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This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with O to R inclusive. It contains approximately 130 enzymes.
The following information is given: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restriction_enzyme_cutting_sites:_O–R |
This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with S. It contains approximately 130 enzymes.
The following information is given: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restriction_enzyme_cutting_sites:_S |
This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with T to Z inclusive. It contains approximately 70 enzymes.
The following information is given: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restriction_enzyme_cutting_sites:_T–Z |
This is a list of resurrected species . A previously extinct or lost species can be " revived " or recreated through various methods such as cloning , backbreeding , genome editing , thawing, and seed germination in plants.
The York groundsel is a species of Senecio that was first discovered in York, England in 1979 and last seen in the wild in 1991. [ 1 ] A survey by UK government advisory body Natural England found it was driven to extinction by 2000, partly due to the use of weedkiller. [ 2 ] Seeds of the plant were stored at the Millennium Seed Bank , successfully germinated, and reintroduced to York in 2023, marking the first time an extinct species has been revived and successfully reintroduced into its native range. [ 3 ]
The Judean date palm is a cultivar of the date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera ) that is historically endemic to ancient Judea (modern-day Israel and Palestine ). It is genetically unique, and closely related to modern Iraqi and Moroccan varieties. [ 4 ] Between 1963 and 1991, archaeologists discovered Judean date seeds in excavation sites. Through radiocarbon dating, they were determined to be between 1,900 and 2,300 years old. In 2008, researchers at the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies began to germinate the seeds. [ 4 ]
As of 2023 [update] , 7 Judean date palms have successfully germinated. In 2020, researchers began to harvest dates from these trees. Experiments to revive this cultivar are ongoing. [ 5 ]
The Montreal melon , also known as the Montreal market muskmelon, Montreal nutmeg melon, and melon de Montréal (Melon of/from Montreal) in French is a commercial cultivar of melon native to Canada. It was traditionally grown around the Montreal area, hence its namesake. The fruit was known for being the largest melon in North America during its initial cultivation. [ 6 ] It disappeared entirely from family farms and cultivation in the region by the 1920s due to industrialisation in Canada and being ill-suited for agribusiness . In 1997, seeds of the melon were discovered in a seed bank in the American state of Iowa . Since then, the Montreal melon has been reintroduced to its former range by local gardeners. [ 7 ]
In September 2024, a specimen of a never-before-seen Commiphora by the name of Sheba reached maturity. In the 1980s, Sheba was found in excavations of a cave in the Judean desert as seed but was not germinated until recent times. Sheba is estimated to be over 1000 years old through radiocarbon dating, and researchers suspect that Sheba may be the tsori or Judean balsam, two plants stated to have healing properties in the Bible . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
The Rastreador Brasileiro (Brazilian Tracker) is a dog breed that was bred in the 1950s to aid in hunting jaguars and wild pigs in Brazil . In the early 2000s, a group named Grupo de Apoio ao Resgate do Rastreador Brasileiro (Brazilian Tracker Rescue Support Group) dedicated to reviving the breed and having it relisted by Confederação Brasileira de Cinofilia located dogs in Brazil that had genetics of the extinct breed to recreate a purebred. [ 10 ] In 2013, the breed was de-extinct through successful preservation breeding from descendants of the final original members and was relisted by the FCI . [ 11 ]
The Floreana giant tortoise ( Chelonoidis niger niger ) is a subspecies of the Galápagos tortoise endemic to Floreana Island , Ecuador . In 2012, Floreana and Volcán Wolf tortoise hybrids were discovered on Isabela Island . Allegedly, these tortoises were imported or abandoned on the island in the early 19th century prior to the initial extinction of the subspecies in 1850, allowing them to hybridise with the native subspecies. [ 12 ] In 2017, a breeding programme was established to revive the subspecies through back breeding the hybrids to regain their genetic purity. [ 13 ] As of 2025, 400 Floreana giant tortoises have been hatched on Santa Cruz Island with plans to release them into the wild on Floreana Island following the successful removal of invasive species . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] However, the IUCN has yet to update the status of the subspecies from extinct to extinct in the wild or critically endangered due to lack of a genetically pure specimen and the de-extinct subspecies has yet to reproduce naturally in the wild. [ 16 ]
The Pyrenean ibex ( Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica ) is an Iberian ibex subspecies that was the first animal to go extinct twice. Endemic to the Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mountains , this ibex was driven to extinction by the year 2000 due to competition with livestock and introduced wild ungulates , and solidified by the death of Celia, the endling of the subspecies. Several attempts were made to clone the Pyrenean ibex, and one individual was born to a domestic goat mother in 2003. However, this newborn died seven minutes after birth due to a lung defect. [ 17 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_resurrected_species |
A number of rivers are known to have reversed the direction of their flow, either permanently or temporarily, in response to geological activity, weather events, climate change , tides, or direct human intervention.
All tidal sections of rivers reverse their flow with the tide about twice a day (or semidiurnally ), by definition. The following are notable examples. [ 3 ]
Hurricane storm surges often cause temporary reversals of coastal rivers. [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_that_have_reversed_direction |
Roof shapes encompass a broad range of designs, including flat (or shed ), gabled , hipped , arched , domed , and a wide variety of other configurations [ 1 ]
An essential aspect of roof design is the roof angle or pitch , which can range from nearly flat to sharply steep. This angle significantly influences both the aesthetic and functional characteristics of a roof.
The diversity of roof shapes across the world reflects adaptations to varying climates, locally available materials, cultural traditions, and architectural preferences. Consequently, roof design is deeply influenced by geographic and social factors.
It is important to note that roof-related terminology lacks strict standardization. Definitions and naming conventions frequently differ across regions, countries, and even between individual builders or architects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roof_shapes |
Saturated fatty acids are fatty acids that make up saturated fats .
Saturated straight-chain fatty acids:
Saturated branched-chain fatty acids : | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_saturated_fatty_acids |
This list contains the names of significant contributors to the history and development of the scale-model and model-kit industry, including engineers, artists, designers, draftsmen, tool-makers, executives, historians and promoters.
This list does not include people primarily notable for the competitive operation of a scale-model vehicle, unless they have a notable career as designers or executives or outside of the hobby industry such as car designers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scale-model_industry_people |
This is a list of scattering experiments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scattering_experiments |
This is a list of notable science communicators or popularizers of science , in alphabetical order by last name. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communicators |
This is a list of physical and mathematical constants named after people. [ 1 ] Eponymous constants and their influence on scientific citations have been discussed in the literature. [ 2 ] [ a ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_constants_named_after_people |
This is a list of scientific equations named after people (eponymous equations). [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_equations_named_after_people |
This is a list of music notation programs (excluding discontinued products) which have articles on Wikipedia.
For programs specifically for writing guitar tablature , see the list of guitar tablature software . For discontinued products, see list of discontinued scorewriters . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scorewriters |
A search appliance is a type of computer which is attached to a corporate network for the purpose of indexing the content shared across that network in a way that is similar to a web search engine. It may be made accessible through a public web interface or restricted to users of that network. A search appliance is usually made up of: a gathering component, a standardizing component, a data storage area, a search component, a user interface component, and a management interface component. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_appliance_vendors |
Presented below is a list of search engine software . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engine_software |
The following is a list of second moments of area of some shapes. The second moment of area , also known as area moment of inertia, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with respect to an arbitrary axis. The unit of dimension of the second moment of area is length to fourth power, L 4 , and should not be confused with the mass moment of inertia . If the piece is thin, however, the mass moment of inertia equals the area density times the area moment of inertia.
Please note that for the second moment of area equations in the below table: I x = ∬ A y 2 d x d y {\displaystyle I_{x}=\iint _{A}y^{2}\,dx\,dy} and I y = ∬ A x 2 d x d y . {\displaystyle I_{y}=\iint _{A}x^{2}\,dx\,dy.}
For thin tubes, r ≡ r 1 ≈ r 2 {\displaystyle r\equiv r_{1}\approx r_{2}} and r 2 ≡ r 1 + t {\displaystyle r_{2}\equiv r_{1}+t} and so to first order in t {\displaystyle t} , r 2 4 = r 1 4 + 4 r 1 3 t + ⋯ {\displaystyle r_{2}^{4}=r_{1}^{4}+4r_{1}^{3}t+\cdots } . So, for a thin tube, I x = I y ≈ π r 3 t {\displaystyle I_{x}=I_{y}\approx \pi r^{3}t} and I z ≈ 2 π r 3 t {\displaystyle I_{z}\approx 2\pi r^{3}t} .
I z {\displaystyle I_{z}} is the second polar moment of area .
This holds true for all regular polygons .
This holds true for all regular polygons .
This holds true for all regular polygons .
This holds true for all regular polygons .
The parallel axis theorem can be used to determine the second moment of area of a rigid body about any axis, given the body's second moment of area about a parallel axis through the body's centroid, the area of the cross section, and the perpendicular distance ( d ) between the axes.
I x ′ = I x + A d 2 {\displaystyle I_{x'}=I_{x}+Ad^{2}} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_second_moments_of_area |
This is a list of available software and hardware tools that are designed for or are particularly suited to various kinds of security assessment and security testing .
Several operating systems and tool suites provide bundles of tools useful for various types of security assessment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_security_assessment_tools |
Semiconductor materials are nominally small band gap insulators . The defining property of a semiconductor material is that it can be compromised by doping it with impurities that alter its electronic properties in a controllable way. [ 1 ] Because of their application in the computer and photovoltaic industry—in devices such as transistors , lasers , and solar cells —the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study in materials science .
Most commonly used semiconductor materials are crystalline inorganic solids. These materials are classified according to the periodic table groups of their constituent atoms .
Different semiconductor materials differ in their properties. Thus, in comparison with silicon , compound semiconductors have both advantages and disadvantages. For example, gallium arsenide (GaAs) has six times higher electron mobility than silicon, which allows faster operation; wider band gap , which allows operation of power devices at higher temperatures, and gives lower thermal noise to low power devices at room temperature; its direct band gap gives it more favorable optoelectronic properties than the indirect band gap of silicon; it can be alloyed to ternary and quaternary compositions, with adjustable band gap width, allowing light emission at chosen wavelengths, which makes possible matching to the wavelengths most efficiently transmitted through optical fibers. GaAs can be also grown in a semi-insulating form, which is suitable as a lattice-matching insulating substrate for GaAs devices. Conversely, silicon is robust, cheap, and easy to process, whereas GaAs is brittle and expensive, and insulation layers cannot be created by just growing an oxide layer; GaAs is therefore used only where silicon is not sufficient. [ 2 ]
By alloying multiple compounds, some semiconductor materials are tunable, e.g., in band gap or lattice constant . The result is ternary, quaternary, or even quinary compositions. Ternary compositions allow adjusting the band gap within the range of the involved binary compounds; however, in case of combination of direct and indirect band gap materials there is a ratio where indirect band gap prevails, limiting the range usable for optoelectronics; e.g. AlGaAs LEDs are limited to 660 nm by this. Lattice constants of the compounds also tend to be different, and the lattice mismatch against the substrate, dependent on the mixing ratio, causes defects in amounts dependent on the mismatch magnitude; this influences the ratio of achievable radiative/nonradiative recombinations and determines the luminous efficiency of the device. Quaternary and higher compositions allow adjusting simultaneously the band gap and the lattice constant, allowing increasing radiant efficiency at wider range of wavelengths; for example AlGaInP is used for LEDs. Materials transparent to the generated wavelength of light are advantageous, as this allows more efficient extraction of photons from the bulk of the material. That is, in such transparent materials, light production is not limited to just the surface. Index of refraction is also composition-dependent and influences the extraction efficiency of photons from the material. [ 3 ]
A compound semiconductor is a semiconductor compound composed of chemical elements of at least two different species. These semiconductors form for example in periodic table groups 13–15 (old groups III–V), for example of elements from the Boron group (old group III, boron , aluminium , gallium , indium ) and from group 15 (old group V, nitrogen , phosphorus , arsenic , antimony , bismuth ). The range of possible formulae is quite broad because these elements can form binary (two elements, e.g. gallium(III) arsenide (GaAs)), ternary (three elements, e.g. indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs)) and quaternary alloys (four elements) such as aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlInGaP)) alloy and Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide (InAsSbP). The properties of III-V compound semiconductors are similar to their group IV counterparts. The higher ionicity in these compounds, and especially in the II-VI compound, tends to increase the fundamental bandgap with respect to the less ionic compounds. [ 4 ]
Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) is the most popular deposition technology for the formation of compound semiconducting thin films for devices. [ citation needed ] It uses ultrapure metalorganics and/or hydrides as precursor source materials in an ambient gas such as hydrogen .
Other techniques of choice include:
High carrier mobilities [ 7 ] and high electric breakdown field [ 8 ] at room temperature as excellent electronics characteristics.
Extremely high nanomechanical resonator quality factor. [ 9 ]
The following semiconducting systems can be tuned to some extent, and represent not a single material but a class of materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_materials |
This list of sequenced algal genomes contains algal species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published. Unassembled genomes are not included, nor are organelle-only sequences. For plant genomes see the list of sequenced plant genomes . For plastid sequences, see the list of sequenced plastomes . For all kingdoms, see the list of sequenced genomes .
See also List of sequenced protist genomes .
strain
of genes
predicted
completion
status
strain
of genes
predicted
completion
status
strain
size
of genes
predicted
completion
status
paradoxa
Organism
Cyanophora Genome Project [ 17 ]
paradoxa
Organism
strain
size
of genes
predicted
completion
status
cw92 mt+
The Greenhouse [ 15 ]
Energy Laboratory
sp. C-169
The Greenhouse [ 15 ]
CCAP19/18
Biofuels
Beta-carotene and glycerol production
model organism
pusilla CCMP-1545
phytoplankton
Genome
Consortium
The Greenhouse [ 15 ]
pusilla
RCC299/NOUM17
phytoplankton
Institute
The
Greenhouse [ 15 ]
neglectum
University
Greenhouse [ 15 ]
lucimarinus
CCE9901
tauri OTH95
RCC809
Institute
soloecismus
DOE101
National Lab
SENEW3
obliquus DOE0152Z
National Lab
model organism
Institute
The
Greenhouse [ 15 ]
model organism
strain
size
of genes
predicted
completion
status
parva
strain
size
of genes
predicted
completion
status
anophagefferens
Bloom
gaditana
oceanica
strain
size
of genes
predicted
completion
status
merolae 10D
organism
of Genetics , Japan
strain
size
of genes
predicted
completion
status | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_algae_genomes |
This list of sequenced animal genomes contains animal species for which complete genome sequences have been assembled, annotated and published. Substantially complete draft genomes are included, but not partial genome sequences or organelle-only sequences. For all kingdoms, see the list of sequenced genomes .
(Belcher's lancelet)
(Florida lancelet)
(European lancelet)
Oikopleura dioica , a larvacean (2001 [ 59 ] ).
