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Aprivacy policyis a statement or legal document (in privacy law) that discloses some or all of the ways a party gathers, uses, discloses, and manages a customer or client's data.[1]Personal information can be anything that can be used to identify an individual, not limited to the person's name, address, date of birth, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |
Information security management(ISM) defines and manages controls that an organization needs to implement to ensure that it is sensibly protecting theconfidentiality, availability, and integrity ofassetsfromthreatsandvulnerabilities. The core of ISM includesinformation risk management, a process that involves the asses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security_management |
Security information and event management (SIEM)is a field withincomputer securitythat combinessecurity information management(SIM) andsecurity event management(SEM) to enable real-time analysis of security alerts generated by applications and network hardware.[1][2]SIEM systems are central tosecurity operations center... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Information_and_Event_Management |
Security event management(SEM), and the relatedSIMandSIEM, are computer security disciplines that use data inspection tools to centralize the storage and interpretation of logs or events generated by other software running on a network.[1][2][3]
The acronymsSEM,SIM,andSIEMhave sometimes been used interchangeably,[3]:3... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_event_manager |
Security managementis the identification of an organization'sassetsi.e. including people, buildings, machines, systems andinformation assets, followed by the development, documentation, and implementation of policies and procedures for protecting assets.
An organization uses such security management procedures forinfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_management |
Information technology management(IT management) is the discipline whereby all of theinformation technologyresources of a firm are managed in accordance with its needs and priorities. Managing the responsibility within a company entails many of the basic management functions, likebudgeting, staffing,change management, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_management |
ACanada security clearanceis required for viewing classified information in Canada.
Governmentclassified information is governed by theTreasury BoardStandard on Security Screening, theSecurity of Information ActandPrivacy Act. Only those that are deemed to be loyal and reliable, and have been cleared are allowed to ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_security_clearance |
Classified informationis confidential material that a government deems to besensitive informationwhich must be protected from unauthorized disclosure that requires special handling and dissemination controls. Access is restricted bylawor regulation to particular groups of individuals with the necessarysecurity clearanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information#Canada |
Various governments require acertificationofvoting machines.
In theUnited Statesthere is only a voluntary federal certification forvoting machinesand each state has ultimate jurisdiction over certification, though most states currently require national certification for the voting systems.[1]
In Germany thePhysikalis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_of_voting_machines |
Withinquality management systems(QMS) andinformation technology(IT) systems,change controlis a process—either formal or informal[1]—used to ensure that changes to a product or system are introduced in a controlled and coordinated manner. It reduces the possibility that unnecessary changes will be introduced to a system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_control |
Inmathematics, two elementsxandyof a setPare said to becomparablewith respect to abinary relation≤ if at least one ofx≤yory≤xis true. They are calledincomparableif they are not comparable.
Abinary relationon a setP{\displaystyle P}is by definition any subsetR{\displaystyle R}ofP×P.{\displaystyle P\times P.}Givenx,y∈... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparability |
Functional verificationis the task of verifying that thelogic designconforms to specification.[1]Functional verification attempts to answer the question "Does this proposed design do what is intended?"[2]This is complex and takes the majority of time and effort (up to 70% of design and development time)[1]in most large... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_verification |
ISO/IEC17025General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesis the main standard used by testing and calibration laboratories. In most countries, ISO/IEC 17025 is the standard for which most labs must hold accreditation in order to be deemed technically competent. In many cases, suppliers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_17025 |
Positive recallis a term used inquality systems, most notablyISO9000. It is part of receiving inspection procedures.[1]It defines the concept that if a producer or manufacturer receives aproductorprocessthat requiresinspectionand it wishes to postpone theinspection process, it must have a system in place that will ensu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_recall |
