 ] <channel> does not have to exist, but if it does, only members of the channel are allowed to invite other clients. If the channel mode i is set, only channel operators may invite other clients. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Queries the server to see if the clients in the space-separated list <nicknames> are currently on the network. [ 10 ] The server returns only the nicknames that are on the network in a space-separated list. If none of the clients are on the network the server returns an empty list. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Makes the client join the channels in the comma-separated list <channels>, specifying the passwords, if needed, in the comma-separated list <keys>. [ 11 ] If the channel(s) do not exist then they will be created. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Forcibly removes <client> from <channel>. [ 12 ] This command may only be issued by channel operators. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Forcibly removes <client> from the network. [ 13 ] This command may only be issued by IRC operators. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Sends a NOTICE to an invitation-only <channel> with an optional <message>, requesting an invite. This command is not formally defined by an RFC, but is supported by most [ which? ] major IRC daemons. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the KNOCK keyword.
Syntax:
Lists all server links matching <server mask>, if given, on <remote server>, or the current server if omitted. [ 14 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Lists all channels on the server. [ 15 ] If the comma-separated list <channels> is given, it will return the channel topics. If <server> is given, the command will be forwarded to <server> for evaluation. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Returns statistics about the size of the network. [ 16 ] If called with no arguments, the statistics will reflect the entire network. If <mask> is given, it will return only statistics reflecting the masked subset of the network. If <target> is given, the command will be forwarded to <server> for evaluation. Defined in RFC 2812.
Syntax:
The MODE command is dual-purpose. It can be used to set both user and channel modes. [ 17 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Returns the message of the day on <server> or the current server if it is omitted. [ 18 ] Defined in RFC 2812.
Syntax:
Returns a list of who is on the comma-separated list of <channels>, by channel name. [ 19 ] If <channels> is omitted, all users are shown, grouped by channel name with all users who are not on a channel being shown as part of channel "*". If <server> is specified, the command is sent to <server> for evaluation. [ 20 ] Defined in RFC 1459; the optional <server> parameter was added in RFC 2812.
The response contains all nicknames in the channel prefixed with the highest channel status prefix of that user, for example like this (with @ being the highest status prefix)
If a client wants to receive all the channel status prefixes of a user and not only their current highest one, the IRCv3 multi-prefix extension can be enabled (@ is the channel operator prefix, and + the lower voice status prefix): [ 21 ]
See also NAMESX below for an alternate, older approach to achieve the same effect. However, by today most clients and servers support the new IRCv3 standard. [ 22 ]
Syntax:
Allows a client to change their IRC nickname. Hopcount is for use between servers to specify how far away a nickname is from its home server. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Defined in RFC 1459; the optional <hopcount> parameter was removed in RFC 2812.
Syntax:
This command works similarly to PRIVMSG, except automatic replies must never be sent in reply to NOTICE messages. [ 25 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Authenticates a user as an IRC operator on that server/network. [ 26 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Causes a user to leave the channels in the comma-separated list <channels>. [ 27 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Sets a connection password. [ 28 ] This command must be sent before the NICK/USER registration combination. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Tests the presence of a connection. [ 29 ] A PING message results in a PONG reply. If <server2> is specified, the message gets passed on to it. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
This command is a reply to the PING command and works in much the same way. [ 30 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Sends <message> to <msgtarget>, which is usually a user or channel. [ 31 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Disconnects the user from the server. [ 32 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Sends a command string to the server as-is, i.e. without parsing it in the client application. [ 33 ] [ 34 ]
Syntax:
Causes the server to re-read and re-process its configuration file(s). [ 35 ] This command can only be sent by IRC operators. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Requests the server rules. This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is used by most [ which? ] major IRC daemons.
Syntax:
The server message is used to tell a server that the other end of a new connection is a server. [ 36 ] This message is also used to pass server data over the whole network.
<hopcount> details how many hops (server connections) away <servername> is.
<info> contains addition human-readable information about the server.
Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Syntax:
Identical to PRIVMSG except the recipient must be a service. [ 37 ] Defined in RFC 2812.
Syntax:
Causes <server> to quit the network. [ 38 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Allows a client to change the "real name" specified when registering a connection.
This command is not formally defined by an RFC, but is in use by some IRC daemons. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the SETNAME keyword
Syntax:
Adds or removes a host mask to a server-side ignore list that prevents matching users from sending the client messages. More than one mask may be specified in a space-separated list, each item prefixed with a "+" or "-" to designate whether it is being added or removed. Sending the command with no parameters returns the entries in the client's ignore list.
This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is supported by most [ which? ] major IRC daemons. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the SILENCE keyword and the maximum number of entries a client may have in its ignore list. For example:
Syntax:
Returns statistics about the current server, or <server> if it's specified. [ 39 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Gives users who are on the same host as <server> a message asking them to join IRC. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] Defined in RFC 1459; the optional <channel> parameter was added in RFC 2812.
Syntax:
Returns the local time on the current server, or <server> if specified. [ 42 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Allows the client to query or set the channel topic on <channel>. [ 43 ] If <topic> is given, it sets the channel topic to <topic>. If channel mode +t is set, only a channel operator may set the topic. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Trace a path across the IRC network to a specific server or client, in a similar method to traceroute . [ 44 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
This command is used at the beginning of a connection to specify the username, hostname, real name and initial user modes of the connecting client. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] <realname> may contain spaces, and thus must be prefixed with a colon. Defined in RFC 1459, modified in RFC 2812.
Syntax:
Returns a list of information about the nicknames specified. [ 47 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Requests the direct IP address of the user with the specified nickname. This command is often used to obtain the IP of an abusive user to more effectively perform a ban. It is unclear what, if any, privileges are required to execute this command on a server.
This command is not formally defined by an RFC, but is in use by some IRC daemons. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the USERIP keyword.
Syntax:
Returns a list of users and information about those users in a format similar to the UNIX commands who , rusers and finger . [ 48 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Returns the version of <server>, or the current server if omitted. [ 49 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Sends <message> to all operators connected to the server (RFC 1459), or all users with user mode 'w' set (RFC 2812). [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Adds or removes a user to a client's server-side friends list. More than one nickname may be specified in a space-separated list, each item prefixed with a "+" or "-" to designate whether it is being added or removed. Sending the command with no parameters returns the entries in the client's friends list.
This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is supported by most [ which? ] major IRC daemons. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the WATCH keyword and the maximum number of entries a client may have in its friends list. For example:
Syntax:
Returns a list of users who match <name>. [ 52 ] If the flag "o" is given, the server will only return information about IRC operators. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Returns information about the comma-separated list of nicknames masks <nicknames>. [ 53 ] If <server> is given, the command is forwarded to it for processing. Defined in RFC 1459.
Syntax:
Used to return information about a nickname that is no longer in use (due to client disconnection, or nickname changes). [ 54 ] If given, the server will return information from the last <count> times the nickname has been used. If <server> is given, the command is forwarded to it for processing. In RFC 2812, <nickname> can be a comma-separated list of nicknames. [ 55 ]
Defined in RFC 1459. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IRC_commands |
This is a list of ITS ( intelligent transportation systems ) associations .
ITS organisations are present worldwide. [ 1 ] The work of these associations is often supported by local governments [ 2 ] The estimated worth of the market is US$9.6 Billion (2014–2015 [ 3 ] In 2015, the intelligent transportation system (ITS) market in roadways was valued at US$20.94 billion [ 4 ]
In Europe the European Union , by the European Commission through financial instruments and through legislative instruments are supported innovative projects in IST directly as well by the regional ITS. [ 29 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ITS_associations |
Ancient India was one of the most important seat of Astronomical studies. There were many scholars, philosophers and astronomers in ancient India, who wrote treatises on experimental and mathematical astronomy. Most of the Ancient Indian Astronomical Treatises were written and composed in Sanskrit language. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_astronomical_treatises |
This is a list of Inferno programs . Most of these programs are very similar to the Plan 9 applications or UNIX programs with the same name. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Inferno_applications |
This is a list of journals published by Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), including those from its predecessors Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) and Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology_academic_journals |
This article contains information about Intel 's GPUs (see Intel Graphics Technology ) and motherboard graphics chipsets in table form. In 1982, Intel licensed the NEC μPD7220 and announced it as the Intel 82720 Graphics Display Controller. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Intel's first generation GPUs:
Intel marketed its second generation using the brand Extreme Graphics. These chips added support for texture combiners allowing support for OpenGL 1.3.
Intel's first DirectX 9 GPUs with hardware Pixel Shader 2.0 support.
The last generation of motherboard integrated graphics. Full hardware DirectX 10 support starting with GMA X3500.
Core m3-7Y30 Core m3-7Y32
Core m3-8100Y
Core m3-8300Y
Core m3-8500Y
Intel Xe is a GPGPU and dGPU product line first released in 2020, in the mobile Tiger Lake line and Rocket Lake , Alder Lake and Raptor Lake line.
Core i5-11600 Core i5-11600K Core i5-11600T Core i7-11700 Core i7-11700K Core i7-11700T Core i9-11900 Core i9-11900K Core i9-11900T
Core i3-1120G4
Pentium Gold 7505 Core i3-1115G4 Core i3-1125G4
Core i5-1140G7
Core i7-1180G7
Core i5-11300H
Core i5-1145G7
Core i7-1185G7 Core i7-11370H Core i7-11375H
Core i7-11390H
Celeron G6900T
Pentium Gold G7400T
i3-12100T
i3-12300T i5-12400 i5-12400T
i5-12500T i5-12600 i5-12600T
i7-12700 i7-12700T i7-12700K
i9-12900T i9-12900K i9-12900KS
Pentium 8500
Pentium 8505
i3-1220P
i7-1260U
i5-1245U
i7-1265U
i5-12500H
i5-12600H
i7-1270P i7-12700H i7-12800H
i9-12900H i9-12900HK
B570
Atom Z520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units |
Intel is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California . Processors are manufactured in semiconductor fabrication plants called "fabs" which are then sent to assembly and testing sites before delivery to customers. Intel has stated that approximately 75% of their semiconductor fabrication is performed in the United States. [ 1 ]
Since May 1990, Intel has made an effort to eliminate chlorofluorocarbon consumption for the Oregon, Puerto Rico and Ireland system factories. [ 2 ]
Both Schumacher, a division of Air Products & Chemicals , and Intel developed chemical that reduce ozone emission using TRANS-LC or trans 1, 2-dichloroethylene to replace from TCA or 1,1,1-Trichloroethane to grow defect free silicon oxide surfaces. [ 3 ]
The Oregon Governor's Award for Toxics Use Reduction recognising Intel's Hillsboro facility achievement in reducing the use of toxic substance and generation of hazardous wastes. [ 4 ]
Global Manufacturing at Intel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_manufacturing_sites |
This is a list of articles for JBoss software, and projects from the JBoss Community and Red Hat . This open-source software written in Java is developed in projects, and productized with commercial-level support by Red Hat.
Subprojects:
Components:
Technologies include:
Includes:
Subprojects:
Key features:
Additional features provide support for tools, annotations, auditing/versioning, horizontal partitioning , JSR 303 Bean Validation , mapping for Apache Lucene , and mapping for the .NET Framework
It is being merged into the Keycloak project. [ 50 ] Components:
Components:
Tools:
Subprojects:
Subprojects:
Subprojects:
Features:
The language has three layers:
Subprojects:
Components include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JBoss_software |
This is a list of notable JavaScript libraries . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JavaScript_libraries |
This article provides non-exhaustive lists of Java SE Java virtual machines (JVMs). It does not include every Java ME vendor. Note that Jakarta EE runs on the standard Java SE JVM but that some vendors specialize in providing a modified JVM optimized for enterprise applications. Much Java development work takes place on Windows , Solaris , Linux , and FreeBSD , primarily with the Oracle JVMs. Note the further complication of different 32-bit / 64-bit varieties.
The primary Java VM reference implementation is the OpenJDK HotSpot , produced by Oracle Corporation and many other big and medium-sized companies (e.g. IBM , Redhat , Microsoft , Azul , SAP ).
Some JVM's are intended to run without an underlying OS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Java_virtual_machines |
This is a list of kiosk software . The list includes kiosk-exclusive software as well as mobile device management (MDM) software with kiosk features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kiosk_software |
The following is a list of software programs that can communicate with and/or host directory services via the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LDAP_software |
This is a list of proprietary laboratory information management systems (LIMS) from businesses and organizations which have articles about them in Wikipedia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LIMS_software_packages |
This list of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names is intended to help those unfamiliar with classical languages to understand and remember the scientific names of organisms. The binomial nomenclature used for animals and plants is largely derived from Latin and Greek words, as are some of the names used for higher taxa , such as orders and above. At the time when biologist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) published the books that are now accepted as the starting point of binomial nomenclature, Latin was used in Western Europe as the common language of science, and scientific names were in Latin or Greek: Linnaeus continued this practice.
While learning Latin is now less common, it is still used by classical scholars , and for certain purposes in botany , medicine and the Roman Catholic Church , and it can still be found in scientific names. It is helpful to be able to understand the source of scientific names. Although the Latin names do not always correspond to the current English common names, they are often related, and if their meanings are understood, they are easier to recall. The binomial name often reflects limited knowledge or hearsay about a species at the time it was named. For instance Pan troglodytes , the chimpanzee , and Troglodytes troglodytes , the wren , are not necessarily cave-dwellers.
Sometimes a genus name or specific descriptor is simply the Latin or Greek name for the animal (e.g. Canis is Latin for dog). These words may not be included in the table below if they only occur for one or two taxa. Instead, the words listed below are the common adjectives and other modifiers that repeatedly occur in the scientific names of many organisms (in more than one genus).
Adjectives vary according to gender, and in most cases only the lemma form ( nominative singular masculine form) is listed here. 1st-and-2nd-declension adjectives end in -us (masculine), -a (feminine) and -um (neuter), whereas 3rd-declension adjectives ending in -is (masculine and feminine) change to -e (neuter). For example, verus is listed without the variants for Aloe vera or Galium verum .
The second part of a binomial is often a person's name in the genitive case , ending -i (masculine) or -ae (feminine), such as Kaempfer's tody-tyrant , Hemitriccus kaempferi . The name may be converted into a Latinised form first, giving -ii and -iae instead.
Words that are very similar to their English forms have been omitted.
Some of the Greek transliterations given are Ancient Greek , and others are Modern Greek .
In the tables, L = Latin, G = Greek, and LG = similar in both languages.
dwarf date palm , Phoenix acaulis
angled sunbeam (butterfly) , Curetis acuta ; northern pintail , Anas acuta
three-spined stickleback , Gasterosteus aculeatus ; butcher's-broom , Ruscus aculeatus
African clubhook-squid , Notonykia africanae ; pyjama shark , Poroderma africanum; lemon basil , Ocimum × africanum
green field-speedwell , Veronica agrestis
sharpwing monkeyflower , Mimulus alatus ; winged elm , Ulmus alata ; winged everlasting , Ammobium alatum ; winged loosestrife , Lythrum alatum ; winged seahorse , Hippocampus alatus ; winged-stem passion flower , Passiflora alata
moth , Syngamia albiceps; wood groundling , Parachronistis albiceps;
Mexican golden red rump tarantula , Brachypelma albiceps
narrowflower lupine , Lupinus angustiflorus
narrowleaf cottonwood , Populus angustifolia ; narrowleaf sunflower , Helianthus angustifolius
sea snail , Vexillum angustissimum
gummy shark , Mustelus antarcticus ; brown skua , Stercorarius antarcticus
golden wattle , Acacia pycnantha ;
white sage , Salvia apiana
water spinach , Ipomoea aquatica ; parrot's-feather , Myriophyllum aquaticum ,
Aloe arborescens ; Hydrangea arborescens
archo – archus
common bearberry , Arctostaphylos
silvery lupine , Lupinus argenteus; white mulberry , Pipturus argenteus
see also nomina dubia
electric (modern usage)
Butter Cap , Rhodocollybia butyracea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names |
This is a list of Lie group topics , by Wikipedia page.
See Table of Lie groups for a list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lie_groups_topics |
This is a list of companies, organizations and individuals who have moved from other operating systems to Linux . On desktops, Linux has not displaced Microsoft Windows to a large degree. However, it is the leading operating system on servers . [ 1 ]
See also : List of BSD adopters
As local governments come under pressure from institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the International Intellectual Property Alliance , some have turned to Linux and other free software as an affordable, legal alternative to both pirated software and expensive proprietary computer products from Microsoft , Apple and other commercial companies. The spread of Linux affords some leverage for these countries when companies from the developed world bid for government contracts (since a low-cost option exists), while furnishing an alternative path to development for countries like India and Pakistan that have many citizens skilled in computer applications but cannot afford technological investment at "First World" prices. Cost is not the only factor being considered, though — many governmental institutions (in public and military sectors) in North America and the European Union make the transition to Linux because of its superior stability and the openness of the source code, which strengthens information security . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
Linux is often used in technical disciplines at universities and research centres. This is due to several factors, including that Linux is available free of charge and includes a large body of free/open-source software. To some extent, technical competence of computer science and software engineering academics is also a contributor, as is stability, maintainability, and upgradability. IBM ran an advertising campaign entitled "Linux is Education" featuring a young boy who was supposed to be "Linux". [ 77 ]
Examples of large scale adoption of Linux in education include the following:
Linux is used extensively on servers in businesses, and has been for a long time. Linux is also used in some corporate environments as the desktop platform for their employees, with commercially available solutions including Red Hat Enterprise Linux , SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop , and Ubuntu .
[ 161 ]
Guide To Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters |
The following is an incomplete list of Linux audio software . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_audio_software |
This is a list of various Logitech products. Individual products may have their own article.
Old software may be retrieved from the Logitech Tech Support FTP server , but one should always try Logitech's web site first.
Notes:
Replaced by G604 in 2019.
144 g (5.1 oz) (with cable)
168 g (5.9 oz) (with cable)
122 g (4 oz) (with cable)
122 g (4 oz) (with cable)
168 g (5.9 oz) (with cable)
130g (4.5 oz) (with cable)
135 g (4.76 oz) (with cable)
Replaced by G703.
Part of new "Prodigy" line intended for new PC gamers, with all "Prodigy" products costing US$69.99, except this mouse, which costs $39.99.
Uses a new sensor, exact model and details are withheld, only known as the "Mercury" sensor. Not based on the PWM3366 sensor from PixArt. [ 35 ]
Revision of the G900, capable of interfacing with the PowerPlay charging mouse pad, which acts as a wireless receiver and inductive charger.
Revision of the G403 Wireless, capable of interfacing with the PowerPlay charging mouse pad, which acts as a wireless receiver and inductive charger.
New "Hero" sensor is a completely new sensor developed by Logitech. The sensor is optimized for precision and power efficiency.
The mouse has no customizable lighting to increase battery life.
112.3 g (3.96 oz) (with 1 AA battery)
135.7 g (4.79 oz) (with 2 AA batteries)
99 g (3.42 oz) (with 1 AA battery)
168 g (5.9 oz) (with cable)
130g (4.6 oz) (with cable)
Revision of the G903: the only difference being the sensor, resulting in improved battery life up to 180 hours when RGB is off.
95-hour battery life
Slightly lighter than its predecessor and the first mouse to include Logitech's new Hero 2 sensor.
Notes:
Notes:
Romer-G switches are without RGB lighting to improve battery life
Can connect up to two devices via 2.4 GHz wireless and Bluetooth, also compatible with iOS and Android devices as a keyboard input.