(Australian ghostshark)
(Small-eyed rabbitfish)
(Spotted ratfish)
(West Indian Ocean coelacanth)
(South American lungfish)
(West-African lungfish)
(Australian lungfish)
(Ostriches)
(Common ostrich)
(Greater rhea)
(Lesser rhea)
(Lesser Moas)
(Little bush moa)
(Slaty-breasted tinamou)
(Little tinamou)
(Tataupa tinamou)
(Undulated tinamou)
(White-throated tinamou)
(Great tinamou)
(Tawny-breasted tinamou)
(Hooded tinamou)
(Ornate tinamou)
(Andean tinamou)
(Chilean tinamou)
(Red-winged tinamou)
(Spotted nothura)
(Elegant crested tinamou)
(Great spotted kiwi)
(Little spotted kiwi)
(North island brown kiwi)
(Okarito brown kiwi)
(Emus)
(Emu)
(Cassowaries)
(Southern cassowary)
(Swan goose)
(Bar-headed goose)
(Black swan)
(Mute swan)
(Mandarin duck)
(Mallard duck)
(Tufted duck)
(Muscovy duck)
(Red-crested pochard)
(Helmeted guinea fowl)
(Przevalski's partridge)
(Japanese quail)
(Chicken)
(Indian peafowl)
(Green peafowl)
(Blood pheasant)
(Chinese monal)
(Silver pheasant)
(Domestic turkey)
(Common Pheasant)
(Mikado pheasant)
(Black grouse)
(Temminck's tragopan)
(Sichuan Partridge)
(American Flamingo)
(Horned grebe)
(Great crested grebe)
(Red-necked grebe)
(Pied-billed grebe)
(Common Pigeon)
(Brown mesite)
(Yellow-throated sang grouse)
(Red-crested turaco)
(Great bustard)
(Common Cuckoo)
(Hoatzin)
(Grey-crowned crane)
(Asian houbara)
(Killdeer)
(Kakī / Black stilt)
(Pied stilt)
(Pied avocet)
(Chuck-will's widow)
(Chimney swift)
Order Phaethontiformes
(White-tailed tropicbird)
(Red-throated loon)
(Albatrosses)
(Snowy albatross)
(Short-tailed albatross)
(Laysan albatross)
(Waved albatross)
(Black-footed albatross)
(Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross)
(Southern Storm Petrels)
(White-bellied storm petrel)
(Wilson's storm petrel)
(Northern Storm Petrels)
(Leach's storm petrel)
(Wedge-rumped storm petrel)
(Great shearwater)
(Cory's shearwater)
(Northern fulmar)
(Common diving petrel)
(Balearic shearwater)
(Yelkouan shearwater)
(Crested ibis)
(Cormorants)
(Great cormorant)
(Pelagic cormorant)
(Double-crested cormorant)
(Neotropical cormorant)
(Galapagos flightless cormorant)
(Little egret)
(Dalmatian Pelican)
(Northern spotted owl)
(Barred owl)
(Western barn owl)
Add 87 hawk genomes found here: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9851080/
(Golden eagle)
(Cinereous vulture)
(White-tailed eagle)
(Bald eagle)
(Turkey vulture)
(California condor)
(King vulture)
(Andean condor)
(Speckled mousebird)
(Cuckoo-roller)
(Bar-tailed trogon)
(Rhinoceros hornbill)
(Northern carmine bee-eater)
(Downy woodpecker)
(Red-legged seriema)
(Black-legged seriema)
(Saker falcon)
(Peregrine falcon)
(Kea)
(Kākāpō)
(Cuban amazon)
(Hispaniolan amazon)
(Puerto Rican amazon)
(Scarlet macaw)
(Orange-fronted kākāriki)
(Budgerigar)
(New Zealand Wrens)
( Rifleman )
(Asities)
(Eurylaimid broadbills)
(Asian green broadbills)
(Pittas)
(Manakins)
(Cotingas)
(Tyrant flycatchers)
(Crescentchests)
(Gnateaters)
(Antbirds)
(Antpittas)
(Tapaculos)
(Antthrushes)
(Ovenbirds)
(Songbirds)
(Alligators)
(American alligator)
(Chinese alligator)
(Crocodiles)
(Saltwater crocodile)
(Cuban crocodile)
(Gharials)
(Indian gharial)
Spiny softshell turtle
Asian giant softshell turtle
Chinese softshell turtle
Pig-nosed turtle
(Terrapins)
(Northwestern pond turtle)
(Western painted turtle)
(Red-eared slider)
(Big-headed turtle)
(Chinese three-keeled pond turtle)
(Tortoises)
(Aldabra giant tortoise)
(Pinta Island giant tortoise)
(Agassiz’s desert tortoise)
(Greek tortoise)
(Loggerhead sea turtle)
(Green sea turtle)
(Common snapping turtle)
(Mexican musk turtle)
(Murray river turtle)
(Tuatara)
(Platypuses)
(Platypus)
(Short-beaked echidna)
Order Xiphosura :
Order Ixodida :
Order Mesostigmata :
Order Trombidiformes :
Order Scorpiones :
Order Araneae :
(Gumboot chiton)
(Fuzzy Caribbean chiton)
(Common chiton) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes |
This list of sequenced archaeal genomes contains all the archaea known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and deposited in public databases. Methanococcus jannaschii was the first archaeon whose genome was sequenced, in 1996. [ 1 ]
Currently in this list there are 39 genomes belonging to Crenarchaeota species, 105 belonging to the Euryarchaeota, 1 genome belonging to Korarchaeota and to the Nanoarchaeota, 3 belonging to the Thaumarchaeota and 1 genome belonging to an unclassified Archaea, totalling 150 Archaeal genomes.
Plasmid pLD8501 CP001732
Plasmid pYN01 CP001405
Plasmid pTPEN01 CP000506
Plasmid pArcpr01 CP001858
Plasmid 1 CP002063 Plasmid 2 CP002064 Plasmid 3 CP002065 Plasmid 4 CP002066 Plasmid 5 CP002067 Plasmid 6 CP002068
Chromosome II CP002922 Plasmid pHH400 CP002923
Chromosome II AY596298 Plasmid pNG100 AY596290 Plasmid pNG200 AY596291 Plasmid pNG300 AY596292 Plasmid pNG400 AY596293 Plasmid pNG500 AY596294 Plasmid pNG600 AY596295 Plasmid pNG700 AY596296
Plasmid PHS1 NC_010366 Plasmid PHS2 NC_010369 Plasmid PHS3 NC_010368 Plasmid PHS4 NC_010367
Plasmid pNRC100 NC_002607 Plasmid pNRC200 NC_002608
Plasmid pHV1 CP001957 Plasmid pHV2 CP001954 Plasmid pHV3 CP001953 Plasmid pHV4 CP001955
Plasmid pHBOR01 CP001691 Plasmid pHBOR02 CP001692 Plasmid pHBOR03 CP001693 Plasmid pHBOR04 CP001694 Plasmid pHBOR05 CP001695
Plasmid pHmuk01 CP001689
Plasmid pHALXA01 CP002840 Plasmid pHALXA02 CP002841 Plasmid pHALXA03 CP002842
Plasmid PL6A FR746101 Plasmid PL6B FR746102 Plasmid PL100 FR746100
Plasmid PL47 AM180089
Chromosome 2 CP001366 Plasmid pHLAC01 CP001367
Plasmid pHTUR01 CP001861 Plasmid pHTUR02 CP001862 Plasmid pHTUR03 CP001863 Plasmid pHTUR04 CP001864 Plasmid pHTUR05 CP001865 Plasmid pHTUR06 CP001866
Plasmid PL131 CR936258 Plasmid PL23 CR936259
Plasmid pMEFER01 CP001697
Large plasmid: L77118 Small plasmid: L77119
Plasmid pMETVU01 CP001788 Plasmid pMETVU02 CP001789
Plasmid pFS01 CP001902
Plasmid pMETOK01 CP002793
Plasmid pMETEV01: CP002070
Plasmid 1 CP000098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_archaeal_genomes |
This list of sequenced eubacterial genomes contains most of the eubacteria known to have publicly available complete genome sequences . Most of these sequences have been placed in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration , a public database which can be searched [ 1 ] on the web . A few of the listed genomes may not be in the INSDC database, but in other public databases [ verification needed ] .
Genomes listed as "Unpublished" are in a database, but not in the peer-reviewed scientific literature.
For the genomes of archaea see list of sequenced archaeal genomes .
Plasmid ece1 NC_001880
Plasmid pBF9343 CR626928
Plasmid pBFY46 AP006842
Plasmid p5482 AY171301
Plasmid pHALHY01 CP002692 Plasmid pHALHY02 CP002693 Plasmid pHALHY03 CP002694
Plasmid pPAES01 CP001109
Plasmid pSR11 FP565810 Plasmid pSR56 FP565811 Plasmid pSR61 FP565812 Plasmid pSR84 NC_014157
Plasmid CP002832
Plasmid 1 NC_012528 Plasmid 2 NC_012529 Plasmid 3 NC_012528
Plasmid pDGEO01 CP000358 Plasmid pDGEO02 CP000856
Plasmid P1 CP002192 Plasmid P2 CP002193 Plasmid P3 CP002194 Plasmid P4 CP002195 Plasmid P5 CP002196 Plasmid P6 CP002197
Plasmid pDEIPR01 CP002537 Plasmid pDEIPR02 CP002538 Plasmid pDEIPR03 CP002539 Plasmid pDEIPR04 CP002540
Chromosome 2: 412,348
Chromosome 2: 357
Chromosome 2 NC_001264 Plasmid CP1 NC_000959 Plasmid MP1 NC_000958
Plasmid pMESIL01 CP002043 Plasmid pMESIL02 CP002044
Plasmid pOCEPR01
Plasmid pTSC8 CP001963
Plasmid pTCCB09 CP003127
Plasmid pTT27 AE017222
Plasmid pTT27 NC_006462 Plasmid pTT8 NC_006463
Plasmid pTTJL1801 CP003253 Plasmid pTTJL1802 CP003254
Plasmid pTHTHE1601 CP002778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_bacterial_genomes |
This list of "sequenced" eukaryotic genomes contains all the eukaryotes known to have publicly available complete nuclear and organelle genome sequences that have been sequenced, assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle-only sequences.
DNA was first sequenced in 1977. The first free-living organism to have its genome completely sequenced was the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae , in 1995. In 1996 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) was the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released and in 1998 the first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, Caenorhabditis elegans , was released.
Following are the nine earliest sequenced genomes of protists. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced protist genomes .
Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of plants. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced plant genomes .
Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of fungi. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced fungi genomes .
Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of animals. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced animal genomes . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes |
This list of sequenced fungi genomes contains all the fungal species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences.
Chytridiomycota includes fungi with spores that have flagella ( zoospores ) and are a sister group to more advanced land fungi that lack flagella. Several chytrid species are pathogens, but have not had their genomes sequenced yet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_fungi_genomes |
This list of sequenced plant genomes contains plant species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published. Unassembled genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences. For all kingdoms, see the list of sequenced genomes .
See also List of sequenced algae genomes .
the largest pine species
Hiseq 2000, Hiseq 2500, GAIIx, MiSeq
Magnoliales
Alliance for Conservation Tree Genomics
Biodiversity Genomics Team
Drosera capensis
(Marula)
G-type
scaffold N50 16.2 Kbp
scaffold N50
1Mbp
total coverage ~3x (Sanger)
92.1% unigenes mapped
235Mbp anchored (of this 161Mbp also oriented)
(Australian Pine)
(African cabbage)
coverage 108.6x
contig N50 26.38 kbp
Scaffold N50 2.38 Mbp
genome covered 83.2%
~97% ESTs mapped
13.5x coverage
contig N50: 18.1kbp
scaffold N50: 4.677 Mbp
WGS
scaffold N50 1,140kbp
total coverage ~72.2 (Sanger + Ilumina)
96.8% unigenes mapped
72.8% of the genome anchored
(Silver-seed gourd)
scaffold N50 11.6 Mbp
total coverage: 120x Illumina (HiSeq2000 and MiSeq) + 31x PacBio RSII
(wild gourd)
scaffold N50 12.1 Mbp
total coverage: 213x Illumina HiSeq4000 + 75.4x PacBio Sequel
(Monk fruit)
Scaffold N50: 56.1 6Mb
(Apple-Ring Acacia)
Scaffold N50:47.8Mbp
Sanger coverage ~8x
WGS
955.1 Mbp assembled
(Hyacinth Bean)
(Bambara Groundnut)
PacBio: ~87×
contig N50: 944,000bp
large diversity,
somatic mutation studies
Pecan
scaffold N50: 16.43 Mb, contig N50: 4.34 Mb
(red silk cotton tree)
(Horseradish Tree)
17 chromosomes, scaffold N50: 39.7 Mb
454/Illumina/solid
39x coverage
WGS
scaffold N50 1,542.7 (kbp??)
total coverage ~16.9x (Sanger + 454)
71.2% anchored
WGS
ca 99% ESTs mapped
215.9 Mbp in pseudomolecules
(Black raspberry)
Contig N50:552.8 Kbp [phytozome]
WGS
>=95 % cDNA found
(desert tree)
N50 = 3,415 bp
(Pink Ipê)
(Chinese red sage)
(T eak)
(Chinese happy tree)
Contig N50 = 45.5 Kbp
Pseudomolecules spanning 91 scaffolds (760Mbp of which 594Mbp have been oriented )
over 98% ESTs mappable
scaffold N50: 516,100bp
contig N50: 25,200 bp
~109× coverage
contig N50: 5100bp
~40x coverage
79.2x coverage
contig N50: 31,429bp
scaffold N50: 1,318,511bp
105x coverage
contig N50: 6,506bp
scaffold N50: 44,298bp
(field dodder)
kmer (273 Mbp)
contig N50 = 3.63 Mbp
63x coverage
contig N50: 16,480bp
scaffold N50:89,778bp
>93% unigenes found
scaffold N50: 79.7 kbp
194kbp superscaffolds using physical Nicotiana map
scaffold N50: 82.6 kb
166kbp superscaffolds using physical Nicotiana map
(a) cv. CM334 (b) cv. Zunla-1
(b) 35,336
(b) 2014 [ 198 ]
N50 scaffold: (a) 2.47 Mb (b) 1.23 Mb
N50 scaffold: 0.45 Mb
100x coverage
scaffold N50: 62.4Mbp
Sanger, 8.5x coverage
WGS
Illumina WGS
scaffold N50: 76kbp
Sanger, 4-6x coverage per BAC
N50 scaffold: 1.3 Mb
Plant with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM).
Not meeting criteria of the first paragraph of this article in being nearly full sequences with high quality, published, assembled and publicly available. This list includes species where sequences are announced in press releases or websites, but not in a data-rich publication in a refereed peer-review journal with DOI. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_plant_genomes |
A plastome is the genome of a plastid , a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protoctists . The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study. [ 1 ]
The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales , Picramniales , Huerteales , Escalloniales , Bruniales , and Paracryphiales .
A compilation of most complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository. [ 2 ]
This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families.
Meta-algae are organisms with photosynthetic organelles of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic origin, and their close non-photosynthetic, plastid-bearing, relatives. Apicomplexans are a secondarily non-photosynthetic group of chromalveoates which retain a reduced plastid organelle.
Dinoflagellate plastid genomes are not organised into a single circular DNA molecule like other plastid genomes, but into an array of mini-circles.
In some photosynthetic organisms that ability was acquired via symbiosis with a unicellular green alga ( chlorophyte ) or red alga ( rhodophyte ). In some such cases not only does the chloroplast of the former unicellular alga retain its own genome, but a remnant of the alga is also retained. When this retains a nucleus and a nuclear genome it is termed a nucleomorph .
The unicellular eukaryote Paulinella chromatophora possesses an organelle (the cyanelle ) which represents an independent case of the acquisition of photosynthesis by cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. (Note: the term cyanelle is also applied to the plastids of glaucophytes.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_plastomes |
This list of sequenced protist genomes contains all the protist species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences.
Alveolata are a group of protists which includes the Ciliophora , Apicomplexa and Dinoflagellata . Members of this group are of particular interest to science as the cause of serious human and livestock diseases.
Amoebozoa are a group of motile amoeboid protists, members of this group move or feed by means of temporary projections, called pseudopods . The best known member of this group is the slime mold , which has been studied for centuries; other members include the Archamoebae , Tubulinea and Flabellinia . Some Amoeboza cause disease.
The Chromista are a group of protists that contains the algal phyla Heterokontophyta ( stramenopiles ), Haptophyta and Cryptophyta . Members of this group are mostly studied for evolutionary interest.
Excavata is a group of related free living and symbiotic protists; it includes the Metamonada , Loukozoa , Euglenozoa and Percolozoa . They are researched for their role in human disease.
Opisthokonts are a group of eukaryotes that include both animals and fungi as well as basal groups that are not classified in these groups. These basal opisthokonts are reasonably categorized as protists and include choanoflagellates , which are the sister or near-sister group of animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_protist_genomes |
This is a list of server-side JavaScript implementations.