Process validationis the analysis of data gathered throughout the design and manufacturing of a product in order to confirm that the process can reliably output products of a determined standard. Regulatory authorities likeEMAandFDAhave published guidelines relating to process validation.[1]The purpose of process valid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_validation |
Insoftware project management,software testing, andsoftware engineering,verification and validationis the process of checking that a software engineer system meets specifications and requirements so that it fulfills its intended purpose. It may also be referred to assoftware quality control. It is normally the respons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation |
Instatistics,model validationis the task of evaluating whether a chosenstatistical modelis appropriate or not. Oftentimes in statistical inference, inferences from models that appear to fit their data may be flukes, resulting in a misunderstanding by researchers of the actual relevance of their model. To combat this, m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_model_validation |
Usability testingis a technique used inuser-centeredinteraction designto evaluate a product by testing it on users. This can be seen as an irreplaceableusabilitypractice, since it gives direct input on how real users use the system.[1]It is more concerned with the design intuitiveness of the product and tested with use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability_testing |
AValidation Master Plan, also referred to as "VMP", outlines the principles involved in the qualification of a facility, defining the areas and systems to be validated, and provides a written program for achieving and maintaining a qualified facility.[1]A VMP is the foundation for thevalidationprogram and should includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_master_plan |
Verification and validation of computer simulation modelsis conducted during the development of asimulationmodel with the ultimate goal of producing an accurate and credible model.[1][2]"Simulation models are increasingly being used to solve problems and to aid in decision-making. The developers and users of these mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation_of_computer_simulation_models |
Incomputing,telecommunication,information theory, andcoding theory,forward error correction(FEC) orchannel coding[1][2][3]is a technique used forcontrolling errorsindata transmissionover unreliable or noisycommunication channels.
The central idea is that the sender encodes the message in aredundantway, most often by u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correction_code |
Aparity bit, orcheck bit, is abitadded to a string ofbinary code. Parity bits are a simple form oferror detecting code. Parity bits are generally applied to the smallest units of a communication protocol, typically 8-bitoctets(bytes), although they can also be applied separately to an entire message string of bits.
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(telecommunication) |
Incomputing,telecommunication,information theory, andcoding theory,forward error correction(FEC) orchannel coding[1][2][3]is a technique used forcontrolling errorsindata transmissionover unreliable or noisycommunication channels.
The central idea is that the sender encodes the message in aredundantway, most often by u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correcting_code |
Acyclic redundancy check(CRC) is anerror-detecting codecommonly used in digitalnetworksand storage devices to detect accidental changes to digital data. Blocks of data entering these systems get a shortcheck valueattached, based on the remainder of apolynomial divisionof their contents. On retrieval, the calculation is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_representations_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks |
Inmathematics, theHilbert symbolornorm-residue symbolis a function (–, –) fromK××K×to the group ofnthroots of unityin alocal fieldKsuch as the fields ofrealsorp-adic numbers. It is related toreciprocity laws, and can be defined in terms of theArtin symboloflocal class field theory. The Hilbert symbol was introduced byD... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_symbol |
Inmathematics,modular arithmeticis a system ofarithmeticoperations forintegers, other than the usual ones from elementary arithmetic, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called themodulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed byCarl Friedrich Gaussin his bookDisquisitiones Arit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic#Residue_class |
Innumber theory, anintegerqis aquadratic residuemodulonif it iscongruentto aperfect squaremodulon; that is, if there exists an integerxsuch that
Otherwise,qis aquadratic nonresiduemodulon.
Quadratic residues are used in applications ranging fromacoustical engineeringtocryptographyand thefactoring of large numbers.
F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue#Prime_power_modulus |
TheArtin reciprocity law, which was established byEmil Artinin a series of papers (1924; 1927; 1930), is a general theorem innumber theorythat forms a central part of globalclass field theory.[1]The term "reciprocity law" refers to a long line of more concrete number theoretic statements which it generalized, from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin_symbol |
Inmathematics, more particularly in the fields ofdynamical systemsandgeometric topology, anAnosov mapon amanifoldMis a certain type of mapping, fromMto itself, with rather clearly marked local directions of "expansion" and "contraction". Anosov systems are a special case ofAxiom Asystems.
