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Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin (born 1957 in Thumboor, Andhra Pradesh, India) is an Indian-Swiss chemist and materials scientist who conducts research on Perovskite solar cells , dye-sensitized solar cells, and light-emitting diodes. He is a professor at EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) and the director of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Khaja_Nazeeruddin |
Mohammad Saleh Zarepour is an Iranian philosopher and senior lecturer at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Manchester .
He is a winner of Philip Leverhulme Prize (2023) and is known for his works on medieval Islamic philosophy , philosophy of religion , philosophy of language , philosophy of mathematic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Saleh_Zarepour |
Mohammed Munim al-Izmerly was an Iraqi chemistry professor who allegedly experimented with poisons on prisoners while Saddam Hussein was president of Iraq and died while in US custody in early February 2004, ten months after his arrest.
In an October 6, 2005 report by Charles A. Duelfer , a CIA adviser who led the arm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Munim_al-Izmerly |
Mohammed Nasser Al Ahbabi is the Director General of United Arab Emirates Space Agency . [ 1 ] Before joining the UAE Space Agency, Ahbabi was part of a UAE Armed Forces think tank project, where he worked alongside military and government stakeholders, on concepts and technologies in Smart Defense and Cyber Warfare, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Nasser_Al_Ahbabi |
On May 31, 1989, seven amateur astronomers held an organizational meeting in the Solar Classroom at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, to plan the formation of an astronomy club. By-laws were prepared by Richard Somer, approved by the group, and the Mohawk Valley Astronomical Society was born. The founders were Ric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_Astronomical_Society |
Mohr's circle is a two-dimensional graphical representation of the transformation law for the Cauchy stress tensor .
Mohr's circle is often used in calculations relating to mechanical engineering for materials' strength , geotechnical engineering for strength of soils , and structural engineering for strength of built... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr's_circle |
Mohr–Coulomb theory is a mathematical model (see yield surface ) describing the response of brittle materials such as concrete , or rubble piles, to shear stress as well as normal stress. Most of the classical engineering materials follow this rule in at least a portion of their shear failure envelope. Generally the th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr–Coulomb_theory |
The Mohs scale ( / m oʊ z / MOHZ ) of mineral hardness is a qualitative ordinal scale , from 1 to 10, characterizing scratch resistance of minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material.
The scale was introduced in 1812 by the German geologist and mineralogist Friedrich Mohs , in his book V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale |
In organic chemistry , a moiety ( / ˈ m ɔɪ ə t i / MOY -ə-tee ) is a part of a molecule [ 1 ] [ 2 ] that is given a name because it is identified as a part of other molecules as well.
Typically, the term is used to describe the larger and characteristic parts of organic molecules, and it should not be used to describe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry) |
Moiety conservation is the conservation of a subgroup in a chemical species , which is cyclically transferred from one molecule to another. In biochemistry, moiety conservation can have profound effects on the system's dynamics. [ 1 ]
A typical example of a conserved moiety [ 2 ] in biochemistry is the Adenosine dipho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiety_conservation |
In mathematics, physics, and art, moiré patterns ( UK : / ˈ m w ɑː r eɪ / MWAH -ray , US : / m w ɑː ˈ r eɪ / mwah- RAY , [ 1 ] French: [mwaʁe] ⓘ ) or moiré fringes [ 2 ] are large-scale interference patterns that can be produced when a partially opaque ruled pattern with transparent gaps is overlaid on another similar ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiré_pattern |
Moisture is the presence of a liquid, especially water, often in trace amounts. Moisture is defined as water in the adsorbed or absorbed phase. [ 1 ] Small amounts of water may be found, for example, in the air ( humidity ), in foods, and in some commercial products. Moisture also refers to the amount of water vapor pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisture |
Moisture expansion is the tendency of matter to change its volume in response to a change in moisture content. The macroscopic effect is similar to that of thermal expansion but the microscopic causes are very different. Moisture expansion is caused by hygroscopy .
This physics -related article is a stub . You can hel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisture_expansion |
In hydrology , moisture recycling or precipitation recycling refer to the process by which a portion of the precipitated water that evapotranspired from a given area contributes to the precipitation over the same area. Moisture recycling is thus a component of the hydrologic cycle . The ratio of the locally derived pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisture_recycling |
Mojibake ( Japanese : 文字化け ; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake] , 'character transformation') is the garbled or gibberish text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding . [ 1 ] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a different writing system .
