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ORYXis an encryption algorithm used in cellular communications in order to protect data traffic. It is astream cipherdesigned to have a very strong 96-bit key strength with a way to reduce the strength to 32-bits for export. However, due to mistakes the actual strength is a trivial 16-bits and any signal can be cracked... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORYX |
Shibbolethis asingle sign-onlog-in system for computer networks and theInternet. It allows people to sign in using just one identity to various systems run by federations of different organizations or institutions. The federations are often universities or public service organizations.
The ShibbolethInternet2middlewar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibboleth_(Internet2) |
VOMSis an acronym used forVirtual Organization Membership Serviceingrid computing. It is structured as a simple account database with fixed formats for the information exchange and features single login, expiration time, backward compatibility, and multiple virtual organizations.
The database is manipulated by authori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voms |
TheAutomatic Certificate Management Environment(ACME) protocol is acommunications protocolfor automating interactions betweencertificate authoritiesand their users' servers, allowing the automated deployment ofpublic key infrastructureat very low cost.[1][2]It was designed by theInternet Security Research Group(ISRG) f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Certificate_Management_Environment |
Abiordered set(otherwise known asboset) is amathematical objectthat occurs in the description of thestructureof the set ofidempotentsin asemigroup.
The set of idempotents in a semigroup is a biordered set and every biordered set is the set of idempotents of some semigroup.[1][2]A regular biordered set is a biordered s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biordered_set |
In mathematics, acompact semigroupis asemigroupin which the sets of solutions to equations can be described by finite sets of equations. The term "compact" here does not refer to anytopologyon the semigroup.
LetSbe a semigroup andXa finite set of letters. A system of equations is a subsetEof theCartesian productX∗×X... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_semigroup |
Inmathematics, asemigroup with no elements(theempty semigroup) is asemigroupin which theunderlying setis theempty set. Many authors do not admit the existence of such a semigroup. For them a semigroup is by definition anon-emptyset together with anassociativebinary operation.[1][2]However not all authors insist on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_semigroup |
In algebra, theprincipal factorof aJ{\displaystyle {\mathcal {J}}}-classJof asemigroupSis equal toJifJis thekernelofS, and toJ∪{0}{\displaystyle J\cup \{0\}}otherwise.
Thisabstract algebra-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_factor |
Inquantum mechanics, aquantum Markov semigroupdescribes the dynamics in aMarkovianopen quantum system. The axiomatic definition of the prototype ofquantum Markov semigroupswas first introduced byA. M. Kossakowski[1]in 1972, and then developed by V. Gorini,A. M. Kossakowski,E. C. G. Sudarshan[2]andGöran Lindblad[3]in 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dynamical_semigroup |
Inabstract algebra, amonoid ringis aringconstructed from a ring and amonoid, just as agroup ringis constructed from a ring and agroup.
LetRbe a ring and letGbe a monoid. The monoid ring ormonoid algebraofGoverR, denotedR[G] orRG, is the set of formal sums∑g∈Grgg{\displaystyle \sum _{g\in G}r_{g}g},
whererg∈R{\display... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semigroup_ring |
Inmathematics, the termweak inverseis used with several meanings.