Other common server-side programming languages are JavaServer Pages (JSP), Active Server Pages (ASP), Perl , PHP , Python , Ruby , ColdFusion , and others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_server-side_JavaScript_implementations |
This is a list of known sex-hormonal crystalline aqueous suspension formulations . Brand names and developmental code names are in parentheses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sex-hormonal_aqueous_suspensions |
List of sex-hormonal medications available in the United States may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sex-hormonal_medications_available_in_the_United_States |
This is a list of silicon producers . The industry involves several very different stages of production. Production starts at silicon metal, which is the material used to gain high purity silicon. High purity silicon in different grades of purity is used for growing silicon ingots , which are sliced to wafers in a process called wafering . Compositionally pure polycrystalline silicon wafers are useful for photovoltaics . Dislocation-free and extremely flat single-crystal silicon wafers are required in the manufacture of computer chips.
Polysilicon producers:
Producers of high-purity silicon, an intermediate in the manufacture of polysilicon
A partial list of major producers of wafers (made of high purity silicon, mono- or polycrystalline) includes: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_silicon_producers |
A list of more than 100 different single cell sequencing (omics) methods have been published. [ 1 ] The large majority of methods are paired with short-read sequencing technologies, although some of them are compatible with long read sequencing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_single_cell_omics_methods |
These are some of the notable Single Sign-On (SSO) implementations available: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_single_sign-on_implementations |
The following list encompasses notable smart TV platforms and application software that are used as software framework and middleware platforms used by more than just one manufacturer.
For TV sets and companion boxes vendors, available under OEM license.
(original, not to be confused with 2020-released interface gradually replacing Android TV)
Includes first and third-party solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_smart_TV_platforms |
Soft contact lenses are one of several types of contact lenses for corrective vision eyewear as prescribed by optometrists and ophthalmologists . [ 1 ]
In the US market, soft contact lenses are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration . [ 2 ] The American Optometric Association published a contact lens comparison chart called Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Types of Contact Lenses on the differences between them. [ 3 ] These include:
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines soft contact lenses as:
made of soft, flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the cornea. Soft contact lenses may be easier to adjust to and are more comfortable than rigid gas permeable lenses. Newer soft lens materials include silicone-hydrogels to provide more oxygen to your eye while you wear your lenses. [ 4 ]
The first contact lenses were made of glass, in 1888. Initially the glass was blown but soon lenses were made by being ground to shape. For the first fifty years, glass was the only material used. The lenses were thin, yet reports of injury were rare. In 1938 perspex ( polymethylmethacrylate , or PMMA) began to replace glass in contact lens manufacture. PMMA lenses were easier to produce so the production of glass lenses soon ended. Lenses made of PMMA are called hard lenses. [ 5 ] Soft contact lenses were first produced in 1961 by Czech chemical engineer Otto Wichterle using polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA), a material that achieved long-term commercial application. Lenses made of polyacrylamide were introduced in 1971. [ 5 ]
The FDA classifies soft contact lenses into four groups for the US market. They are also subcategorized into 1st generation, 2nd generation, and 3rd generation lens materials. [ 6 ] These 'water-loving' soft contact lens materials are categorized as "Conventional Hydrophilic Material Groups ("-filcon"):
Note: Being ionic in pH = 6.0 – 8.0. [ 7 ]
The FDA has been considering updating soft contact lens group types and related guidance literature. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
The materials that are classified in the 5 FDA groups include the ones listed in the next 5 sections: [ 11 ] [ 12 ]
(Dk x10 -11 )
Below is a list of most contact lens materials on the market, their water percentage, their oxygen permeability rating, and manufacturer brands. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Note that the higher the oxygen transmissibility rating, the more oxygen gets to the eye.
There are three generations of silicone hydrogel contact lens materials: [ 31 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soft_contact_lens_materials |
Anti-patterns are commonly used ways of doing software engineering that are not useful or cause more issues than they solve. See design patterns for the opposite. There are many diverse types of software anti-patterns . Some relate to software design , object-oriented programming , computer programming , methodological, configuration management , DevOps , and other aspects of software engineering . Several books have popularized the idea and teaching of anti-patterns. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Anti-patterns can be found in anything that has organization, from project management to cultures, [ 3 ] but this list focuses solely on software and computer science anti-patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_anti-patterns |
This is list of software projects or products that are third-party source ports , modified forks , or derivative work directly based on Kodi Entertainment Center (formerly XBMC Media Center ), an open source media player application and entertainment platform developed by the non-profit technology consortium XBMC Foundation .
Kodi-XBMC is royalty-free and cross-platform . The core code is written in C++ and is open-source licensed under GNU GPL v2 . It offers the possibility for easy rebranding by an original design manufacturer (ODM) or original equipment manufacturer (OEM), with customizing of interface look and feel using skins , and simple plug-ins from third-party developers , available via Python scripts for content extensions. Thus, many systems integrators have created modified versions of Kodi, along with a just enough operating system (JeOS) that are mostly used as a software appliance suite in a variety of devices including smart TVs , set-top boxes , digital signage , hotel television systems , in-flight entertainment platforms , frontend for pay-TV operators using IPTV or Pay-per-view , and network connected digital media players .
Popular derivative applications and devices such as MediaPortal , Plex , LibreELEC , OpenELEC , ToFu , Boxee , Horizon TV , and PrismCube have all initially been spun off from the Kodi Entertainment Center code base as their main software framework to create new digital ecosystems . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
9x9 Player, by Santa Clara, CA based 9x9Network, is an open source software media player client for 9x9Network's 9x9CloudTV peer-to-peer TV delivery network over internet. The frontend of this media player client uses XBMC's source code as its application framework platform, [ 5 ] and 9x9Network as a company also used to be an official sponsor of the XBMC development project. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
Boxee , made by startup company Boxee Inc. , is a freeware and partly open source software cross-platform media center and entertainment hub with social networking features that is a commercial fork of XBMC software. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Boxee supported Windows, Linux, and OS X, with the first Alpha made available on 16 June 2008. Boxee as a company was a former sponsor of the XBMC development project. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The last version was 1.5. There will be no more versions of the desktop versions, with new emphasis on the Boxee Box . [ 17 ] Boxee later stopped all development of their XBMC fork with their new hardware box, Boxee TV, which uses closed source software. Boxee as a company also used to be an official sponsor of the official XBMC development project. Boxee will be joining Samsung on 10 July 2013.
Crystalbuntu is an XBMC and Linux OS distribution (Ubuntu-based) designed specifically made for and solely optimized for the first-generation Apple TV (a.k.a. the 'silver' Apple TV 1 and ATV1 ), these software firmware images and XBMC fork is maintained by its main developer, created by Sam Nazarko (who is also the developer of Raspbmc and LinXBMC ). [ 18 ] [ 19 ]
DVDFab Media Player by Fengtao Software Inc. is a media player software for Windows, based on the XBMC source code. [ 20 ] DVDFab Media Player can play encrypted and DRM-protected Blu-ray Discs for 60-days for free before it has to be licensed to enable that feature again. It can however playback unencrypted and Blu-ray ISO-images, folders, and other DRM-free media files without a license. [ 21 ] [ 22 ]
E2BMC is a XBMC-based software platform for DVR/PVR set-top boxes on-top embedded Linux hardware systems, designed as a hybrid integration between XBMC media center software and Dreambox 's Enigma2 PVR software scripts, with OpenPLi ( OpenEmbedded based Linux operating system for embedded systems ) open source set-top box firmware images. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] "MK-Digital Cube" and "D-Cube R2" were the two first E2BMC based set-to boxes announced, and both was released in Q1 in 2014. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ]
Mutant HD2400 or Opticum AX Quadbox HD 2400 are two new announced E2BMC box expected to be released in October 2014, and unlike prior ARM SoCs based E2BMC box, these new boxes are based on Broadcom BCM7424 MIPS chips. [ 30 ] [ 31 ]
OpenATV Team, a team of independent developers of long popular community driven firmware images for Enigma2 based set top-boxes like those from Dreambox and Vu+, have also promised that they will develop and release third-party OpenATV (also OpenEmbedded based) firmware images with XBMC for E2BMC compatible set-top boxes with both ARM and MIPS architecture.
Embedded Entertainment ROM (EmbER), formerly MX Linux , renamed after merger with the TinyHTPC project, is a free and open-source embedded Linux operating system, designed solely to run Kodi/XBMC Media Center with a minimum JeOS appliance OS on Android set-top box boxes based on Amlogic's ARM chipsets. Similar OpenELEC , EmbER ROM images provides a complete media center software suite that comes with a pre-configured version of Kodi/XBMC and third-party addons for hardware management and over-the-air updates. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ]
EzeeCube, by Ezee Systems Limited, is a set-top box media player that has a unique modular design made of stackable units. The hardware is based on Freescale i.MX6 SoC series, the operating-system is a Yocto-based embedded Linux which runs a custom forked version of XBMC/Kodi. It ran a successful crowd-source campaign in the later half of 2014, and finally began shipping the final product in June 2015. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ]
GeeXboX is a free and open-source Live USB / Live CD based Linux distribution providing a home theater PC (HTPC) software suite for x86 personal and embedded ARM devices. Based on the OpenBricks framework, the GeeXboX distro comes since version 2.0 with a pre-configured version of XBMC media center as its main media player and GUI font-end. [ 42 ]
Horizon TV by Liberty Global (first-generation Horizon TV only), is a cross-platform media platform and DVB-C 6 tuner high-definition DVR/PVR set-top-box, (with hardware made by Samsung as model SMT-G7400), which runs native XBMC as its main media center GUI interface atop Linux for embedded systems , along with a hidden proprietary middleware framework for video on demand and handling DRM for streaming multimedia. [ 43 ] It was first announced in September 2012, and it is also available from Dutch cable operation UPC Netherlands under the brand name "UPC Horizon TV". [ 44 ]
Liberty Global, branded as "UPC" in Europe and worldwide better known as simply "Liberty", is since 2013, the world's largest international cable company, with operations in 14 countries, with Horizon TV being its flagship platform with more than 10 million first-generation Horizon TV devices sold.
LeMedia by LeMaker is a Linux-based OS distribution designed that comes with a forked version of Kodi. It is mainly optimized for its Banana Pi , Banana Pro, and LeMaker Guitar single-board-computers (which are built on ARM-based SoCs from Allwinner and Actions Semi). LeMedia OS software firmware image is a fork of Debian Linux . [ 45 ] [ 46 ]
Libre Embedded Linux Entertainment Center (LibreELEC) is a non-profit fork of OpenELEC as an open source just enough OS (JeOS) Linux software appliance distro for Kodi. This fork of OpenELEC announced in March 2016 as a split from the OpenELEC team after "creative differences", taking most of its active developers at the time to join the new LibreELEC project. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ]
MediaPortal is free and open-source software media center written for Microsoft Windows that is initially based on forked XBMC source code by Erwin Beckers (a.k.a. Frodo, who was also one of the original founders of XBMC) in February 2004. The reason for this fork to Microsoft Windows was to get away from hardware and software platform limitations of the Xbox game-console platform that XBMC development started on, mainly because of the Xbox inability to support TV-tuner adapters natively as Erwin wanted PVR functionality. Now after several years and innumerable feature changes there has been almost a complete re-design of the source code, however the skinning engine of MediaPortal 1.X.X still remains very similar to that of the original XBMC software making it relatively easy for people to port skins/themes back and forth between the two projects, something that is done quite frequently. [ 51 ]
MeeGo TV was the MeeGo TV stack SDK (Software Development Kit) for Smart TV developing platform, as a specialized branch of the MeeGo (Linux-based) open source mobile operating system. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] This Meego TV stack provided a GPLv2 compatible "OBS Light" (openSUSE's Open Build Service for clients [ 57 ] ) based SDK that used a derivative fork of XBMC media center software for embedded systems appliance devices. [ 58 ] MeeGo and its Smart TV development platform was founded by the Linux Foundation , Intel , and AMD . [ 59 ] [ 60 ]
MrMC is an open source for-profit media player / media center software that is a stripped fork of Kodi, made by former XBMC developers Davilla and Amet and now joined to the project "koying" (the spmc fork developer). So far it has been released for iOS and tvOS as their first platforms, and Android (including Amazon App Store for Fire TV / Fire OS ) as its second platform, with plans to also support other platforms such as Linux, OS X, and Tizen , which releases will come later. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ]
ONEvision, by at-visions Informationstechnologie GmbH, (an international system integration and IT outsourcing firm for hotels), is a commercial fork of XBMC for use as hotel television system software in hotel environments and in the hospitality industry for in-room entertainment. It offers a platform for in-room service bookings and an IPTV interface, with custom theme branding. ONEvision is currently [ when? ] used throughout Europe and Asia at hotels such as Hyatt EMEA, Ramada Vienna, RIMC International, DWA Bratanki, Rogner International, EH&A, Heritage Hotel Hallstatt, St. Martins Therme, and Heiltherme Bad Waltersdorf. As of October 2010 [update] , at-visions as a company is also an official sponsor of the XBMC development project. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ]
Open Black Hole is an open source project for making unofficial third-party OpenPLi based images for newer Vu+ set-top boxes. Designed as a hybrid integration between Kodi/XBMC media center software and Dreambox 's Enigma2 PVR software scripts, running on an OpenPLi forked from PLi git (which in turn is based on OpenEmbedded Linux operating system for embedded systems ), it is as such also fully compatible with PLi plugins and coding infrastructure. The project was first announced on 25 May 2015, and is maintained by the Black Hole Team , a team of independent developers of long popular community driven firmware images for Vu+ -based set top-boxes, however these Open Black Hole project images is completely separate from the original Black Hole image for Vu+. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ]
Open Embedded Linux Entertainment Center (OpenELEC) is a free and open-source embedded operating system providing a complete media center software suite that comes with a pre-configured version of XBMC and third-party addons with retro video game console emulators and digital video recorder (PVR/DVR) plugins. OpenELEC is a very small and fast booting Linux -based distribution, mainly designed to boot from flash memory card such as CompactFlash or a solid-state drive , similar to that of the XBMC Live distribution, but designed to a minimum set-top box hardware setup based on ARM system on a chip SoC's or Intel x86 processor and graphics. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] [ 78 ]
Over the years OpenELEC have had partnerships and sponsor deals with several media player manufacturers and home theater PC media center system integrates as OEM firmware developers, with OpenELEC maintaining the operating-systems on their hardware. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ]
OpenPCTV is a XBMC-based open source Linux distribution for personal computers and embedded system to be used as DVR/PVR set-top boxes and media player appliance boxes. Just like E2BMC , OpenPCTV is also designed as a hybrid integration between XBMC and Dreambox 's Enigma2 PVR software scripts, using Video Disk Recorder (VDR) as the TV tuner backend server and OpenBricks based Linux operating system images for embedded systems . [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] [ 87 ]
OSMC (abbreviation taken from " Open Source Media Center "), is the successor to Raspbmc , [ 88 ] [ 89 ] is a Linux distribution based on Debian and Kodi . It supports a variety of platforms including ARM and x86. It is led by developer Sam Nazarko (who was also the lead developer behind Crystalbuntu and LinXBMC ). [ 90 ] [ 91 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ]
On 21 May 2008, XBMC developer Elan Feingold forked the source code of XBMC and started a new project called Plex, (formerly, this Mac OS X port of XBMC was informally named the OSXBMC project). Feingold said that he would still try to collaborate with most Team-XBMC members behind the scenes and at least try to keep Plex skinning engine compatible with XBMC skins. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] While Plex began as a free software hobby project , since 2010 it is commercial software ( freeware ) that is today owned and developed by one for-profit startup company , Plex, Inc. , and today parts of what Plex offers is closed source proprietary software . The Linux, Macintosh, and Windows servers and clients are free, and offer their Android and iOS clients for a small one-time charge. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] [ 99 ]
Feingold was the Team-XBMC member who first initiated the Mac OS X port of XBMC, but soon after he left the original XBMC project due to what was arguably a falling-out with rest of Team-XBMC's developer members over the team's priorities feeling that the XBMC project should aim for strict adherence to the GPL and always keep to an open-source software mindset. This disagreement is claimed to be one of the main factors that led Elan to leave the XBMC project and create the Plex fork. [ 3 ] [ 95 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] [ 102 ]
PrismCube by Marusys is a DVB-S2 Twin-Tuner high-definition DVR/PVR set top box with true Digital Satellite Equipment Control ( DiSEqC ) support running native XBMC as its main media center GUI interface atop Linux for embedded systems . [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Released in October 2013, this first hardware model is marketed as "PrismCube Ruby" in Europe, North Africa, and Middle East, and it is also sold under different brand names such as "Kasys Prismcube Ruby", "AB IPBox Prismcube Ruby", and "Openbox Prismcube Ruby". [ 105 ]
PrismCube Ruby firmware image is based on OpenEmbedded -Linux, and uses Marusys's own PVR backend software that integrated itself into XBMC's GUI, so currently [ when? ] the PVR front-end GUI functions and features on PrismCube are not part of native XBMC core code, though they use the same skin texture elements to achieve a somewhat similar look and feel interface, a ported fork which Marusys calls " XBMC4STB " ( XBMC for Set-Top-Boxes ), which is the same name that Vu+ have given to their XBMC port too. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Third-party firmware images for PrismCube Ruby is also being developed by the Black Hole Team, a team of independent developers of long popular community driven firmware images for Vu+ -based set top-boxes. [ 70 ] [ 71 ]
Qt Media Hub, also termed QtMediaHub or Qt MediaHub, by Nokia , is a proof of concept port of XBMC to QML and Qt framework on ARM platforms for the MeeGo , Maemo , and Mer projects, to demonstrate the power and flexibility of using Qt/QML, and also to show the best practices when using Qt/QML. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ 115 ] [ 116 ]
RasPlex [ 117 ] is a Plex client for Linux distributions designed and optimized for the Raspberry Pi and other ARM based systems, like Plex it is a forked version of XBMC. [ 118 ] RasPlex has the look and feel of Plex Home Theater . [ 117 ] It is mainly designed to be a third-party client for Plex Media Server , but it can be used as a stand-alone media player as well. [ 119 ] RasPlex is a fork of OpenELEC . [ 120 ]
Rippl-TV by Rippl-TV Electronics is a development framework and software platform centered around XBMC for Android, (similar to TOFU Media Platform by Pivos ). [ 121 ] [ better source needed ] It is designed for both first-party (i.e., media player devices from Rippl-TV Electronics) and also licensed to third-parties (OEM/ODM) and other commercial partners for branding. Marketed as an " entertainment ecosystem " derived from XBMC Media Center, that builds atop an underlying custom Android operating system. Rippl-TV platform consists of "XBMC Rippl-TV Edition" which is a fork of XBMC, and the current version of "UtilOS" is a fork of Android 4.4 (KitKat) firmware. [ 122 ] [ 123 ]
Seebo MAXX, or MAXX by Seebo, is a DVB-S2 Twin-Tuner high-definition DVR/PVR and IPTV set-top-box running a forked version of XBMC as its main media center GUI interface atop native Linux for embedded systems . Released in October 2014, and initially targeting the Australian market, the hardware specification of the first model includes an Intel Atom dual-core processor, NVIDIA GeForce GT218 graphics, and 500 GB harddrive for storage. [ 124 ] [ 125 ]
SPMC by SemperPax is a fork of XBMC media center software for Android that is mainly maintained by Christian Browet (a.k.a. Koying), who is also a developer on Team-XBMC of the official XBMC for Android. SPMC is basically a plain fork of XBMC 13.x (Gotham), with some minor tweaks specific to various Android devices. [ 126 ] The main difference between SPMC and the official upstream XBMC is that SPMC is available to download directly from most Android app stores, such as Google Play, [ 127 ] Amazon Appstore, [ 128 ] and Ouya App Store. Thus SPMC does not have to be side-loaded like the official upstream XBMC, yet the signature is different from the XBMC one, so both can co-exist on the same device, with separate userdata.