Comes with 12 included extra key-caps with alternative shaping.
Part of new "Prodigy" line intended for new PC gamers, with all "Prodigy" products costing US$69.99, except the new G203 Mouse
* DTS:X Only Headphones can utilize Windows Sonic for Headphones or Dolby Atmos for Headphones when using the generic "USB Audio Device" drivers.
1x Logitech MediaPad Number Pad
1x Logitech MX900 Optical Mouse
1x Logitech Charging dock for MX900
1x Cordless Click! Plus Optical Mouse M-RAK89B
1x Cordless Desktop Receiver C-BO33
1x Logitech M170 Mouse
1x AA Batteries (Various Brands Usually Duracell or GP)
1x Logitech Nano receiver (Non-Unifying)
1x Logitech M275 Mouse
1x Logitech Nano receiver (Non-Unifying)
1x Logitech M185 mouse
1x Logitech Nano receiver (Non-Unifying)
1x Logitech M215 mouse
1x Logitech Unifying receiver
1x Logitech M310 mouse
1x Logitech Unifying receiver
1x Logitech M705 mouse
1x Logitech Unifying receiver
1x Logitech M720 Triathlon mouse
1x Logitech Unifying receiver
1x Logitech Performance MX Mouse
1x Logitech Unifying receiver
1x Logitech MX Master 2S Mouse
1x Logitech Unifying receiver
Cordless Desktop Pro Keyboard and Wheel Mouse
1x Logitech M-RG53 Cordless Mouseman Wheel Mouse
1x Logitech C-RD3-DUAL Cordless Desktop RF PS/2 Receiver | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Logitech_products |
The list below provides an overview of companies that develop and fabricate MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) devices. These companies are usually referred to the concept of foundries . The offer of the companies varies according to the used material, the production volume and the size of the wafers used for the fabrication. The attribute type is for Integrated Device Manufacturer , Pure-play or Research Institute business model.
Norway
China
Japan
Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MEMS_foundries |
The MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) [ 1 ] is a type of insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) that is fabricated by the controlled oxidation of a semiconductor , typically silicon . The voltage of the covered gate determines the electrical conductivity of the device; this ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals .
The MOSFET is the basic building block of most modern electronics , and the most frequently manufactured device in history, with an estimated total of 13 sextillion (1.3 × 10 22 ) MOSFETs manufactured between 1960 and 2018. It is the most common semiconductor device in digital and analog circuits , and the most common power device . It was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturized and mass-produced for a wide range of uses . MOSFET scaling and miniaturization has been driving the rapid exponential growth of electronic semiconductor technology since the 1960s, and enable high-density integrated circuits (ICs) such as memory chips and microprocessors .
MOSFETs in integrated circuits are the primary elements of computer processors , semiconductor memory , image sensors , and most other types of integrated circuits. Discrete MOSFET devices are widely used in applications such as switch mode power supplies , variable-frequency drives , and other power electronics applications where each device may be switching thousands of watts. Radio-frequency amplifiers up to the UHF spectrum use MOSFET transistors as analog signal and power amplifiers . Radio systems also use MOSFETs as oscillators, or mixers to convert frequencies. MOSFET devices are also applied in audio-frequency power amplifiers for public address systems , sound reinforcement , and home and automobile sound systems.
The MOSFET is the most widely used type of transistor and the most critical device component in integrated circuit (IC) chips. [ 2 ] Planar process , developed by Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor in early 1959, was critical to the invention of the monolithic integrated circuit chip by Robert Noyce later in 1959. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The MOSFET was invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] This was followed by the development of clean rooms to reduce contamination to levels never before thought necessary, and coincided with the development of photolithography [ 11 ] which, along with surface passivation and the planar process, allowed circuits to be made in few steps.
Atalla realised that the main advantage of a MOS transistor was its ease of fabrication , particularly suiting it for use in the recently invented integrated circuits. [ 12 ] In contrast to bipolar transistors which required a number of steps for the p–n junction isolation of transistors on a chip, MOSFETs required no such steps but could be easily isolated from each other. [ 13 ] Its advantage for integrated circuits was re-iterated by Dawon Kahng in 1961. [ 14 ] The Si – SiO 2 system possessed the technical attractions of low cost of production (on a per circuit basis) and ease of integration. These two factors, along with its rapidly scaling miniaturization and low energy consumption , led to the MOSFET becoming the most widely used type of transistor in IC chips.
The earliest experimental MOS IC to be demonstrated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at RCA in 1962. [ 15 ] General Microelectronics later introduced the first commercial MOS integrated circuits in 1964, consisting of 120 p-channel transistors. [ 16 ] It was a 20-bit shift register , developed by Robert Norman [ 15 ] and Frank Wanlass . [ 17 ] In 1967, Bell Labs researchers Robert Kerwin, Donald Klein and John Sarace developed the self-aligned gate (silicon-gate) MOS transistor, which Fairchild Semiconductor researchers Federico Faggin and Tom Klein used to develop the first silicon-gate MOS IC. [ 18 ]
There are various different types of MOS IC chips, which include the following. [ 19 ]
With its high scalability, [ 36 ] and much lower power consumption and higher density than bipolar junction transistors, [ 37 ] the MOSFET made it possible to build high-density IC chips. [ 1 ] By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher transistor density and lower manufacturing costs than bipolar chips. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by Moore's law , leading to large-scale integration (LSI) with hundreds of MOSFETs on a chip by the late 1960s. [ 24 ] MOS technology enabled the integration of more than 10,000 transistors on a single LSI chip by the early 1970s, [ 38 ] before later enabling very large-scale integration (VLSI). [ 25 ] [ 20 ]
The MOSFET is the basis of every microprocessor , [ 30 ] and was responsible for the invention of the microprocessor. [ 39 ] The origins of both the microprocessor and the microcontroller can be traced back to the invention and development of MOS technology. The application of MOS LSI chips to computing was the basis for the first microprocessors, as engineers began recognizing that a complete computer processor could be contained on a single MOS LSI chip. [ 24 ]
The earliest microprocessors were all MOS chips, built with MOS LSI circuits. The first multi-chip microprocessors, the Four-Phase Systems AL1 in 1969 and the Garrett AiResearch MP944 in 1970, were developed with multiple MOS LSI chips. The first commercial single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 , was developed by Federico Faggin , using his silicon-gate MOS IC technology, with Intel engineers Marcian Hoff and Stan Mazor , and Busicom engineer Masatoshi Shima . [ 40 ] With the arrival of CMOS microprocessors in 1975, the term "MOS microprocessors" began to refer to chips fabricated entirely from PMOS logic or fabricated entirely from NMOS logic , contrasted with "CMOS microprocessors" and "bipolar bit-slice processors". [ 41 ]
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ( CMOS ) logic [ 43 ] was developed by Chih-Tang Sah and Frank Wanlass at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963. [ 44 ] CMOS had lower power consumption, but was initially slower than NMOS, which was more widely used for computers in the 1970s. In 1978, Hitachi introduced the twin-well CMOS process, which allowed CMOS to match the performance of NMOS with less power consumption. The twin-well CMOS process eventually overtook NMOS as the most common semiconductor manufacturing process for computers in the 1980s. [ 45 ] By the 1980s CMOS logic consumed over 7 times less power than NMOS logic, [ 45 ] and about 100,000 times less power than bipolar transistor-transistor logic (TTL). [ 46 ]
The growth of digital technologies like the microprocessor has provided the motivation to advance MOSFET technology faster than any other type of silicon-based transistor. [ 47 ] A big advantage of MOSFETs for digital switching is that the oxide layer between the gate and the channel prevents DC current from flowing through the gate, further reducing power consumption and giving a very large input impedance. The insulating oxide between the gate and channel effectively isolates a MOSFET in one logic stage from earlier and later stages, which allows a single MOSFET output to drive a considerable number of MOSFET inputs. Bipolar transistor-based logic (such as TTL ) does not have such a high fanout capacity. This isolation also makes it easier for the designers to ignore to some extent loading effects between logic stages independently. That extent is defined by the operating frequency: as frequencies increase, the input impedance of the MOSFETs decreases.
The MOSFET's advantages in digital circuits do not translate into supremacy in all analog circuits . The two types of circuit draw upon different features of transistor behavior. Digital circuits switch, spending most of their time either fully on or fully off. The transition from one to the other is only of concern with regards to speed and charge required. Analog circuits depend on operation in the transition region where small changes to V gs can modulate the output (drain) current. The JFET and bipolar junction transistor (BJT) are preferred for accurate matching (of adjacent devices in integrated circuits), higher transconductance and certain temperature characteristics which simplify keeping performance predictable as circuit temperature varies.
Nevertheless, MOSFETs are widely used in many types of analog circuits because of their own advantages (zero gate current, high and adjustable output impedance and improved robustness vs. BJTs which can be permanently degraded by even lightly breaking down the emitter-base). [ vague ] The characteristics and performance of many analog circuits can be scaled up or down by changing the sizes (length and width) of the MOSFETs used. By comparison, in bipolar transistors the size of the device does not significantly affect its performance. [ citation needed ] MOSFETs' ideal characteristics regarding gate current (zero) and drain-source offset voltage (zero) also make them nearly ideal switch elements, and also make switched capacitor analog circuits practical. In their linear region, MOSFETs can be used as precision resistors, which can have a much higher controlled resistance than BJTs. In high power circuits, MOSFETs sometimes have the advantage of not suffering from thermal runaway as BJTs do. [ dubious – discuss ] Also, MOSFETs can be configured to perform as capacitors and gyrator circuits which allow op-amps made from them to appear as inductors, thereby allowing all of the normal analog devices on a chip (except for diodes, which can be made smaller than a MOSFET anyway) to be built entirely out of MOSFETs. This means that complete analog circuits can be made on a silicon chip in a much smaller space and with simpler fabrication techniques. MOSFETS are ideally suited to switch inductive loads because of tolerance to inductive kickback .
Some ICs combine analog and digital MOSFET circuitry on a single mixed-signal integrated circuit , making the needed board space even smaller. This creates a need to isolate the analog circuits from the digital circuits on a chip level, leading to the use of isolation rings and silicon on insulator (SOI). Since MOSFETs require more space to handle a given amount of power than a BJT, fabrication processes can incorporate BJTs and MOSFETs into a single device. Mixed-transistor devices are called bi-FETs (bipolar FETs) if they contain just one BJT-FET and BiCMOS (bipolar-CMOS) if they contain complementary BJT-FETs. Such devices have the advantages of both insulated gates and higher current density.
In the late 1980s, Asad Abidi pioneered RF CMOS technology, which uses MOS VLSI circuits, while working at UCLA . This changed the way in which RF circuits were designed, away from discrete bipolar transistors and towards CMOS integrated circuits. As of 2008, the radio transceivers in all wireless networking devices and modern mobile phones are mass-produced as RF CMOS devices. RF CMOS is also used in nearly all modern Bluetooth and wireless LAN (WLAN) devices. [ 33 ]
MOSFET analog switches use the MOSFET to pass analog signals when on, and as a high impedance when off. Signals flow in both directions across a MOSFET switch. In this application, the drain and source of a MOSFET exchange places depending on the relative voltages of the source/drain electrodes. The source is the more negative side for an N-MOS or the more positive side for a P-MOS. All of these switches are limited on what signals they can pass or stop by their gate–source, gate–drain, and source–drain voltages; exceeding the voltage, current, or power limits will potentially damage the switch.
This analog switch uses a four-terminal simple MOSFET of either P or N type.
In the case of an n-type switch, the body is connected to the most negative supply (usually GND) and the gate is used as the switch control. Whenever the gate voltage exceeds the source voltage by at least a threshold voltage, the MOSFET conducts. The higher the voltage, the more the MOSFET can conduct. An N-MOS switch passes all voltages less than V gate − V tn . When the switch is conducting, it typically operates in the linear (or ohmic) mode of operation, since the source and drain voltages will typically be nearly equal.
In the case of a P-MOS, the body is connected to the most positive voltage, and the gate is brought to a lower potential to turn the switch on. The P-MOS switch passes all voltages higher than V gate − V tp (threshold voltage V tp is negative in the case of enhancement-mode P-MOS).
This "complementary" or CMOS type of switch uses one P-MOS and one N-MOS FET to counteract the limitations of the single-type switch. The FETs have their drains and sources connected in parallel, the body of the P-MOS is connected to the high potential ( V DD ) and the body of the N-MOS is connected to the low potential ( gnd ). To turn the switch on, the gate of the P-MOS is driven to the low potential and the gate of the N-MOS is driven to the high potential. For voltages between V DD − V tn and gnd − V tp , both FETs conduct the signal; for voltages less than gnd − V tp , the N-MOS conducts alone; and for voltages greater than V DD − V tn , the P-MOS conducts alone.
The voltage limits for this switch are the gate–source, gate–drain and source–drain voltage limits for both FETs. Also, the P-MOS is typically two to three times wider than the N-MOS, so the switch will be balanced for speed in the two directions.
Tri-state circuitry sometimes incorporates a CMOS MOSFET switch on its output to provide for a low-ohmic, full-range output when on, and a high-ohmic, mid-level signal when off.
The advent of the MOSFET enabled the practical use of MOS transistors as memory cell storage elements, a function previously served by magnetic cores in computer memory . The first modern computer memory was introduced in 1965, when John Schmidt at Fairchild Semiconductor designed the first MOS semiconductor memory , a 64-bit MOS SRAM (static random-access memory ). [ 48 ] SRAM became an alternative to magnetic-core memory , but required six MOS transistors for each bit of data. [ 49 ]
MOS technology is the basis for DRAM (dynamic random-access memory ). In 1966, Dr. Robert H. Dennard at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center was working on MOS memory . While examining the characteristics of MOS technology, he found it was capable of building capacitors , and that storing a charge or no charge on the MOS capacitor could represent the 1 and 0 of a bit, while the MOS transistor could control writing the charge to the capacitor. This led to his development of a single-transistor DRAM memory cell. [ 49 ] In 1967, Dennard filed a patent under IBM for a single-transistor DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) memory cell, based on MOS technology. [ 50 ] MOS memory enabled higher performance, was cheaper, and consumed less power, than magnetic-core memory , leading to MOS memory overtaking magnetic core memory as the dominant computer memory technology by the early 1970s. [ 51 ]
Frank Wanlass , while studying MOSFET structures in 1963, noted the movement of charge through oxide onto a gate . While he did not pursue it, this idea would later become the basis for EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory ) technology. [ 52 ] In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Sze proposed that floating-gate memory cells, consisting of floating-gate MOSFETs (FGMOS), could be used to produce reprogrammable ROM ( read-only memory ). [ 53 ] Floating-gate memory cells later became the basis for non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies including EPROM, EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM) and flash memory . [ 54 ]
There are various different types of MOS memory. The following list includes various different MOS memory types. [ 55 ]
A number of MOSFET sensors have been developed, for measuring physical , chemical , biological and environmental parameters. [ 65 ] The earliest MOSFET sensors include the open-gate FET (OGFET) introduced by Johannessen in 1970, [ 65 ] the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) invented by Piet Bergveld in 1970, [ 66 ] the adsorption FET (ADFET) patented by P.F. Cox in 1974, and a hydrogen -sensitive MOSFET demonstrated by I. Lundstrom, M.S. Shivaraman, C.S. Svenson and L. Lundkvist in 1975. [ 65 ] The ISFET is a special type of MOSFET with a gate at a certain distance, [ 65 ] and where the metal gate is replaced by an ion -sensitive membrane , electrolyte solution and reference electrode . [ 67 ]
By the mid-1980s, numerous other MOSFET sensors had been developed, including the gas sensor FET (GASFET), surface accessible FET (SAFET), charge flow transistor (CFT), pressure sensor FET (PRESSFET), chemical field-effect transistor (ChemFET), reference ISFET (REFET), biosensor FET (BioFET), enzyme-modified FET (ENFET) and immunologically modified FET (IMFET). [ 65 ] By the early 2000s, BioFET types such as the DNA field-effect transistor (DNAFET), gene-modified FET (GenFET) and cell-potential BioFET (CPFET) had been developed. [ 67 ]
The two main types of image sensors used in digital imaging technology are the charge-coupled device (CCD) and the active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor). Both CCD and CMOS sensors are based on MOS technology, with the CCD based on MOS capacitors and the CMOS sensor based on MOS transistors. [ 68 ]
MOS technology is the basis for modern image sensors , including the charge-coupled device (CCD) and the CMOS active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor), used in digital imaging and digital cameras . [ 68 ] Willard Boyle and George E. Smith developed the CCD in 1969. While researching the MOS process, they realized that an electric charge was the analogy of the magnetic bubble and that it could be stored on a tiny MOS capacitor. As it was fairly straightforward to fabricate a series of MOS capacitors in a row, they connected a suitable voltage to them so that the charge could be stepped along from one to the next. [ 68 ] The CCD is a semiconductor circuit that was later used in the first digital video cameras for television broadcasting . [ 72 ]
The MOS active-pixel sensor (APS) was developed by Tsutomu Nakamura at Olympus in 1985. [ 73 ] The CMOS active-pixel sensor was later developed by Eric Fossum and his team at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the early 1990s. [ 74 ]
MOS image sensors are widely used in optical mouse technology. The first optical mouse, invented by Richard F. Lyon at Xerox in 1980, used a 5 μm NMOS sensor chip. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Since the first commercial optical mouse, the IntelliMouse introduced in 1999, most optical mouse devices use CMOS sensors. [ 71 ]
MOS sensors , also known as MOSFET sensors, are widely used to measure physical , chemical , biological and environmental parameters. [ 65 ] The ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET), for example, is widely used in biomedical applications. [ 67 ]
MOSFETs are also widely used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), as silicon MOSFETs could interact and communicate with the surroundings and process things such as chemicals , motions and light. [ 77 ] An early example of a MEMS device is the resonant-gate transistor, an adaptation of the MOSFET, developed by Harvey C. Nathanson in 1965. [ 78 ]
Common applications of other MOS sensors include the following.
The power MOSFET , which is commonly used in power electronics , was developed in the early 1970s. [ 84 ] The power MOSFET enables low gate drive power, fast switching speed, and advanced paralleling capability. [ 85 ]
The power MOSFET is the most widely used power device in the world. [ 85 ] Advantages over bipolar junction transistors in power electronics include MOSFETs not requiring a continuous flow of drive current to remain in the ON state, offering higher switching speeds, lower switching power losses, lower on-resistances, and reduced susceptibility to thermal runaway. [ 86 ] The power MOSFET had an impact on power supplies , enabling higher operating frequencies, size and weight reduction, and increased volume production. [ 87 ]
Switching power supplies are the most common applications for power MOSFETs. [ 88 ] They are also widely used for MOS RF power amplifiers , which enabled the transition of mobile networks from analog to digital in the 1990s. This led to the wide proliferation of wireless mobile networks, which revolutionised telecommunications systems . [ 89 ] The LDMOS in particular is the most widely used power amplifier in mobile networks such as 2G , 3G , [ 89 ] 4G and 5G , [ 90 ] as well as broadcasting and amateur radio . [ 91 ] Over 50 billion discrete power MOSFETs are shipped annually, as of 2018. They are widely used for automotive , industrial and communications systems in particular. [ 92 ] Power MOSFETs are commonly used in automotive electronics , particularly as switching devices in electronic control units , [ 93 ] and as power converters in modern electric vehicles . [ 94 ] The insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a hybrid MOS-bipolar transistor, is also used for a wide variety of applications. [ 95 ]
LDMOS , a power MOSFET with lateral structure, is commonly used in high-end audio amplifiers and high-power PA systems. Their advantage is a better behaviour in the saturated region (corresponding to the linear region of a bipolar transistor ) than the vertical MOSFETs. Vertical MOSFETs are designed for switching applications. [ 96 ]
Power MOSFETs, including DMOS , LDMOS and VMOS devices, are commonly used for a wide range of other applications, which include the following.