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake |
Mokume-gane ( 木目金 ) is a Japanese metalworking procedure which produces a mixed-metal laminate with distinctive layered patterns; the term is also used to refer to the resulting laminate itself. The term mokume-gane translates closely to 'wood grain metal' or 'wood eye metal' and describes the way metal takes on the ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokume-gane |
Moladi is a South African company specializing in a reusable plastic formwork for use in construction of affordable housing projects worldwide. The process involves creating a mold of the form of the complete structure. This wall mold is then filled with an aerated form of Mortar . The construction process is faster th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moladi |
In chemistry , molality is a measure of the amount of solute in a solution relative to a given mass of solvent. This contrasts with the definition of molarity which is based on a given volume of solution.
A commonly used unit for molality is the moles per kilogram (mol/kg). A solution of concentration 1 mol/kg is also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molality |
In chemistry , the molar absorption coefficient or molar attenuation coefficient ( ε ) [ 1 ] is a measurement of how strongly a chemical species absorbs, and thereby attenuates , light at a given wavelength . It is an intrinsic property of the species. The SI unit of molar absorption coefficient is the square metre per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_absorption_coefficient |
Molar concentration (also called molarity , amount concentration or substance concentration ) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. [ 1 ] Specifically, It is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species , in particular, of a solute in a solution , in terms of amount of substance per unit volum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_concentration |
The molar conductivity of an electrolyte solution is defined as its conductivity divided by its molar concentration: [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
where
The SI unit of molar conductivity is siemens metres squared per mole (S m 2 mol −1 ). [ 2 ] However, values are often quoted in S cm 2 mol −1 . [ 4 ] In these last units, the value of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_conductivity |
The molar heat capacity of a chemical substance is the amount of energy that must be added, in the form of heat , to one mole of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in its temperature . Alternatively, it is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the amount of substance of the sam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity |
These tables list values of molar ionization energies , measured in kJ⋅mol −1 . This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements |
In polymer chemistry , the molar mass distribution (or molecular weight distribution ) describes the relationship between the number of moles of each polymer species ( N i ) and the molar mass ( M i ) of that species. [ 1 ] In linear polymers, the individual polymer chains rarely have exactly the same degree of polymer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass_distribution |
Molar refractivity , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] R m {\displaystyle R_{m}} , is a measure of the total polarizability of a mole of a substance.
For a perfect dielectric which is made of one type of molecule, the molar refractivity is proportional to the polarizability of a single molecule of the substance. For real materials, intermo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_refractivity |
In chemistry and related fields, the molar volume , symbol V m , [ 1 ] or V ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {V}}} of a substance is the ratio of the volume ( V ) occupied by a substance to the amount of substance ( n ), usually at a given temperature and pressure . It is also equal to the molar mass ( M ) divided by the mass ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_volume |
Mold health issues refer to the harmful health effects of molds ("moulds" in British English) and their mycotoxins .
Molds are ubiquitous in the biosphere, and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust. The vast majority of molds are not hazardous to humans, and reaction to molds can vary betw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold_health_issues |
Moldable wood is a strong and flexible cellulose-based material. Moldable wood can be folded into different shapes without breaking or snapping. The patented synthesis is based on the deconstruction and softening of the wood's lignin, then re-swelling the material in a rapid "water-shock" process that produces a wrinkl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldable_wood |
Molden is a general molecular and electronic structure processing program.
Molden program has been tested on different platforms, namely Linux, Windows NT, Windows95, Windows2000, WindowsXP, MacOSX, Silicon Graphics IRIX, Sun SunOS and Solaris.