TOFU Media Platform by Pivos Technology Group, Inc., is a development framework and software platform based on XBMC for Android , designed for both first-parties (i.e., media player devices from Pivos) and licensed to third parties (OEM) and other commercial partners. Marked as an " entertainment ecosystem " derived from XBMC Media Center, that builds atop underlying embedded operating systems such as Android or Linux variants. [ 129 ] [ 130 ]
TOFU Media Platform consists of TOFU Media Center which is a fork of XBMC, and the current version of TOFU Media OS is a fork of Android 4.2 (Jellybean). [ 131 ] The first commercial third-party device to have official ToFu Media Center (Android version) application support was the GameStick video game console developed by PlayJam . [ 132 ] [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Pivos's own first device that comes with the complete TOFU Media Platform (TOFU Media OS and TOFU Media Center) preloaded is their Pivos XIOS XS media player. [ 135 ]
VidOn.me, or VidOnMe, is a company that maintains a commercial fork and derivative of XBMC media center software, named VidOn Media Center (formerly VidOn XBMC [ 136 ] ), [ 137 ] and other than offering non-XBMC based media player software for iOS and Android, they also sell set-top boxes and Mini PCs with Android 4.x that comes with XBMC pre-installed re-branded under the VidOn.me name. They also offer iOS and Android remote control apps for their VidOn.me media player software, both which the company claim to be fully cross-compatible with remote control apps designed for XBMC and vice versa. VidOn.me is also one of the official sponsors of the XBMC Foundation with annual donation. [ 138 ]
Voddler was a commercial video-on-demand service and client software streaming movies and television programming, similar to Spotify and Grooveshark , but for video. The company is now defunct since 2018. From its first release at 1 July 2009 up until 24 February 2010, Voddler's media player software was initially based on a fork of the XBMC open source code. [ 139 ] [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Voddler violated the license for XBMC's source code by neglecting to release all of their modifications that they used in their application as required per the GPL , and they have been publicly criticized for this. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ]
Since 8 March 2010 Voddler's media player software is now based on the Adobe Air closed-source application platform.
Vu+, or VuPlus, is made by a Korean multimedia vendor, which is a manufacturer of Linux -based Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Satellite ( DVB-S ), and Terrestrial ( DVB-T ), digital television receivers ( set-top box ) with true Digital Satellite Equipment Control ( DiSEqC ) support that all currently [ when? ] are MIPS -based and uses Enigma2 toolkit software atop a Linux-based operating system as firmware . [ 149 ]
In September 2011, Vu+ Day in Amsterdam it was first publicly announced that the next-generation Vu+ DVB satellite receivers to be released publicly in the end of 2012 will be ARM -powered and use XBMC Media Center software for its main GUI , an OpenEmbedded -based development-project that they call XBMC for Set-Top-Boxes (XBMC4STB), with beta releases of both the software and new hardware said to be made available to XBMC developers before they are released to the public. [ 150 ]
It took however two more years before a native source port of XBMC was available to use on the newer Vu+ (VuPlus) based set-top box models which are Vu+ Solo SE, Vu+ Solo 2, and Vu+ Duo 2, (and no XBMC will not be made available for older Vu+ set-top boxes due to hardware limitations with missing OpenGL graphics acceleration). [ 151 ] Today third-party firmware images with Kodi/XBMC for these newer set-top boxes is also being developed by the Black Hole Team, the OpenATV team, the VTi team, and the OpenViX (ViX) team, four teams of independent developer of long popular community driven firmware images for Vu+ -based set top-boxes. [ 151 ]
XBMC4Xbox is a third-party developer spin-off project of XBMC, with still active development and support of the Xbox platform. This project was created as a fork of XBMC as a separate project to continue having a version of XBMC for the Xbox hardware platform. It was not started by official members of the official XBMC project, nor will it be supported by the Official Team XBMC in any way. It started when support for the Xbox branch was officially dropped by Team XBMC, which was announced on 27 May 2010.
yaVDR (which name originated from the abbreviation " yet another VDR ") is an Ubuntu -based Linux (i386) distribution designed for Home Theater PC (HTPC) with TV tuner card for DVR (Digital Video Recorder) capabilities. yaVDR comes preinstalled and preconfigured " ready-to-use " version of XBMC Media Center from the " PVR " Subversion development branch as its primary front-end media player interface, with VDR (Video Disk Recorder) integrated as its PVR back-end server. It also features xine as an alternative front-end media player interface to XBMC. [ 152 ] [ 153 ]
Zidoo Media Center (ZDMC) by Zidoo is a fork of Kodi (formerly a fork of XBMC) media center software made for Zidoo's own series of Android-based media player hardware boxes, which in turn have so far all been based on Rockchip SoC chipsets. ZDMC fork of Kodi have some additional features for adding Blu-ray 3D decoding and BD-J (Blu-ray menus) as well as some specific platform tweaks for Rockchip SoC chipsets. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] [ 156 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_based_on_Kodi_and_XBMC |
This list of software by Apple covers software written by Apple Inc. , organised by category . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_by_Apple_Inc. |
Listed here are software packages useful for conducting scientific research in astronomy , and for seeing, exploring, and learning about the data used in astronomy.
Am
(e.g. VO) Data
or Manip. FITS Images
or Manip.
Spectra
(Volumes)
or Sold by
https://vislab.idia.ac.za/tools
Raspberry PI OS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_for_astronomy_research_and_education |
This is a list of notable computer programs that are used to model nanostructures at the levels of classical mechanics [ 1 ] and quantum mechanics . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_for_nanostructures_modeling |
This list of software for protein model error verification is a compilation of bioinformatics software frequently employed to check experimental and theoretical models of protein structures for errors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_for_protein_model_error_verification |
The TRS-80 series of computers were sold via Radio Shack & Tandy dealers in North America and Europe in the early 1980s. Much software was developed for these computers, particularly the relatively successful Color Computer I, II & III models, which were designed for both home office and entertainment (gaming) uses.
A list of software for the TRS-80 computer series appears below. This list includes software that was sold labelled as a Radio Shack or Tandy product.#
Note: This List is by no means complete, especially with regards to the earlier non-color computer models.
TRS-80 Color Computer
Many of these titles also ran on the Model I, as the Model III was designed to be backward-compatible with the Model I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_for_the_TRS-80 |
This is a list of notable software package management systems, categorized first by package format (binary, source code, hybrid) and then by operating system family. [ 1 ]
The following package management systems distribute apps in binary package form; i.e., all apps are compiled and ready to be installed and use.
Superseded:
The following package management systems distribute the source code of their apps. Either the user must know how to compile the packages, or they come with a script that automates the compilation process. For example, in GoboLinux a recipe file contains information on how to download, unpack, compile and install a package using its Compile tool. In both cases, the user must provide the computing power and time needed to compile the app, and is legally responsible for the consequences of compiling the package.
The following unify package management for several or all Linux and sometimes Unix variants. These, too, are based on the concept of a recipe file.
Package management systems geared toward developing and distributing video games.
A wide variety of package management systems are in common use today by proprietary software operating systems, handling the installation of both proprietary and free packages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems |
This is a list of software patents , which contains notable patents and patent applications involving computer programs (also known as a software patent ). Software patents cover a wide range of topics and there is therefore important debate about whether such subject-matter should be excluded from patent protection. [ 1 ] However, there is no official way of identifying software patents and different researchers have devised their own ways of doing so. [ 2 ]
This article lists patents relating to software which have been the subject of litigation or have achieved notoriety in other ways. Notable patent applications are also listed and comparisons made between corresponding patents and patent applications in different countries. The patents and patent applications are categorised according to the subject matter of the patent or the particular field in which the patent had an effect that brought it into the public view. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_patents |
The following is a list of notable augmented reality software including programs for application development, content management, gaming and integrated AR solutions. For a list specifically for AR video games, see List of augmented reality video games . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_related_to_augmented_reality |
This is an overview of software support for the Office Open XML format, a document file format for saving and exchanging editable office documents.
The list here is not exhaustive.
The ECMA-376 1st edition Office Open XML standard is supported by a number of applications from various vendors; listed alphabetically they include:
LibreOffice , Collabora Office and Collabora Online have built-in support for Office Open XML files in ISO/IEC 29500 standard. The Collabora suites are enterprise-ready editions of LibreOffice [ 72 ]
Microsoft Office 2013, 2016, 2019, 2021 and Microsoft 365 continue to read and write files that are conformant to ISO/IEC 29500 Transitional by default. Microsoft Office 2013 and later fully support ISO/IEC 29500 Strict, [ 73 ] but do not use it as the default file format because of backwards compatibility concerns. [ 74 ]
In 2008, Microsoft stated that Microsoft Office 2010 would be the first version of Microsoft Office to support ISO/IEC 29500. [ 75 ] The official release of this version of the product reads and writes files conformant to ISO/IEC 29500 Transitional, and reads files conformant to ISO/IEC 29500 Strict. [ 76 ]
On July 28, 2008, Murray Sargent, a software development engineer in the Microsoft Office team confirmed that Word 2007 will have a service pack release that enables it to read and write ISO standard OOXML files. [ 77 ] However, as of Service Pack 2 (released 2009) Microsoft is not claiming Microsoft Office 2007 compatibility with the ISO OOXML standard. [ 75 ]
Microsoft Open XML Format SDK [ 78 ] contains a set of managed code libraries to create and manipulate Office Open XML files programmatically. Version 1.0 was released on June 10, 2008 [ 79 ] and incorporates the changes made to the Office Open XML specification made during the current ISO/IEC standardization process. [ 80 ] Version 2 of the Open XML SDK supports validating Office Open XML documents against the Office Open XML schema, as well as searching in Office Open XML documents. [ 80 ] On March 13, 2008, Doug Mahugh, a senior product manager at Microsoft specializing in Office client interoperability and the Open XML file formats, confirmed that version 1.0 of the Open XML Format SDK "will definitely be 100% compliant with the final ISO/IEC 29500 spec, including the changes accepted at the BRM". [ 80 ] In a ComputerWorld interview from 2008, Doug Mahugh said that "Microsoft would continue to update the SDK to make sure that applications built with it remained compliant with an Open XML standard as changes were made in the future". [ 81 ] By June 2014, the Open XML SDK was at version 2.5 [ 82 ] and had been released as open source under the Apache License 2.0 on GitHub . [ 83 ] [ 84 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_Office_Open_XML |
A number of applications support the OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications ; listed alphabetically they include:
There are OpenDocument-oriented libraries available for languages such as Java , Python , Ruby , C++ and C# . OpenDoc Society maintains an extensive list of ODF software libraries for OpenDocument Format .
OpenDocument packages are ordinary zip files . There is an OpenDocument format which is just a single XML file, but most applications use the package format . Thus, any of the vast number of tools for handling zip files and XML data can be used to handle OpenDocument. Nearly all programming languages have libraries (built-in or available) for processing XML files and zip files.
Microsoft has been offering native support for ODF since Office 2007 Service Pack 2. [ 67 ] Microsoft is hosting the 8th ODF Plugfest in Brussels in 2012.
In October 2005, one year before the Microsoft Office 2007 suite was released, Microsoft declared that there is not sufficient demand from Microsoft customers for international standard OpenDocument format support and therefore it will not be included in Microsoft Office 2007. This statement was repeated also in next months. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] As an answer, on 20 October 2005 an online petition was created to demand ODF support from Microsoft. [ 72 ] The petition was signed by circa 12000 people. [ 73 ]
In May 2006, ODF plugin for Microsoft Office was released by OpenDocument Foundation. [ 74 ] Microsoft declared that the company did not work with the developers of the plug-in. [ 75 ]
In July 2006 Microsoft announced the creation of the Open XML Translator project—tools to build a technical bridge between the Microsoft Office Open XML Formats and the OpenDocument Format (ODF). This work was started in response to government requests for interoperability with ODF. The goal of project is not to implement ODF direct to Microsoft Office, but only to create plugin and external tools. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] In February 2007, this project released first version of ODF plug-in for Microsoft Word. [ 78 ]
In February 2007 SUN released initial version of SUN ODF plugin for Microsoft Office. [ 79 ] Version 1.0 was released in July 2007. [ 80 ]
Microsoft Office 2007 Service Pack 2 was released on 28 April 2009. [ 81 ] It added native support of OpenDocument 1.1 as well as other formats like XPS and PDF . [ 82 ] [ 83 ]
In April 2012, Microsoft announced support for ODF 1.2 in Microsoft Office 2013. [ 84 ] Microsoft Office 2021 supports ODF 1.3 [ 85 ] (Windows and MacOS).