RF DMOS, also known as RF power MOSFET, is a type of DMOS power transistor designed for radio-frequency (RF) applications. It is used in various radio and RF applications, which include the following. [ 123 ] [ 124 ]
MOSFETs are fundamental to the consumer electronics industry. [ 111 ] According to Colinge, numerous consumer electronics would not exist without the MOSFET, such as digital wristwatches , pocket calculators , and video games , for example. [ 129 ]
MOSFETs are commonly used for a wide range of consumer electronics, which include the following devices listed. Computers or telecommunication devices (such as phones ) are not included here, but are listed separately in the Information and communications technology (ICT) section below.
One of the earliest influential consumer electronic products enabled by MOS LSI circuits was the electronic pocket calculator , [ 38 ] as MOS LSI technology enabled large amounts of computational capability in small packages. [ 153 ] In 1965, the Victor 3900 desktop calculator was the first MOS LSI calculator , with 29 MOS LSI chips. [ 154 ] In 1967 the Texas Instruments Cal-Tech was the first prototype electronic handheld calculator , with three MOS LSI chips, and it was later released as the Canon Pocketronic in 1970. [ 155 ] The Sharp QT-8D desktop calculator was the first mass-produced LSI MOS calculator in 1969, [ 154 ] and the Sharp EL-8 which used four MOS LSI chips was the first commercial electronic handheld calculator in 1970. [ 155 ] The first true electronic pocket calculator was the Busicom LE-120A HANDY LE, which used a single MOS LSI calculator-on-a-chip from Mostek , and was released in 1971. [ 155 ] By 1972, MOS LSI circuits were commercialized for numerous other applications. [ 130 ]
MOSFETs are commonly used for a wide range of audio-visual (AV) media technologies, which include the following list of applications. [ 142 ]
Power MOSFETs are commonly used for a wide range of consumer electronics . [ 104 ] [ 109 ] Power MOSFETs are widely used in the following consumer applications.
MOSFETs are fundamental to information and communications technology (ICT), [ 191 ] [ 192 ] including modern computers , [ 190 ] [ 129 ] [ 20 ] modern computing , [ 193 ] telecommunications, the communications infrastructure , [ 190 ] [ 122 ] the Internet, [ 190 ] [ 187 ] [ 194 ] digital telephony , [ 34 ] wireless telecommunications, [ 89 ] [ 90 ] and mobile networks . [ 90 ] According to Colinge, the modern computer industry and digital telecommunication systems would not exist without the MOSFET. [ 129 ] Advances in MOS technology has been the most important contributing factor in the rapid rise of network bandwidth in telecommunication networks , with bandwidth doubling every 18 months, from bits per second to terabits per second ( Edholm's law ). [ 195 ]
MOSFETs are commonly used in a wide range of computers and computing applications, which include the following.
MOSFETs are commonly used in a wide range of telecommunications, which include the following applications.
The insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a power transistor with characteristics of both a MOSFET and bipolar junction transistor (BJT). [ 234 ] As of 2010 [update] , the IGBT is the second most widely used power transistor , after the power MOSFET. The IGBT accounts for 27% of the power transistor market, second only to the power MOSFET (53%), and ahead of the RF amplifier (11%) and bipolar junction transistor (9%). [ 235 ] The IGBT is widely used in consumer electronics , industrial technology , the energy sector , aerospace electronic devices, and transportation.
The IGBT is widely used in the following applications.
In quantum physics and quantum mechanics , the MOSFET is the basis for two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) [ 239 ] and the quantum Hall effect . [ 239 ] [ 240 ] The MOSFET enables physicists to study electron behavior in a two-dimensional gas, called a two-dimensional electron gas. In a MOSFET, conduction electrons travel in a thin surface layer, and a "gate" voltage controls the number of charge carriers in this layer. This allows researchers to explore quantum effects by operating high-purity MOSFETs at liquid helium temperatures. [ 239 ]
In 1978, the Gakushuin University researchers Jun-ichi Wakabayashi and Shinji Kawaji observed the Hall effect in experiments carried out on the inversion layer of MOSFETs. [ 241 ] In 1980, Klaus von Klitzing , working at the high magnetic field laboratory in Grenoble with silicon-based MOSFET samples developed by Michael Pepper and Gerhard Dorda, made the unexpected discovery of the quantum Hall effect. [ 239 ] [ 240 ]
The MOSFET is used in quantum technology . [ 242 ] A quantum field-effect transistor (QFET) or quantum well field-effect transistor (QWFET) is a type of MOSFET [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] that takes advantage of quantum tunneling to greatly increase the speed of transistor operation. [ 246 ]
MOSFETs are widely used in transportation. [ 110 ] [ 82 ] [ 97 ] For example, they are commonly used for automotive electronics in the automotive industry . [ 70 ] [ 57 ] MOS technology is commonly used for a wide range of vehicles and transportation, which include the following applications.
MOSFETs are widely used in the automotive industry , [ 70 ] [ 57 ] particularly for automotive electronics [ 93 ] in motor vehicles . Automotive applications include the following.
Power MOSFETs are widely used in transportation technology, [ 110 ] [ 82 ] [ 97 ] which includes the following vehicles .
In the automotive industry , [ 70 ] [ 57 ] [ 118 ] power MOSFETs are widely used in automotive electronics , [ 93 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] which include the following.
The insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a power transistor with characteristics of both a MOSFET and bipolar junction transistor (BJT). [ 234 ] IGBTs are widely used in the following transportation applications. [ 237 ]
In the space industry , MOSFET devices were adopted by NASA for space research in 1964, for its Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) program [ 248 ] and Explorers space exploration program. [ 249 ] The use of MOSFETs was a major step forward in the electronics design of spacecraft and satellites . [ 247 ] The IMP D ( Explorer 33 ), launched in 1966, was the first spacecraft to use the MOSFET. [ 249 ] Data gathered by IMP spacecraft and satellites were used to support the Apollo program , enabling the first crewed Moon landing with the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. [ 247 ]
The Cassini–Huygens to Saturn in 1997 had spacecraft power distribution accomplished 192 solid-state power switch (SSPS) devices, which also functioned as circuit breakers in the event of an overload condition. The switches were developed from a combination of two semiconductor devices with switching capabilities: the MOSFET and the ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit ). This combination resulted in advanced power switches that had better performance characteristics than traditional mechanical switches. [ 114 ]
MOSFETs are commonly used for a wide range of other applications, which include the following. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MOSFET_applications |
A MUD client is a game client , a computer application used to connect to a MUD , a type of multiplayer online game . Generally, a MUD client is a very basic telnet client that lacks VT100 terminal emulation and the capability to perform telnet negotiations. On the other hand, MUD clients are enhanced with various features designed to make the MUD telnet interface more accessible to users, and enhance the gameplay of MUDs, [ 1 ] with features such as syntax highlighting , keyboard macros , and connection assistance. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Standard features seen in most MUD clients include ANSI color support, aliases , triggers and scripting . The client can often be extended almost indefinitely with its built-in scripting language. Most MUDs restrict the usage of scripts because they give an unfair advantage, as well as the fear that the game will end up being played by fully automated clients instead of human beings. [ 4 ]
Prominent clients include TinyTalk, TinyFugue , TinTin++ , and zMUD. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
The first MUD client with a notable number of features was Tinytalk by Anton Rang in January 1990, for Unix-like systems. [ 7 ] In May 1990 TinyWar 1.1.4 was released by Leo Plotkin which was based on TinyTalk 1.0 and added support for event-driven programming . [ 8 ] In September 1990, TinyFugue , which was based on TinyWar 1.2.3 and TT 1.1, was released by Greg Hudson and featured more advanced trigger support. [ 9 ] Development of TinyFugue was taken over by Ken Keys in 1991. TinyFugue has continued to evolve and remains a popular client today for Unix-like systems. [ citation needed ]
TinyFugue, or tf, was primarily written for Unix-like operating systems. It is one of the earliest MUD clients in existence. [ 10 ] It is primarily geared toward TinyMUD variants. [ 11 ] TinyFugue is extensible through its own macro language, which also ties to its extensive trigger system. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The trigger system allows implementation of automatically run commands. [ 13 ]
Another early client was TINTIN by Peter Unold in April 1992. [ 14 ] In October 1992 Peter Unold made his final release, TINTIN III, which was a much more mature and feature rich program. [ 15 ] Development of TINTIN was continued by Bill Reiss who announced the release of TinTin++ 1.0 in July 1993. [ 16 ] The client gained popularity quickly because of its easy to use scripting language and the popularity of DikuMUD for which it was designed. Being open source with originally no license restrictions, many current clients like GGMud, MudMaster, and Pueblo are based on TinTin++.
Following on from TINTIN's success, Mike Potter was keen to produce a Windows port of the client resulting in the release of zMUD 1.0 in December 1995. [ 17 ] zMUD was initially licensed as freeware, but Mike Potter realized that he could make a living from sales of the client and started selling zMUD 4.0 as shareware in September 1996. [ 18 ] zMUD is particularly noted for its automapping capabilities. [ 19 ] [ 20 ]
MUSHclient is a MUD client and peer-to-peer chat system originally written and maintained by Nick Gammon. The client is released as freeware . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The source to the client is also available on GitHub. [ 24 ]
MUSHclient is highly flexible, and provides aliases , hotkeys , triggers (text-matching), command-execution timing, variables , multi-session support, ANSI -colour customisation and speed-walking. [ 21 ] In July 2008, support for "miniwindows" was added, which allows MUD programmers to customize graphical elements to the screen, such as a map. [ 23 ]
MUSHclient is compatible with screen readers such as JAWS , which read text out loud and allow blind users to play MUDs . [ 25 ] [ 21 ] [ 26 ]
MUSHclient offers extensive scripting support via the Windows Script Host -supported languages, such as VBScript and JavaScript , as well as the platform-independent Lua -scripting. It also supports MCCP and MXP . [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 27 ]
MUSHclient is also a peer-to-peer chat system using TCP/IP , featuring group calls and file transfers. This chat system is vulnerable to penetration attacks . [ 28 ]
Although primarily written for Microsoft Windows , MUSHclient has been successfully run both under the Linux operating system by using Wine , [ 29 ] and the Mac OS X operating system via Boot Camp and Parallels Desktop for Mac . [ 30 ]
MUME , Multi-Users in Middle-earth , [ 31 ] is one of the early offspring of DikuMUD , created in 1991 [ 32 ] by Philippe "Eru" Rochat, who was soon joined by Claude "CryHavoc" Indermitte, Pier "Manwë" Donini, and David "Nada" Gay. The game was built as an homage to J. R. R. Tolkien 's world as described in The Lord of the Rings . [ 31 ] MUME has since released several new versions, incorporating new changes and areas that recreate Tolkien's world in text format.
MUME enjoys a measure of popularity in the MUD world. [ 33 ] MUME is included in The Historical DikuMUD List hosted on the official DikuMUD web site, marking it as one of the longest-running DikuMUDs. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] In a September 2000 interview Raph Koster , the lead designer of Ultima Online and the chief creative officer of EverQuest II , lists MUME as one of the games that influenced him as a game designer by "doing such interesting things with player conflict". [ 36 ]
In April 1998, MUME was named MUD of the Month at The Mud Connector . [ 37 ] [ 38 ]
MUME is based on DikuMUD . [ 31 ] The core of MUME is written in C , while the mudlib (global critical code, such as game commands, justice system support and shop functionality) and game world (code for specific rooms, mobiles , and objects) are written in Mudlle .
MUME makes the standalone version of its building and scripting language, Mudlle , publicly available. [ 39 ] Mudlle was created by David "Nada" Gay and developed by him and Gustav "Dáin" Hållberg.
MUME uses PowTTY, a client based upon Powwow (for unix ) and PuTTY .
The operating systems the clients can run on.
Information about what protocols the clients support.
In computing , MXP stands for MUD eXtension Protocol. [ 43 ] It is used in MUDs to enhance the normal text output with a markup language [ 44 ] loosely based on HTML and XML . [ 45 ] In order for MXP to be used it must be implemented on the server as well as on the MUD client . [ 46 ] MXP is in the public domain. [ 47 ]
MXP is also used by the CERDEC as communication protocol. [ 48 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MUD_clients |
This is a list of Apple Macintosh software published by Microsoft . Prior to 1994, Microsoft had an extensive range of actively developed Macintosh software. In 1994, Microsoft stopped development of most of its Mac applications until a new version of Office in 1998, after the creation of the new Microsoft Macintosh Business Unit the year prior.
Software in this list is not necessarily written by Macintosh Business Unit, however was/is published by Microsoft Corp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Macintosh_software_published_by_Microsoft |
Over a period of 24 years (January 1957 – December 1980), Martin Gardner wrote 288 consecutive monthly "Mathematical Games" columns for Scientific American magazine. During the next 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 years, until June 1986, Gardner wrote 9 more columns, bringing his total to 297. During this period other authors wrote most of the columns. In 1981, Gardner's column alternated with a new column by Douglas Hofstadter called " Metamagical Themas " (an anagram of "Mathematical Games"). [ 1 ] The table below lists Gardner's columns. [ 2 ]
Twelve of Gardner's columns provided the cover art for that month's magazine, indicated by "[cover]" in the table with a hyperlink to the cover. [ 3 ]
Gardner wrote 5 other articles for Scientific American . His flexagon article in December 1956 was in all but name the first article in the series of Mathematical Games columns and led directly to the series which began the following month. [ 6 ] These five articles are listed below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Martin_Gardner_Mathematical_Games_columns |
The following is a partial list of the "D" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).
This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (D12.644) . Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (D13) . For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes .
The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.
See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.097) .
See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.124) .
See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.157) .
See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.260) .
See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.395) .
See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.476) .
See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.543) .
See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.641) .
See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.660) .
(no MeSHNumber) LAPP ( leech anti-platelet protein ) - presently redirects to LAMP (software bundle) where the term is not mentioned
See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.930) .
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (D13) . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776) |
The following is a partial list of the "D" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).
This list covers blood proteins. For other protein-related codes, see List of MeSH codes (D12.776) .
Codes before these are found at List of MeSH codes (D12.776.097) . Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (D12.776.157) . For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes .
The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (D12.776.157) . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.124) |
Microsoft codenames are given by Microsoft to products it has in development before these products are given the names by which they appear on store shelves. Many of these products (new versions of Windows in particular) are of major significance to the IT community, and so the terms are often widely used in discussions before the official release. Microsoft usually does not announce a final name until shortly before the product is publicly available. It is not uncommon for Microsoft to reuse codenames a few years after a previous usage has been abandoned.
There has been some suggestion that Microsoft may move towards defining the real name of their upcoming products earlier in the product development lifecycle to avoid needing product codenames. [ 1 ]
The following are code names used for internal development cycle iterations of the Windows core, although they are not necessarily the code names of any of the resulting releases. With some exceptions, the semester designations usually matches the Windows version number.
[ 131 ]
[ 133 ]
[ 136 ] [ 137 ]
[ 139 ] [ 140 ]
[ 147 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_codenames |
Microsoft is a developer of personal computer software. It is best known for its Windows operating system , the Internet Explorer and subsequent Microsoft Edge web browsers, the Microsoft Office family of productivity software plus services, and the Visual Studio IDE. The company also publishes books (through Microsoft Press ) and video games (through Xbox Game Studios ), and produces its own line of hardware . The following is a list of the notable Microsoft software Applications.
Arcade game
hexic series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_software |
A number of bundled applications are delivered with the operating system. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MorphOS_bundled_applications |
The following is a list of Mozilla Foundation / Mozilla Corp. products . All products, unless specified, are cross-platform by design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mozilla_products |
The NA numbers (North American Numbers are assigned by the United States Department of Transportation , supplementing the larger set of UN numbers , for identifying hazardous materials . NA numbers largely duplicate UN numbers, however a selection of additional numbers are provided for materials that are not covered by UN numbers as a hazardous material. In a couple of instances NA numbers provide an alternative description than the equivalent UN number. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NA_numbers |
The Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award was established in 1960 to honor Nelson P. Jackson , a founder and first president of the National Space Club . This award is the club’s second most prestigious honor and it recognizes outstanding contributions to advancements in the missile, aircraft, and space fields.
Described by NASA as “the space world's equivalent of an Academy Award " [ 1 ] it is presented annually by the National Space Club during the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner in Washington, D.C.
Nelson P. Jackson was a highly decorated Air Force colonel, involved in the military atomic energy program, and had served with the Joint Chiefs of Staff . He was also a prominent D.C. attorney and the D.C. manager for GE 's Atomic Energy Division.
The National Space Club is the premier non-profit organization dedicated to advancing space leadership, technology, and education in the United States. Bringing together industry leaders, government officials, educators, and private individuals, the club fosters collaboration in astronautics and ensures that critical space-related information is shared with the public. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
University of Washington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nelson_P._Jackson_Aerospace_Memorial_Award_winners |
This list contains general information about graphics processing units (GPUs) and video cards from Nvidia , based on official specifications. In addition some Nvidia motherboards come with integrated onboard GPUs. Limited/special/collectors' editions or AIB versions are not included.
The fields in the table listed below describe the following:
PCI
350 [ 29 ]
The GeForce 700 series for desktop. The GM107-chips are Maxwell -based, the GF1xx are Fermi -based, and the GKxxx-chips Kepler .
35.48
35.48
0.554
142 (284)
44.10
44.10
0.689
176 (353)
40.1
40.1
0.627
52.22
52.22
0.816
209 (418)
GeForce RTX 50 series desktop GPUs are the first consumer GPUs to utilize a PCIe 5.0 interface and GDDR7 video memory.
Mobile GPUs are either soldered to the mainboard or to some Mobile PCI Express Module (MXM).
The GeForce FX Go 5 series for notebooks architecture.
The GeForce Go 7 series for notebooks architecture.
The GeForce 8M series for notebooks architecture Tesla .
The GeForce 9M series for notebooks architecture. Tesla (microarchitecture)
The GeForce 100M series for notebooks architecture. Tesla (microarchitecture) (103M, 105M, 110M, 130M are rebranded GPU i.e. using the same GPU cores of previous generation, 9M, with promised optimisation on other features)
The GeForce 200M series is a graphics processor architecture for notebooks, Tesla (microarchitecture)
The GeForce 300M series for notebooks architecture, Tesla (microarchitecture)
The GeForce 400M series for notebooks architecture, Fermi (microarchitecture)
The GeForce 500M series for notebooks architecture, Fermi (microarchitecture)
The GeForce 600M series for notebooks architecture, Fermi (microarchitecture) and Kepler (microarchitecture) . The processing power is obtained by multiplying shader clock speed, the number of cores, and how many instructions the cores can perform per cycle.
GDDR5
The GeForce 700M series for notebooks architecture. The processing power is obtained by multiplying shader clock speed, the number of cores, and how many instructions the cores can perform per cycle.