Anosov diffeomorphismswere in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosov_diffeomorphism |
Inmathematics,Arnold's cat mapis achaoticmap from thetorusinto itself, named afterVladimir Arnold, who demonstrated its effects in the 1960s using an image of a cat, hence the name.[1]It is a simple and pedagogical example forhyperbolic toral automorphisms.
Thinking of the torusT2{\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{2}}as the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%27s_cat_map |
Intheoretical physics, agravitational anomalyis an example of agauge anomaly: it is an effect ofquantum mechanics— usually aone-loop diagram—that invalidates thegeneral covarianceof a theory ofgeneral relativitycombined with some other fields.[citation needed]The adjective "gravitational" is derived from the symmetry o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeo_anomaly |
Intheoretical physics, agravitational anomalyis an example of agauge anomaly: it is an effect ofquantum mechanics— usually aone-loop diagram—that invalidates thegeneral covarianceof a theory ofgeneral relativitycombined with some other fields.[citation needed]The adjective "gravitational" is derived from the symmetry o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_anomaly |
Inquantum physicsananomalyorquantum anomalyis the failure of asymmetryof a theory's classicalactionto be a symmetry of anyregularizationof the full quantum theory.[1][2]Inclassical physics, aclassical anomalyis the failure of a symmetry to be restored in the limit in which the symmetry-breaking parameter goes to zero. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_(physics) |
Quantum mechanicsis the fundamental physicaltheorythat describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale ofatoms.[2]: 1.1It is the foundation of allquantum physics, which includesquantum chemistry,quantum field theory,quantum technology, andquantum informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics |
Inmathematics, adiffeologyon a set generalizes the concept of a smooth atlas of adifferentiable manifold, by declaring only what constitutes the "smooth parametrizations" into the set. A diffeological space is a set equipped with a diffeology. Many of the standard tools ofdifferential geometryextend to diffeological sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeology |
Diffeomorphometryis the metric study of imagery, shape and form in the discipline ofcomputational anatomy(CA) inmedical imaging. The study of images incomputational anatomyrely on high-dimensionaldiffeomorphismgroupsφ∈DiffV{\displaystyle \varphi \in \operatorname {Diff} _{V}}which generate orbits of the formI≐{φ⋅I∣φ∈Di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphometry |
Inalgebraic geometry, anétale morphism(French:[etal]) is a morphism ofschemesthat isformally étaleand locally of finite presentation. This is an algebraic analogue of the notion of a local isomorphism in the complex analytic topology. They satisfy the hypotheses of theimplicit function theorem, but because open sets i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tale_morphism |
Inmathematicsandtheoretical physics, alarge diffeomorphismis an equivalence class ofdiffeomorphismsunder the equivalence relation where diffeomorphisms that can be continuously connected to each other are in the same equivalence class.
For example, a two-dimensional realtorushas aSL(2,Z)group of large diffeomorphisms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_diffeomorphism |
Inmathematics, more specificallydifferential topology, alocal diffeomorphismis intuitively amapbetweensmooth manifoldsthat preserves the localdifferentiable structure. The formal definition of a local diffeomorphism is given below.
LetX{\displaystyle X}andY{\displaystyle Y}bedifferentiable manifolds. Afunctionf:X→Y{\d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_diffeomorphism |
Inphysicsandmathematics,supermanifoldsare generalizations of themanifoldconcept based on ideas coming fromsupersymmetry. Several definitions are in use, some of which are described below.
An informal definition is commonly used in physics textbooks and introductory lectures. It defines asupermanifoldas amanifoldwith b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermanifold |
End-to-end auditableorend-to-end voter verifiable(E2E) systems are voting systems with stringent integrity properties and strongtamper resistance. E2E systems usecryptographic techniquesto provide voters with receipts that allow them to verify their votes were counted as cast, withoutrevealing which candidates a voter ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_auditable_voting_systems |
Electronic votingisvotingthat useselectronicmeans to either aid or handle casting and countingballotsincluding voting time.