Ambfor, the main force field module of Molden, is an external program tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molden |
A mole is a massive structure, usually of stone , used as a pier , breakwater , or a causeway separating two bodies of water. A mole may have a wooden structure built on top of it that resembles a wooden pier. The defining feature of a mole, however, is that water cannot freely flow underneath it, unlike a true pier.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(architecture) |
The mole (symbol mol ) is a unit of measurement , the base unit in the International System of Units (SI) for amount of substance , an SI base quantity proportional to the number of elementary entities of a substance. One mole is an aggregate of exactly 6.022 140 76 × 10 23 elementary entities (approximately 602 sextil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit) |
In chemistry , a mole map (also called a mole road map or stoichiometric map ) is a graphical representation of the relationships between the mole , molar mass , number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions), volume for gases at standard temperature and pressure (STP), and coefficients from balanced chemical equations. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_map_(chemistry) |
Molecubes are a collection of modular robots created by Hod Lipson and Victor Zykov from Cornell University . A molecube is made of two rotatable halves, one with the microprocessor which represents the intelligence behind the unit, and the other with a motor for rotating the joint. A group of the cubes can be connecte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecubes |
A molecular-weight size marker , also referred to as a protein ladder , DNA ladder , or RNA ladder , is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel during electrophoresis , using the principle that molecular weight is inversely proportional to migration rate through a ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular-weight_size_marker |
MolecularLab is an Italian website of science, specialized in science, biotechnology , molecular biology , with news, forums , and events. With over 4 million page views in May 2009 it is the most visited Italian science webzine .
MolecularLab has several objectives:
The site was founded in 2001 by Riccardo Fallini w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MolecularLab |
Molecular Biology of the Cell is a cellular and molecular biology textbook published by W.W. Norton & Co and currently authored by Bruce Alberts , Rebecca Heald , David Morgan, Martin Raff , Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter . The book was first published in 1983 by Garland Science and is now in its seventh edition. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Biology_of_the_Cell_(book) |
In chemistry , molecular Borromean rings are an example of a mechanically-interlocked molecular architecture in which three macrocycles are interlocked in such a way that breaking any macrocycle allows the others to dissociate . They are the smallest examples of Borromean rings . The synthesis of molecular Borromean ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Borromean_rings |
Molecular Discovery Ltd is a software company working in the area of drug discovery .
Founded in 1984 by Peter Goodford, its aim was to provide the GRID [ 1 ] software to scientists working in the field of Drug Design, and enabled one of the first examples of rational drug design [ 2 ] with the discovery of Zanamivir ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Discovery |
Molecular Diversity is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering research on molecular diversity and combinatorial chemistry in basic and applied research and drug discovery . The journal publishes both short and full-length papers, perspectives, news, and review... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Diversity |
The Molecular Frontiers Foundation ( MFF ) was founded under the auspices of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2007 by Bengt Nordén , a professor of physical chemistry at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden and the former chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. Part of the mission of MFF according to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Frontiers_Foundation |
In atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry , the molecular Hamiltonian is the Hamiltonian operator representing the energy of the electrons and nuclei in a molecule . This operator and the associated Schrödinger equation play a central role in computational chemistry and physics for computing prop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Hamiltonian |
Molecular Informatics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley VCH . It covers research in cheminformatics , quantitative structure–activity relationships , and combinatorial chemistry . It was established in 1981 as Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships and renamed to QSAR & Combinatorial Scien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Informatics |
Molecular Koch's postulates are a set of experimental criteria that must be satisfied to show that a gene found in a pathogenic microorganism encodes a product that contributes to the disease caused by the pathogen. Genes that satisfy molecular Koch's postulates are often referred to as virulence factors . The postulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Koch's_postulates |
The Molecular Materials Research Group ( MMRG ) is a multidisciplinary research group composed of several Ph.D. members as well as the expertise of other researchers in the field of Computational, Organic and Analytical Chemistry. [ 1 ]
Located at Madeira University in Madeira , its main scientific activity is devoted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Materials_Research_Group |
The Molecular Modelling Toolkit ( MMTK ) is an open-source software package written in Python , which performs common tasks in molecular modelling . [ 1 ]
The Molecular Modeling Toolkit is a library that implements common molecular simulation techniques, with an emphasis on biomolecular simulations. It uses modern sof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Modelling_Toolkit |
Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) is a drug discovery software platform that integrates visualization, modeling and simulations, as well as methodology development, in one package. MOE scientific applications are used by biologists, medicinal chemists and computational chemists in pharmaceutical, biotechnology and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Operating_Environment |
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics . The journal is edited by E.A. Zimmer .