The GeForce 800M series for notebooks architecture. The processing power is obtained by multiplying shader clock speed, the number of cores, and how many instructions the cores can perform per cycle.
The GeForce 900M series for notebooks architecture. The processing power is obtained by multiplying shader clock speed, the number of cores, and how many instructions the cores can perform per cycle.
2015
(2 SMX)
Cache ( MiB )
x16
Laptops featuring GeForce 50 series laptop GPUs were shown at CES 2025. Laptops with RTX 50 series GPUs were paired with Intel 's Arrow Lake-HX and AMD 's Strix Point and Fire Range CPUs. [ 278 ] [ 279 ] Nvidia claims that Blackwell architecture's new Max-Q features can increase battery life by up to 40% over GeForce 40 series laptops. [ 280 ] For example, Advanced Power Gating saves power by turning off areas of the GPU that are unused and the paired GDDR7 memory can run in an "ultra" low-voltage state. [ 281 ] Initial RTX 50 series laptops will become available in March 2025 starting at $1,299. [ 282 ]
512
38.7
256
8
12
rev. A2
( nm )
( MHz )
( MHz )
( MHz )
( GiB )
( GB/s )
( bit )
( GP /s)
( GT /s)
285.2
$4999
( nm )
( MHz )
( MHz )
( MHz )
( GiB )
( GB/s )
( bit )
( GP /s)
( GT /s)
(10008)
( nm )
( MHz )
( MHz )
( MHz )
( GiB )
( GB/s )
( bit )
( GP /s)
( GT /s)
( nm )
( MHz )
( MHz )
( MT )
(Watts)
( GiB )
( GB/s )
( bit )
( GP /s)
( GT /s)
( nm )
( MHz )
( MHz )
( MHz )
(Watts)
( GiB )
( GB/s )
( bit )
( GP /s)
( GT /s)
1x USB Type-C
( nm )
(18000)
Early mobile Quadro chips based on the GeForce2 Go up to GeForce Go 6800. Precise specifications on these old mobile workstation chips are very hard to find, and conflicting between Nvidia press releases and product lineups in GPU databases like TechPowerUp's GPUDB.
GeForce 7-Series based.
GeForce 8-Series (except FX 560M and FX 3600M) based. First Quadro Mobile line to support DirectX 10.
The last DirectX 10 based Quadro mobile cards.
clock
( MHz )
precision
clock
( MHz )
precision
Mobile version of the Quadro (Mx200) series.
Cache ( MiB )
Mobile version of the Quadro (Mx500) series.
Cache ( MiB )
Mobile version of the Quadro (Px000) series series.
Cache ( MiB )
Max-Q
Cache ( MiB )
Mobile version of the Quadro RTX / T x000 series.
Mobile version of the RTX Ax000 series.
Mobile version of the RTX Ada Generation
Mobile/laptop version of the RTX PRO Blackwell series [ 396 ]
GF117 [ 397 ]
Notes
1007.25 (Docked) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units |
The following list contains a list of computer programs that are built to take advantage of the OpenCL or WebCL heterogeneous compute framework . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OpenCL_applications |
PAN dating software is computer software to encourage conversation with others on a similar wireless network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PAN_dating_software |
List of software that implements or uses the PBKDF2 key derivation standard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PBKDF2_implementations |
This is a list of links to articles on software used to manage Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. The distinction between the various functions is not entirely clear-cut; for example, some viewers allow adding of annotations, signatures, etc. Some software allows redaction , removing content irreversibly for security. Extracting embedded text is a common feature, but other applications perform optical character recognition (OCR) to convert imaged text to machine-readable form, sometimes by using an external OCR module.
GUI front-end exists (see PDFChain).
Cannot edit PDF Files. [ 3 ]
These are used by software developers to add and create PDF features.
These create files in their native formats, but then allow users to export them to PDF formats.
These allow users to view (not edit or modify) any existing PDF file. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PDF_software |
This article contains a list of text editors with features specific to the PHP scripting language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PHP_editors |
Phi Sigma Rho is an American social sorority for individuals who identify as female or non-binary in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The sorority was founded in 1984 at Purdue University . [ 1 ] In the following list, active chapters are indicated in bold and inactive chapters are in italics . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Sigma_Rho_chapters |
This is a list of Plan 9 programs . Many of these programs are very similar to the UNIX programs with the same name, others are to be found only on Plan 9 . Others again share only the name, but have a different behaviour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Plan_9_applications |
This is a list of PlayStation applications currently planned or released via the PlayStation Network .
^ a Various rental/subscription fees may apply ^ b Replaced with Spotify | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_applications |
This is a list of filters for the photo-editing application Prisma to render images with an artistic effect.
Artists represented through the app via the filters include Marc Chagall , Hokusai , Wassily Kandinsky , Roy Lichtenstein , Isaac Levitan , Hayao Miyazaki , Piet Mondrian , Alphonse Mucha , Edvard Munch , Francis Picabia , and Pablo Picasso . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
In July 2016, Wiknix ' s Jay Bokhiria called Candy, Dreams, Gothic, Mosaic, and Roland the best Prisma filters. [ 13 ] The Telegraph ' s Pramita Ghosh and Riddhima Khanna picked out five filters: Heisenberg, Marcus D – Lone Wolf, Mosaic, Roland, and Udnie. [ 17 ] India TV said Bobbie, #FollowMeTo, Mondrian, The Scream, and Udnie were the best filters while "you can ignore the rest." [ 4 ] Stuff ' s Sam Kieldsen favored the Curtain, Electric, and MIOBI filters with "work well with almost any sort of shot you use" as well as Heisenberg "can be brilliantly effective when used with the right base shot." However, Kieldsen critiqued the filters Impression and Mondrian with "rarely seem to produce anything worth looking at." [ 18 ] The Kitchn ' s Ariel Knutson used the filters Candy, Gothic, Femme, Ice Cream, Mononoke, Mosaic, Raoul, Tokyo, and Udnie for various food photography . Knutson called Gothic "the most bold of all the filters." Knutson called Udnie "my favorite filter for the whole app." [ 14 ] Aussie Network News ' s Cat Suclo ranked Femme, Mononoke, and Tears as the three best filters. [ 19 ]
In August 2016, The Times of India ' s Anandi Mishra called Bobbie, #FollowMeTo, Mononoke, The Scream, Tokyo, and Udnie as popular filters. [ 6 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prisma_(app)_filters |
The Python programming language is actively used by many people, both in industry and academia, for a wide variety of purposes.
Python is, or can be used as the scripting language in these notable software products:
Implementations of Python include: [ 27 ]
Historic Python implementations include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Python_software |
There are a large number of QWERTY keyboard layouts used for languages written in the Latin script . Many of these keyboards include some additional symbols of other languages, but there also exist layouts that were designed with the goal to be usable for multiple languages (see Multilingual variants ). This list gives general descriptions of QWERTY keyboard variants along with details specific to certain operating systems, with emphasis on Microsoft Windows .
English-speaking Canadians have traditionally used the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on a regular basis. French-speaking Canadians respectively have favoured the Canadian French (CFR) and the Canadian French ACNOR (CFA) keyboard layouts (see below ).
The United Kingdom and Ireland [ nb 1 ] use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in the (now withdrawn) British Standard BS 4822. [ 1 ] It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an AltGr key and a larger Enter key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used EBCDIC symbols (¬, ¦), and uses different positions for the characters @, ", #, ~, \, and |.
The BS 4822:1994 standard did not make any use of the AltGr key and lacked support for any non-ASCII characters other than ¬ and £. It also assigned a key for the non-ASCII character broken bar (¦), but lacks one for the far more commonly used ASCII character vertical bar (|). It also lacked support for various diacritics used in the Welsh alphabet , and the Scottish Gaelic alphabet ; and also is missing the letter yogh , ȝ, used very rarely in the Scots language . Therefore, various manufacturers have modified or extended the BS 4822 standard:
Support for the diacritics needed for Scots Gaelic and Welsh was added to Windows and ChromeOS using a "UK-extended" setting (see below ); Linux and X-Windows systems have an explicit or redesignated compose key for this purpose.
The British version of the Apple Keyboard does not use the standard UK layout. Instead, some older versions have the US layout (see below) with a few differences: the £ sign is reached by ⇧ Shift + 3 and the § sign by ⌥ Option + 3 , the opposite to the US layout. The € is also present and is typed with ⌥ Option + 2 . Umlauts are reached by typing ⌥ Option + U and then the vowel, and ß is reached by typing ⌥ Option + S .
Newer Apple "British" keyboards use a layout that is relatively unlike either the US or traditional UK keyboard. It uses an elongated return key, a shortened left ⇧ Shift with ` and ~ in the newly created position, and in the upper left of the keyboard are § and ± instead of the traditional EBCDIC codes. The middle-row key that fits inside the return key has \ and Pipe symbol .
The arrangement of the character input keys and the Shift keys contained in this layout is specified in the US national standard ANSI - INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999)), [ 2 ] where this layout is called " ASCII keyboard". The complete US keyboard layout, as it is usually found, also contains the usual function keys in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995 -2, although this is not explicitly required by the US American national standard.
US keyboards are used not only in the United States, but also in many other English-speaking jurisdictions (except the UK and Ireland) such as Canada , Australia , the Caribbean nations, Hong Kong , Malaysia , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Singapore , New Zealand , and South Africa . Local spelling in these regions sometimes conforms more closely to British English usage, creating the undesirable side effect of also setting the language to US English rather than the local orthography . This conflict would be fixed in Windows 8 and later versions when Microsoft separated the keyboard and language settings. US keyboards also see use in Indonesia and the Philippines, the former of which uses the same 26-letter alphabet as English.
The US keyboard layout has a second Alt key instead of the AltGr key and does not use any dead keys ; this makes it inefficient for all but a handful of languages. On the other hand, the US keyboard layout (or the similar UK layout) is occasionally used by programmers in countries where the keys for []{} are located in less convenient positions on the locally customary layout. [ 3 ]
On some keyboards the enter key is bigger than traditionally and takes up also a part of the line above, more or less the area of the traditional location of the backslash key (\). In these cases the backslash is located in alternative places. [ 4 ] It can be situated one line above the default location, on the right of the equals sign key (=). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Sometimes it is placed one line below its traditional situation, on the right of the apostrophe key (') (in these cases the enter key is narrower than usual on the line of its default location). [ 7 ] It may also be two lines below its default situation on the right of a narrower than traditionally right shift key . [ 8 ]
A variant of this layout is used in Arabic-speaking countries.
This variant has the | \ key to the left of Z, ~ ` key where the | \ key is in the usual layout, and the > < key where the ~ ` key is in the usual layout. [ 9 ]
The typewriter came to the Czech -speaking area in the late 19th century, when it was part of Austria-Hungary where German was the dominant language of administration. Therefore, Czech typewriters have the QWERTZ layout .
However, with the introduction of imported computers, especially since the 1990s, the QWERTY keyboard layout is frequently used for computer keyboards. The Czech QWERTY layout differs from QWERTZ in that the characters (e.g. @$& and others) missing from the Czech keyboard are accessible with AltGr on the same keys where they are located on an American keyboard . In Czech QWERTZ keyboards the positions of these characters accessed through AltGr differs.
Both the Danish and Norwegian keyboards include dedicated keys for the letters Å /å, Æ /æ and Ø /ø, but the placement is a little different, as the Æ and Ø keys are swapped on the Norwegian layout. (The Finnish–Swedish keyboard is also largely similar to the Norwegian layout, but the Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä . On some systems, the Danish keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ø and Æ , respectively.) Computers with Windows are commonly sold with ÖØÆ and ÄÆØ printed on the two keys, allowing same computer hardware to be sold in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, with different operating system settings.
Though it is seldom used (most Dutch keyboards use US International layout), [ 10 ] the Dutch layout uses QWERTY and adds the € sign, the diaeresis ( ◌̈ ), the German eszett ( ß ), the pilcrow ( ¶ ), the (US) cent sign ( ¢ ), the Greek letter μ (for the micro- sign), the braces ( { }) and the guillemet quotation marks ( « » ), as well as having different locations for some other symbols. An older version contained a single-stroke key for the Dutch digraph ij , which is usually typed by the combination of I and J . In the 1990s, there was a version with the now-obsolete florin sign ( Dutch : guldenteken ) for PCs.
See also § US-International in the Netherlands below.
The keyboard layout used in Estonia is virtually the same as the Swedish layout . The main difference is that the Å and ¨ keys (to the right of P ) are replaced with Ü and Õ respectively (the latter letter being the most distinguishing feature of the Estonian alphabet ). Some special symbols and dead keys are also moved around.
The same as the Danish layout with added Đ ( Eth ), since the Faroe Islands are a self-governed part of the Kingdom of Denmark .
The Canadian French (CFR) keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians . It is the most common layout for laptops and stand-alone keyboards aimed at the Francophone market. Unlike the AZERTY layout used in France and Belgium, it is a QWERTY layout and as such is also relatively commonly used by English speakers in the US and Canada (accustomed to using US standard QWERTY keyboards) for easy access to the accented letters found in some French loanwords . It can be used to type all accented French characters, as well as some from other languages, and serves all English functions as well. It is popular mainly because of its close similarity to the basic US keyboard commonly used by English-speaking Canadians and Americans, historical use of US-made typewriters by French-Canadians. The right Alt key is reconfigured as an AltGr key that gives easy access to a further range of characters (marked in blue and red on the keyboard image. Blue indicates an alternative character that will display as typed. Red indicates a dead key : the diacritic will be applied to the next vowel typed.) The traditional Canadian French keyboard from IBM must use an ISO keyboard. The French guillemets located on the extra key are needed to type proper French, they are not optional. A dvorak version (traditional Canadian French layout) is also supported by Microsoft Windows.
In this keyboard, the key names are translated to French:
The "hybrid" keyboard layout, often referred incorrectly as "canadian multilingual" or "bilingual" is a mix between the US English and the Canadian French layout over an ISO keyboard. This layout has been developed by manufacturers as a cost saving strategy first for their low end laptops. They tend to be extended to the mid-range laptops in the recent years and sold wrongly as a "French" keyboard. Today, this layout seems to be criticized by both anglophones and francophones. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The anglophones accustomed to the ANSI keyboard complain about the small ISO shift on left and francophones can find these legends hard to read and messy. In this keyboard, the key names are translated in both French and English. This keyboard can be netherless useful for programming.
In 1988, the Quebec government has developed a new keyboard layout, using proper keys for Ù , Ç , É , È , À , standardized by the CSA Group and adopted also by the federal government. [ 15 ] This layout is known as Canadian French (Legacy) today on Windows and is considered to be the ancestor to the actual Canadian Multilingual Standard. The CMS on Windows and Linux is based on the CAN/CSA Z243.200-92 standard (launched in 1992 by the CSA Group, revised in 2021). Apple use a layout based mostly on the standardized CSA keyboard from 1992 too, called Canadian French ― CSA. The CMS is one of the few layouts allowing to type the ligature œ /Œ, common in French. The integral version use pictograms based on the ISO 9995-7 standard. Unlike the traditional Canadian French keyboard developed by IBM, the CSA Keyboard is also standardized on both ISO and ANSI keyboard. The French guillemets on the CSA keyboard are located on the level 3 ⇮AltGr with the Z and X keys. The Ù on the extra key can be replaced by a combinaison of ⇮AltGr + ` (dead key left from Ç ) then u or ⇧Shift + u . The ISO version still netherless needed by the Quebec government, following their higher standard named SGQRI-001. [ 16 ] The Quebec CSA keyboard is also named Canadian French ACNOR (CFA) or Canadian International Bilingual.
Germany, Austria, Switzerland, The Czech Republic, Liechtenstein, and Luxembourg use QWERTZ layouts, where the letter Z is to the right of T.
The Icelandic keyboard layout is different from the standard QWERTY keyboard because the Icelandic alphabet has some special letters, most of which it shares with the other Nordic countries:
Þ/þ, Ð/ð, Æ/æ, and Ö/ö. (Æ/æ also occurs in Norwegian, Danish and Faroese, Ð/ð in Faroese, and Ö/ö in Swedish, Finnish and Estonian. In Norwegian Ö/ö could be substituted for Ø/Ø which is the same sound/letter and is widely understood).
The letters Á/á, Ý/ý, Ú/ú, Í/í, Ó/ó and É/é are produced by first pressing the ´ dead key and then the corresponding letter. The Nordic letters Å/å and Ä/ä can be produced by first pressing ° , located below the Esc key, and ⇧ Shift + ° (for ¨) which also works for the non-Nordic ÿ, Ü/ü, Ï/ï, and Ë/ë. These letters are not used natively in Icelandic, but may have been implemented for ease of communication in other Nordic languages. [ citation needed ] Additional diacritics may be found behind the AltGr key: AltGr + + for ˋ (grave accent) and AltGr + ´ for ˆ (circumflex).
Windows includes an Irish layout which supports acute accents with AltGr for the Irish language and grave accents with the ` dead key for Scottish Gaelic . The other Insular Celtic languages have their own layout. The UK or UK-Extended layout is also frequently used.
There is an alternate layout, which differs only in disposition of characters accessible through AltGr , and includes the tilde and the curly brackets. It is commonly used in IBM keyboards.
Italian typewriters often [ citation needed ] have the QZERTY layout instead.
The Italian-speaking part of Switzerland uses the QWERTZ keyboard.
Although rarely used, a keyboard layout specifically designed for the Latvian language called ŪGJRMV exists. The Latvian QWERTY keyboard layout is most commonly used; its layout is the same as the United States one, but with a dead key, which allows entering special characters (āčēģīķļņōŗšūž). The most common dead key is the apostrophe ('), which is followed by Alt+Gr (Windows default for Latvian layout). Some prefer using the tick (`).
Where in standard QWERTY the number row is located, you find in Lithuanian QWERTY: Ą, Č, Ę, Ė, Į, Š, Ų, Ū, Ž, instead of their counterparts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, =. If you still want to use the numbers of the mentioned 'number row', you can create them in combination with the AltGr -key. Aside from these changes the keyboard is standard QWERTY. Besides QWERTY, the ĄŽERTY layout without the adjustment of the number row is used.
The Maltese language uses Unicode (UTF-8) to display the Maltese diacritics: ċ Ċ; ġ Ġ; ħ Ħ; ż Ż (together with à À; è È; ì Ì; ò Ò; ù Ù). There are two standard keyboard layouts for Maltese , according to "MSA 100:2002 Maltese Keyboard Standard"; one of 47 keys and one of 48 keys. The 48-key layout is the most popular.
The Norwegian languages use the same letters as Danish , but the Norwegian keyboard differs from the Danish layout regarding the placement of the Ø , Æ and \ ( backslash ) keys. On the Danish keyboard , the Ø and Æ are swapped. The Swedish keyboard is also similar to the Norwegian layout, but Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä . On some systems, the Norwegian keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ø and Æ , respectively.
There is also an alternative keyboard layout called Norwegian with Sámi , which allows for easier input of the characters required to write various Sámi languages . All the Sámi characters are accessed through the AltGr key.
On Macintosh computers, the Norwegian and Norwegian extended keyboard layouts have a slightly different placement for some of the symbols obtained with the help of the ⇧ Shift or ⌥ Option keys. Notably, the $ sign is accessed with ⇧ Shift + 4 and ¢ with ⇧ Shift + ⌥ Option + 4 . Furthermore, the frequently used @ is placed between Æ and Return .