Depending on the particular implementation, e-voting may use standaloneelectronic voting machines(also called EVM) or computers connected to the Internet (online voting). It may encompass a rang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting |
Electoral fraud, sometimes referred to aselection manipulation,voter fraud, orvote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of anelection, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both.[1]It differs from but often goes hand-in-hand with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud#Tampering_with_electronic_voting_machines |
Electoral fraud, sometimes referred to aselection manipulation,voter fraud, orvote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of anelection, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both.[1]It differs from but often goes hand-in-hand with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_fraud#Testing_and_certification_of_electronic_voting |
Vote countingis the process of countingvotesin anelection. It can be done manually orby machines. In the United States, the compilation of election returns and validation of the outcome that forms the basis of the official results is calledcanvassing.[1]
Counts are simplest in elections where just one choice is on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_counting_system |
E-democracy(a blend of the termselectronicanddemocracy), also known asdigital democracyorInternet democracy, usesinformation and communication technology(ICT) inpoliticalandgovernanceprocesses.[1][2][3][4]The term is credited to digital activist Steven Clift.[5][6][7]By using 21st-century ICT, e-democracy seeks to enha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-democracy |
Mental pokeris the common name for a set ofcryptographicproblems that concerns playing a fair game over distance without the need for atrusted third party. The term is also applied to thetheoriessurrounding these problems and their possible solutions. The name comes from thecard gamepokerwhich is one of the games to wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_poker |
Incategory theoryand its applications tomathematics, anormal monomorphismorconormal epimorphismis a particularly well-behaved type ofmorphism.
Anormal categoryis a category in which everymonomorphismis normal. Aconormal categoryis one in which everyepimorphismis conormal.
A monomorphism isnormalif it is thekernelof so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_morphism |
Incategory theory, a branch ofmathematics, azero morphismis a special kind ofmorphismexhibiting properties like the morphisms to and from azero object.
SupposeCis acategory, andf:X→Yis a morphism inC. The morphismfis called aconstant morphism(or sometimesleft zero morphism) if for anyobjectWinCand anyg,h:W→X,fg=fh. Du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_morphism |
Inmathematics, aquotient categoryis acategoryobtained from another category by identifying sets ofmorphisms. Formally, it is aquotient objectin thecategory of (locally small) categories, analogous to aquotient grouporquotient space, but in the categorical setting.
LetCbe a category. Acongruence relationRonCis given by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_category |
Cramér's theoremis a fundamental result in thetheory of large deviations, a subdiscipline ofprobability theory. It determines therate functionof a series ofiidrandom variables.
A weak version of this result was first shown byHarald Cramérin 1938.
The logarithmicmoment generating function(which is thecumulant-generatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%27s_theorem_(large_deviations) |
The termBlahut–Arimoto algorithmis often used to refer to a class ofalgorithmsfor computing numerically either theinformation theoreticcapacityof a channel, therate-distortionfunction of a source or a source encoding (i.e. compression to remove the redundancy). They areiterative algorithmsthat eventually converge to on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blahut%E2%80%93Arimoto_algorithm |
Ininformation theory,data compression,source coding,[1]orbit-rate reductionis the process of encodinginformationusing fewerbitsthan the original representation.[2]Any particular compression is eitherlossyorlossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminatingstatistical redundancy. No information i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression |
Decorrelationis a general term for any process that is used to reduceautocorrelationwithin a signal, orcross-correlationwithin a set of signals, while preserving other aspects of the signal.[citation needed]A frequently used method of decorrelation is the use of a matchedlinear filterto reduce theautocorrelationof a si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorrelation |
Rate-distortion optimization(RDO) is a method of improvingvideo qualityinvideo compression. The name refers to the optimization of the amount ofdistortion(loss of video quality) against the amount of data required to encode the video, therate. While it is primarily used by video encoders, rate-distortion optimization... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate%E2%80%93distortion_optimization |