The journal is indexed in:
This article about a biology journal is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
See tips for writing articles about acade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution |
Molecular Physics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the interface between chemistry and physics , in particular chemical physics and physical chemistry . It covers both theoretical and experimental molecular science, including electronic structure , molecular dynamics , spectroscopy , reaction ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Physics_(journal) |
The Molecular Query Language ( MQL ) was designed to allow more complex, problem-specific search methods in chemoinformatics . In contrast to the widely used SMARTS queries, MQL provides for the specification of spatial and physicochemical properties of atoms and bonds. Additionally, it can easily be extended to handle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Query_Language |
Molecular Systems Biology is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering systems biology at the molecular level (examples include: genomics , proteomics , metabolomics , microbial systems, the integration of cell signaling and regulatory networks ), synthetic biology , and systems medicine. [ 1 ] It was est... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Systems_Biology |
Molecular anatomy is the subspecialty of microscopic anatomy concerned with the identification and description of molecular structures of cells , tissues , and organs in an organism. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
This anatomy article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_anatomy |
A molecular assembler , as defined by K. Eric Drexler , is a "proposed device able to guide chemical reactions by positioning reactive molecules with atomic precision". A molecular assembler is a kind of molecular machine . Some biological molecules such as ribosomes fit this definition. This is because they receive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_assembler |
In chemistry , molecular autoionization (or self-ionization ) is a chemical reaction between molecules of the same substance to produce ions . If a pure liquid partially dissociates into ions, it is said to be self-ionizing. [ 1 ] : 163 In most cases the oxidation number on all atoms in such a reaction remains unchange... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_autoionization |
Molecular beacons , or molecular beacon probes , are oligonucleotide hybridization probes that can report the presence of specific nucleic acids in homogenous solutions. Molecular beacons are hairpin -shaped molecules with an internally quenched fluorophore whose fluorescence is restored when they bind to a target nucl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_beacon |
A molecular beam is produced by allowing a gas at higher pressure to expand through a small orifice into a chamber at lower pressure to form a beam of particles ( atoms , free radicals , molecules or ions ) moving at approximately equal velocities , with very few collisions between the particles. Molecular beams are us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_beam |
Molecular binding is an attractive interaction between two molecules that results in a stable association in which the molecules are in close proximity to each other. It is formed when atoms or molecules bind together by sharing of electrons. It often, but not always, involves some chemical bonding .
In some cases, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_binding |
Molecular biology / m ə ˈ l ɛ k j ʊ l ər / is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells , including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Though cells and other microscopic structures had been observed in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology |
Molecular breeding is the application of molecular biology tools, often in plant breeding [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and animal breeding. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In the broad sense, molecular breeding can be defined as the use of genetic manipulation performed at the level of DNA to improve traits of interest in plants and animals, and it may al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_breeding |
In the kinetic theory of gases in physics , the molecular chaos hypothesis (also called Stosszahlansatz in the writings of Paul and Tatiana Ehrenfest [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ) is the assumption that the velocities of colliding particles are uncorrelated, and independent of position. This means the probability that a pair of partic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_chaos |
The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged . The biomolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleotide sequences for DNA , RNA , or amino acid sequences for proteins .
The notio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock |
Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms . [ 1 ] The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloning |
A molecular cloud —sometimes called a stellar nursery if star formation is occurring within—is a type of interstellar cloud of which the density and size permit absorption nebulae , the formation of molecules (most commonly molecular hydrogen , H 2 ), and the formation of H II regions . This is in contrast to other are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud |
Molecular Conductance ( G = I / V {\displaystyle G=I/V} ), or the conductance of a single molecule , is a physical quantity in molecular electronics . Molecular conductance is dependent on the surrounding conditions (e.g. pH , temperature, pressure), as well as the properties of the measuring device. Many experimental ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_conductance |
The molecular configuration of a molecule is the permanent geometry that results from the spatial arrangement of its bonds . [ 1 ] The ability of the same set of atoms to form two or more molecules with different configurations is stereoisomerism . This is distinct from constitutional isomerism which arises from atoms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_configuration |
Molecular cytogenetics combines two disciplines, molecular biology and cytogenetics , and involves the analysis of chromosome structure to help distinguish normal and cancer-causing cells. Human cytogenetics began in 1956 when it was discovered that normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes. However, the first microsco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cytogenetics |
A molecular demon or biological molecular machine is a biological macromolecule that resembles and seems to have the same properties as Maxwell's demon . These macromolecules gather information in order to recognize their substrate or ligand within a myriad of other molecules floating in the intracellular or extracellu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_demon |
Molecular descriptors play a fundamental role in chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences, environmental protection policy , and health researches, as well as in quality control, being the way molecules, thought of as real bodies, are transformed into numbers, allowing some mathematical treatment of the chemical information ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_descriptor |
Molecular design software is notable software for molecular modeling , that provides special support for developing molecular models de novo .