In the theory ofsemigroups, a weak inverse of an elementxin a semigroup(S, •)is an elementysuch thaty•x•y=y. If every element has a weak inverse, the semigroup is called anE-inversive orE-dense semigroup. AnE-inversive semigroup may equivalently be defi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_inverse |
ACartesian monoidis amonoid, with additional structure of pairing and projection operators. It was first formulated byDana ScottandJoachim Lambekindependently.[1]
A Cartesian monoid is astructurewithsignature⟨∗,e,(−,−),L,R⟩{\displaystyle \langle *,e,(-,-),L,R\rangle }where∗{\displaystyle *}and(−,−){\displaystyle (-,-)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_monoid |
Inmathematics,Green's relationsare fiveequivalence relationsthat characterise the elements of asemigroupin terms of theprincipal idealsthey generate. The relations are named forJames Alexander Green, who introduced them in a paper of 1951.John Mackintosh Howie, a prominent semigroup theorist, described this work as "so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s_relations |
Inmathematicsandtheoretical computer science, aKleene algebra(/ˈkleɪni/KLAY-nee; named afterStephen Cole Kleene) is asemiringthat generalizes the theory ofregular expressions: it consists of asetsupporting union (addition), concatenation (multiplication), andKleene staroperations subject to certain algebraic laws. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleene_algebra |
Thestar height probleminformal language theoryis the question whether allregular languagescan be expressed usingregular expressionsof limitedstar height, i.e. with a limited nesting depth ofKleene stars. Specifically, is a nesting depth of one always sufficient? If not, is there analgorithmto determine how many are req... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_height_problem |
InIndian mathematics, aVedicsquareis a variation on a typical 9 × 9multiplication tablewhere the entry in each cell is thedigital rootof the product of the column and row headings i.e. theremainderwhen the product of the row and column headings is divided by 9 (with remainder 0 represented by 9). Numerousgeometricpatte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_square |
Inmathematics,biquandlesandbiracksare sets with binary operations that generalizequandles and racks. Biquandles take, in the theory ofvirtual knots, the place that quandles occupy in the theory of classicalknots. Biracks and racks have the same relation, while a biquandle is a birack which satisfies some additional con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biracks_and_biquandles |
Inmathematics,Laver tables(named afterRichard Laver, who discovered them towards the end of the 1980s in connection with his works onset theory) are tables of numbers that have certain properties ofalgebraicandcombinatorialinterest. They occur in the study ofracks and quandles.
For any nonnegativeintegern, then-thLav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laver_table |
Incombinatorialmathematics, ablock designis anincidence structureconsisting of a set together with afamily of subsetsknown asblocks, chosen such that number of occurrences of each element satisfies certain conditions making the collection of blocks exhibitsymmetry(balance). Block designs have applications in many areas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_design |
Inmathematics, aBose–Mesner algebrais a special set ofmatriceswhich arise from a combinatorial structure known as anassociation scheme, together with the usual set of rules for combining (forming the products of) those matrices, such that they form anassociative algebra, or, more precisely, aunitary commutative algebra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Mesner_algebra |
Combinatorial design theoryis the part ofcombinatorialmathematicsthat deals with the existence, construction and properties ofsystems of finite setswhose arrangements satisfy generalized concepts ofbalanceand/orsymmetry. These concepts are not made precise so that a wide range of objects can be thought of as being und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_design |
In mathematics, theO'Nan–Scott theoremis one of the most influential theorems ofpermutation grouptheory; the classification offinite simple groupsis what makes it so useful. Originally the theorem was aboutmaximal subgroupsof thesymmetric group. It appeared as an appendix to a paper by Leonard Scott written for The San... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Nan%E2%80%93Scott_theorem |
Incomputer science, anabstract state machine(ASM) is astate machineoperating onstatesthat are arbitrary data structures (structurein the sense ofmathematical logic, that is a nonemptysettogether with a number offunctions(operations) andrelationsover the set).
TheASM Methodis a practical and scientifically well-founded... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_state_machine |
Inautomata theory, analternating finite automaton(AFA) is anondeterministic finite automatonwhose transitions are divided intoexistentialanduniversaltransitions. For example, letAbe an alternatingautomaton.
Note that due to the universal quantification a run is represented by a runtree.Aaccepts a wordw, if thereexists... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_finite_automaton |
Incomputer science, acommunicating finite-state machineis afinite-state machinelabeled with "receive" and "send" operations over some alphabet of channels. They were introduced by Brand and Zafiropulo,[1]and can be used as a model ofconcurrentprocesses likePetri nets. Communicating finite-state machines are used freque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicating_finite-state_machine |
Control tablesaretablesthat control thecontrol flowor play a major part in program control. There are no rigid rules about the structure or content of a control table—its qualifying attribute is its ability to direct control flow in some way through "execution" by aprocessororinterpreter. The design of such tables is s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_table |
DEVS, abbreviatingDiscrete Event System Specification, is a modular and hierarchical formalism for modeling and analyzing general systems that can be discrete event systems which might be described bystate transition tables, and continuous state systems which might be described bydifferential equations, and hybrid cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEVS |
APetri net, also known as aplace/transition net(PT net), is one of severalmathematicalmodeling languagesfor the description ofdistributed systems. It is a class ofdiscrete event dynamic system. A Petri net is a directedbipartite graphthat has two types of elements: places and transitions. Place elements are depicted a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_net |
In thetheory of computation, a branch oftheoretical computer science, apushdown automaton(PDA) is
a type ofautomatonthat employs astack.