Insignal processing,white noiseis a randomsignalhaving equal intensity at differentfrequencies, giving it a constantpower spectral density.[1]The term is used with this or similar meanings in many scientific and technical disciplines, includingphysics,acoustical engineering,telecommunications, andstatistical forecastin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_noise |
TheNyquist–Shannon sampling theoremis an essential principle fordigital signal processinglinking thefrequency rangeof a signal and thesample raterequired to avoid a type ofdistortioncalledaliasing. The theorem states that the sample rate must be at least twice thebandwidthof the signal to avoid aliasing. In practice, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem |
Indigital communicationordata transmission,Eb/N0{\displaystyle E_{b}/N_{0}}(energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio) is a normalizedsignal-to-noise ratio(SNR) measure, also known as the "SNR per bit". It is especially useful when comparing thebit error rate(BER) performance of different digitalmodulationsc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eb/N0 |
TheBahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) algorithmis analgorithmformaximum a posterioridecoding oferror correcting codesdefined ontrellises(principallyconvolutional codes). The algorithm is named after its inventors: Bahl, Cocke,Jelinekand Raviv.[1]This algorithm is critical to modern iteratively-decoded error-correcting co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCJR_algorithm |
Intelecommunication, aconvolutional codeis a type oferror-correcting codethat generates parity symbols via the sliding application of aboolean polynomialfunction to a data stream. The sliding application represents the 'convolution' of the encoder over the data, which gives rise to the term 'convolutional coding'. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_code |
Incomputing,telecommunication,information theory, andcoding theory,forward error correction(FEC) orchannel coding[1][2][3]is a technique used forcontrolling errorsindata transmissionover unreliable or noisycommunication channels.
The central idea is that the sender encodes the message in aredundantway, most often by u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleaver |
Low-density parity-check (LDPC)codes are a class oferror correction codeswhich (together with the closely-relatedturbo codes) have gained prominence incoding theoryandinformation theorysince the late 1990s. The codes today are widely used in applications ranging from wireless communications to flash-memory storage. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_parity-check_code |
Serial concatenated convolutional codes(SCCC) are a class offorward error correction(FEC) codes highly suitable forturbo(iterative) decoding.[1][2]Data to be transmitted over a noisy channel may first be encoded using an SCCC. Upon reception, the coding may be used to remove any errors introduced during transmission. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_concatenated_convolutional_codes |
Ininformation theory, asoft-decision decoderis a kind ofdecoding method– a class ofalgorithmused to decode data that has been encoded with anerror correcting code. Whereas ahard-decision decoderoperates on data that take on a fixed set of possible values (typically 0 or 1 in a binary code), the inputs to a soft-decisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-decision_decoding |
Indigital communications, aturbo equalizeris a type ofreceiverused to receive a message corrupted by acommunication channelwithintersymbol interference(ISI). It approaches the performance of amaximum a posteriori(MAP) receiver via iterativemessage passingbetween asoft-in soft-out(SISO)equalizerand a SISO decoder.[1]It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_equalizer |
TheUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) is a3Gmobile cellular system for networks based on theGSMstandard.[1]UMTS useswideband code-division multiple access(W-CDMA) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth tomobile network operatorscompared to previous2Gsystems likeGPRSandC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS |
This is a list ofcommercialLong-Term Evolution(LTE) networks around the world, grouped by their frequency bands.
Some operators use multiple bands and are therefore listed multiple times in respective sections.
Note: This list of network deployments does not imply any widespread deployment or national coverage.
SeeLi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LTE_networks |
Alist ofCDMA2000networksworldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CDMA2000_networks |
TheIEEE 802.21standard forMedia Independent Handoff(MIH) is anIEEEstandard published in 2008. The standard supports algorithms enabling seamlesshandoverbetween wired and wireless networks of the same type as well as handover between different wired and wireless network types also calledmedia independent handover(MIH) o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.21 |
IEEE 802.11r-2008orfast BSS transition(FT), is an amendment to theIEEE 802.11standard to permit continuous connectivity aboard wireless devices in motion, with fast and secure client transitions from oneBasic Service Set(abbreviated BSS, and also known as abase stationor more colloquially, anaccess point) to another pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11r |
IEEE 802.11u-2011is an amendment to theIEEE 802.11-2007standard to add features that improve interworking with external networks.