In contrast to the usual molecular modeling programs, such as for molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry , such software directly supports the aspects related to constructing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_design_software |
Molecular diffusion is the motion of atoms , molecules , or other particles of a gas or liquid at temperatures above absolute zero . The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid, size and density (or their product, mass) of the particles. This type of diffusion explains the net flux of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_diffusion |
Molecular distillation is a type of short-path vacuum distillation , characterized by an extremely low vacuum pressure, 0.01 torr or below, which is performed using a molecular still . [ 1 ] It is a process of separation, purification and concentration of natural products, complex and thermally sensitive molecules for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_distillation |
Molecular drive is a term coined by Gabriel Dover in 1982 to describe evolutionary processes that change the genetic composition of a population through DNA turnover mechanisms. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Molecular drive operates independently of natural selection and genetic drift .
The best-known such process is the concerte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_drive |
Molecular dynamics ( MD ) is a computer simulation method for analyzing the physical movements of atoms and molecules . The atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a fixed period of time, giving a view of the dynamic "evolution" of the system. In the most common version, the trajectories of atoms and molecules ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics |
Molecular ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology that is concerned with applying molecular genetic techniques to ecological questions (e.g., population structure, phylogeography, conservation, speciation, hybridization, biodiversity). It is virtually synonymous with the field of " Ecological Genetics " as pioneered by T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_ecology |
In theoretical chemistry , molecular electronic transitions take place when electrons in a molecule are excited from one energy level to a higher energy level. The energy change associated with this transition provides information on the structure of the molecule and determines many of its properties, such as colour . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_electronic_transition |
Molecular electronics is the study and application of molecular building blocks for the fabrication of electronic components. It is an interdisciplinary area that spans physics , chemistry , and materials science . It provides a potential means to extend Moore's Law beyond the foreseen limits of small-scale conventiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_electronics |
Molecular engineering is an emerging field of study concerned with the design and testing of molecular properties, behavior and interactions in order to assemble better materials, systems, and processes for specific functions. This approach, in which observable properties of a macroscopic system are influenced by direc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_engineering |
In chemistry and physics , a molecular entity , or chemical entity , is "any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom , molecule , ion , ion pair, radical , radical ion, complex , conformer , etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity". [ 1 ] A molecular entity is any singular entity, irrespective ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_entity |
Molecular epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology and medical science that focuses on the contribution of potential genetic and environmental risk factors, identified at the molecular level, to the etiology , distribution and prevention of disease within families and across populations. [ 1 ] This field has emerged fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_epidemiology |
Molecular fragmentation (mass spectrometry) , or molecular dissociation, occurs both in nature and in experiments. It occurs when a complete molecule is rendered into smaller fragments by some energy source, usually ionizing radiation . The resulting fragments can be far more chemically reactive than the original molec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_fragmentation_methods |
Molecular genetics is a branch of biology that addresses how differences in the structures or expression of DNA molecules manifests as variation among organisms. Molecular genetics often applies an "investigative approach" to determine the structure and/or function of genes in an organism's genome using genetic screen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics |
Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule . It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths , bond angles , torsional angles and any other geometrical parameters that determine the position of each atom.