Pushdown automata are used in theories about what can be computed by machines. They are more capable thanfinite-state machinesbut less capable thanTuring machines(seebelow).Determ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushdown_automaton |
Inquantum computing,quantum finite automata(QFA) orquantum state machinesare a quantum analog ofprobabilistic automataor aMarkov decision process. They provide a mathematical abstraction of real-worldquantum computers. Several types of automata may be defined, includingmeasure-onceandmeasure-manyautomata. Quantum fini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_finite_automaton |
SCXMLstands for State Chart XML: State Machine Notation for Control Abstraction. It is anXML-basedmarkup languagethat provides a genericstate-machine-based execution environment based onHarel statecharts.
SCXML is able to describe complexfinite-state machines. For example, it is possible to describe notations such as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCXML |
Inmathematicsandtheoretical computer science, asemiautomatonis adeterministic finite automatonhaving inputs but no output. It consists of asetQofstates, a set Σ called the input alphabet, and a functionT:Q× Σ →Qcalled the transition function.
Associated with any semiautomaton is amonoidcalled thecharacteristic monoid,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiautomaton |
Inalgebraandtheoretical computer science, anactionoractof asemigroupon asetis a rule which associates to each element of the semigroup atransformationof the set in such a way that the product of two elements of the semigroup (using the semigroupoperation) is associated with thecompositeof the two corresponding transfor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semigroup_action |
Inautomata theory,sequential logicis a type oflogic circuitwhose output depends on the present value of its input signals and on thesequenceof past inputs, the input history.[1][2][3][4]This is in contrast tocombinational logic, whose output is a function of only the present input. That is, sequential logic hasstate(m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_logic |
Astate diagramis used incomputer scienceand related fields to describe the behavior of systems. State diagrams require that the system is composed of a finite number ofstates. Sometimes, this is indeed the case, while at other times this is a reasonableabstraction. Many forms of state diagrams exist, which differ sligh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
Incomputer science, more precisely, in the theory ofdeterministic finite automata(DFA), asynchronizing wordorreset sequenceis a word in the input alphabet of the DFA that sends any state of the DFA to one and the same state.[1]That is, if an ensemble of copies of the DFA are each started in different states, and all of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronizing_word |
Inalgebra, atransformation semigroup(orcomposition semigroup) is a collection oftransformations(functionsfrom a set to itself) that isclosedunderfunction composition. If it includes theidentity function, it is amonoid, called atransformation(orcomposition)monoid. This is thesemigroupanalogue of apermutation group.
A t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_semigroup |
Intheoretical computer science, atransition systemis a concept used in the study ofcomputation. It is used to describe the potential behavior ofdiscrete systems. It consists ofstatesand transitions between states, which may be labeled with labels chosen from a set; the same label may appear on more than one transition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_system |
Atree automatonis a type ofstate machine. Tree automata deal withtree structures, rather than thestringsof more conventional state machines.
The following article deals with branching tree automata, which correspond toregular languages of trees.
As with classical automata, finite tree automata (FTA) can be either ade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_automaton |
UML state machine,[1]formerly known asUML statechart, is an extension of themathematicalconcept of afinite automatonincomputer scienceapplications as expressed in theUnified Modeling Language(UML) notation.