Microsoft has financed the creation of an Open XML translator, [ 86 ] to enable the conversion of documents between Office Open XML and OpenDocument. The project, hosted on SourceForge , is an effort by several of Microsoft's partners to create a plugin for Microsoft Office that will be freely available under a BSD license . By December 2007, plugins had been released for Microsoft Word , Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint . Independent analysis has, however, reported several concerns with these plugins, including lack of support for Office 2007. [ 87 ]
Sun Microsystems' ODF Plugin for Microsoft Office users [ 88 ] (download link no longer available as of 30 March 2013)— was a plugin that allowed users to read and edit ISO-standard Open Document Format (ODF) files in Microsoft Office. It works with Microsoft Office 2007 (with service pack 1 or higher), Microsoft Office 2003, Microsoft Office XP, and even Microsoft Office 2000. [ 89 ] [ 90 ]
ooo-word-filter [ 91 ] was a plugin that allowed users to open ODF files in Microsoft Office 2003.
OpenOpenOffice (O3), [ 92 ] is apparently inactive. OpenOpenOffice was developed by Phase-n, a free and open source software plug-in to enable Microsoft Office to read and write OpenDocument files (and any other formats supported by OpenOffice.org ). Instead of installing a complete office application or even a large plug-in, O3 intended to install a tiny plug-in to the Microsoft Office system. This tiny plug-in intended to automatically send the file to some server, which would then do the conversion, returning the converted file. The server could be local to an organization (so private information doesn't go over the Internet) or accessed via the Internet (for those who do not want to set up a server). A beta of the server half has been completed, and further expected announcements have not occurred. Phase-n argued that the main advantage of their approach is simplicity. Their website [ 93 ] announces that O3 "requires no new concepts to be explored, no significant development, and leverages the huge existing body of work already created by the OpenOffice developers, the CPAN module authors, and the Microsoft .NET and Office teams. They also argue that this approach significantly simplifies maintenance; when a new version of OpenOffice is released, only the server needs to be upgraded.
The OpenDocument Foundation announced plans to develop a plugin for Microsoft Office in May 2006 [ 94 ] but development was stopped in October 2007. [ 95 ]
Microsoft supports OpenDocument format in Office 2007 SP2. [ 96 ] The current implementation faces criticism for not supporting encrypted documents and formula format in the same way as other OpenDocument compatible software, as well as for stripping out formulas in imported spreadsheets created by other OpenDocument compatible software. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Critics say that with this conflict of standards Microsoft actually managed to reduce interoperability between office productivity software. [ 99 ] [ 98 ] [ 100 ] The company had previously reportedly stated that "where ODF 1.1 is ambiguous or incomplete, the Office implementation can be guided by current practice in OpenOffice.org, mainly, and other implementations including KOffice and AbiWord. Peter Amstein and the Microsoft Office team are reluctant to make liberal use of extension mechanisms, even though provided in ODF 1.1. They want to avoid all appearance of an embrace-extend attempt." [ 101 ] However, according to the ODF Alliance , "ODF spreadsheets created in Excel 2007 SP2 do not in fact conform to ODF 1.1 because Excel 2007 incorrectly encodes formulas with cell addresses. Section 8.3.1 of ODF 1.1 says that addresses in formulas "start with a "[" and end with a "]"." In Excel 2007, cell addresses were not enclosed with the necessary square brackets, which could be easily corrected." [ 102 ] This however has been contested as the ISO/IEC 26300 specification states that the semantics and the syntax is dependent on the used namespace which is implementation dependent leaving the syntax implementation defined as well. [ 103 ]
Before SP2, Microsoft had sponsored the creation of the Open XML translator [ 86 ] project to allow the conversion of documents between OOXML and OpenDocument. As a result of this project, Microsoft financed the ODF add-in for Word project on SourceForge . This project is an effort by several of Microsoft's partners to create a plugin for Microsoft Office that will be freely available under a BSD license . The project released version 1.0 for Microsoft Word of this software in January 2007 followed by versions for Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint in December of the same year. Sun Microsystems has created the competing OpenDocument plugin for Microsoft Office 2007 (Service Pack 1 or higher), 2000, XP, and 2003 that supports Word, Excel, and PowerPoint documents. [ 90 ] The ODF Alliance has claimed that third-party plug-ins "provide better support for ODF than the recently released
Microsoft Office 2007 SP2". [ 104 ]
One important issue raised in the discussion of OpenDocument is whether the format is accessible to those with disabilities . There are two issues: does the specification support accessibility, and are implementations accessible?
While the specification of OpenDocument is going through an extensive accessibility review, many of the components it is built on (such as SMIL for audio and multimedia and SVG for vector graphics) have already gone through the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)'s Web Accessibility Initiative processes.
There are already applications that currently read/write OpenDocument that export Tagged PDF files (to support PDF accessibility); this suggests that much or all of the necessary data for accessibility is already included in the OpenDocument format.
The OASIS OpenDocument technical committee released a draft of OpenDocument 1.1 on 27 July 2006, for public comment through 25 September 2006. [ 105 ] This is a minor update to the specification to add accessibility information, mainly soft page break markings, table header markings, presentation navigation markings, alternative text and captions, and specifically stating that spreadsheets may be embedded in presentations.
Peter Korn (an accessibility expert) reviewed version 1.1 "to satisfy myself that all of our accessibility concerns have been addressed", and declared "I am so satisfied." [ 106 ] [ 107 ]
Peter Korn gave an in-depth report [ 108 ] on OpenDocument accessibility. He noted that there are many kinds of impairments, including visual (minor, major, or blind), physical (minor, major with vocal control, major without vocal control), auditory, and cognitive . He then noted that the situation varies, depending on the specific disability. For a vast number of disabilities, there are no known problems, though.
Since OpenDocument is an Open Standard file format, there is no need for everyone to use the same program to read and write OpenDocument files; someone with a disability is free to use whatever program works best for them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_supports_OpenDocument |
The following is a list of software that uses Subversion , a revision control system used in software development .
The following integrated development environments (IDEs) support, or can be integrated with, Subversion: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_that_uses_Subversion |
Computational methods can study protein sequences to identify regions with low complexity , which can have particular properties regarding their function and structure.
For a comprehensive review on the various methods and tools, see. [ 18 ]
In addition, a web meta-server named PLAtform of TOols for LOw COmplexity (PlaToLoCo) has been developed, for visualization and annotation of low complexity regions in proteins. [ 19 ] PlaToLoCo integrates and collects the output of five different state-of-the-art tools for discovering LCRs and provides functional annotations such as domain detection, transmembrane segment prediction, and calculation of amino acid frequencies. Furthermore, the union or intersection of the results of the search on a query sequence can be obtained.
A Neural Network webserver, named LCR-hound has been developed to predict the function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic LCRs, based on their amino acid or di-amino acid ( bigram ) content. [ 20 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_to_detect_low_complexity_regions_in_proteins |
This is an incomplete list of software that are licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License , in alphabetical order. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_under_the_GNU_AGPL |
This is the list of countries by number of Internet hosts , based on 2012 figures from the CIA World Factbook . [ 2 ] Several dependent territories, not fully recognized states, and non-state territories are also listed. The European Union host ( .eu ) is mostly composed of French, Polish and German hosts.
(*) The U.S. figure includes hosts in the .us, .mil, .gov, .edu, .com, .org, and .net domains. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_number_of_Internet_hosts |
This article contains a sortable list of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions and penetration rates, using data compiled by the International Telecommunication Union .
The list includes figures for both fixed wired broadband subscriptions and mobile cellular subscriptions: [ 6 ]
Penetration rate is the percentage (%) of a country's population that are subscribers. A dash (—) is shown when data for 2012 is not available. Non-country and disputed areas are shown in italics . Taiwan is listed as a sovereign country.
Note: Because a single Internet subscription may be shared by many people and a single person my have more than one subscription, the penetration rate will not reflect the actual level of access to broadband Internet of the population and penetration rates larger than 100% are possible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions |
This is a list of books related to space art . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_art_related_books |
Space debris usually burns up in the atmosphere , but larger debris objects can reach the ground intact. According to NASA , an average of one cataloged piece of debris has fallen back to Earth each day for the past 50 years. Despite their size, there has been no significant property damage from the debris. [ 1 ] Burning up in the atmosphere may also contribute to atmospheric pollution . [ 2 ] Numerous small cylindrical tanks from space objects have been found, designed to hold fuel or gasses. [ 3 ]
Notable examples of space debris falling to Earth and impacting human life include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_debris_fall_incidents |
Major contributors to space debris include the explosion of upper stages and satellite collisions. [ 1 ]
There were 190 known satellite breakups between 1961 and 2006. [ 2 ] By 2015, the total had grown to 250 on-orbit fragmentation events. [ 3 ]
As of 2012 [update] there were an estimated 500,000 pieces of debris in orbit, [ 4 ] with 300,000 pieces below 2000 km ( LEO ). [ 1 ] Of the total, about 20,000 are tracked. [ 1 ] Also, about sixteen old Soviet nuclear space reactors are known to have released an estimated 100,000 NaK liquid metal coolant droplets 800–900 km up, [ 5 ] which range in size from 1 – 6 cm. [ 5 ]
The greatest risk to space missions is from untracked debris between 1 and 10 cm in size. [ 1 ] Large pieces can be tracked and avoided, and impact from smaller pieces are usually survivable. [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_debris_producing_events |
There are 230 space groups in three dimensions, given by a number index, and a full name in Hermann–Mauguin notation , and a short name (international short symbol). The long names are given with spaces for readability. The groups each have a point group of the unit cell.
In Hermann–Mauguin notation , space groups are named by a symbol combining the point group identifier with the uppercase letters describing the lattice type . Translations within the lattice in the form of screw axes and glide planes are also noted, giving a complete crystallographic space group.
These are the Bravais lattices in three dimensions :
A reflection plane m within the point groups can be replaced by a glide plane , labeled as a , b , or c depending on which axis the glide is along. There is also the n glide, which is a glide along the half of a diagonal of a face, and the d glide, which is along a quarter of either a face or space diagonal of the unit cell. The d glide is often called the diamond glide plane as it features in the diamond structure.
A gyration point can be replaced by a screw axis denoted by a number, n , where the angle of rotation is 360 ∘ n {\displaystyle \color {Black}{\tfrac {360^{\circ }}{n}}} . The degree of translation is then added as a subscript showing how far along the axis the translation is, as a portion of the parallel lattice vector. For example, 2 1 is a 180° (twofold) rotation followed by a translation of 1 / 2 of the lattice vector. 3 1 is a 120° (threefold) rotation followed by a translation of 1 / 3 of the lattice vector. The possible screw axes are: 2 1 , 3 1 , 3 2 , 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 , 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 3 , 6 4 , and 6 5 .
Wherever there is both a rotation or screw axis n and a mirror or glide plane m along the same crystallographic direction, they are represented as a fraction n m {\textstyle {\frac {n}{m}}} or n/m . For example, 4 1 /a means that the crystallographic axis in question contains both a 4 1 screw axis as well as a glide plane along a .
In Schoenflies notation , the symbol of a space group is represented by the symbol of corresponding point group with additional superscript. The superscript doesn't give any additional information about symmetry elements of the space group, but is instead related to the order in which Schoenflies derived the space groups. This is sometimes supplemented with a symbol of the form Γ x y {\displaystyle \Gamma _{x}^{y}} which specifies the Bravais lattice. Here x ∈ { t , m , o , q , r h , h , c } {\displaystyle x\in \{t,m,o,q,rh,h,c\}} is the lattice system, and y ∈ { ∅ , b , v , f } {\displaystyle y\in \{\emptyset ,b,v,f\}} is the centering type. [ 2 ]
In Fedorov symbol , the type of space group is denoted as s ( symmorphic ), h ( hemisymmorphic ), or a ( asymmorphic ). The number is related to the order in which Fedorov derived space groups. There are 73 symmorphic, 54 hemisymmorphic, and 103 asymmorphic space groups.
The 73 symmorphic space groups can be obtained as combination of Bravais lattices with corresponding point group. These groups contain the same symmetry elements as the corresponding point groups. Example for point group 4/mmm ( 4 m 2 m 2 m {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}} ): the symmorphic space groups are P4/mmm ( P 4 m 2 m 2 m {\displaystyle P{\tfrac {4}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}} , 36s ) and I4/mmm ( I 4 m 2 m 2 m {\displaystyle I{\tfrac {4}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}} , 37s ).
The 54 hemisymmorphic space groups contain only axial combination of symmetry elements from the corresponding point groups. Example for point group 4/mmm ( 4 m 2 m 2 m {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}} ): hemisymmorphic space groups contain the axial combination 422, but at least one mirror plane m will be substituted with glide plane, for example P4/mcc ( P 4 m 2 c 2 c {\displaystyle P{\tfrac {4}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{c}}{\tfrac {2}{c}}} , 35h ), P4/nbm ( P 4 n 2 b 2 m {\displaystyle P{\tfrac {4}{n}}{\tfrac {2}{b}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}} , 36h ), P4/nnc ( P 4 n 2 n 2 c {\displaystyle P{\tfrac {4}{n}}{\tfrac {2}{n}}{\tfrac {2}{c}}} , 37h ), and I4/mcm ( I 4 m 2 c 2 m {\displaystyle I{\tfrac {4}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{c}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}} , 38h ).
The remaining 103 space groups are asymmorphic. Example for point group 4/mmm ( 4 m 2 m 2 m {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}} ): P4/mbm ( P 4 m 2 1 b 2 m {\displaystyle P{\tfrac {4}{m}}{\tfrac {2_{1}}{b}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}} , 54a ), P4 2 /mmc ( P 4 2 m 2 m 2 c {\displaystyle P{\tfrac {4_{2}}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{m}}{\tfrac {2}{c}}} , 60a ), I4 1 /acd ( I 4 1 a 2 c 2 d {\displaystyle I{\tfrac {4_{1}}{a}}{\tfrac {2}{c}}{\tfrac {2}{d}}} , 58a ) - none of these groups contains the axial combination 422. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_groups |
Spatial analysis software is software written to enable and facilitate spatial analysis . Currently, there are several packages, both free software and proprietary software , which cover most of the spatial data infrastructure stack [ citation needed ] .
20/20iSite
MarketMentor
mobility and spatial econometrics
to explore geographical patterns in diversity under a panbiogeographic and
graph-theoretic approach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spatial_analysis_software |
A number of species have been named after the COVID-19 pandemic . The names of the new species may refer to the virus itself, to the pandemic, to the lockdowns , or to something more intricate, such as the name of a person dead from the disease.
(in alphabetical order of genera)
(in alphabetical order of genera)
(in alphabetical order of genera) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_species_named_after_the_COVID-19_pandemic |
Articles about notable spectroscopists . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spectroscopists |
Speech recognition software is available for many computing platforms , operating systems , use models, and software licenses . Here is a listing of such, grouped in various useful ways.
The following list presents notable speech recognition software engines with a brief synopsis of characteristics.
The following list presents notable speech recognition software that operate in a Chrome browser as web apps. They make use of HTML5 Web-Speech-API. [ 1 ]
Many mobile phone handsets, including feature phones and smartphones such as iPhones and BlackBerrys , have basic dial-by-voice features built in. Many third-party apps have implemented natural-language speech recognition support, including:
The Windows Speech Recognition version 8.0 by Microsoft comes built into Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 and Windows 10 .
Speech Recognition is available only in English, French, Spanish, German, Japanese, Simplified Chinese, and Traditional Chinese and only in the corresponding version of Windows; meaning you cannot use the speech recognition engine in one language if you use a version of Windows in another language. Windows 7 Ultimate and Windows 8 Pro allow you to change the system language, and therefore change which speech engine is available. Windows Speech Recognition evolved into Cortana (software) , a personal assistant included in Windows 10 .