Molecular geometry influences several p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry |
A molecular glue is a type of small molecule that modulates protein–protein interactions in cells by enhancing the affinity between proteins. These compounds can induce novel interactions between proteins (type I) or stabilize pre-existing ones (type II), offering an alternative strategy to traditional drug discovery .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_glue |
In chemical graph theory and in mathematical chemistry , a molecular graph or chemical graph is a representation of the structural formula of a chemical compound in terms of graph theory . A chemical graph is a labeled graph whose vertices correspond to the atoms of the compound and edges correspond to chemical bonds .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_graph |
Molecular graphics is the discipline and philosophy of studying molecules and their properties through graphical representation. [ 1 ] IUPAC limits the definition to representations on a "graphical display device". [ 2 ] Ever since Dalton 's atoms and Kekulé 's benzene , there has been a rich history of hand-drawn atom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_graphics |
Molecular gyroscopes are chemical compounds or supramolecular complexes containing a rotor that moves freely relative to a stator , and therefore act as gyroscopes . Though any single bond or triple bond permits a chemical group to freely rotate, the compounds described as gyroscopes may protect the rotor from interact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_gyroscope |
Molecular imprinting is a technique to create template-shaped cavities in polymer matrices with predetermined selectivity and high affinity. [ 1 ] This technique is based on the system used by enzymes for substrate recognition, which is called the "lock and key" model. The active binding site of an enzyme has a shape s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_imprinting |
In chemistry , a molecular knot is a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture that is analogous to a macroscopic knot . [ 1 ] Naturally-forming molecular knots are found in organic molecules like DNA , RNA , and proteins . It is not certain that naturally occurring knots are evolutionarily advantageous to nuclei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_knot |
Molecular laser isotope separation ( MLIS ) is a method of isotope separation , where specially tuned lasers are used to separate isotopes of uranium using selective ionization of hyperfine transitions of uranium hexafluoride molecules. It is similar to AVLIS . Its main advantage over AVLIS is low energy consumption an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_laser_isotope_separation |
Molecular layer deposition ( MLD ) is a vapour phase thin film deposition technique based on self-limiting surface reactions carried out in a sequential manner. [ 1 ] Essentially, MLD resembles the well established technique of atomic layer deposition (ALD) but, whereas ALD is limited to exclusively inorganic coatings,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_layer_deposition |
A molecular lesion or point lesion is damage to the structure of a biological molecule such as DNA , RNA , or protein . This damage may result in the reduction or absence of normal function, and in rare cases the gain of a new function. Lesions in DNA may consist of breaks or other changes in chemical structure of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_lesion |
A molecular logic gate is a molecule that performs a logical operation based on at least one physical or chemical inputs and a single output. The field has advanced from simple logic systems based on a single chemical or physical input to molecules capable of combinatorial and sequential operations such as arithmetic o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_logic_gate |
Molecular machines are a class of molecules typically described as an assembly of a discrete number of molecular components intended to produce mechanical movements in response to specific stimuli, mimicking macromolecular devices such as switches and motors. Naturally occurring or biological molecular machines are re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_machine |
In molecular biology and other fields, a molecular marker is a molecule , sampled from some source, that gives information about its source. For example, DNA is a molecular marker that gives information about the organism from which it was taken. For another example, some proteins can be molecular markers of Alzheimer'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_marker |
Molecular mechanics uses classical mechanics to model molecular systems. The Born–Oppenheimer approximation is assumed valid and the potential energy of all systems is calculated as a function of the nuclear coordinates using force fields . Molecular mechanics can be used to study molecule systems ranging in size and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mechanics |
Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them. [ 1 ] The molecular medicine pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_medicine |
Molecular memory is a term for data storage technologies that use molecular species as the data storage element, rather than e.g. circuits , magnetics , inorganic materials or physical shapes. [ 1 ] The molecular component can be described as a molecular switch , and may perform this function by any of several mechanis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_memory |
Molecular mimicry is the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are enough to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides . Despite the prevalence of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, just a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mimicry |
A molecular model is a physical model of an atomistic system that represents molecules and their processes. They play an important role in understanding chemistry and generating and testing hypotheses . The creation of mathematical models of molecular properties and behavior is referred to as molecular modeling , and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_model |
Molecular modeling on GPU is the technique of using a graphics processing unit (GPU) for molecular simulations . [ 1 ]
In 2007, Nvidia introduced video cards that could be used not only to show graphics but also for scientific calculations. These cards include many arithmetic units (as of 2016 [update] , up to 3,584 i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_modeling_on_GPUs |
Molecular modelling encompasses all methods, theoretical and computational, used to model or mimic the behaviour of molecules . [ 1 ] The methods are used in the fields of computational chemistry , drug design , computational biology and materials science to study molecular systems ranging from small chemical systems t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_modelling |
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