The concepts behind it are about organizing the way a device, computer program, or other (often technical) proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UML_state_machine |
Inpublic key infrastructure, avalidation authority(VA) is an entity that provides a service used to verify the validity orrevocation statusof adigital certificateper the mechanisms described in theX.509standard andRFC5280(page 69).[1]
The dominant method used for this purpose is to host acertificate revocation list(CR... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_authority |
Acontact pageis a commonweb pageon awebsitefor visitors to contact the organization or individual providing the website.[1]
The page contains one or more of the following items:
In the case of large organizations, the contact page may provide information for several offices (headquarters, field offices, etc.) and dep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_page |
ThePeople For Internet Responsibility (PFIR)is a global,ad hocnetwork of individuals concerned about the operations, development, management, and regulation of theInternetin responsible ways, co-founded byLauren WeinsteinandPeter G. Neumannin November, 1999 in California. PFIR is attempting to become a nonprofit 501 (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_Internet_Responsibility |
DigiNotarwas a Dutchcertificate authority, established in 1998 and acquired in January 2011 byVASCO Data Security International, Inc.[1][2]The company was hacked in June 2011 and it issued hundreds of fakecertificates, some of which were used forman-in-the-middle attackson IranianGmailusers. The company was declared ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiNotar |
Xcitium(formerlyComodo Security Solutions Inc.) is a cybersecurity company based inBloomfield, New Jersey, United States.[2]The company rebranded as Xcitium in 2022 and specializes in Zero Trustcybersecuritysolutions. It is known for its patented ZeroDwell technology, designed to isolate and manage unknownthreats.[3]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comodo_Cybersecurity#2011_breach_incident |
Key Transparencyallows communicating parties to verifypublic keysused inend-to-end encryption.[1]In many end-to-end encryption services, to initiate communication a user will reach out to a central server and request the public keys of the user with which they wish to communicate.[2]If the central server is malicious o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Transparency |
Constrained Application Protocol(CoAP) is a specializedUDP-basedInternet application protocol for constrained devices, as defined inRFC 7252(published in 2014). It enables those constrained devices called "nodes" to communicate with the wider Internet using similar protocols.
CoAP is designed for use between devices o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_Application_Protocol |
Incomputer networking, theDatagram Congestion Control Protocol(DCCP) is a message-orientedtransport layerprotocol. DCCP implements reliable connection setup, teardown,Explicit Congestion Notification(ECN),congestion control, and feature negotiation. TheIETFpublished DCCP asRFC4340, aproposed standard, in March 2006.RFC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol |
TheFast Adaptive and Secure Protocol(FASP) is aproprietarydata transferprotocol. FASP is a network-optimized network protocol created by Michelle C. Munson and Serban Simu, productized byAspera, and now owned byIBMsubsequent to its acquisition of Aspera. The associated client/server software packages are also commonly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_and_Secure_Protocol |
Early research and development:
Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
Examples of Internet services:
HTTP/3is the third major version of theHypertext Transfer Protocolused to exchange information on theWorld Wide Web, compleme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3 |
Low Extra Delay Background Transport(LEDBAT) is a way to transferdataon theInternetquickly without clogging the network.[1]LEDBAT was invented byStanislav Shalunov[2][3]and is used byAppleforsoftwareupdates, byBitTorrentfor most of its transfers[4]and byMicrosoft SCCMsoftware distribution points.[5]At one point in time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDBAT |
Micro Transport Protocol(μTP, sometimesuTP) is anopenUser Datagram Protocol-based (UDP-based) variant of theBitTorrentpeer-to-peer file-sharingprotocolintended to mitigate poorlatencyand othercongestion controlproblems found in conventional BitTorrent overTransmission Control Protocol(TCP), while providing reliable, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Transport_Protocol |
Multipurpose Transaction Protocol(MTP) software is aproprietarytransport protocol(OSI Layer 4) developed and marketed by Data Expedition, Inc. (DEI). DEI claims that MTP offers superior performance and reliability when compared to theTransmission Control Protocol(TCP) transport protocol.[1]
MTP is implemented using t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipurpose_Transaction_Protocol |
TheSecure Real-Time Media Flow Protocol(RTMFP) is aprotocol suitedeveloped byAdobe Systemsfor encrypted, efficientmultimediadelivery through bothclient-serverandpeer-to-peermodels over theInternet. The protocol was originallyproprietary, but was later opened up and is now published asRFC7016.[1]
RTMFP allows users of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-Time_Media_Flow_Protocol |
Incomputer networking, theReliable User Datagram Protocol(RUDP) is atransport layerprotocoldesigned atBell Labsfor thePlan 9operating system. It aims to provide a solution whereUDPis too primitive because guaranteed-orderpacketdelivery is desirable, butTCPadds too much complexity/overhead. In order for RUDP to gain hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliable_User_Datagram_Protocol |
SPDY(pronounced "speedy")[1]is anobsoleteopen-specificationcommunication protocoldeveloped for transportingweb content.[1]SPDY became the basis forHTTP/2specification. However, HTTP/2 diverged from SPDY and eventually HTTP/2 subsumed all usecases of SPDY.[2]After HTTP/2 was ratified as a standard, major implementers, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPDY |
TheStream Control Transmission Protocol(SCTP) is acomputer networkingcommunications protocolin thetransport layerof theInternet protocol suite. Originally intended forSignaling System 7(SS7) message transport in telecommunication, the protocol provides the message-oriented feature of theUser Datagram Protocol(UDP), whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol |
In computer networking,Structured Stream Transport (SST)is an experimentaltransport protocolthat provides an ordered, reliable byte stream abstraction similar toTCP's, but enhances and optimizes stream management to permit applications to use streams in a much more fine-grained fashion than is feasible with TCP streams... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Stream_Transport |
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol(UDT), is a high-performance data transfer protocol designed for transferring large volumetric datasets over high-speedwide area networks. Such settings are typically disadvantageous for the more commonTCPprotocol.