Most typewriters use a QWERTZ keyboard with Polish letters (with diacritical marks) accessed directly (officially approved as "Typist's keyboard", Polish : klawiatura maszynistki , Polish Standard PN-87), which is mainly ignored in Poland as impractical (custom-made keyboards, e.g., those in the public sector as well as some Apple computers, present an exception to this paradigm); the "Polish programmer's" ( Polish : polski programisty ) layout has become the de facto standard, used on virtually all computers sold on the Polish market.
Most computer keyboards in Poland are laid out according to the standard US visual and functional layout. Polish diacritics are accessed by using the AltGr key with a corresponding similar letter from the base Latin alphabet. Normal capitalization rules apply with respect to Shift and Caps Lock keys. For example, to enter "Ź", one can type Shift+AltGr+X with Caps Lock off, or turn on Caps Lock and type AltGr+X .
Both ANSI [ 18 ] and ISO [ 19 ] mechanical layouts are common sights, and even some non-standard [ 20 ] mechanical layouts are in use. ANSI is often preferred, as the additional key provides no additional function, at least in Microsoft Windows where it duplicates the backslash key, while taking space from the Shift key. Many keyboards do not label AltGr as such, leaving the Alt marking as in the US layout – the right Alt key nevertheless functions as AltGr in this layout, causing possible confusion when keyboard shortcuts with the Alt key are required (these usually work only with the left Alt ) and causing the key to be commonly referred to as right Alt ( Polish : prawy Alt ). [ 21 ] However, keyboards with AltGr marking are available and it is also officially used by Microsoft when depicting the layout. [ 22 ]
Also, on MS Windows , the tilde character "~" ( Shift + ` ) acts as a dead key to type Polish letters (with diacritical marks) thus, to obtain an "Ł", one may press Shift + ` followed by L . The tilde character is obtained with ( Shift + ` ) then space .
In Linux -based systems, the euro symbol is typically mapped to Alt+5 instead of Alt+U, the tilde acts as a normal key, and several accented letters from other European languages are accessible through combinations with left Alt. Polish letters are also accessible by using the compose key .
Software keyboards on touchscreen devices usually make the Polish diacritics available as one of the alternatives which show up after long-pressing the corresponding Latin letter. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] However, modern predictive text and autocorrection algorithms largely mitigate the need to type them directly on such devices.
There is also another expanded Polish keyboard layout since 2021, based on Polish Standard and the layout from Polish 80s computers Mazovia, wide expanded into all Latin diacritical signs, Greek signs, mathematical signs, IPA signs, typographical signs, symbols and sign "zł" meaning Polish currency , available in two versions, QWERTY and QWERTZ. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ]
The Brazilian computer keyboard layout is specified in the ABNT NBR 10346 variant 2 (alphanumeric portion) and 10347 (numeric portion) standards. [ 28 ]
Essentially, the Brazilian keyboard contains dead keys for five variants of diacritics in use in the language; the letter Ç, the only application of the cedilha in Portuguese, has its own key. In some keyboard layouts the AltGr + C combination produces the ₢ character ( Unicode 0x20A2), symbol for the old currency cruzeiro , a symbol that is not used in practice (the common abbreviation in the eighties and nineties used to be Cr$). The cent sign ¢, is accessible via AltGr + 5 , but is not commonly used for the centavo , subunit of previous currencies as well as the current real , which itself is represented by R$. The Euro sign € is not standardized in this layout. The masculine and feminine ordinals ª and º are accessible via AltGr combinations. The section sign § (Unicode U+00A7), in Portuguese called parágrafo , is nowadays practically only used to denote sections of laws.
Variant 2 of the Brazilian keyboard, the only which gained general acceptance (MS Windows treats both variants as the same layout), [ 29 ] has a unique mechanical layout , combining some features of the ISO 9995 -3 and the JIS keyboards in order to fit 12 keys between the left and right Shift (compared to the American standard of 10 and the international of 11). Its modern, IBM PS/2 -based variations, are thus known as 107-keys keyboards, and the original PS/2 variation was 104-key. Variant 1, never widely adopted, was based on the ISO 9995-2 keyboards. To make this layout usable with keyboards with only 11 keys in the last row, the rightmost key (/?°) has its functions replicated across the AltGr + Q , AltGr + W , and AltGr + E combinations.
Essentially, the Portuguese keyboard contains dead keys for five variants of diacritics; the letter Ç, the only application of the cedilha in Portuguese, has its own key, but there is also a dedicated key for the ordinal indicators and a dedicated key for quotation marks . [ 30 ] The AltGr + E combination for producing the euro sign € ( Unicode 0x20AC) has become standard. [ 31 ] On some QWERTY keyboards the key labels are translated, but the majority are labelled in English.
During the 20th century, a different keyboard layout, HCESAR , was in widespread use in Portugal .
The current Romanian National Standard SR 13392:2004 establishes two layouts for Romanian keyboards: a "primary" [ 32 ] one and a "secondary" [ 33 ] one.
The "primary" layout is intended for traditional users who have learned how to type with older, Microsoft-style implementations of the Romanian keyboard. The "secondary" layout is mainly used by programmers as it does not contradict the physical arrangement of keys on a US-style keyboard. The "secondary" arrangement is used as the default Romanian layout by Linux distributions, as defined in the "X Keyboard Configuration Database". [ 34 ]
There are four Romanian-specific characters that are incorrectly implemented in versions of Microsoft Windows before Vista :
The cedilla-versions of the characters do not exist in the Romanian language (they came to be used due to a historic bug). [ 35 ] The UCS now says that encoding this was a mistake because it messed up Romanian data and the letters with cedilla and the letters with comma are the same letter with a different style. [ 36 ]
Since Romanian hardware keyboards are not widely available, Cristian Secară has created a driver that allows Romanian characters to be generated with a US-style keyboard in all versions of Windows prior to Vista through the use of the AltGr key modifier. [ 37 ]
Windows Vista and newer versions include the correct diacritical signs in the default Romanian Keyboard layout.
This layout has the Z and Y keys mapped like in English layouts and also includes characters like the 'at' (@) and dollar ($) signs, among others. The older cedilla-version layout is still included albeit as the 'Legacy' layout.
In Slovakia , similarly to the Czech Republic, both QWERTZ and QWERTY keyboard layouts are used. QWERTZ is the default keyboard layout for Slovak in Microsoft Windows.
The Spanish keyboard layout is used to write in Spanish and in other languages of Spain such as Catalan , Basque , Galician , Aragonese , Asturian and Occitan . It includes Ñ for Spanish, Asturian and Galician, the acute accent , the diaeresis , the inverted question and exclamation marks (¿, ¡), the superscripted o and a (º, ª) for writing abbreviated ordinal numbers in masculine and feminine in Spanish and Galician, and finally, some characters required only for typing Catalan and Occitan, namely Ç , the grave accent and the interpunct ( punt volat / punt interior , used in l·l ; located at Shift-3). It can also be used to write other international characters, such as those using a circumflex accent (used in French and Portuguese among others), which are available as dead keys . However, it lacks two characters used in Asturian: Ḥ and Ḷ (historically, general support for these two has been poor – they are not present in the ISO 8859-1 character encoding standard, or any other ISO/IEC 8859 standard). Several alternative distributions, based on this one or created from scratch, have been created to address this issue (see the Other original layouts and layout design software section for more information).
On most keyboards, € is marked as Alt Gr + E and not Alt Gr + 5 as shown in the image. However, in some keyboards, € is found marked twice.
Spanish keyboards are usually labelled in Spanish instead of English, its abbreviations being:
On some keyboards, the c-cedilla key (Ç) is located one or two lines above, rather than on the right of, the acute accent key (´). In some cases it is placed on the right of the plus sign key (+), [ 38 ] [ 39 ] while in other keyboards it is situated on the right of the inverted exclamation mark key (¡). [ 40 ] [ better source needed ] [ 41 ]
The Latin American Spanish keyboard layout is used throughout Mexico , Central and South America . Before its design, Latin American vendors had been selling the Spanish (Spain) layout as default; this is still being the case, with both keyboard layouts being sold simultaneously all over the region.
Its most obvious difference from the Spanish (Spain) layout is the lack of a Ç key. While it has the tilde (~), it is not a dead key on Windows (available on Linux as an option to be enabled). It also has the circunflex (^) and the grave accent (`) available as tertiary position characters on AltGr + { and AltGr + } while in the Spanish Spain layout the grave has its own key and the diaeresis can be typed using ⇧ Shift as a secondary position character. This is not a problem when writing in Spanish but it generates issues when trying to type in other languages such as French or Portuguese, due to the inhability to produce the Ç or the unfavourable position of the other dead keys. This is specially true either for countries with large commercial ties to Brazil ( Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay ) or for language learners and translators. Apart from that, the € sign is nonexistent on this layout. It has to be typed from the numeric pad using an altcode or copied and pasted from other websites.
The Latin American layout, although similar to the Spanish Spain layout, has some peculiarities: the ´ is placed next to the p , while in the Spanish Spain layout it is located next to the ñ . Meanwhile, the @ sign (done by pressing AltGr + 2 in the Spain layout) is instead produced by pressing AltGr + q . These two features generate a lot of confusion on many users as many machines use a different keyboard layout that the one set as default on the system: one may encounter a computer with the Spanish Spain layout set up as default but also having the Latin American keyboard physically, or the other way around. Thus, it is very common for people to hit the wrong dead key or be unable to produce a character as shown on the layout because these two keyboards are available side by side to the public, so users generally struggle from the transition of i.e. using the Latin American distribution at home while employing the Spanish Spain layout at work or school or viceversa.
In this layout, key names are translated: "Caps Lock" is rendered as "Bloq Mayús", "Enter" appears as either "Intro" or "Entrar" depending on the vendor, "Page up" and "page down" appear as "re pág" and "av pag", respectively; "shift" is translated as "mayús", and "backspace" is "retroceso".
The central characteristics of the Swedish keyboard are the three additional letters Å /å, Ä /ä, and Ö /ö. The same visual layout is also in use in Finland and Estonia , as the letters Ä/ä and Ö/ö are shared with the Swedish language , and even Å/å is needed by Swedish-speaking Finns . However, the Finnish multilingual keyboard adds new letters and punctuation to the functional layout.
The Norwegian keyboard largely resembles the Swedish layout, but the Ö and Ä are replaced with Ø and Æ . The Danish keyboard is also similar, but it has the Ø and Æ swapped. On some systems, the Swedish or Finnish keyboard may allow typing Ø/ø and Æ/æ by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ö and Ä , respectively.
The Swedish with Sámi keyboard allows typing not only Ø/ø and Æ/æ , but even the letters required to write various Sámi languages . This keyboard has the same function for all the keys engraved on the regular Swedish keyboard, and the additional letters are available through the AltGr key.
On Macintosh computers, the Swedish and Swedish Pro keyboards differ somewhat from the image shown above, especially as regards the characters available using the ⇧ Shift or ⌥ Option keys. ⇧ Shift + § (on the upper row) produces the ° sign, and ⇧ Shift + 4 produces the € sign. The digit keys produce ©@£$∞§ with ⌥ Option and ¡"¥¢‰¶\{}≠ with ⌥ Option + ⇧ Shift .
On Linux systems, the Swedish keyboard may also give access to additional characters as follows:
Several of these characters function as dead keys .
As of 2022, the majority of Turkish keyboards are based on QWERTY (the so-called Q-keyboard layout), although there is also the older F-keyboard layout specifically designed for the language.
The Vietnamese keyboard layout is an extended Latin QWERTY layout. The letters Ă, Â, Ê, and Ô are found on what would be the number keys 1 – 4 on the US English keyboard, with 5 – 9 producing the tonal marks ( grave accent , hook , tilde , acute accent and dot below , in that order), 0 producing Đ, = producing the đồng sign (₫) when not shifted, and brackets ( [ ] ) producing Ư and Ơ. [ 42 ]
Multilingual keyboard layouts, unlike the default layouts supplied for one language and market, try to make it possible for the user to type in any of several languages using the same number of keys. Mostly this is done by adding a further virtual layer in addition to the ⇧ Shift -key by means of AltGr (or 'right Alt ' reused as such), which contains a further repertoire of symbols and diacritics used by the desired languages.
This section also tries to arrange the layouts in ascending order by the number of possible languages and not chronologically according to the Latin alphabet as usual.
The CSA keyboard layout (also named Canadian Multilingual Standard – CMS) is used by some Canadians, mostly in Quebec and New-Brunswick. Though the caret ( ^ ) is missing, it is easily inserted by typing the circumflex accent followed by a space. This layout use three levels and two groups, up to 5 characters per key. Alt-Gr key is used to type a character on the level 3 ⇮AltGr and the Group 2 has a dedicated key ⇨Group 2 instead of the Right-Ctrl ⎈Ctrl .
From Windows XP SP2 onwards, Microsoft has included a variant of the British QWERTY keyboard (the "United Kingdom Extended" keyboard layout) that can additionally generate several diacritical marks. This supports input on a standard physical UK keyboard for many languages without changing positions of frequently used keys, which is useful when working with text in Welsh , Scottish Gaelic and Irish — languages native to parts of the UK ( Wales , parts of Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively).
In this layout, the grave accent key ( `¦ ) becomes, as it also does in the US International layout, a dead key modifying the character generated by the next key pressed. The apostrophe, double-quote, tilde and circumflex ( caret ) keys are not changed, becoming dead keys only when 'shifted' with AltGr . Additional precomposed characters are also obtained by shifting the 'normal' key using the AltGr key. The extended keyboard is software installed from the Windows control panel , and the extended characters are not normally engraved on keyboards.
The UK Extended keyboard uses mostly the AltGr key to add diacritics to the letters a, e, i, n, o, u, w and y (the last two being used in Welsh) as appropriate for each character, as well as to their capitals. Pressing the key and then a character that does not take the specific diacritic produces the behaviour of a standard keyboard. The key presses followed by spacebar generate a stand-alone mark.:
Some other languages commonly studied in the UK and Ireland are also supported to some extent:
The AltGr and letter method used for acutes and cedillas does not work for applications which assign shortcut menu functions to these key combinations.
These combinations are intended to be mnemonic and designed to be easy to remember: the circumflex accent (e.g. â) is similar to the free-standing circumflex (caret) ( ^ ), printed above the 6 key; the diaeresis/umlaut (e.g. ö) is visually similar to the double-quote ( " ) above 2 on the UK keyboard; the tilde ( ~ ) is printed on the same key as the # .
The UK Extended layout is almost entirely transparent to users familiar with the UK layout. A machine with the extended layout behaves exactly as with the standard UK, except for the rarely used grave accent key. This makes this layout suitable for a machine for shared or public use by a user population in which some use the extended functions.
Despite being created for multilingual users, UK-Extended in Windows does have some gaps — there are many languages that it cannot cope with, including Romanian and Turkish, and all languages with different character sets , such as Greek and Russian. It also does not cater for thorn (þ, Þ) in Old English , the ß in German, the œ in French, nor for the å, æ, ø, ð, þ in Nordic languages.
The UK Extended layout in ChromeOS provides all the same combinations as with Windows, but adds many more symbols and dead keys via AltGr.
Notes: Dotted circle (◌) is used here to indicate a dead key. The ` key is the only one that acts as a free-standing dead key and thus does not respond as shown on the key-cap. All others are invoked by AltGr. AltGr + ⇧ Shift + 0 (°) is a degree sign ; AltGr + ⇧ Shift + M (º) is a masculine ordinal indicator
Finally, any arbitrary Unicode glyph can be produced given its hexadecimal code point : ctrl + ⇧ Shift + u , release, then the hex value, then space bar or ↩ Return . For example ctrl + ⇧ Shift + u (release) 1 2 3 4 space produces the Ethiopic syllable SEE, ሴ.
An alternative layout uses the physical US keyboard to type diacritics in some operating systems (including Windows). This is the US-International layout setting, which uses the right Alt key as an AltGr key to support many additional characters directly as an additional shift key. (Since many smaller keyboards do not have a right- Alt key, Windows also allows Ctrl + Alt to be used as a substitute for AltGr .) This layout also uses keys ' , ` , " , ^ and ~ as dead keys to generate characters with diacritics by pressing the appropriate key, then the letter on the keyboard. The international keyboard is a software setting installed from the Windows control panel or similar; [ 43 ] the additional functions (shown in blue) may or may not be engraved on the keyboard, but are always functional. It can be used to type most major languages from Western Europe: Afrikaans , Danish , Dutch , English , Faroese , German , Icelandic , Irish , Italian , Norwegian , Portuguese , Scottish Gaelic , Spanish , and Swedish . On Windows, it is not sufficient for French because it lacks the grapheme " œ /Œ" (as does every keyboard layout provided by Windows except the Canadian multilingual standard keyboard ). Some less common western and central European languages (such as Welsh , Maltese , Czech , Finnish , Estonian and Hungarian ), are not fully supported by the US-International keyboard layout because of their use of additional diacritics or precomposed characters .
A diacritic key is activated by pressing and releasing it, then pressing the letter that requires the diacritic. After the two strokes, the single character with diacritics is generated. Note that only certain letters, such as vowels and "n", can have diacritics in this way.
To generate an accented character with one of the diacritics ◌́ , ◌̀ , ◌̂ , ◌̈ and ◌̃ , press the relevant accent key then the character to be accented. Characters with diacritics can be typed with the following combinations:
The US-International layout is not entirely transparent to users familiar with the conventional US layout; when using a machine with the international layout setting active, the commonly used single- and double-quote keys and the less commonly used grave accent, tilde, and circumflex (caret) keys are dead keys and thus behave unconventionally. This could be disconcerting on a machine for shared or public use.
There are also alternative US-International mappings, whereby modifier keys such as shift and alt are used, and the keys for the characters with diacritics are in different places from their unmodified counterparts. For example, the right-Alt key may be remapped as an AltGr modifier key or as a compose key and the dead key function deactivated, so that they (the ASCII quotation marks and circumflex symbol) can be typed normally with a single keystroke.
The standard keyboard layout in the Netherlands is the US ANSI-standard QWERTY keyboard , with Windows supplementary keys. The standard keyboard mapping used is US-International, as it provides easy access to the diacritics used in Dutch. The Dutch layout is historical, and keyboards with this layout are rarely used unlike in the past when typewriters were ubiquitous. The US-style keyboards sold in the Netherlands do not have the extra US-International characters or AltGr engraved on the keys, although the euro symbol (€) ( AltGr + 5 ) always is. Using this layout, the right-hand alt key functions as an AltGr key.
There are three kinds of Apple Keyboards for English: the United States , the United Kingdom and International English. The International English version features the same changes as the United Kingdom version, only without substituting # for the £ symbol on ⇧ Shift + 3 , and as well lacking visual indication for the € symbol on ⌥ Option + 2 (although this shortcut is present with all Apple QWERTY layouts).
Differences from the US layout are:
The visual layout used in Finland is basically the same as the Swedish layout . This is practical, as Finnish and Swedish share the special characters Ä /ä and Ö /ö, and while the Swedish Å /å is unnecessary for writing Finnish, it is needed by Swedish-speaking Finns and to write Swedish family names which are common. However, it lacks the letters Š /š and Ž /ž which are used in some Finnish loanwords like šaahi ' shah ' and džonkki ' junk '.