802.11 is a family ofIEEEtechnical standardsfor mobile communication devices such as laptop computers or multi-mode phones to join awireless local area network(WLAN) widely used in the home... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11u |
MoIPorMOIPcan mean: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoIP_(disambiguation) |
Alocal area network(LAN) is acomputer networkthat interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, campus, or building,[1][2][3]and has itsnetwork equipmentand interconnects locally managed. LANs facilitate the distribution of data and sharing network devices, such as printers.
The LAN contrasts thew... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network |
Mobile VoIPor simplymVoIPis an extension of mobility to avoice over IPnetwork. Two types of communication are generally supported:cordless telephonesusingDECTorPCSprotocols for short range or campus communications where all base stations are linked into the sameLAN, and wider area communications using3G,4G, or5Gprotoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_VoIP |
Code-division multiple access(CDMA) is achannel access methodused by variousradiocommunication technologies. CDMA is an example ofmultiple access, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (seebandwidth).... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access |
Time-division multiple access(TDMA) is achannel access methodforshared-medium networks. It allows several users to share the samefrequency channelby dividing the signal into different time slots.[1]The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using its own time slot. This allows multiple stations t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access |
Frequency-division multiple access(FDMA) is achannel access methodused in some multiple-access protocols. FDMA allows multiple users to send data through a singlecommunication channel, such as acoaxial cableormicrowavebeam, by dividing thebandwidthof the channel into separate non-overlappingfrequencysub-channels and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access |
Crossband(cross-band,cross band) operation is a method oftelecommunicationin which a radio station receives signals on onefrequencyand simultaneously transmits on another for the purpose offull duplex communicationor signal relay.[1]
To avoid interference within the equipment at the station, the two frequencies used n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossband_operation |
Adouble-trackrailway usually involves running one track in each direction, compared to asingle-track railwaywhere trains in both directions share the same track.
In the earliest days of railways in the United Kingdom, most lines were built as double-track because of the difficulty of co-ordinating operations before th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-track_railway |
On anEthernetconnection, aduplex mismatchis a condition where two connected devices operate in differentduplex modes, that is, one operates in half duplex while the other one operates in full duplex. The effect of a duplex mismatch is a link that operates inefficiently. Duplex mismatch may be caused by manually setting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_mismatch |
Aduplexeris an electronic device that allows bi-directional (duplex) communication over a single path. Inradarand radio communications systems, it isolates thereceiverfrom thetransmitterwhile permitting them to share a commonantenna. Mostradio repeatersystems include a duplexer. Duplexers can be based on frequency (oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplexer |
Intelecommunications, afour-wire circuitis a two-waycircuitusing two paths so arranged that the respectivesignalsare transmitted in one direction only by one path and in the other direction by the other path. The four-wire circuit gets its name from the fact that is uses four conductors to create two complete electrica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wire_circuit |
Intelecommunicationsandcomputer networking,multiplexing(sometimes contracted tomuxing) is a method by which multipleanalogordigital signalsare combined into one signal over ashared medium. The aim is to share a scarce resource—a physicaltransmission medium.[citation needed]For example, in telecommunications, severaltel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing |
Push-to-talk(PTT), also known aspress-to-transmit, is a method of having conversations or talking onhalf-duplexcommunication lines, includingtwo-way radio, using amomentary buttonto switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode.
For example, anair traffic controllerusually supervises several aircraft and talks on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-to-talk |
Aduplexcommunication systemis apoint-to-pointsystem composed of two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for simultaneous communication in both directions between two connected parties ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_communication |
Ad hoc Wireless Distribution Service(AWDS) is alayer 2routing protocol to connectmobile ad hoc networks, sometimes calledwireless mesh networks. It is based on alink-state routing protocol, similar toOLSR.