The first version of the Microsoft Speech API was released for Windows NT 3.51 and Windows 95 in 1995, it was then part of Windows up to Windows Vista. This initial version already contained Direct Speech Recognition and Direct Text To Speech APIs which applications could use to directly control engines, as well as simplified 'higher-level' Voice Command and Voice Talk APIs. Speech recognition functionality included as part of Microsoft Office and on Tablet PCs running Microsoft Windows XP Tablet PC Edition. It can also be downloaded as part of the Speech SDK 5.1 for Windows applications, but since that is aimed at developers building speech applications, the pure SDK form lacks any user interface (numerous applications were available), and thus is unsuitable for end users.
The following are interactive voice response (IVR) systems: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speech_recognition_software |
Finite spherical symmetry groups are also called point groups in three dimensions . There are five fundamental symmetry classes which have triangular fundamental domains: dihedral , cyclic , tetrahedral , octahedral , and icosahedral symmetry.
This article lists the groups by Schoenflies notation , Coxeter notation , [ 1 ] orbifold notation , [ 2 ] and order. John Conway uses a variation of the Schoenflies notation, based on the groups' quaternion algebraic structure, labeled by one or two upper case letters, and whole number subscripts. The group order is defined as the subscript, unless the order is doubled for symbols with a plus or minus, "±", prefix, which implies a central inversion . [ 3 ]
Hermann–Mauguin notation (International notation) is also given. The crystallography groups, 32 in total, are a subset with element orders 2, 3, 4 and 6. [ 4 ]
There are four involutional groups: no symmetry (C 1 ), reflection symmetry (C s ), 2-fold rotational symmetry (C 2 ), and central point symmetry (C i ).
There are four infinite cyclic symmetry families, with n = 2 or higher. ( n may be 1 as a special case as no symmetry )
There are three infinite dihedral symmetry families, with n = 2 or higher ( n may be 1 as a special case).
There are three types of polyhedral symmetry : tetrahedral symmetry , octahedral symmetry , and icosahedral symmetry , named after the triangle-faced regular polyhedra with these symmetries.
All of the discrete point symmetries are subgroups of certain continuous symmetries. They can be classified as products of orthogonal groups O( n ) or special orthogonal groups SO( n ). O(1) is a single orthogonal reflection, dihedral symmetry order 2, Dih 1 . SO(1) is just the identity. Half turns, C 2 , are needed to complete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spherical_symmetry_groups |
The following is a list of spreadsheets .
[ clarification needed ]
In chronologial order, year launched, product, launched for which machine/OS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spreadsheet_software |
This is a list of spyware programs .
These common spyware programs illustrate the diversity of behaviours found in these attacks. Note that as with computer viruses, researchers give names to spyware programs which may not be used by their creators. Programs may be grouped into "families" based not on shared program code, but on common behaviors, or by "following the money" of apparent financial or business connections. For instance, a number of the spyware programs distributed by Claria are collectively known as "Gator". Likewise, programs that are frequently installed together may be described as parts of the same spyware package, even if they function separately. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spyware_programs |
This is a list of star-forming regions located in the Milky Way Galaxy and in the Local Group . Star formation occurs in molecular clouds which become unstable to gravitational collapse, and these complexes may contain clusters of young stars and regions of ionized gas called H II regions . Stars typically form in groups of many stars, rather than in isolation. [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_star-forming_regions_in_the_Local_Group |
The mathematical statements discussed below are provably independent of ZFC (the canonical axiomatic set theory of contemporary mathematics, consisting of the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms plus the axiom of choice ), assuming that ZFC is consistent . A statement is independent of ZFC (sometimes phrased "undecidable in ZFC") if it can neither be proven nor disproven from the axioms of ZFC.
In 1931, Kurt Gödel proved his incompleteness theorems , establishing that many mathematical theories, including ZFC, cannot prove their own consistency. Assuming ω-consistency of such a theory, the consistency statement can also not be disproven, meaning it is independent. A few years later, other arithmetic statements were defined that are independent of any such theory, see for example Rosser's trick .
The following set theoretic statements are independent of ZFC, among others:
We have the following chains of implications:
and (see section on order theory):
Several statements related to the existence of large cardinals cannot be proven in ZFC (assuming ZFC is consistent). These are independent of ZFC provided that they are consistent with ZFC, which most working set theorists believe to be the case. These statements are strong enough to imply the consistency of ZFC. This has the consequence (via Gödel's second incompleteness theorem ) that their consistency with ZFC cannot be proven in ZFC (assuming ZFC is consistent). The following statements belong to this class:
The following statements can be proven to be independent of ZFC assuming the consistency of a suitable large cardinal:
There are many cardinal invariants of the real line, connected with measure theory and statements related to the Baire category theorem , whose exact values are independent of ZFC. While nontrivial relations can be proved between them, most cardinal invariants can be any regular cardinal between ℵ 1 and 2 ℵ 0 . This is a major area of study in the set theory of the real line (see Cichon diagram ). MA has a tendency to set most interesting cardinal invariants equal to 2 ℵ 0 .
A subset X of the real line is a strong measure zero set if to every sequence ( ε n ) of positive reals there exists a sequence of intervals ( I n ) which covers X and such that I n has length at most ε n . Borel's conjecture, that every strong measure zero set is countable, is independent of ZFC.
A subset X of the real line is ℵ 1 {\displaystyle \aleph _{1}} -dense if every open interval contains ℵ 1 {\displaystyle \aleph _{1}} -many elements of X . Whether all ℵ 1 {\displaystyle \aleph _{1}} -dense sets are order-isomorphic is independent of ZFC. [ 2 ]
Suslin's problem asks whether a specific short list of properties characterizes the ordered set of real numbers R . This is undecidable in ZFC. [ 3 ] A Suslin line is an ordered set which satisfies this specific list of properties but is not order-isomorphic to R . The diamond principle ◊ proves the existence of a Suslin line, while MA + ¬CH implies EATS ( every Aronszajn tree is special ), [ 4 ] which in turn implies (but is not equivalent to) [ 5 ] the nonexistence of Suslin lines. Ronald Jensen proved that CH does not imply the existence of a Suslin line. [ 6 ]
Existence of Kurepa trees is independent of ZFC, assuming consistency of an inaccessible cardinal . [ 7 ]
Existence of a partition of the ordinal number ω 2 {\displaystyle \omega _{2}} into two colors with no monochromatic uncountable sequentially closed subset is independent of ZFC, ZFC + CH, and ZFC + ¬CH, assuming consistency of a Mahlo cardinal . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] This theorem of Shelah answers a question of H. Friedman .
In 1973, Saharon Shelah showed that the Whitehead problem ("is every abelian group A with Ext 1 (A, Z ) = 0 a free abelian group ?") is independent of ZFC. [ 11 ] An abelian group with Ext 1 (A, Z ) = 0 is called a Whitehead group; MA + ¬CH proves the existence of a non-free Whitehead group, while V = L proves that all Whitehead groups are free.
In one of the earliest applications of proper forcing , Shelah constructed a model of ZFC + CH in which there is a non-free Whitehead group. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]
Consider the ring A = R [ x , y , z ] of polynomials in three variables over the real numbers and its field of fractions M = R ( x , y , z ). The projective dimension of M as A -module is either 2 or 3, but it is independent of ZFC whether it is equal to 2; it is equal to 2 if and only if CH holds. [ 14 ]
A direct product of countably many fields has global dimension 2 if and only if the continuum hypothesis holds. [ 15 ]
One can write down a concrete polynomial p ∈ Z [ x 1 , ..., x 9 ] such that the statement "there are integers m 1 , ..., m 9 with p ( m 1 , ..., m 9 ) = 0" can neither be proven nor disproven in ZFC (assuming ZFC is consistent). This follows from Yuri Matiyasevich 's resolution of Hilbert's tenth problem ; the polynomial is constructed so that it has an integer root if and only if ZFC is inconsistent. [ 16 ]
A stronger version of Fubini's theorem for positive functions, where the function is no longer assumed to be measurable but merely that the two iterated integrals are well defined and exist, is independent of ZFC. On the one hand, CH implies that there exists a function on the unit square whose iterated integrals are not equal — the function is simply the indicator function of an ordering of [0, 1] equivalent to a well ordering of the cardinal ω 1 . A similar example can be constructed using MA . On the other hand, the consistency of the strong Fubini theorem was first shown by Friedman . [ 17 ] It can also be deduced from a variant of Freiling's axiom of symmetry . [ 18 ]
The Normal Moore Space conjecture, namely that every normal Moore space is metrizable , can be disproven assuming the continuum hypothesis or assuming both Martin's axiom and the negation of the continuum hypothesis, and can be proven assuming a certain axiom which implies the existence of large cardinals . Thus, granted large cardinals, the Normal Moore Space conjecture is independent of ZFC. [ 19 ]
The existence of an S-space is independent of ZFC. In particular, it is implied by the existence of a Suslin line. [ 20 ]
Garth Dales and Robert M. Solovay proved in 1976 that Kaplansky's conjecture , namely that every algebra homomorphism from the Banach algebra C(X) (where X is some compact Hausdorff space ) into any other Banach algebra must be continuous, is independent of ZFC. CH implies that for any infinite X there exists a discontinuous homomorphism into any Banach algebra. [ 21 ]
Consider the algebra B ( H ) of bounded linear operators on the infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space H . The compact operators form a two-sided ideal in B ( H ). The question of whether this ideal is the sum of two properly smaller ideals is independent of ZFC, as was proved by Andreas Blass and Saharon Shelah in 1987. [ 22 ]
Charles Akemann and Nik Weaver showed in 2003 that the statement "there exists a counterexample to Naimark's problem which is generated by ℵ 1 , elements" is independent of ZFC.
Miroslav Bačák and Petr Hájek proved in 2008 that the statement "every Asplund space of density character ω 1 has a renorming with the Mazur intersection property " is independent of ZFC. The result is shown using Martin's maximum axiom, while Mar Jiménez and José Pedro Moreno (1997) had presented a counterexample assuming CH.
As shown by Ilijas Farah [ 23 ] and N. Christopher Phillips and Nik Weaver , [ 24 ] the existence of outer automorphisms of the Calkin algebra depends on set theoretic assumptions beyond ZFC.
Wetzel's problem , which asks if every set of analytic functions which takes at most countably many distinct values at every point is necessarily countable, is true if and only if the continuum hypothesis is false. [ 25 ]
Chang's conjecture is independent of ZFC assuming the consistency of an Erdős cardinal .
Marcia Groszek and Theodore Slaman gave examples of statements independent of ZFC concerning the structure of the Turing degrees. In particular, whether there exists a maximally independent set of degrees of size less than continuum. [ 26 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statements_independent_of_ZFC |
This is a list of the States of India ranked in order of percentage of children between 12–23 months of age
who received all recommended vaccines, including all required doses of the BCG vaccine , Hepatitis B vaccine , polio vaccine , DPT vaccine , and the MMR vaccine . This information was compiled from National Family Health Survey - 4 and 5 published by International Institute for Population Sciences. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Overall vaccination coverage in the country increased from 62.0% in 2015-16 to 76.6% in 2019-21 (Urban: 63.9% to 75.5%; Rural: 61.3% to 77.0%). [ 2 ]
"National Family Health Survey 3 (2005-2006)" . National Family Health Survey . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . "National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019-2021 India report" (PDF) . International Institute for Population Sciences . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_vaccination_coverage |
Matter organizes into various phases or states of matter depending on its constituents and external factors like pressure and temperature . Except at extreme temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid , liquid and gas . Complex molecules can also form various mesophases such as liquid crystals , which are intermediate between the liquid and solid phases. At high temperatures or strong electromagnetic fields, atoms become ionized, forming plasma .
At low temperatures, the electrons of solid materials can also organize into various electronic phases of matter, such as the superconducting state , with vanishing resistivity . Magnetic states such as ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism can also be regarded as phases of matter in which the electronic and nuclear spins organize into different patterns. Such states of matter are studied in condensed matter physics .
In extreme conditions found in some stars and in the early universe, atoms break into their constituents and matter exists as some form of degenerate matter or quark matter . Such states of matter are studied in high-energy physics .
In the 20th century, increased understanding of the properties of matter resulted in the identification of many states of matter. This list includes some notable examples.
Metallic and insulating states of materials can be considered as different quantum phases of matter connected by a metal-insulator transition . Materials can be classified by the structure of their Fermi surface and zero-temperature dc conductivity as follows: [ 4 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter |
Pages Related to Stellar properties, Pages using the word stellar in a physics context. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stellar_properties |
The steroid hormones are referred to by various abbreviations in the biological literature. The purpose of this list is to give commonly used abbreviations for steroid hormones, with supporting references to the literature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steroid_abbreviations |
List of steroid esters may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steroid_esters |
This is a list of steroidal antiandrogens . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steroidal_antiandrogens |
List of steroids may refer to:
As well as lists of steroid esters , including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steroids |
During World War II , Germany fielded many aircraft and rockets whose fuels, and oxidizers, were designated (letter)- Stoff ( pronounced [ʃtɔf] ). The following list of stoffs refers to the World War II aerospace meanings if not noted otherwise.
The German word Stoff (plural Stoffe ), like the English word stuff , derives from Old French estoffe , however the meanings are somewhat different. Stoff has a fairly broad range of meanings, including "chemical substance" or "matter", "fuel" and "cloth", depending on the context. [ 1 ] The German names of the common elements hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are Wasserstoff , Sauerstoff and Stickstoff ("hydrogen" being a scientific Greek neologism for "constituent of water", "oxygen" for "constituent of acids", "nitrogen" for "constituent of nitre", i.e. saltpeter - although the German root stick- is derived from ersticken , "to smother, suffocate", referring to its property of not supporting combustion and respiration). Stoff was used in chemical code names in both world wars. Some code names were reused between the wars and had different meanings at different times; for example, T-Stoff meant a rocket propellant in World War II, but a tear gas ( xylyl bromide ) in World War I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stoffs |
This is a list of Storage area network (SAN) management systems . A storage area network is a dedicated network that provides access to consolidated, block level data storage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storage_area_network_management_systems |
The following is a list of straight-chain alkanes , the total number of isomers of each (including branched chains), and their common names, sorted by number of carbon atoms. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_straight-chain_alkanes |
This is a list of streaming media systems . A more detailed comparison of streaming media systems is also available.
Peer-to-peer video streaming solutions: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_systems |
The following is a list of notable structural engineering companies. Only companies with a Wikipedia article should be included in the list. Many of the companies included in this list do not practice only structural engineering, but may also be involved in civil engineering, architecture, and other related practices.
See also list of structural engineers and lists of engineers . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_structural_engineering_companies |
This is list of notable software packages that implement engineering analysis of structure against applied loads using structural engineering and structural engineering theory . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_structural_engineering_software |
A style guide , or style manual, is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization or field. The implementation of a style guide provides uniformity in style and formatting within a document and across multiple documents. A set of standards for a specific organization is often known as an "in-house style". Style guides are common for general and specialized use, for the general reading and writing audience, and for students and scholars of medicine, journalism, law, and various academic disciplines.
Several basic style guides for technical and scientific communication have been defined by international standards organizations . These are often used as elements of and refined in more specialized style guides that are specific to a subject, region, or organization. Some examples are:
Other style guides that cover international usage:
In the United Kingdom, major publications, academic institutions and companies have their own style guides, otherwise they would normally rely on New Hart's Rules available in the New Oxford Style Manual .
In the United States, most journalistic forms of mass communication rely on styles provided in the Associated Press Stylebook (AP Stylebook) . Corporate publications typically follow either the AP Stylebook or the equally respected Chicago Manual of Style, with in-house modifications or exceptions to the chosen style guide.
A classic grammar style guide is Strunk & White's Elements of Style . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_style_guides |
This page lists substances used in ritual context.
Psychoactive substances may be illegal to obtain, while non-psychoactive substances are legal, generally.
This sections lists entheogens ; drugs that are consumed for their intoxicating effect in combination with spiritual practice.