Initial versions were developed and tested on very high-speed networks (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-based_Data_Transfer_Protocol |
CVE-2015-1637(Schannel),
FREAK("Factoring RSA Export Keys") is asecurity exploitof a cryptographic weakness in theSSL/TLSprotocols introduced decades earlier for compliance withU.S. cryptography export regulations. These involved limiting exportable software to use onlypublic key pairswithRSAmoduli of 512 bits or fewe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FREAK |
Datagram Transport Layer Security(DTLS) is acommunications protocolprovidingsecuritytodatagram-based applications by allowing them to communicate in a way designed[1][2][3]to preventeavesdropping,tampering, ormessage forgery. The DTLS protocol is based on thestream-orientedTransport Layer Security(TLS) protocol and is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTLS |
Incomputing,Internet Protocol Security(IPsec) is a secure networkprotocol suitethatauthenticatesandencryptspacketsof data to provide secure encrypted communication between two computers over anInternet Protocolnetwork. It is used invirtual private networks(VPNs).
IPsec includes protocols for establishingmutual authent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPsec |
Obfuscated TCP(ObsTCP) was a proposal for atransport layerprotocol which implementsopportunistic encryptionoverTransmission Control Protocol(TCP). It was designed to prevent masswiretappingand malicious corruption of TCP traffic on theInternet, with lower implementation cost and complexity thanTransport Layer Security(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscated_TCP |
Anapplication delivery controller(ADC) is acomputer networkdevice in adatacenter, often part of anapplication delivery network(ADN), that helps perform common tasks, such as those done byweb acceleratorsto remove load from theweb serversthemselves. Many also provideload balancing. ADCs are often placed in theDMZ, betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_delivery_controller |
Stunnelis anopen-sourcemulti-platformapplicationused to provide a universalTLS/SSLtunnelingservice.
Stunnel is used to provide secure encrypted connections for clients or servers that do not speak TLS or SSL natively.[4]It runs on a variety of operating systems,[5]including mostUnix-likeoperating systems andWindows. S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunnel |
ATLS termination proxy(orSSL termination proxy,[1]orSSL offloading[2]) is aproxy serverthat acts as anintermediarypoint betweenclientandserverapplications, and is used to terminate and/or establishTLS(orDTLS)tunnelsby decrypting and/or encrypting communications. This is different fromTLS pass-through proxiesthat forwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_offloading |
Apassword, sometimes called apasscode, is secret data, typically a string of characters, usually used to confirm a user's identity. Traditionally, passwords were expected to bememorized,[1]but the large number of password-protected services that a typical individual accesses can make memorization of unique passwords fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password |
Animmobiliserorimmobilizeris an electronic security device fitted to amotor vehiclethat prevents the engine from being started unless the correct key (transponderorsmart key) is present. This prevents the vehicle from being "hot wired" after entry has been achieved and thus reducesmotor vehicle theft. Research shows th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immobiliser |
Akeycard lockis alockoperated by akeycard, a flat, rectangularplastic card. The card typically, but not always, has identical dimensions to that of acredit card, that isID-1 format. The card stores a physical or digital pattern that the door mechanism accepts before disengaging the lock.