AWDS uses alink-state routing protocolfor organizing the network. In contrast to other implementations likeOLSRi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc_wireless_distribution_service |
Delay-tolerant networking(DTN) is an approach tocomputer networkarchitecture that seeks to address the technical issues inheterogeneous networksthat may lack continuous network connectivity. Examples of such networks are those operating in mobile or extreme terrestrial environments, or planned networks in space.
Recen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay-tolerant_networking |
In IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networking standards (includingWi‑Fi), aservice setis a group ofwireless networkdevices which share aservice set identifier(SSID)—typically the natural language label that users see as a network name. (For example, all of the devices that together form and use a Wi‑Fi network called "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_basic_service_set |
Anad hoc routing protocolis a convention, or standard, that controls hownodesdecide which way toroutepacketsbetween computing devices in amobile ad hoc network.
In ad hoc networks, nodes are not familiar with thetopologyof their networks. Instead, they have to discover it: typically, a new node announces its presence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ad_hoc_routing_protocols |
Amobile wireless sensor network(MWSN)[1]can simply be defined as awireless sensor network(WSN) in which thesensor nodesare mobile. MWSNs are a smaller, emerging field of research in contrast to their well-established predecessor. MWSNs are much more versatile than static sensor networks as they can be deployed in any s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_wireless_sensor_network |
Apersonal area network(PAN) is acomputer networkfor interconnectingelectronic deviceswithin an individual person's workspace.[1]A PAN providesdata transmissionamong devices such ascomputers,smartphones,tabletsandpersonal digital assistants. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves, or fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network |
Asmart meteris anelectronicdevice that records information—such as consumption ofelectric energy, voltage levels, current, and power factor—andcommunicates the informationto the consumer andelectricity suppliers. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) differs fromautomatic meter reading(AMR) in that it enables two-way ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_meter |
Wireless community networksorwireless community projectsor simplycommunity networks, are non-centralized, self-managed and collaborative networks organized in agrassrootsfashion by communities, non-governmental organizations and cooperatives in order to provide a viable alternative tomunicipal wireless networksforconsu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_community_network |
Awireless mesh network(WMN) is acommunications networkmade up ofradionodesorganized in ameshtopology. It can also be a form ofwireless ad hoc network.[1]
Ameshrefers to rich interconnection among devices or nodes. Wireless mesh networks often consist of mesh clients, mesh routers and gateways. Mobility of nodes is les... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network |
Wireless sensor networks(WSNs) refer to networks of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors thatmonitorand record the physical conditions of the environment and forward the collected data to a central location. WSNs can measure environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity and wind.[... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network |
TheITU-TRecommendationE.212defines mobile country codes (MCC) as well as mobile network codes (MNC).
Themobile country codeconsists of three decimal digits and the mobile network code consists of two or three decimal digits (for example: MNC of 001 is not the same as MNC of 01). The first digit of the mobile country c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_code |
TheUnited States 700 MHz FCC wirelessspectrum auction, officially known asAuction 73,[1]was started by theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) on January 24, 2008 for the rights to operate the 700 MHzradio frequencybandin theUnited States. The details of process were the subject of debate among severaltelecommunicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_2008_wireless_spectrum_auction |
Intelecommunications,white spacesrefer toradio frequenciesallocated to abroadcastingservice but not used locally.[1]National and international bodies assign frequencies for specific uses and, in most cases, license the rights to broadcast over these frequencies. Thisfrequency allocationprocess creates abandplanwhich fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_spaces_(radio) |
Intelecommunications,long-term evolution(LTE) is astandardforwireless broadbandcommunication forcellularmobile devices and data terminals. It is considered to be a "transitional"4Gtechnology,[1]and is therefore also referred to as3.95Gas a step above3G.[2]
LTE is based on the2GGSM/EDGEand 3GUMTS/HSPAstandards. It impr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution |
SNOWis a family of word-based synchronousstream ciphersdeveloped by Thomas Johansson and Patrik Ekdahl atLund University.
They have a 512-bitlinear feedback shift registerat their core, followed by a non-linear output state machine with a few additional words of state.
SNOW 1.0,SNOW 2.0, andSNOW 3Guse a shift registe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOW |
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