This is a list of species and genera that are used as entheogens or are used in an entheogenic concoction (such as ayahuasca ). For ritualistic use they may be classified as hallucinogens . The active principles and historical significance of each are also listed to illustrate the requirements necessary to be categorized as an entheogen. The psychoactive substances are usually classified as soft drugs in terms of drug harmfulness.
LSA and iso-LSA
Many man-made chemicals with little human history have been recognized to catalyze intense spiritual experiences, and many synthetic entheogens are simply slight modifications of their naturally occurring counterparts. Some synthetic substances like 4-AcO-DMT are thought to be prodrugs that metabolize into psychoactive substances that have been used as entheogens. While synthetic DMT and mescaline are reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as extracted or plant-based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how isolated THC produces very different effects than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as cannabidiol and cannabinol . A pharmaceutical version of the entheogenic brew ayahuasca is called Pharmahuasca .
This page lists non-psychedelic psychoactive substances which are consumed in ritual contexts for their consciousness-altering effects. Non-psychoactive consumption like symbolic ingestion of psychoactive substances is not mentioned here.
This is a list of psychoactive substances which are consumed in ritual contexts for their consciousness-altering effects. Some of these drugs are classified as hard drugs in terms of drug harmfulness.
The plant parts are listed to prevent accidents. For example, kava roots should always be used because the leaves of the plant are known to cause hepatoxicity and death. [ 44 ]
In the Vodou faith of Haiti, alcoholic drinks such as rum are consumed to be able to allow spirits called "lwa" to enter one's body and help them find the motivation for or strength to survive everyday struggles or life. [ 88 ]
In Vajrayana Buddhism , particularly in Tibetan Buddhist practices, alcohol may be used during specific rituals, such as the Ganachakra feast. This ritual involves the consumption of alcohol in a controlled manner, symbolizing the transformation of negative emotions and attachments into wisdom and compassion. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ]
In Taoist rituals and practices, alcohol also plays a role as an offering and a means of connecting with the divine. An alcoholic beverage is often used in religious ceremonies and as an offering to the ancestors. The use of alcohol in Taoist rituals can symbolize purification, blessings, and the establishment of a sacred space. In these instances, the consumption of alcohol is done in a controlled and mindful manner, reflecting the Taoist emphasis on balance and harmony.
Some Hindu denominations , like the Aghori , incorporate alcohol into their rituals and practices. [ 92 ] [ 93 ]
The Maya ritually administered alcohol enemas as an entheogen , sometimes adding other psychoactive substances, seeking to reach a state of ecstasy. Syringes of gourd and clay were used to inject the fluid. [ 94 ]
Alcohol replaced peyote as Native Americans ' psychoactive agent of choice in rituals when peyote was outlawed. [ 95 ]
It is also used as a sacramental element in Bektashi and Alevi Jem ceremonies, where it is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem". [ 105 ]
The Tarahumara people gather every year during Easter week ( semana santa ) and drink large amounts of Tesgüino together while following rituals. According to the anthropologist Bill Merrill of the Smithsonian Institution, the sacred drink chases large souls from the persons who drink it, "and so when people get drunk that's why they act like children [...] because the souls that are controlling their actions are the little souls, like little children". [ 109 ]
The Thelema ceremony calls for five officers: a Priest, a Priestess, a Deacon, and two adult acolytes, called "the Children". The end of the ritual culminates in the consummation of the eucharist , consisting of a goblet of wine and a Cake of Light , after which the congregant proclaims "There is no part of me that is not of the gods!" [ 111 ]
Holy water is important to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and regarded as healing from demonic possession and for treating sick people, particularly in cases of mental illness. It can be consumed or poured over someone supposed to be afflicted by harmful things. [ 125 ] [ 126 ]
Most Mahayana Buddhists typically recite sutras or various mantras (typically that of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara for example) numerous times over the water, which is then either consumed or is used to bless homes afterwards. In Vajrayana Buddhism, a Bumpa , a ritual object, is one of the Ashtamangala , used for storing sacred water sometimes, symbolizing wisdom and long life. [ 127 ] [ 128 ]
Shown in the table below, Aztec tobacco , morning glories , and Syrian rue (also listed in the § Psychoactive use table), and cacao beans are (mildly) psychoactive when consumed.
Chocolate was drunk cold and mixed with aromatic flower petals of which the overwhelming favorite was cacahua-xochitl. Indeed it seems as though these particular petals were indispensable. Our poets' 'chocolate flowers' had nothing to do botanically with Theobroma cacao , but everything to do with the chocolate beverage as drunk by the aristocrats ... my belief that the flowers of the Nahuatl poets come from their exclusive privilege for indulging in the flower petals of the cacahuaxochitl . Here we are dealing with a tree that grows in Veracruz and Oaxaca, known today to botanists as Quararibea funebris . Whether the petals of these flowers were entheogens such as the mushroom and morning-glory seeds, I do not know, but that the lords of Nahua so regarded them seems virtually certain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_substances_used_in_rituals |
This is a list of sugars and sugar products . Sugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates , many of which are used in food. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are various types of sugar derived from different sources.
Generally speaking, chemical names ending in -ose indicate sugars. "Syrup" indicates a sugary solution .
Malting is a way of processing starchy grains like wheat and barley into sugar, so "malt extract" will be mostly sugar. Sugar is mostly extracted from plants by juicing them, then drying the purified juice, so "evaporated cane juice crystals" or "concentrated grape juice " are also very similar to pure sugars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sugars |
This is a list of sulfonamides used in medicine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sulfonamides |
The table below shows some of the parameters of common superconductors . X:Y means material X doped with element Y, T C is the highest reported transition temperature in kelvins and H C is a critical magnetic field in tesla . "BCS" means whether or not the superconductivity is explained within the BCS theory . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_superconductors |
This list includes well-known general theories in science and pre-scientific natural philosophy and natural history that have since been superseded by other scientific theories . Many discarded explanations were once supported by a scientific consensus , but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and prompted new theories which better explain the available data. Pre-modern explanations originated before the scientific method , with varying degrees of empirical support.
Some scientific theories are discarded in their entirety, such as the replacement of the phlogiston theory by energy and thermodynamics . Some theories known to be incomplete or in some ways incorrect are still used. For example, Newtonian classical mechanics is accurate enough for practical calculations at everyday distances and velocities, and it is still taught in schools. The more complicated relativistic mechanics must be used for long distances and velocities nearing the speed of light , and quantum mechanics for very small distances and objects.
Some aspects of discarded theories are reused in modern explanations. For example, miasma theory proposed that all diseases were transmitted by "bad air". The modern germ theory of disease has found that diseases are caused by microorganisms, which can be transmitted by a variety of routes, including touching a contaminated object , blood , and contaminated water . Malaria was discovered to be a mosquito-borne disease , explaining why avoiding the "bad air" near swamps prevented it. Increasing ventilation of fresh air, one of the remedies proposed by miasma theory, does remain useful in some circumstances to expel germs spread by airborne transmission , such as SARS-CoV-2 . [ 1 ]
Some theories originate in, or are perpetuated by, pseudoscience , which claims to be both scientific and factual, but fails to follow the scientific method . Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions . [ 2 ] Thus, it can be a mark of good science if a discipline has a growing list of superseded theories, and conversely, a lack of superseded theories can indicate problems in following the use of the scientific method. Fringe science includes theories that are not currently supported by a consensus in the mainstream scientific community , either because they never had sufficient empirical support, because they were previously mainstream but later disproven, or because they are preliminary theories also known as protoscience which go on to become mainstream after empirical confirmation. Some theories, such as Lysenkoism , race science or female hysteria have been generated for political rather than empirical reasons and promoted by force.
These theories that are no longer considered the most complete representation of reality but remain useful in particular domains or under certain conditions. For some theories, a more complete model is known, but for practical use, the coarser approximation provides good results with much less calculation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_superseded_scientific_theories |
Some familiar household synthetic polymers include: Nylons in textiles and fabrics, Teflon in non-stick pans , Bakelite for electrical switches, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in pipes, etc. The common PET bottles are made of a synthetic polymer, polyethylene terephthalate . The plastic kits and covers are mostly made of synthetic polymers like polythene , and tires are manufactured from polybutadienes . [ 1 ] However, due to the environmental issues created by these synthetic polymers which are mostly non-biodegradable and often synthesized from petroleum, alternatives like bioplastics are also being considered. They are however expensive when compared to the synthetic polymers. [ 2 ]
Artificial polymer: Man-made polymer that is not a biopolymer .
Note 1: Artificial polymer should also be used in the case of chemically modified biopolymers.
Note 2: Biochemists are now capable of synthesizing copies of biopolymers that should be named Synthetic biopolymer to make a distinction with true biopolymers.
Note 3: Genetic engineering is now capable of generating non-natural analogues of biopolymers that should be referred to as artificial biopolymers, e.g., artificial protein, artificial polynucleotide, etc. [ 3 ]
The eight most common types of synthetic organic polymers, which are commonly found in households are:
These polymers are often better known through their brand names, for instance: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synthetic_polymers |
Systems biology is a biological study field that focuses on the systematic study of complex interactions in biological systems , thus using a new perspective (integration instead of reduction ) to study them. Particularly from year 2000 onwards, the term is used widely in the biosciences .
The field has generated interest among scientists, resulting in regular and one-time conferences and meetings. Below is a partial list. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_biology_conferences |
Systems biology relies heavily on building mathematical models to help understand and make predictions of biological processes. Specialized software to assist in building models has been developed since the arrival of the first digital computers. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The following list gives the currently supported software applications available to researchers.
The vast majority of modern systems biology modeling software support SBML , which is the de facto standard for exchanging models of biological cellular processes. Some tools also support CellML , a standard used for representing physiological processes. The advantage of using standard formats is that even though a particular software application may eventually become unsupported and even unusable, the models developed by that application can be easily transferred to more modern equivalents. This allows scientific research to be reproducible long after the original publication of the work.
To obtain more information about a particular tool, click on the name of the tool. This will direct you either to a peer-reviewed publication or, in some rare cases, to a dedicated Wikipedia page.
When an entry in the SBML column states "Yes, but only for reactions.", it means that the tool only supports the reaction component of SBML . For example, rules, events, etc. are not supported.
The following table lists specialist tools that cannot be grouped with the modeling tools.
Particle based simulators treat each molecule of interest as an individual particle in continuous space, simulating molecular diffusion, molecule-membrane interactions and chemical reactions. [ 47 ]
The following list compares the features for several particle-based simulators. This table is edited from a version that was originally published in the Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience. [ 48 ] System boundaries codes: R = reflecting, A = absorbing, T = transmitting, P = periodic, and I = interacting. * Algorithm is exact but software produced incorrect results at the time of original table compilation. † These benchmark run times are not comparable with others due to differing levels of detail.
[ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ]
Model calibration is a key activity when developing systems biology models. This table highlights some of the current model calibration tools available to systems biology modelers. The first table list tools that are SBML compatible.
PEtab [ 60 ] is a community standard for specifying model calibration runs.
The following list some very early software for modeling biochemical systems that were developed pre-1980s There are listed for historical interest.
The following list shows some of the software modeling applications that were developed in the 1980s and 1990s. There are listed for historical interest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_biology_modeling_software |
This is a list of notable systems engineers , people who were trained in or practice systems engineering , and made notable contributions to this field in theory or practice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_engineers |
Jakarta is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . The city is a blend as well as contrast of business districts with modern skyscrapers and kampungs with traditional Indonesian style architecture. [ 1 ] Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese and Dutch influences. [ 2 ]
In December 2019, there were 964 highrise buildings and 244 skyscrapers in Jakarta. [ 3 ] The city has 127 completed skyscrapers with (150m+) height and another 52 more under construction. [ citation needed ] At present [ when? ] four supertall buildings (300m+) are being constructed in the city and another five supertall buildings are in proposal stage. [ 4 ] Average age of the buildings of the city is about 8 years. [ 5 ] Jakarta has more highrise buildings than that of Beijing . [ 6 ] There are many other highrise and skyscrapers within Greater Jakarta outside DKI Jakarta , which are not included in this article. As of July 2021, there are 46 skyscrapers in Jakarta, which are taller than 200 meters. Jakarta has the highest numbers of 200-meter-plus skyscrapers among Southeast Asian cities. [ 7 ] Seven 200-meter-plus skyscrapers were completed in 2015 in Jakarta, which was the highest among the cities in the world during that year. [ 8 ] The city ranked third in the world by completing five 200-meter-plus skyscrapers during 2017. [ 9 ]
The first high rise building in the city was Sarinah , which was built in 1963. The first building over 100m in Jakarta was Wisma Nusantara , which was built in 1967 and was the tallest building in Southeast Asia at that time [ 10 ] Between 1983 and 1996, the tallest building in the city was Graha Mandiri . The first skyscraper above 250 meters height is Wisma 46 (262 m), which was constructed in 1996 and held the 'unbeatable' record of being the tallest building for nearly 20 years. [ 11 ] As of October 2021, Autograph Tower is the tallest building and Indosiar Television Tower is the tallest structure in Jakarta, as well as in Indonesia.
Most of the tallest skyscrapers are located within the Golden Triangle of Jakarta , along main avenues such as Jalan M.H. Thamrin , Jalan Jenderal Sudirman , Jalan Gatot Subroto and Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said . Clusters of high-rise buildings are located at SCBD , Mega Kuningan , Puri Indah , Kuningan Persada and along T. B. Simatupang Avenue. The Golden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolving CBDs in the Asia-Pacific region. [ 12 ]
This list of tallest buildings in Jakarta ranks skyscrapers in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta . Skyscrapers of Greater Jakarta outside DKI Jakarta are not included in this list.
This list ranks completed and architecturally topped out buildings in Jakarta with a minimum height of 150 meters based on standard height measurement. Highrises and skyscrapers of Greater Jakarta outside DKI Jakarta are not included in this list. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed.
This list comprises highrise buildings that are under construction in Jakarta and are planned to rise at least 150 meters. Under construction buildings that have already been topped out are also included.
This lists buildings that are proposed in Jakarta and are planned to rise at least 200 meters.
Buildings which were once held the title of tallest building in Jakarta, as well as the current [ when? ] one. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Jakarta |
This is a list of the tallest mountains in the Solar System . This list includes peaks on all celestial bodies where significant mountains have been detected. For some celestial bodies, different peaks are given across different types of measurement. The solar system's tallest mountain is possibly the Olympus Mons on Mars with an altitude of 21.9 to 26 km. The central peak of Rheasilvia on the asteroid Vesta is also a candidate to be the tallest, with an estimated at up to between 19 and 22 km from peak to base.
Heights are given from base to peak (although a precise definition for mean base level is lacking). Peak elevations above sea level are only available on Earth, and possibly Titan . [ 1 ] On other planets, peak elevations above an equipotential surface or a reference ellipsoid could be used if enough data is available for the calculation, but this is often not the case.
The following images are shown in order of decreasing base-to-peak height. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_mountains_in_the_Solar_System |
This is a list of taxa with Candidatus status. For taxa not covered by this list, see also:
Unless otherwise noted (♦), these entries are from LPSN. [ 10 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_taxa_with_candidatus_status |
Mirrors and lenses are the critical light-bending components of a telescope.
Subsequent (sometimes optional) components realign, segment, or in some way modify the light of an incoming image:
Generally applicable to all items: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telescope_parts_and_construction |
This is a list of notable terminal emulators . Most used terminal emulators on Linux and Unix-like systems are GNOME Terminal on GNOME and GTK -based environments, Konsole on KDE , and xfce4-terminal on Xfce as well as xterm . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terminal_emulators |
The following is a list of notable text editors .
The following editors can either be used with a graphical user interface or a text user interface .