There are several common type... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keycard |
Hashcatis apassword recoverytool. It had a proprietary code base until 2015, but was then released as open source software. Versions are available for Linux, macOS, and Windows. Examples of hashcat-supported hashing algorithms areLM hashes,MD4,MD5,SHA-familyandUnix Cryptformats as well as algorithms used inMySQLandCisc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcat |
What3words(stylized aswhat3words) is aproprietary[4]geocode systemdesigned to identify any location on the surface ofEarthwith a resolution of approximately 3 metres (9.8 ft). It is owned by What3words Limited, based inLondon, England. The system encodesgeographic coordinatesinto three permanently fixed dictionary word... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What3Words |
Asoftware license manageris asoftware management toolused byindependent software vendorsor by end-user organizations to control where and how software products are able to run. License managers protect software vendors from losses due tosoftware piracyand enable end-user organizations to comply withsoftware licenseagre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License_manager |
Asoftware license manageris asoftware management toolused byindependent software vendorsor by end-user organizations to control where and how software products are able to run. License managers protect software vendors from losses due tosoftware piracyand enable end-user organizations to comply withsoftware licenseagre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_license_managers |
Product activationis alicensevalidation procedure required by someproprietary softwareprograms. Product activation prevents unlimited free use of copied or replicated software. Unactivated software refuses to fully function until itdetermineswhether it is authorized to fully function. Activation allows the software to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_activation |
Digital rights management(DRM) is the management of legal access todigital content. Various tools ortechnological protection measures,[1]such asaccess controltechnologies, can restrict the use ofproprietary hardwareandcopyrightedworks.[2]DRM technologies govern the use, modification and distribution of copyrighted work... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management |
Keynoteis apresentation softwareapplication developed as a part of theiWorkproductivity suite byApple Inc.[3]Version 14 of Keynote for Mac, the latest major update, was released in April 2024. Keynote is available for a range of Apple devices across macOS, iOS and iPadOS.[4]
Keynote began as a computer program for App... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software) |
BugMeNotis anInternetservice that providesusernamesandpasswordsallowing Internet users to bypass mandatory free registration onwebsites. It was started in August 2003 by an anonymous person, later revealed to be Guy King,[1]and allowed Internet users to access websites that have registration walls (for instance, that o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BugMeNot |
Indecision makingandpsychology,decision fatiguerefers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making.[1][2]It is now understood as one of the causes of irrational trade-offs in decision making.[2]Decision fatigue may also lead to consumers making poor choices wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_fatigue |
Asecurity questionis a form ofshared secret[1]used as anauthenticator. It is commonly used bybanks,cable companiesandwireless providersas an extrasecuritylayer.
Financial institutionshave used questions to authenticate customers since at least the early 20th century. In a 1906 speech at a meeting of a section of theAm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_question |
Apassword policyis a set of rules designed to enhance computer security by encouraging users to employ strongpasswordsand use them properly. A password policy is often part of an organization's official regulations and may be taught as part ofsecurity awarenesstraining. Either the password policy is merely advisory, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_policy |
Acryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator(CSPRNG) orcryptographic pseudorandom number generator(CPRNG) is apseudorandom number generator(PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use incryptography. It is also referred to as acryptographic random number generator(CRNG).
Mostcryptographic applicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator |
Incomputing, ahardware random number generator(HRNG),true random number generator(TRNG),non-deterministic random bit generator(NRBG),[1]orphysical random number generator[2][3]is a device thatgenerates random numbersfrom aphysical processcapable of producingentropy, unlike apseudorandom number generator(PRNG) that util... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator |
Master Passwordis a type ofalgorithmfirst implemented byMaarten Billemontfor creating uniquepasswordsin a reproducible manner. It differs from traditionalpassword managersin that the passwords are not stored on disk or in the cloud, but are regenerated every time from information entered by the user: Their name, amaste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Password_(algorithm) |
In cryptanalysis andcomputer security,password crackingis the process of guessing passwords[1]protecting acomputer system. A common approach (brute-force attack) is to repeatedly try guesses for the password and to check them against an availablecryptographic hashof the password.[2]Another type of approach ispassword s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_length_parameter |
Acantis thejargonor language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group.[1]It may also be called acryptolect,argot,pseudo-language,anti-languageorsecret language. Each term differs slightly in meaning; their uses are inconsistent.