As of 2008, there is a new standard for the Finnish multilingual keyboard layout, developed as part of a localization project by CSC . All the engravings of the traditional Finnish–Swedish visual layout have been retained, so there is no need to change the hardware, but the functionality has been extended considerably, as additional characters (e.g., Æ /æ, Ə /ə, Ʒ /ʒ) are available through the AltGr key, as well as dead keys , which allow typing a wide variety of letters with diacritics (e.g., Ç /ç, Ǥ /ǥ, Ǯ /ǯ). [ 44 ] [ 45 ]
Based on the Latin letter repertory included in the Multilingual European Subset No. 2 ( MES-2 ) of the Unicode standard, the layout has three main objectives. First, it provides for easy entering of text in both Finnish and Swedish, the two official languages of Finland , using the familiar keyboard layout but adding some advanced punctuation options, such as dashes , typographical quotation marks , and the non-breaking space (NBSP).
Second, it is designed to offer an indirect but intuitive way to enter the special letters and diacritics needed by the other three Nordic national languages ( Danish , Norwegian and Icelandic ) as well as the regional and minority languages ( Northern Sámi , Southern Sámi , Lule Sámi , Inari Sámi , Skolt Sámi , Romani language as spoken in Finland, Faroese , Kalaallisut also known as Greenlandic, and German ).
As a third objective, it allows for relatively easy entering of particularly names (of persons, places or products) in a variety of European languages using a more or less extended Latin alphabet, such as the official languages of the European Union (excluding Bulgarian and Greek ). Some letters, like Ł /ł needed for Slavic languages, are accessed by a special "overstrike" key combination acting like a dead key. [ 46 ] However, the Romanian letters Ș /ș and Ț /ț (S/s and T/t with comma below ) are not supported; the presumption is that Ş /ş and Ţ /ţ (with cedilla ) suffice as surrogates.
EurKEY , a multilingual keyboard layout which is intended for Europeans, programmers and translators uses true QWERTY (US layout) as base just adding a third and fourth layer available through the AltGr key and AltGr + ⇧ Shift . These additional layers allows the users to type the symbolism of many European languages, special characters, the Greek alphabet (via dead keys ), and many common mathematical symbols.
Unlike most of the other QWERTY layouts which are standards for a country or region, EurKEY is not a standard of the European Union, yet that is why a petition of EurKEY as European standard was started.
To address the ergonomics issue of QWERTY, EurKEY Colemak-DH was also developed a Colmak-DH version with the EurKEY design principals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_QWERTY_keyboard_language_variants |
R-phrases (short for risk phrases ) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC : Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations . The list was consolidated and republished in Directive 2001/59/EC, [ 1 ] where translations into other EU languages may be found.
These risk phrases are used internationally, not just in Europe, and there is an ongoing effort towards complete international harmonization using the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) which now generally replaces these risk phrases.
Missing R-numbers indicate phrases that have been deleted or replaced by other phrases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R-phrases |
RAM drive software allows part of a computer 's RAM (memory) to be seen as if it were a disk drive, with volume name and, if supported by the operating system, drive letter . A RAM drive has much faster read and write access than a hard drive with rotating platters, and is volatile , being destroyed with its contents when a computer is shut down or crashes [ 1 ] —volatility is an advantage if security requires sensitive data to not be stored permanently, and to prevent accumulation of obsolete temporary data, but disadvantageous where a drive is used for faster processing of needed data. Data can be copied between conventional mass storage and a RAM drive to preserve it on power-down and load it on start-up.
Features that vary from one package to another:
This driver provides support for four kinds of memory backed virtual disks: malloc, preload, vnode, swap. Disks may be created with the next command line tools: mdconfig and mdmfs. An example of how to use these programs follows. [ 3 ]
To create and mount memory disk with mdmfs:
To create and mount memory disk with mdconfig:
To destroy previously created disk:
Modern Linux systems come pre-installed with a user-accessible ramdisk mounted at /dev/shm .
RapidDisk is a free and open source project containing a Linux kernel module and administration utility that functions similar to the Ramdiskadm of the Solaris (operating system) . With the rxadm utility, the user is capable of dynamically attaching, removing, and resizing RAM disk volumes and treat them like any other block device. [ 4 ]
Free and open-source utility that allows using RAM as a folder. [ 5 ]
An example of how to use tmpfs and ramfs in a Linux environment is as follows:
Once the mount point is identified the mount command can be used to mount a tmpfs and ramfs file system on top of that mount point:
Now each time /var/ramdisk is accessed all reads and writes will be coming directly from memory. [ 6 ]
There are 2 differences between tmpfs and ramfs. [ 7 ] 1) the mounted space of ramfs is theorically infinite, as ramfs will grow if needed, which can easily cause system lockup or crash for using up all available memory, or start heavy swapping to free up more memory for the ramfs. For this reason limiting the size of a ramfs area can be recommendable. 2) tmpfs is backed by the computer's swap space
There are also many "wrappers" for the RAM disks for Linux as Profile-sync-daemon (psd) and many others allowing users to utilize RAM disk for desktop application speedup moving intensive IO for caches into RAM.
ImDisk Virtual Disk Driver is a disk image emulator created by Olof Lagerkvist. It is free and open-source software , and is available in 32- and 64-bit variants. It is digitally signed, which makes it compatible with 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows without having to be run in Test mode. The 64-bit version has no practical limit to the size of RAM disk that may be created.
ImDisk Toolkit is a third-party, free and open-source software that embeds the ImDisk Virtual Disk Driver and adds several features. [ 8 ]
ERAM is an open source driver that supports making a drive that is up to 4 GB of the total amount of RAM, uses paged/ non-paged memory and supports backing up the drive to an image. It works on Windows XP/ NT/ 2000/ 7/ 10 (32 and 64-bit). Its driver and source code can be found by going to https://github.com/Zero3K/ERAM .
AMD Radeon RAMDisk is available in free versions (RAM drive up to 4 GB, or 6 GB with AMD memory), and commercial versions for drives up to 64 GB. The free version is 'advertising supported'. Creates only a single drive (does not support multiple RAM drives). Can be backed up periodically to hard drive, and automatically loaded when the computer is started. AMD Radeon RAMDisk is a rebranded version of Dataram RAMDisk. [ 9 ]
Dataram 's RAMDisk is freeware (up to 1 GB (reduced from 4 to 1GB - per October 2015 site visit) disk size) and was originally developed and marketed by John Lajoie [ 10 ] through his private consulting company until 2001, when he sold his rights to Cenatek , before being acquired by Dataram. RAM disks larger than 4 GB require registration and a USD $18.99 single-user license. When purchasing physical RAM from Dataram, the RAMDisk license is provided free of charge. (Per DATARAM Government Sales on 4/25/2014, this is no longer the case.) Compatible with all 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2003. [ 11 ]
A RAMdisk built specifically for gamers which features real-time file-synchronization, Steam integration, "USB3 Turbo Mode". The interface was designed to support both technical and non-technical game enthusiasts. Cost is $29 at Dimmdrive.com and $30 on Steam. ($14.99 on Steam as of 2018) [ 12 ]
Can use Physical Address Extension to create a virtual disk in memory normally inaccessible to 32-bit versions of Microsoft Windows (both memory above the 4 GB point, and memory in the PCI hole). [ 13 ] There is also an open source plugin that replaces the RAM drive on Bart's PE Builder with one based on Gavotte's rramdisk.sys. [ 14 ]
RAMDisk software for Windows 2000/2003/XP/Vista/Windows 7 (x32 & x64)/Windows 10 with simple setup, permits mounting-and-unmounting of RAMDisk images to/from drive-image-files, along with automated/convenient startup/shutdown features, $25 [ citation needed ] .
Gizmo Central is a freeware program that can create and mount virtual disk files. It also has the ability to create a RAM disk up to 4GB in size as Gizmo is a 32 bit program. [ 15 ]
Passmark's OSFMount supports the creation of RAM disks, and also allows you to mount local disk image files (bit-for-bit copies of a disk partition) in Windows with a drive letter. OSFMount is a free utility designed for use with PassMark OSForensics. [ 16 ]
Romex Software Providing a fancy interface which is working with all windows environments from (XP to windows 10) and all windows servers editions from (2003 to 2019 currently) supports up to 128 Disks up to 32GB for Pro Version and 1TB for Ultimate and Server editions, supports to use invisible Memory in 32bit versions of windows, with saving at shut down or hibernate, Paid and trial versions available [ 17 ]
Available for Windows 7 to 11, or Windows Server from 2008 R2 to 2022; 32/64-bit x86 or 64-bit ARM. SoftPerfect RAM Disk can access memory available to Windows, i.e. on 32-bit systems it is limited to the same 4 GB as the 32-bit Windows itself, otherwise for physical memory beyond 4 GB it must be installed on 64-bit Windows. Multiple RAM disks can be created, and these can optionally be made persistent by automatically saving contents to and restoring from a disk image file. [ 18 ] Version 3.4.8 and earlier didn't require a license for home (non-commercial) users. [ 19 ]
StarWind Software makes a freeware RAM disk software for mounting memory as actual drives within Windows. Both x86 and x64 versions exist.
RAMDisk software which can also mount various CD images formats, like iso, ooo, cue, ccd, nrg, mds, img. [ 20 ] The application has two versions, paid and free where the latter allows to create a single ram disk up to 2GB in size. [ 21 ]
The Free Edition (limited to Windows 32-bit Win2000 / XP / 2003) is able to use 'invisible' RAM in the 3.25 to 4 GB 'gap' (if your motherboard has i946 or above chipset) & is also capable of 'saving to hard disk on power down' (so, in theory, allows you to use the RAM disk for Windows XP swap file and survive over a 'Hibernate'). Whilst the free edition allows multiple RAM disk drives to be set up, the total of all drives is limited to 4096 MB. The current version, VSuite Ramdisk II, has been rebranded as 'Primo Ramdisk', all versions of which are chargeable. [ 22 ]
An affordable RAM Disk compatible with all Windows Workstation and Server OS versions (32- and 64-bit) starting from Windows 2000. The content of the RAM Disk can be made 'persisted' i.e. saved to an image file on the hard disk at regular times and/or at shutdown, and restored from the same image file at boot time. Because of the built-in disk format routines and the built-in load of the image file, the ram disk drive is already fully accessible at the boot stage where Services and automatically started programs are launched. Concurrent running benchmarks of two ram disks at the same time reveal that this ram disk is almost the fastest. Although the development of this ram disk has ended in 2017, version 5.3.2.15 runs on Windows 10/11 and by this, may still be purchased. The free 64bit 256 MB restricted evaluation version never expires. The company provides OEM personalized 64-bit 5.3.2.15 versions for Windows 10/11 ( unlimited site license ) [ 23 ]
Microsoft Windows offers a 'demonstration' RAM disk for Windows 2000 as part of the Windows Driver Kit . Limited to using the same physical RAM as the operating system. It is available as free download with source code. [ 24 ]
Microsoft provides source code for a RAM disk driver for Windows 7 and 8 [ 25 ]
Windows also has a rough analog to tmpfs in the form of "temporary files". Files created with both FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY and FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE are held in memory and only written to disk if the system experiences high memory pressure. [ 26 ] In this way they behave like tmpfs, except the files are written to the specified path during low memory situations, rather than to swap space. This technique is often used by servers along with TransmitFile to render content to a buffer before sending to the client.
Ramdiskadm is a utility found in the Solaris (operating system) to dynamically add and destroy ramdisk volumes of any user defined sizes. An example of how to use ramdiskadm to add a new RAM disk in a Solaris environment is as follows:
To destroy the RAM disk :
All created RAM disks can be accessed from the /dev/ramdisk directory path and treated like any other block device; that is, accessed like a physical block device, labeled with a file system and mounted, to even be used in a ZFS pool. [ 27 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RAM_drive_software |
A number of RISC OS bundled applications are delivered with purchased versions of the operating system. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Some are provided in ROM or pre-installed on hard disk or equivalent, with others being supplied on removable media such as SD card .
Such applications vary between versions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RISC_OS_bundled_applications |
RNA-Seq [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is a technique [ 4 ] that allows transcriptome studies (see also Transcriptomics technologies ) based on next-generation sequencing technologies. This technique is largely dependent on bioinformatics tools developed to support the different steps of the process. Here are listed some of the principal tools commonly employed and links to some important web resources.
Design is a fundamental step of a particular RNA-Seq experiment. Some important questions like sequencing depth/coverage or how many biological or technical replicates must be carefully considered. Design review. [ 5 ]
Quality assessment of raw data [ 6 ] is the first step of the bioinformatics pipeline of RNA-Seq. Often, is necessary to filter data, removing low quality sequences or bases (trimming), adapters, contaminations, overrepresented sequences or correcting errors to assure a coherent final result.
Improvement of the RNA-Seq quality, correcting the bias is a complex subject. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Each RNA-Seq protocol introduces specific type of bias, each step of the process (such as the sequencing technology used) is susceptible to generate some sort of noise or type of error. Furthermore, even the species under investigation and the biological context of the samples are able to influence the results and introduce some kind of bias.
Many sources of bias were already reported – GC content and PCR enrichment, [ 18 ] [ 19 ] rRNA depletion, [ 20 ] errors produced during sequencing, [ 21 ] priming of reverse transcription caused by random hexamers. [ 22 ]
Different tools were developed to attempt to solve each of the detected errors.
Recent sequencing technologies normally require DNA samples to be amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification often generates chimeric elements (specially from ribosomal origin) - sequences formed from two or more original sequences joined.
High-throughput sequencing errors characterization and their eventual correction. [ 30 ]
Further tasks performed before alignment, namely paired-read mergers.
After quality control, the first step of RNA-Seq analysis involves alignment of the sequenced reads to a reference genome (if available) or to a transcriptome database. See also List of sequence alignment software .
Short aligners are able to align continuous reads (not containing gaps result of splicing) to a genome of reference. Basically, there are two types: 1) based on the Burrows–Wheeler transform method such as Bowtie and BWA, and 2) based on Seed-extend methods, Needleman–Wunsch or Smith–Waterman algorithms. The first group (Bowtie and BWA) is many times faster, however some tools of the second group tend to be more sensitive, generating more correctly aligned reads.
Many reads span exon-exon junctions and can not be aligned directly by Short aligners, thus specific aligners were necessary - Spliced aligners. Some Spliced aligners employ Short aligners to align firstly unspliced/continuous reads (exon-first approach), and after follow a different strategy to align the rest containing spliced regions - normally the reads are split into smaller segments and mapped independently. See also. [ 45 ] [ 46 ]
In this case the detection of splice junctions is based on data available in databases about known junctions. This type of tools cannot identify new splice junctions. Some of this data comes from other expression methods like expressed sequence tags (EST).
De novo Splice aligners allow the detection of new Splice junctions without need to previous annotated information (some of these tools present annotation as a suplementar option).
These tools perform normalization and calculate the abundance of each gene expressed in a sample. [ 51 ] RPKM, FPKM and TPMs [ 52 ] are some of the units employed to quantification of expression.
Some software are also designed to study the variability of genetic expression between samples (differential expression). Quantitative and differential studies are largely determined by the quality of reads alignment and accuracy of isoforms reconstruction. Several studies are available comparing differential expression methods. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ]
Genome arrangements result of diseases like cancer can produce aberrant genetic modifications like fusions or translocations. Identification of these modifications play important role in carcinogenesis studies. [ 85 ]
Single cell sequencing . The traditional RNA-Seq methodology is commonly known as "bulk RNA-Seq", in this case RNA is extracted from a group of cells or tissues, not from the individual cell like it happens in single cell methods. Some tools available to bulk RNA-Seq are also applied to single cell analysis, however to face the specificity of this technique new algorithms were developed.
These Simulators generate in silico reads and are useful tools to compare and test the efficiency of algorithms developed to handle RNA-Seq data. Moreover, some of them make possible to analyse and model RNA-Seq protocols.
The transcriptome is the total population of RNAs expressed in one cell or group of cells, including non-coding and protein-coding RNAs.
There are two types of approaches to assemble transcriptomes. Genome-guided methods use a reference genome (if possible a finished and high quality genome) as a template to align and assembling reads into transcripts. Genome-independent methods does not require a reference genome and are normally used when a genome is not available. In this case reads are assembled directly in transcripts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RNA-Seq_bioinformatics_tools |
This list of RNA structure prediction software is a compilation of software tools and web portals used for RNA structure prediction.
[ 17 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ]
[ 27 ] [ 28 ]
webserver
The single sequence methods mentioned above have a difficult job detecting a small sample of reasonable secondary structures from a large space of possible structures. A good way to reduce the size of the space is to use evolutionary approaches. Structures that have been conserved by evolution are far more likely to be the functional form. The methods below use this approach.
webserver
(Year)
(2020)
webserver
(2019)
webserver
(2017)
Many ncRNAs function by binding to other RNAs . For example, miRNAs regulate protein coding gene expression by binding to 3' UTRs , small nucleolar RNAs guide post-transcriptional modifications by binding to rRNA , U4 spliceosomal RNA and U6 spliceosomal RNA bind to each other forming part of the spliceosome and many small bacterial RNAs regulate gene expression by antisense interactions E.g. GcvB , OxyS and RyhB .
The below table includes interactions that are not limited to UTRs.
MicroRNAs regulate protein coding gene expression by binding to 3' UTRs , there are tools specifically designed for predicting these interactions. For an evaluation of target prediction methods on high-throughput experimental data see (Baek et al. , Nature 2008), [ 125 ] (Alexiou et al. , Bioinformatics 2009), [ 126 ] or (Ritchie et al., Nature Methods 2009) [ 127 ]
sourcecode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RNA_structure_prediction_software |
List of software that implements the Real-Time Messaging Protocol , primarily known from Adobe Flash .
The primary motivation for RTMP was to be a protocol for playing Flash video ( Adobe Flash Player ) maintaining persistent connections and allows low-latency communication, but in July 2017, Adobe announced that it would end support for Flash Player at the end of 2020, [ 1 ] and continued to encourage the use of open HTML5 standards in place of Flash.
Due to this RTMP streaming support is declining rapidly. But it is still very useful for broadcasting live, because of its low-latency. The Broadcaster ingest the stream through a RTMP server which then encodes and sends the resultant stream to a HLS [ 2 ] ( HTTP Live Streaming ) URL. Which then can use a number of players and devices from desktops to smartphones to social media sites.
Some full implementation RTMP servers are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RTMP_software |
Remote Desktop Protocol clients allow users to connect to servers running Remote Desktop Services , Azure Virtual Desktop , or non- Microsoft server software to enable remote desktop functionality. Since the release of Remote Desktop Connection , there have been several additional Remote Desktop Protocol clients created by both Microsoft and other parties.