Sources: [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 28 ]
Editors that are specifically designed for the creation of ASCII and ANSI text art. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_text_editors |
The study of electromagnetism in higher education, as a fundamental part of both physics and electrical engineering , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is typically accompanied by textbooks devoted to the subject. The American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers recommend a full year of graduate study in electromagnetism for all physics graduate students. [ 4 ] A joint task force by those organizations in 2006 found that in 76 of the 80 US physics departments surveyed, a course using John Jackson 's Classical Electrodynamics was required for all first year graduate students. [ 4 ] For undergraduates, there are several widely used textbooks, including David Griffiths ' Introduction to Electrodynamics and Electricity and Magnetism by Edward Purcell and David Morin. [ 5 ] Also at an undergraduate level, Richard Feynman 's classic Lectures on Physics is available online to read for free. [ 6 ]
There are several widely used undergraduate textbooks in electromagnetism, including David Griffiths ' Introduction to Electrodynamics as well as Electricity and Magnetism by Edward Purcell and David Morin. [ 5 ] Richard Feynman 's Lectures on Physics also include a volume on electromagnetism that is available to read online for free, through the California Institute of Technology . In addition, there are popular physics textbooks that include electricity and magnetism among the material they cover, such as David Halliday and Robert Resnick 's Fundamentals of Physics .
A 2006 report by a joint taskforce between the American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers found that 76 of the 80 physics departments surveyed require a first-year graduate course in John Jackson 's Classical Electrodynamics . [ 4 ] This made Jackson's book the most popular textbook in any field of graduate-level physics, with Herbert Goldstein 's Classical Mechanics as the second most popular with adoption at 48 universities. [ 4 ] James Russ, professor of physics at Carnegie Mellon University , claims Jackson's textbook has been "[t]he classic electrodynamics text for the past four decades" and that it is "the book from which most current-generation physicists took their first course." [ 41 ] In addition to Jackson's textbook there are other classic textbooks like Classical Electricity and Magnetism by Pief Panofsky and Melba Phillips , and Electrodynamics of Continuous Media by Lev Landau , Evgeny Lifshitz , and Lev Pitaevskii , both pre-dating Jackson's book. Among the textbooks published after Jackson's book, Julian Schwinger 's 1970s lecture notes is a mentionable book first published in 1998 posthumously. Due to the domination of Jackson's textbook in graduate physics education, even physicists like Schwinger became frustrated competing with Jackson and because of this, the publication of Schwinger's book was postponed so that it was finally completed and published by his colleagues. [ 42 ]
In addition to the mentioned classic books, in recent years there have been a few well-received electromagnetic textbooks published for graduate studies in physics, with one of the most notable being Modern Electrodynamics by Andrew Zangwill published in 2013, which has been praised by many physicists like John Joannopoulos , Michael Berry , Rob Phillips , Alain Aspect , Roberto Merlin , Shirley Chiang , Roy Schwitters [ 43 ] but also well received in the electrical engineering community. [ 44 ] Another notable textbook is Classical Electromagnetism in a Nutshell by Anupam Garg published in 2012, which has been also praised by physicists like Anthony Zee , Ramamurti Shankar , Jainendra Jain , John Belcher . [ 45 ]
Here is the list of some important textbooks that discuss generic physical areas of electromagnetism.
Here is the list of some important graduate textbooks that discuss particular physical areas of electromagnetism.
There is a controversy in scientific community about using different units in electromagnetism that have been discussed. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] [ 159 ] [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ]
According to a 2011 review of analytical and computational textbooks in electromagnetism by David Davidson , Julius Stratton 's Electromagnetic Theory remains the classic text in electromagnetism and is still regularly cited. [ Note 18 ] Davidson goes on to point out that Constantine Balanis ' Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics and Roger Harrington 's Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields are standard references at the post-graduate level. [ 163 ] Also for advanced undergraduate level, the textbook Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics by Simon Ramo , John Whinnery , and Theodore Van Duzer is considered as standard reference. [ 164 ] [ 165 ]
Traditional differences between a physicist's point of view and an electrical engineer's point of view in studying electromagnetism have been noted. According to a 2023 lecture titled What Physicists Don't Know About Electromagnetism given by the theoretical physicist Hans Schantz [ 166 ] and based on the comparison of textbooks Electromagnetic Theory by Julius Stratton and Classical Electrodynamics by John Jackson , Schantz argues "today's physicists who are educated using curriculum out of Jackson are less informed about practical electromagnetics than their counterparts of 80 years ago," and says it's because physicists are now shifted from classical electrodynamics to quantum electrodynamics . Schantz also continues that concepts like impedance , Smith chart , antenna , and electromagnetic energy flow, are not appreciated by physicists. [ 167 ] Mathematician Sergei Schelkunoff who made many contributions to engineering electromagnetism also noted differences between physicist's and electrical engineer's view in electromagnetism. According to Schelkunoff:
The classical physicist, being concerned largely with isolated transmission systems, has emphasized only one wave concept, that of the velocity of propagation or more generally of the propagation constant. But the communication engineer who is interested in "chains" of such systems from the very start is forced to adopt a more general attitude and introduce the second important wave concept, that of the impedance. The physicist concentrates his attention on one particular wave: a wave of force, or a wave of velocity or a wave of displacement. His original differential equations may be of the first order and may involve both force and velocity; but by tradition he eliminates one of these variables, obtains a second order differential equation in the other and calls it the "wave equation." Thus he loses sight of the interdependence of force and velocity waves and he does not stress the difference which may exist between waves in different media even though the velocity of wave propagation is the same. The engineer, on the other hand, thinks in terms of the original "pair of wave equations" and keeps constantly in mind this interdependence between force and velocity waves. [ 168 ]
The usefulness of electrical engineering's approach to electromagnetic problems has also been noted by other physicists like Robert Dicke [ 169 ] and more specially Julian Schwinger . [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Schwinger's emphasis on using electrical engineering's point of view was even more general than just in electromagnetic phenomena so that he argued for the use of engineering worldview even in pure branches of physics like high-energy physics . [ 171 ] Schwinger also said about his transformation from a person who saw electrical engineering problems as a pure physicist to a person who saw pure physical problems as an electrical engineer: "I first approached radar problems as a nuclear physicist; soon I began to think of nuclear physics in the language of electrical engineering." [ 172 ]
Many of the important and classic graduate electromagnetic textbooks related to electrical engineering listed here are published or reissued by IEEE under the name of The IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory . [ 173 ] [ Note 19 ]
There are also many outstanding and notable textbooks published in optics which is a branch of electromagnetism dealing with interactions of light or visible spectrum electromagnetism with matter . Here is the list of some important textbooks in different areas of classical optics. These textbooks are suitable for both physics and electrical engineering studies depending on the context.
Another branch of electromagnetism that has been developed separately is magnetism , which is about studying magnetic properties of different materials and their interactions with electromagnetic fields. There are also many classic textbooks published in magnetism which some of them are listed here and they could be used in both physics and electrical engineering studies depending on the context.
Magnetohydrodynamics is an interdisciplinary branch of physics that uses continuum mechanics to describe the interaction of electromagnetic fields with fluids that are conductive . It combines classical electromagnetism with fluid mechanics by combination of Maxwell equations with Navier-Stokes equations . This relatively new branch of physics was first developed by Hannes Alfvén in a 1942 paper published in Nature titled Existence of Electromagnetic-Hydrodynamic Waves . [ 491 ] In 1950 Alfvén published a textbook titled Cosmical Electrodynamics which considered as the seminal work in the field of magnetohydrodynamics. [ 492 ] There are also two closely related fields to the traditional field of magnetohydrodynamics which are called electrohydrodynamics and ferrohydrodynamics . Electrohydrodynamics deals with interaction of electromagnetic fields with weakly conductive fluids [ 493 ] and ferrohydrodynamics deals with interaction of electromagnetic fields with magnetic fluids. Today magnetohydrodynamics and its related fields have many applications in plasma physics , electrical engineering , mechanical engineering , astrophysics , geophysics and many other scientific branches. Here is the list of some important textbooks in different areas of electro - magneto - ferro -hydrodynamics.
There are many important books in electromagnetism which are generally considered as historical classics and some of them are listed here. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_electromagnetism |
A list of notable textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics , arranged by category and date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_thermodynamics_and_statistical_mechanics |
This is a list of notable textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics arranged according to level and surnames of the authors in alphabetical order. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_classical_mechanics_and_quantum_mechanics |
Textbooks on the theory of relativity have been published by several notable physicists and mathematicians :
The primary sources section of the latter article in particular contains many additional (early) publications of importance in the field.
:For a translation see: s:Translation:The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Aether . Hendrik Lorentz was a major influence on Einstein's theory of special relativity. Lorentz laid the fundamentals for the work by Einstein and the theory was originally called the Lorentz-Einstein theory. After 1905 Lorentz wrote several papers on what he called "Einstein's principle of relativity".
:Introduced the special theory of relativity. Reconciled Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light . One of the Annus Mirabilis papers .
:English translations: " Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content? ". Translation by George Barker Jeffery and Wilfrid Perrett in The Principle of Relativity , London: Methuen and Company, Ltd. (1923).
:Used the newly formulated theory of special relativity to introduce the mass energy formula . One of the Annus Mirabilis papers .
* —— (21 December 1907). "Die Grundgleichungen für die elektromagnetischen Vorgänge in bewegten Körpern" . Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse : 53– 111. **English translation: The Fundamental Equations for Electromagnetic Processes in Moving Bodies . In: The Principle of Relativity (1920), Calcutta: University Press, 1-69
** Translation by Meghnad Saha , "Space and Time" (1920): Wikisource link .
: Introduced the four-vector notation and the notion of Minkowski space , which was later adopted by Einstein and others.
:Used concepts developed in the then-current textbooks (e.g., vector analysis and non-Euclidean geometry ) to provide entry into mathematical physics with a vector-based introduction to quaternions and a primer on matrix notation for linear transformations of 4-vectors. The ten chapters are composed of 4 on kinematics, 3 on quaternion methods, and 3 on electromagnetism. Silberstein used biquaternions to develop Minkowski space and Lorentz transformations .
: This publication is the first complete account of a general relativistic theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity |
Therapeutic, diagnostic and preventive monoclonal antibodies are clones of a single parent cell. When used as drugs, the International Nonproprietary Names (INNs) end in -mab. The remaining syllables of the INNs, as well as the column Source , are explained in Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies .
The abbreviations in the column Type are as follows:
This list of over 500 monoclonal antibodies includes approved and investigational drugs as well as drugs that have been withdrawn from market; consequently, the column Use does not necessarily indicate clinical usage. See the list of FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in the monoclonal antibody therapy page.
Immune activation : Dostarlimab Other: Ibalizumab | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_therapeutic_monoclonal_antibodies |
In heat transfer , the thermal conductivity of a substance, k , is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat . For most materials, the amount of heat conducted varies (usually non-linearly) with temperature. [ 1 ]
Thermal conductivity is often measured with laser flash analysis . Alternative measurements are also established.
Mixtures may have variable thermal conductivities due to composition. Note that for gases in usual conditions, heat transfer by advection (caused by convection or turbulence for instance) is the dominant mechanism compared to conduction .
This table shows thermal conductivity in SI units of watts per metre-kelvin (W·m −1 ·K −1 ). Some measurements use the imperial unit BTUs per foot per hour per degree Fahrenheit ( 1 BTU h −1 ft −1 F −1 = 1.728 W·m −1 ·K −1 ). [ 2 ]
This concerns materials at atmospheric pressure and around 293 K (20 °C).
Thermal conductivities have been measured with longitudinal heat flow methods where the experimental arrangement is so designed to accommodate heat flow in only the axial direction, temperatures are constant, and radial heat loss is prevented or minimized. For the sake of simplicity the conductivities that are found by that method in all of its variations are noted as L conductivities, those that are found by radial measurements of the sort are noted as R conductivities, and those that are found from periodic or transient heat flow are distinguished as P conductivities. Numerous variations of all of the above and various other methods have been discussed by some G. K. White, M. J. Laubits, D. R. Flynn, B. O. Peirce and R. W. Wilson and various other theorists who are noted in an international Data Series from Purdue University, Volume I pages 14a–38a. [ 8 ]
This concerns materials at various temperatures and pressures.
Mever-Rassler. The Mever-Rassler alloy has a density of 2.63 g cm −1 . Mever-Rassler, F., Metallwirtschaft. 19 , 713–21, 1940 in Volume 1 pages 478, 479 and 1464. [ 8 ]
Cryogenic: up to 1.858 ⋅ 10 11 at 4.2 K. [ 40 ] [ 8 ]
Formula Values 3.85 ⋅ 10 7 at 273.15K; 3.45 ⋅ 10 7 at 300K; 2.50 ⋅ 10 7 at 400K. [ 41 ]
Very high thermal conductivity measurements up to 22,600 w m −1 K −1 were reported by Fenton, E.W., Rogers, J.S. and Woods, S.D. in reference 570 on page 1458, 41 , 2026–33, 1963. The data is listed on pages 6 through 8 and graphed on page 1 where Fenton and company are on curves 63 and 64.
Next the government-recommended values are listed and graphed on page 9.
Thermophysical Properties Research Center. Performing Organization: Purdue University. Controlling Organization: Defense Logistics Agency. Documented summaries from numerous scientific journals, etc. and critical estimates. 17000 pages in 13 volumes.
Ki-iti Horai, Thermal conductivity of Rock Forming minerals , Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 76, Issue 5, pages 1278 — 1308, February 10, 1971.
For main article, see: Copper in heat exchangers .
The TPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.999% pure copper with residual electrical resistivity of ρ 0 =0.000851 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 81. [ 8 ]
Stephens, D. R., USAEC UCRL — 7605. 1–19, 1963 in TPRC Data Series Volume 2, pp. 811–12. [ 32 ]
For rubber gasket see Rubber.
The formulas are: 1)van Duser: k=2.09(1–0.0017 T(°C)); 2)Choi & Okos: k=2.2199-6.248 ⋅ 10 −3 T(°C) + 1.0154 ⋅ 10 −4 T(°C) 2 ; 3)Ratcliffe: k=2135 T(K) −1.235 .
k is given in w ⋅ m −1 ⋅ K −1 .
Errata: Contrary to what they say the formula of Bonales and Sanz cannot be fitted to their data and also it is not consistent with the results of Choi and Okos since their formula is a typo and also Choi and Okos did not cook up a linear function to start with. Instead the formula that would fit some of the Bonales data is k ≈ 2.0526 - 0.0176TC and not k = -0.0176 + 2.0526T as they say on page S615 and also the values they posted for Alexiades and Solomon do not fit the other formula that they posted on table 1 on page S611 and the formula that would fit over there is k = 2.18 - 0.01365TC and not k = 2.18 - 0.01365TK.
Apart from a thermal conductivity a boiler company also has an interface heat transfer coefficient Q and also some Kurganov has posted this simplification that water flowing in tubes has Q ≈ 500 - 1200 W/(m 2 K). [ 99 ]
By comparison the Donaldson Iron is 2.80% C, 0.10% Mn, 0.061% P, 0.093% S and 0.39% Si. It has 0.76% graphitic carbon and 2.04% combined carbon and the thermal conductivity measurements come with a 2% error estimate. Tadokoro, Y., J., Iron Steel Inst. (Japan), 22 , 399 — 424, 1936 and Donaldson, J.W., J. Iron Steel Inst. (London), 128 , p. 255-76, 1933.
TPRC pages 177–180, Volume 2, curves 62 and 65, Reference numbers 326 and 327 respectively. [ 32 ]
For those who may already see reasons to learn more about the thermal conductivities of the soils it is free from the Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. The whole thing is on the Farouki reference footnote [ 118 ] and it comes with graphs and with formulas.
To make it easier a lb/ft 3 is about 0.01601846 grams/cm 3 and a Btu in./ft 2 hr °F is about 0.14413139 W ⋅ m −1 ⋅ K −1 .
Method: Longitudinal Heat Flow, TPRC 1 , page 24a. [ 8 ]
Note: all the percentages refer to moisture. The Fir was measured at 15%, Mahogany, 15%, Oak, 14%, Spruce, 3.40%, 5.80%, 7.70%, 9.95%, 17.0% and 16%. Teak was measured at 10% and Walnut was measured at 12.1%, 11.3% and 11.8% moisture.
Some recent developments include Zirconia fibrous thermal insulation for temperatures up to about 2000 Kelvins. Various conductivities less than 0.4 w m −1 K −1 . Zircar Zirconia, Inc. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivities |
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