There are two main schools of thought on the origin of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argot |
Inmilitaryterminology, acountersignis a sign, word, or any other signal previously agreed upon and required to be exchanged between apicketor guard and anybody approaching his or her post. The term usually encompasses both the sign given by the approaching party as well as the sentry's reply. However, in some militarie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countersign_(military) |
Inpolitics, adog whistleis the use ofcoded or suggestive languagein political messaging to garner support from a particular group without provoking opposition. The concept is named afterultrasonicdog whistles, which are audible to dogs but not humans. Dog whistles use language that appears normal to the majority but co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics) |
Linguistic discrimination(also calledglottophobia,linguicismandlanguagism) is the unfair treatment of people based upontheir use of languageand the characteristics of their speech, such as theirfirst language, theiraccent, the perceived size of theirvocabulary(whether or not the speaker uses complex and varied words), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottophobia |
Glottopoliticsis asociolinguisticconcept coined by Jean-Baptiste Marcellesi and Louis Guespin.
It may be defined as any action taken by society to manage language interaction. Glottopolitics is constantly at work; it is a continuum that ranges from minuscule acts to considerable interventions, ultimately concerning la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottopolitics |
Identification, friend or foe(IFF) is acombat identificationsystem designed forcommand and control. It uses atransponderthat listens for aninterrogationsignal and then sends aresponsethat identifies the broadcaster. IFF systems usually useradarfrequencies, but other electromagnetic frequencies, radio or infrared, may b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe |
Jargon, ortechnical language, is the specializedterminologyassociated with a particular field or area of activity.[1]Jargon is normally employed in a particularcommunicative contextand may not be well understood outside that context. The context is usually a particular occupation (that is, a certain trade, profession,v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon |
Language analysis for the determination of origin(LADO) is an instrument used inasylumcases todetermine the national or ethnic originof the asylum seeker, through an evaluation of their language profile.[why?]To this end, an interview with the asylum seeker is recorded and analysed. The analysis consists of an examinat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_analysis_for_the_determination_of_origin |
Linguisticsis the scientific study oflanguage.[1][2][3]The areas of linguistic analysis aresyntax(rules governing the structure of sentences),semantics(meaning),morphology(structure of words),phonetics(speech sounds and equivalent gestures insign languages),phonology(the abstract sound system of a particular language, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics |
Inpolitics, alitmus testis a question asked of a potentialcandidatefor high office, the answer to which would determine whether the nominating official would proceed with the appointment ornomination. The expression is ametaphorbased on thelitmus testin chemistry, in which one is able to test the generalacidityof a sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litmus_test_(politics) |
Passingis the ability of a person to be regarded as a member of anidentity group or category, such asracial identity,ethnicity,caste,social class,sexual orientation,gender,religion, age ordisability status, that is often different from their own.[1][2][3][4]Passing may be used to increasesocial acceptance[1][2]to cope ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(sociology) |
Phonology(formerly alsophonemicsorphonematics[1][2][3][4][a]) is the branch oflinguisticsthat studies how languages systematically organize theirphonemesor, forsign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particularlanguage variety. At one time,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology |
Ingeometry, thetheoremthat theanglesopposite the equal sides of anisosceles triangleare themselves equal is known as thepons asinorum(/ˈpɒnzˌæsɪˈnɔːrəm/PONZass-ih-NOR-əm), Latin for "bridge ofasses", or more descriptively as theisosceles triangle theorem. The theorem appears as Proposition 5 of Book 1 inEuclid'sElement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_asinorum |
"Playing thepronoun game" is the act of concealingsexual orientationin conversation by not using agender-specific pronounfor apartneror a lover, which would reveal the sexual orientation of the person speaking. Someone may employ the pronoun game when conversing with people to whom they have not "come out". In a situat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun_game |
Rhyming slangis a form of slang word construction in theEnglish language. It is especially prevalent amongCockneysin England, and was first used in the early 19th century in theEast End of London; hence its alternative name,Cockney rhyming slang.[2][3]In the US, especially thecriminal underworldof theWest Coastbetween ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyming_slang |
Shibbolethis asingle sign-onlog-in system for computer networks and theInternet. It allows people to sign in using just one identity to various systems run by federations of different organizations or institutions. The federations are often universities or public service organizations.
The ShibbolethInternet2middlewar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibboleth_Single_Sign-on_architecture |
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