Remote Desktop Connection ( RDC , also called Remote Desktop or just RD ) [ 1 ] is the client application for RDS. The program has the filename mstsc.exe and in Windows 2000 and prior, it was known as Microsoft Terminal Services Client ( MSTSC or tsclient ). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It allows a user to remotely log into a networked computer running the Remote Desktop Services . RDC presents the desktop interface (or application GUI) of the remote system, as if it were accessed locally. [ 4 ] In addition to regular username/password for authorizing for the remote session, RDC also supports using smart cards for authorization. [ 4 ] Although replacements have been released, as of the release of the Windows App , Remote Desktop Client is still recommended for use. [ 5 ]
RDC 6.0 was released as part of Windows Vista. With RDC 6.0, the resolution of a remote session can be set independently of the settings at the remote computer. If the Desktop Experience component is plugged into the remote server, remote application user interface elements (e.g., application windows borders, Maximize, Minimize, and Close buttons etc.) will take on the same appearance of local applications. In this scenario, the remote applications will use the Aero theme if the user connects to the server from a Windows Vista machine running Aero. [ 6 ] Later versions of the protocol also support rendering the UI in full 32-bit color, as well as resource redirection for printers, COM ports, disk drives, mice and keyboards. With resource redirection, remote applications can use the resources of the local computer. Audio is also redirected, so that any sounds generated by a remote application are played back at the client system. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Moreover, a remote session can also span multiple monitors at the client system, independent of the multi-monitor settings at the server. RDC can also be used to connect to Windows Media Center (WMC) remote sessions; however, since WMC does not stream video using RDP, only the applications can be viewed this way, not any media.
RDC prioritizes UI data as well as keyboard and mouse inputs, as opposed to print jobs or file transfers. so as to make the applications more responsive. It redirects plug and play devices such as cameras, portable music players, and scanners, so that input from these devices can be used by the remote applications as well. [ 6 ] RDC can also be used to connect to computers which are exposed via Windows Home Server RDP Gateway over the Internet . [ 7 ] Finally, few shortcuts that will be handy
Microsoft Remote Desktop , also called Remote Desktop , is a modern client for RDS released in September 2012. Compared to the older Remote Desktop Connection, the program offers a touch-friendly interface. [ 9 ] It allows users to connect to remote PCs, RemoteApp programs, session-based desktops, and virtual desktops. [ 10 ] The program is available on Windows as an Universal Windows Platform on the Microsoft Store , MacOS as Microsoft Remote Desktop for Mac , Android , iOS , iPadOS , and on all platforms as a web client. The Windows version of the app is no longer being updated with new features or support for Azure Virtual Desktop . Instead, Azure users are recommend to use the Remote Desktop client for Windows .
In April 2025, Microsoft announced that support for the Remote Desktop app will end on May 27, 2025, urging users to transition to its successor, the Windows App . [ 10 ]
In late 2018 Microsoft released an HTML5 web client for Microsoft Remote Desktop. The client allows users to connect to their remote apps or to their remote desktops without using an installed remote desktop client. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] is one of the components of Microsoft Windows that allow a user to initiate and control an interactive session [ 13 ] The web client uses the TLS secured port 443 and does not use the RD Gateway to transport traffic, instead relying solely on the remote desktop session host aspect of remote desktop services. [ 14 ] [ 15 ]
The Remote Desktop client for Windows ( MSRDC ), [ 17 ] branded as Microsoft Remote Desktop , Remote Desktop , and Azure Virtual Desktop if installed from the Microsoft Store, is a client that uses the Remote Desktop Protocol to allow users to connect to Azure Virtual Desktops on feeds made available by enterprise administrators. [ 18 ] The program can be downloaded as an MSI installer as Remote Desktop or from the Microsoft Store as Azure Virtual Desktop.
In contrast with Microsoft Remote Desktop and like the older Remote Desktop Connection program, MSRDC allows for the redirection of local USB and serial devices. [ 19 ] MSRDC is also used by Windows Subsystem for Linux to display programs with a graphical user interface . [ 20 ] [ 21 ]
The Windows App is a Remote Desktop Protocol client that allows users to connect to Windows 365 , Azure Virtual Desktop , and Microsoft Dev Box instances. Additionally, on non-Windows platforms excluding the browser, the Windows App allows users to connect to servers running Remote Desktop Services and remote PCs. [ 26 ] On Windows, Microsoft advises users to use Remote Desktop Connection to connect to remote PCs and Remote Desktop client for Windows to connect to Remote Desktop Services. [ 5 ] The app is available on Windows, macOS , iOS , iPadOS , Android , ChromeOS , and through web browsers. [ 5 ]
The preview version of the app was first released in November 2023 and it was fully launched on September 19, 2024. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The app was developed as a unified way to access Windows PCs remotely and as replacement for Microsoft Remote Desktop . [ 26 ] The app supports many of the features of Remote Desktop Connection include multi-monitor support, device redirection, and dynamic resolution. [ 26 ]
A RDS client also existed for Windows Mobile called Remote Desktop . [ 29 ] [ 30 ]
There have been numerous non-Microsoft implementations of clients that implement subsets of the Microsoft functionality for a range of platforms.
rdesktop is a free and open-source implementation of a client software for RDP. rdesktop supports most features of RDP 5, with features from RDP 5.1 and 6 not yet implemented. Unlike its Microsoft counterparts, it still supports the older RDP 4 protocol used by Windows NT 4.0 . There also several graphical frontends to rdesktop including tsclient , Gnome-RDP, and KDE Remote Desktop Connection (KRDC) . [ 31 ]
FreeRDP is a RDP client that started as a fork of rdesktop in 2009. It was created with the aim of modularizing the code, addressing various issues, and implementing new features. FreeRDP comes with its own command-line-client xfreerdp , which supports Seamless Windows in RDP6. [ 32 ] Around 2011, the project decided to abandon forking and instead rewrite under Apache License , adding more features like RemoteFX, RemoteApp, and NTLMv2. [ 33 ] A commercial distribution called Thincast was started in 2019. [ 34 ] A multi-platform client based on FreeRDP including Vulkan/H.264 support followed in summer 2020. There's a GTK-based client named Remmina also based on FreeRDP.
FreeRDP offers server implementations for macOS and Windows. On other systems including Linux, software packages may build upon FreeRDP to implement a complete server. Weston, the compositor in Wayland , uses FreeRDP to implement an rdp server it terms "rdp-backend". [ 35 ] This server is in turn used by Microsoft to provide graphics support (WSLg) in its Windows Subsystem for Linux . [ 36 ]
Remmina is a free and open-source remote desktop client for POSIX -based system that supports RDP along with a verity of other protocols. It uses FreeRDP as a foundation. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] It is the default remote desktop client on Ubuntu . [ 39 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Remote_Desktop_Protocol_clients |
The Royal Society of Chemistry grants a number of medals and awards.
All those named "prize" (except the Beilby Medal and Prize ) are awarded with a £5,000 bursary . The Chemistry World Entrepreneur of the Year award has one of £4,000.
As of 2014, these are: [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Society_of_Chemistry_medals_and_awards |
This list of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists includes the famous astronomers, astrophysicists and cosmologists from the Russian Empire , the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_astronomers_and_astrophysicists |
S-phrases were defined in Annex IV: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations of the European Union Directive 67/548/EEC - Dangerous Substances Directive . The list was amended and republished in Directive 2001/59/EC. [ 2 ] The list was subsequently updated and republished in Directive 2006/102/EC. [ 3 ] The entirety of Directive 67/548/EEC, including these S-phrases, were superseded completely on 1 June 2015 by Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 - Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulations . [ 1 ]
These safety phrases were used internationally and not just in Europe, and there is an ongoing effort towards complete international harmonization. This harmonization would be carried out by the United Nations 's Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals , that replaced Directive 67/548/EEC under CLP Regulation . S-Phrases successor in GHS were GHS precautionary statements , which encompasses both s-phrases and R-phrases. [ 4 ] [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S-phrases |
This presents a partial list of products of the enterprise software company SAP SE . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAP_products |
Software-defined networking (SDN) is a marketing term which refers to software to configure and operate computer networks (especially data center networks) through a centralized software controller that dictates how the network behaves. [ 1 ] The core of this new paradigm is the SDN controller.
There are typically two sets of SDN controllers:
In case of SDN controllers for the NFV Infrastructure of a datacenter, they are mostly designed to provide some policy and centralized managements for the Openstack Neutron networking layer that will provide inter-working between the virtual ports created by Nova. The technology of SDN controllers is to manage the Linux kernel features made of L3 IP routing , Linux bridges , iptables or ebtables, network namespaces and Open vSwitch . [ 2 ]
Some promotional links to be removed: [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SDN_controller_software |
The following is a list of SIMILE projects.
The SIMILE tools assist in the storage, querying, transformation and mapping of very large collections of RDF data . The tools developed within SIMILE are meant to allow people who are not Semantic Web developers to create ontologies which describe their specialized metadata, create RDF and convert other types of metadata into RDF. These open source tools are designed to be scalable and provide for cross-community sharing of metadata at low cost.
Longwell is a faceted browser which enables the user to visualize and browse any RDF data set, allowing the user to quickly build a user-friendly web site out of the RDF data without requiring the user to write any RDF code. Facets are metadata fields considered important for a given data set. In its default configuration, the collection of facets is returned along the right-hand side of the page, and clicking on any facet causes the refinement of facets in relation to the data retrieved. Longwell then displays only the subset of the data which meet those restrictions. This appears on the left-hand side of the page. Previously selected restrictions can be removed, which causes a broadening of the subset of items displayed.
Piggy Bank is a Firefox extension which enables the user to collect information from the Web, save it for future use, tag it with keywords, search and browse information collected, retrieve saved information, share collected information and install screen scrapers . Piggy Bank gathers RDF data where it is available, and where it is not available, it generates it from HTML by using screen scrapers. This incremental approach to the realization of the Semantic Web vision allows the user to save and tag information gathered from web pages without having to cut, paste and label the various products of their browsing. By clicking on the keyword they have used to tag particular types of item, the user can view all of those items together within her browser, without having to open other applications. Users can also deposit saved data in the Semantic Bank, where other users can browse it and add their own contributions. This pooling of keywords underlies services such as Flickr and del.icio.us , where communities can collaborate to build a taxonomy for shared data. These taxonomies, which emerge as information is accumulated, are known as folksonomies .
Solvent is a Firefox extension that enables the user to write screen scrapers for Piggy Bank.
Gadget is an XML inspector which enables the user to condense large amounts of well-formed XML data.
Welkin is a graph-based RDF visualizer. It graphs RDF data sets, allowing the user to visualize the global shape and clustering characteristics of the data, which can aid them in mentally modeling it, seeing how it connects and identifying mappings between the set and possible ontologies. A particular data cluster which stands out when graphed might well be missed when browsed at closer range.
Fresnel is a vocabulary for specifying how RDF graphs are presented. Fresnel addresses the problem that currently, each RDF browser and visualization tool decides, on an ad hoc basis, what information in an RDF graph is presented and how to present it. Fresnel uses the concepts of lenses and formats. Lenses determine which properties are displayed and how they are ordered. Formats control how resources and properties are presented.
Timeline is a tool for visualizing events over time. It can be populated by pointing it at an XML file
Exhibit is technology that enables developers to provide browsing of faceted classifications in a web browser.
Referee is a program that crawls the links that point to its user's pages. It extracts metadata from those pages and the text around the links that pointed to its user's pages, converting it, if need be, into RDF format. Referee discriminates between the pages that refer to the user's pages and the comments, meaning the text immediately surrounding the link. It generates a data graph, allowing it to display the fact that, for example, exactly the same comment in relation to its user's pages appears on more than one page, which is the container of the comment. A page can have more than one comment, and a comment can appear on more than one page. This can be illustrated in a data graph, but would not be possible with a data tree, such as is generated by the XML data model.
The RDFizer project is a directory of tools for converting various data formats into RDF. MIT Libraries provides a home for some of these tools. RDFizers are a group of tools that allows the transformation of existing data into an RDF representation. Given a database of interest, these tools can often - when the data formats are highly structured -convert the data into an RDF representation without human intervention, first determining what ontology to use to express the information. Where semantic relationships are implicit, the RDFizers will not be as successful without human input.
The SIMILE project has built RDFizers that convert from the following formats:
Crowbar is a web scraping environment based on the use of a server-side headless Mozilla-based browser. It is used as a research prototype to investigate how to enable the running of Piggy Bank JavaScript scrapers from the command line and thus automate web site scraping. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SIMILE_projects |
This list of SIP software documents notable software applications which use Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) as a voice over IP (VoIP) protocol.
A SIP server, also known as a SIP proxy, manages all SIP calls within a network and takes responsibility for receiving requests from user agents for the purpose of placing and terminating calls. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SIP_software |
A Saturn-crosser is a minor planet whose orbit crosses that of Saturn . The known numbered Saturn-crossers (as of 2005) are listed below. There is only one inner-grazer ( 944 Hidalgo ) and no outer-grazers or co-orbitals known; most if not all of the crossers are centaurs . (15504) 1999 RG 33 is a damocloid .
Notes : † inner-grazer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets |
Schedule 1 substances , in the sense of the Chemical Weapons Convention , are chemicals which are feasible either to be used directly as chemical weapons or in the manufacture of chemical weapons, and which have very limited to no use outside of chemical warfare. These may be produced or used for research, medical, pharmaceutical or chemical weapon defence testing (called "protective testing" in the treaty) purposes but production above 100 grams per year must be declared to the OPCW in accordance with Part VI of the "Verification Annex". A country is limited to possessing a maximum of one tonne of these materials.
Schedule 1 is divided into Part A substances, which are chemicals that can be used directly as weapons, and Part B which are precursors useful in the manufacture of chemical weapons. Examples are mustard and nerve agents, and substances which are solely used as precursor chemicals in their manufacture. A few of these chemicals have very small-scale non-military applications; for example, minute quantities of nitrogen mustard are used to treat certain cancers .
The Schedule 1 list is one of three lists . Chemicals which are feasible to use as weapons, and their precursors, but which have legitimate applications as well are listed in Schedule 2 (small-scale applications) and Schedule 3 (large-scale applications). The use of Schedule 1, 2, or 3 chemicals as weapons is banned by the Convention.
The following criteria shall be taken into account in considering whether a toxic chemical or precursor should be included in Schedule 1: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_1_substances_(CWC) |
Schedule 2 substances , in the sense of the Chemical Weapons Convention , are chemicals that are feasible to use as chemical weapons themselves (Part A), or their manufacturing precursors (Part B), and which have small-scale applications outside of chemical warfare and so can be legitimately manufactured in small quantities. An example is thiodiglycol , which can be used in the manufacture of mustard agents but is also used as a solvent in inks . Manufacture must be declared as their production is subject to declaration to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) per Part VII of the "Verification Annex", and they may not be exported to countries that are not party to the Convention.
The Schedule 2 list is one of three lists . Chemicals that can be used as weapons, or used in their manufacture, but that have no, or almost no, legitimate applications as well are listed in Schedule 1 , whilst Schedule 3 is used for chemicals that also have widespread industrial uses. The use of Schedule 1, 2, or 3 chemicals as weapons is banned by the Convention.
Schedule 2 lists toxic chemicals and precursors – not listed in Schedule 1 – that are deemed to pose a significant risk to be used as a chemical weapon, or may be important for the production of any of the chemicals listed in Schedule 1. They are not produced in large quantities for commercial or other purposes not prohibited by the Convention and may be used for those purposes in limited quantities. [ 1 ]
The listed chemicals are subjected to the following criteria: [ 2 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_2_substances_(CWC) |
Schedule 3 substances , in the sense of the Chemical Weapons Convention , are chemicals which have large-scale industrial uses, but are feasible to use as toxic chemical weapons (Part A) or manufacturing precursors (Part B).
Plants which manufacture more than 30 tonnes per year must be declared and can be inspected as per Part VIII of the "Verification Annex", and there are restrictions on export to countries which are not CWC signatories. Examples of these substances are phosgene , which has been used as a chemical weapon but which is also a precursor in the manufacture of many legitimate organic compounds, and triethanolamine , used in the manufacture of nitrogen mustard but also commonly used in toiletries and detergents.
The Schedule 3 list is one of three lists . Chemicals which can be used as weapons, or used in their manufacture, but which have no, or almost no, legitimate applications as well are listed in Schedule 1 , whilst Schedule 2 is used for chemicals which have legitimate small-scale applications. The use of Schedule 1, 2, or 3 chemicals as weapons is banned by the Convention.
The criteria for including a chemical in this schedule is that it is not listed in either of the other two, and: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_3_substances_(CWC) |
This is the list of Schedule III controlled substances in the United States as defined in section 202 of the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. § 812 ) and 21 CFR 1308.13 . The following findings are required for substances to be placed in this schedule:
The complete list of Schedule III substances is as follows. The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number and Federal Register citation for each substance is included. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_III_controlled_substances_(U.S.) |
This is the list of Schedule II controlled substances in the United States as defined by the Controlled Substances Act . [ 1 ] The following findings are required, by section 202 of that Act, for substances to be placed in this schedule:
The complete list of Schedule II substances is as follows. The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number and Federal Register citation for each substance is included. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_II_controlled_substances_(U.S.) |
This is the list of Schedule IV controlled substances in the United States as defined by the Controlled Substances Act . [ 1 ] The following findings are required for substances to be placed in this schedule: [ 2 ]
The complete list of Schedule IV substances is as follows. The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number and Federal Register citation for each substance is included.
† Flunitrazepam has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for medical use, and is considered to be an illegal drug.
† Temazepam may require a specially coded prescription in certain States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_IV_controlled_substances_(U.S.) |
This is the list of Schedule I controlled substances in the United States as defined by the Controlled Substances Act . [ 1 ] The following findings are required for substances to be placed in this schedule: [ 2 ]
The complete list of Schedule I substances is as follows. [ 1 ] The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number for each substance is included. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_I_controlled_substances_(U.S.) |
This is the list of Schedule V controlled substances in the United States as defined by the Controlled Substances Act . [ 1 ] The following findings are required for substances to be placed in this schedule: [ 2 ]
The complete list of Schedule V substances is as follows. The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number and Federal Register citation for each substance is included. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Schedule_V_controlled_substances_(U.S.) |
The following is a list of clones of Sinclair Research 's Sinclair QL microcomputer : [ 1 ]
The following hardware devices provided QL compatibility for other computer platforms:
The ICL One Per Desk (also sold as the BT Merlin Tonto or the Telecom Australia Computerphone) shared some hardware components with the QL but was not intended to be software-compatible.
In addition, several software emulators of the QL exist including QPC , uQLX , QLay and Q-emuLator . [ 9 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinclair_QL_clones |
This is a list of software titles produced for the Sinclair QL personal computer .
Notation: Program name (purpose), publisher, first release | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sinclair_QL_software |
There are generally four classes of software used to support the Six Sigma process improvement protocol: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Six_Sigma_software_packages |
Skype offered a number of features based around calling (both free and paid), messaging (including instant, voice and text messaging (SMS)), video chat, and file and screen sharing. [ 1 ] The following is a partial list of Skype 's features :
Skype allows users to send instant messages to other users in their contact list. Messages sent to offline users are stored on Skype servers and will be delivered to their recipients as soon as they come online on Skype. Chat history along with the message status will be synchronized across all user devices supported by Skype whenever the user signs in with the same Skype account.
Although Skype allows sending SMS messages, it is not possible to receive SMS messages on Skype so users need a different way to receive responses to the messages they send using Skype. This has been a cause of angst among user who purchase Skype as an alternative to a mobile phone because Microsoft will not refund any purchases even for users who discover this missing feature only after purchasing multi-year contracts. Other than in user complaints on the Microsoft Skype forums, there is no mention on Microsoft or Skype websites that when they say "Send SMS messages," that is just what they mean: users can send but they cannot receive SMS messages.
Skype keeps user instant messaging history on user's local computer, and on Skype's cloud for 30 days. [ 2 ] Users cannot control how long their chat histories are stored on Skype's servers but can configure that option individually for every their device. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Once user signs into Skype on a new device the conversation history is synced with Skype's cloud and stored locally. Skype allows users to remove or edit individual messages during one hour after sending; this affects messages already received by chat interlocutors as well as not delivered to them yet. Skype allows users to delete all saved conversation histories for the device.
Users can send about 254 emoticons that are displayed either statically or animated, depending on user's settings. There are also hidden emoticons, 241 flags and 63 other. On special occasions, Skype introduces featured emoticons that are later either left as standard ( anger ), left as hidden ( mooning ) or removed ( captain ). [ 4 ] Sending an empty message is not possible. Automatic conversion of text into emoticons cannot be disabled.
Formatting text is possible: *text* creates bold text, _text_ creates italic text, {code} text {code} applies monospace font and ~text~ creates strikethrough text. Writing @@ at the beginning of a message will disable any formatting in the message. [ 5 ] Placing two exclamation points and a space ( !! ) at the beginning of a message will send the entire message in monospace font. [ 6 ] A more convenient way to disable formatting for small pieces of text, is to use ```text``` instead of {code}text{code} . [ 7 ] Turning off formatting permanently can be achieved with the command /wikimarkup off .
Users are able to quote other messages by copying them and pasting them into a new message. A quote shows the message, the original sender, and the timestamp of the original message. The feature is seen as controversial and often useless because people have found ways to create custom quotes.
Skype users can call landline and mobile phone numbers (previously known as SkypeOut ) using Skype Credit or a calling subscription. Additionally, users can purchase a Skype Number (previously called SkypeIn and Online Number ) that lets contacts call their Skype client from a landline or mobile phone.
The ability to call landline or mobile phones from Skype was originally branded as SkypeOut , but this term has been dropped in favor of Calls to mobiles and landlines . Skype users can call phone numbers , including landline and mobile phones, for a fee using prepaid Skype Credit or a subscription (see below). This fee can be as low as US$0.02 per minute for most developed countries, and as high as US$6.80 per minute for calls to the Inmarsat numbers.
In January 2007, Skype introduced a € 0.03 connection fee for each call that connected to a landline or mobile number. [ 8 ]
After 180 days of inactivity, a user's Skype Credit balance is deactivated; however, it can be reactivated.
On 19 December 2006, Skype announced that there would be a new pricing structure in 2007. Details of a new scheme were released 18 January 2007. The initial press release was vague about the new scheme, but it did reveal that there may be a new connection fee. [ 8 ]
In January 2007, Skype launched Skype Pro , a prepaid unlimited call subscription for calls that were made inside North America . Skype's unlimited calling offers unlimited calls to anyone, on any phone, within the U.S. and Canada, for a one-time (e.g. annual) fee. As of April 21, 2008, Skype Pro was replaced by new calling subscription plans, which don't require the calls to start from a certain country. [ 9 ]
Skype offers several monthly plans that it calls unlimited . However, Skype limits these subscriptions to 10,000 minutes per month, 6 hours per day, and 50 telephone numbers per day. If one of these limits is exceeded, any additional calls are billed at regular rates and connection fees if the user has Skype Credit. [ 10 ]
Users can set up a Skype To Go number which allows them to reach international phones numbers dialled from any landline or mobile. Skype provides a local number (the user chooses the area code) that then connects using Skype Credit to the number in another country. The service also provides the opportunity to dial any number abroad as well. [ 11 ]
Calls to most toll-free numbers in Australia (+61 1800), Austria (+43 800), Estonia (+372 800) France (+33 800, +33 801, +33 803, +33 805, +33 806, +33 808, +33 809), Germany (+49 800), the Netherlands (+31 800), Poland (+48 800), Spain (+34 900), Taiwan (+886 801, +886 811), the UK (+44 500, +44 800, +44 808), United Nations (+888) and the United States (+1 800, +1 822, +1 833, +1 844, +1 855, +1 866, +1 877, +1 888) are free for all Skype users. [ 12 ]
Support for toll-free numbers in Canada was effectively removed in January 2012.
Skype also does not support calling emergency numbers such as 1-1-2 in Europe or 911 in the United States, however they do support this service in Australia , Denmark , Finland , and the United Kingdom . [ 13 ]
Skype offers a feature allowing users to set the caller ID for outgoing calls to telephone numbers. Set-up verification involves sending an SMS text message to a selected mobile phone number, then typing that verification code into a web form. Since most regular home and business telephones cannot receive text messages, this feature is only available to owners of mobile phones.
Skype Number (formerly called Online Number and until 2010 named SkypeIn ) allows a Skype user to receive calls to their Skype client (on whatever device) dialed from mobiles or landlines to a Skype-provided phone number. The number need not be in the same location as the user. For example, a user in San Francisco could create a local telephone number in London . Callers in London could then make a local call to reach that user (who answers on Skype in San Francisco).
Skype offers numbers in Australia , Chile , [ 14 ] Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Hong Kong , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Republic of Korea , Malta , Mexico , Netherlands , New Zealand , [ 14 ] Poland , Romania , [ 14 ] South Africa , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States .
In Russia some companies, including SIP operators, provide direct numbers, redirecting calls to Skype.
Skype Premium originally bundled together a number of Skype's features including the selection of a calling subscription, the ability to make group video calls and the ability to screen share with up to 10 other people (person-to-person video calls are free), improved customer support and the removal of ads from the Skype client. However, the Premium product was removed in the summer of 2014 when group video calls and screen sharing were made free. [ 15 ]
Skype Voicemail (now called Voice messaging ) was released on March 10, 2005. This service allows callers to leave voicemail messages for Skype users who are indisposed. Leaving voicemail messages became a free service in 2012.
Skype 2.0 and later, on Microsoft Windows (DirectX 9.0 or above required), Mac OS X , and Linux , supports video calling for Skype-to-Skype calls between two parties. Skype 3.6 and later on Windows and Skype 5.3 and later on Mac supports 720p high-definition video. Skype 5.8 and later on Windows and Skype 5.5 for Mac support 1080p high-definition video with the Logitech C920 webcam as well as the primary use of H.264 video codec instead of VP8 found in past versions. Skype 3.0.0 on iOS allows iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch users to call each other, as well as Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. [ 16 ] Skype 5 supports group video calls. [ 17 ] Sharing of external monitors is also supported via third party hardware. [ 18 ]
In 2019, Skype added an option to blur the background using A.I. algorithms purely done using software, despite a depth sensing camera not being present in most webcams. [ 19 ]
Like many other instant messaging services, Skype clients can send SMS text messages to mobile phone numbers. In the United States, China, and Taiwan, Skype uses a "generic, pre-defined number" as the sender ID. In other countries, the message can be set to appear coming from a verified mobile number, allowing recipients to reply, or else show the first 11 characters of the Skype username. However, as of March 2015, Skype users cannot receive SMS, despite a continuing series of requests and complaints.
Costs are generally lower than standard SMS charges; for example Skype's UK rate per SMS message including VAT is 6.4p, compared to standard rates of 10p or 12p [ citation needed ] ; for international SMS costs will be significantly cheaper using Skype.
Skype WiFi (previously called Skype Access ) allows users to pay a per-minute charge for Internet access at commercial wireless hotspots using Skype Credit. [ 20 ] As of May 2010, Skype lists more than 100 participating networks. This replaced an earlier feature Skype Zones Beta which provided subscription-based access at wireless hotspots operated by Boingo and The Cloud . [ 21 ] [ 22 ]
In February 2017, Microsoft announced plans to discontinue its Skype Wi-Fi service globally. The application was delisted, and the service itself no longer functioned after March 31, 2017. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]
Skype Click to Call (formerly called the Skype Web Toolbar ) recognizes phone and Skype Numbers, and is available for Internet Explorer , Google Chrome , and Mozilla Firefox on Windows. [ 25 ] Such numbers on web pages are replaced with an icon that can be clicked to call the number using Skype, or right-clicked to provide further options, such as adding the number to Skype's list of contacts. The feature detects phone numbers automatically, but a web site developer can override the detection algorithm using a Meta element and mark the valid numbers individually.
A log file is created for each contact on a user's contact list. Log files are stored locally, meaning they are not available if a user switches computers. By default, the option to log conversations is disabled, but can be enabled in the tools / privacy panel.
On Windows, Skype can be run directly from a USB flash drive without being installed on the host computer. [ 26 ] On Mac OS X, installation on the host computer is not required.
In December 2017, Microsoft added "Skype Interviews", a shared code editing system for those wishing to run job interviews for programming roles. [ 27 ] [ 28 ]
Skype supports group text chat with an interface similar to IRC with up to 150 people.
The Macintosh version used to use the same message view style format as Adium , though with a different filename extension . Message view styles made for Adium could be installed for Skype, and they did not even need to be renamed. [ 29 ] There were a couple of cosmetic bugs, [ 30 ] but ignoring those, Adium styles worked without modification. This feature is not present in the Windows, Linux, and Pocket PC versions of Skype. This feature has been discontinued starting with Skype 2.7.0.49.
Since Skype 4, the "Not Available" status is supported. This status was removed in Skype 5.
Most Skype versions, including version 4, broadcast a status of "Not Available" after a configured idle time, but Skype 4 no longer allows the user to edit this setting. The only way for the user to configure this idle time setting is to edit the IdleTimeForNA setting in the config.xml file. Since this feature was removed in Skype 5, the edit setting no longer exists in the config.xml file.
Skype 5 and above display other users' "Not Available" status as "Away".
Skype let users set their presence indicator to "SkypeMe!" in earlier versions of Skype software. It invited calls from strangers. Setting one's status to SkypeMe! attracts a number of callers who want to practice a foreign language (usually English ), in addition to the expected scammers and spammers . [ 9 ] This feature has been hidden from being selectable starting with Skype version 4 and removed completely in version 5. Setting your privacy settings to "allow anyone to contact me" essentially does the same thing minus the presence indicator itself.
Skypecasting was released on May 3, 2006. Skypecasts were live, moderated conversations allowing groups of up to 100 people to converse, moderated by the "host" who was able to control who was able to speak. The "host" would always remain in control, and could invite people into the speaking area. There was the functionality to mute and eject, both speakers and listeners, or add more people to speak from the listener section. Skypecasts did not support chat windows to share text information (such as URL) with participants. The Skypecast feature was removed in 2008. [ 31 ]
Skype Prime was a beta feature in Skype 3.1. It allowed users to call lines that charged a per minute rate usually for advice on a particular topic. The feature has since been discontinued in later versions of the Windows and Mac clients.
SkypeFind was a community-generated directory of business reviews in Skype 3.1. [ 32 ] The feature was removed [ clarification needed ] Skype for Windows 4.x client. The business directory replaced SkypeFind but has also been discontinued from version 5.x of the Windows client.
Earlier Skype versions allowed the user to search the Skype directory for random people to talk to. This feature was effectively discontinued since Skype 4.0. In current Skype releases you can only add contacts for which you know one of the following pieces of information: e-mail address, phone number, full name, or Skype name. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Skype_features |
This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System . Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.
Sun [ 7 ] [ 8 ]
Sun [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
Sun [ 11 ]
[ 14 ] [ 15 ]
Neptune [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ]
Venus [ 19 ]
[ 18 ]
[ 18 ]
Makemake
Ceres
[ 11 ]
[ 26 ] [ 27 ]
[ 27 ]
[ 33 ]
[ 34 ]
[ 35 ] [ 36 ]
[ 37 ]
[ 38 ]
[ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ]
[ 42 ] [ 43 ]
[ 38 ]
[ 38 ]
[ 44 ]
[ 45 ]
[ 44 ]
[ 46 ]
[ 47 ]
[ 49 ]
[ 50 ]
[ 50 ]
[ 51 ]
[ 51 ]
[ 52 ]
[ 52 ]
[ 53 ]
[ 53 ]
[ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ]
Verona Rupes [ 5 ]
[ 69 ] [ 70 ]
[ 71 ]
[ 73 ]
[ 74 ]
[ 74 ]
Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as "within" or "part of". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_extremes |
The following is a list of Solar System objects by orbit , ordered by increasing distance from the Sun. Most named objects in this list have a diameter of 500 km or more.
The Solar System also contains:
Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as "within" or "part of". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects |
This article includes a list of the most massive known objects of the Solar System and partial lists of smaller objects by observed mean radius . These lists can be sorted according to an object's radius and mass and, for the most massive objects, volume, density, and surface gravity, if these values are available.
These lists contain the Sun , the planets , dwarf planets , many of the larger small Solar System bodies (which includes the asteroids ), all named natural satellites , and a number of smaller objects of historical or scientific interest, such as comets and near-Earth objects .
Many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) have been discovered; in many cases their positions in this list are approximate, as there is frequently a large uncertainty in their estimated diameters due to their distance from Earth.
Solar System objects more massive than 10 21 kilograms are known or expected to be approximately spherical. Astronomical bodies relax into rounded shapes ( spheroids ), achieving hydrostatic equilibrium , when their own gravity is sufficient to overcome the structural strength of their material. It was believed that the cutoff for round objects is somewhere between 100 km and 200 km in radius if they have a large amount of ice in their makeup; [ 1 ] however, later studies revealed that icy satellites as large as Iapetus (1,470 kilometers in diameter) are not in hydrostatic equilibrium at this time, [ 2 ] and a 2019 assessment suggests that many TNOs in the size range of 400–1,000 kilometers may not even be fully solid bodies, much less gravitationally rounded. [ 3 ] Objects that are ellipsoids due to their own gravity are here generally referred to as being "round", whether or not they are actually in equilibrium today, while objects that are clearly not ellipsoidal are referred to as being "irregular."
Spheroidal bodies typically have some polar flattening due to the centrifugal force from their rotation, and can sometimes even have quite different equatorial diameters (scalene ellipsoids such as Haumea ). Unlike bodies such as Haumea, the irregular bodies have a significantly non-ellipsoidal profile, often with sharp edges.
There can be difficulty in determining the diameter (within a factor of about 2) for typical objects beyond Saturn (see: 2060 Chiron § Physical characteristics , for an example) . For TNOs there is some confidence in the diameters, but for non-binary TNOs there is no real confidence in the masses/densities. Many TNOs are often just assumed to have Pluto's density of 2.0 g/cm 3 , but it is just as likely that they have a comet-like density of only 0.5 g/cm 3 . [ 4 ]
For example, if a TNO is incorrectly assumed to have a mass of 3.59 × 10 20 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm 3 but is later discovered to have a radius of only 175 km with a density of 0.5 g/cm 3 , its true mass would be only 1.12 × 10 19 kg.
The sizes and masses of many of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn are fairly well known due to numerous observations and interactions of the Galileo and Cassini orbiters; however, many of the moons with a radius less than ≈100 km, such as Jupiter's Himalia , have far more uncertain masses. [ 5 ] Further out from Saturn, the sizes and masses of objects are less clear. There has not yet been an orbiter around Uranus or Neptune for long-term study of their moons. For the small outer irregular moons of Uranus, such as Sycorax , which were not discovered by the Voyager 2 flyby, even different NASA web pages, such as the National Space Science Data Center [ 6 ] and JPL Solar System Dynamics, [ 5 ] give somewhat contradictory size and albedo estimates depending on which research paper is being cited.
There are uncertainties in the figures for mass and radius, and irregularities in the shape and density, with accuracy often depending on how close the object is to Earth or whether it has been visited by a probe.
The following objects have a nominal mean radius of 400 km or greater. It was once expected that any icy body larger than approximately 200 km in radius was likely to be in hydrostatic equilibrium (HE). [ 7 ] However, Ceres (r = 470 km) is the smallest body for which detailed measurements are consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium, [ 8 ] whereas Iapetus (r = 735 km) is the largest icy body that has been found to not be in hydrostatic equilibrium. [ 9 ] The known icy moons in this range are all ellipsoidal (except Proteus ), but trans-Neptunian objects up to 450–500 km radius may be quite porous. [ 10 ]
For simplicity and comparative purposes, the values are manually calculated assuming that the bodies are all spheres. The size of solid bodies does not include an object's atmosphere. For example, Titan looks bigger than Ganymede, but its solid body is smaller. For the giant planets , the "radius" is defined as the distance from the center at which the atmosphere reaches 1 bar of atmospheric pressure. [ 11 ]
Because Sedna and 2002 MS 4 have no known moons, directly determining their mass is impossible without sending a probe (estimated to be from 1.7x10 21 to 6.1×10 21 kg for Sedna [ 12 ] ).
All imaged icy moons with radii greater than 200 km except Proteus are clearly round, although those under 400 km that have had their shapes carefully measured are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. [ 57 ] The known densities of TNOs in this size range are remarkably low ( 1–1.2 g/cm 3 ), implying that the objects retain significant internal porosity from their formation and were never gravitationally compressed into fully solid bodies. [ 10 ]
Legend:
This list contains a selection of objects estimated to be between 100 and 199 km in radius (200 and 399 km in diameter). The largest of these may have a hydrostatic-equilibrium shape, but most are irregular. Most of the trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) listed with a radius smaller than 200 km have " assumed sizes based on a generic albedo of 0.09" since they are too far away to directly measure their sizes with existing instruments. Mass switches from 10 21 kg to 10 18 kg (Zg). Main-belt asteroids have orbital elements constrained by (2.0 AU < a < 3.2 AU; q > 1.666 AU) according to JPL Solar System Dynamics (JPLSSD). [ 98 ] Many TNOs are omitted from this list as their sizes are poorly known. [ 58 ]
This list contains a selection of objects 50 and 99 km in radius (100 km to 199 km in average diameter). The listed objects currently include most objects in the asteroid belt and moons of the giant planets in this size range, but many newly discovered objects in the outer Solar System are missing, such as those included in the following reference. [ 58 ] Asteroid spectral types are mostly Tholen, but some might be SMASS.
This list includes few examples since there are about 589 asteroids in the asteroid belt with a measured radius between 20 and 49 km. [ 173 ] Many thousands of objects of this size range have yet to be discovered in the trans-Neptunian region. The number of digits is not an endorsement of significant figures . The table switches from × 10 18 kg to × 10 15 kg ( Eg ). Most mass values of asteroids are assumed. [ 124 ] [ 174 ]
This list contains some examples of Solar System objects between 1 and 19 km in radius. This is a common size for asteroids, comets and irregular moons.
This list contains examples of objects below 1 km in radius. That means that irregular bodies can have a longer chord in some directions, hence the mean radius averages out.
In the asteroid belt alone there are estimated to be between 1.1 and 1.9 million objects with a radius above 0.5 km, [ 260 ] many of which are in the range 0.5–1.0 km. Countless more have a radius below 0.5 km.
Very few objects in this size range have been explored or even imaged. The exceptions are objects that have been visited by a probe, or have passed close enough to Earth to be imaged. Radius is by mean geometric radius. Number of digits not an endorsement of significant figures . Mass scale shifts from × 10 15 to 10 9 kg, which is equivalent to one billion kg or 10 12 grams ( Teragram – Tg).
Currently most of the objects of mass between 10 9 kg to 10 12 kg (less than 1000 teragrams (Tg) ) listed here are near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). The Aten asteroid 1994 WR 12 has less mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza , 5.9 × 10 9 kg.
For more about very small objects in the Solar System, see meteoroid , micrometeoroid , cosmic dust , and interplanetary dust cloud . (See also Visited/imaged bodies.)
Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as "within" or "part of". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.