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A near-field magnetic induction (NFMI) communication system is a short range wireless physical layer that communicates by coupling a tight, low-power, non-propagating magnetic field between devices. The concept is for a transmitter coil in one device to modulate a magnetic field which is measured by means of a receive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_magnetic_induction_communication |
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) is a branch of radiative heat transfer which deals with situations for which the objects and/or distances separating objects are comparable or smaller in scale or to the dominant wavelength of thermal radiation exchanging thermal energy. In this regime, the assumptions of geom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_radiative_heat_transfer |
Electromagnetic near-field scanner ( NFS [ 1 ] ) is a measurement system to determine a spatial distribution of an electrical quantity provided by a single or multiple field probes acquired in the near-field region of a device under test possibly accompanied by the associated numerical post-processing methods enabling ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_scanner |
Near-field scanning optical microscopy ( NSOM ) or scanning near-field optical microscopy ( SNOM ) is a microscopy technique for nanostructure investigation that breaks the far field resolution limit by exploiting the properties of evanescent waves . In SNOM, the excitation laser light is focused through an aperture wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_scanning_optical_microscope |
The near-infrared ( NIR ) window (also known as optical window or therapeutic window ) defines the range of wavelengths from 650 to 1350 nanometre (nm) where light has its maximum depth of penetration in tissue . [ 1 ] Within the NIR window, scattering is the most dominant light-tissue interaction, and therefore the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared_window_in_biological_tissue |
The Near-term digital radio (NTDR) program provided a prototype mobile ad hoc network (MANET) radio system to the United States Army, starting in the 1990s. The MANET protocols were provided by Bolt, Beranek and Newman ; the radio hardware was supplied by ITT. [ 1 ] These systems have been fielded by the United Kingdom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-term_digital_radio |
A near-threatened species is a species which has been categorized as " Near Threatened " ( NT ) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as that may be vulnerable to endangerment in the near future, but it does not currently qualify for the threatened status. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The IUCN notes the importan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-threatened_species |
Windows Vista
NearGlobal is a London, based software developer and publisher of Near, a 3D city browser platform and virtual world technology that delivers survey-accurate models of real-world cities that users can explore and interact with from their computer. The Near software was released in December 2009 with a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NearGlobal |
The Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite ( NEOSSat ) [ 8 ] is a Canadian microsatellite using a 15-cm aperture f/5.88 Maksutov telescope (similar to that on the MOST spacecraft), with 3-axis stabilisation giving a pointing stability of ~2 arcseconds in a ~100 second exposure. It is funded by the Canadian Space Agen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite |
In 3D computer graphics , a viewing frustum [ 1 ] or view frustum [ 2 ] is the region of space in the modeled world that may appear on the screen; it is the field of view of a perspective virtual camera system . [ 2 ]
The view frustum is typically obtained by taking a geometrical frustum —that is a truncation with par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_and_far_clip_plane |
In mathematics, near sets are either spatially close or descriptively close. Spatially close sets have nonempty intersection . In other words, spatially close sets are not disjoint sets , since they always have at least one element in common. Descriptively close sets contain elements that have matching descriptions. Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_sets |
The Nearby Supernova Factory (SNfactory) is a collaborative experiment led by Greg Aldering , designed to collect data on more Type Ia supernovae than have ever been studied in a single project before, and by studying them, to increase understanding of the expanding universe and dark energy .
The project began as an o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearby_Supernova_Factory |
In mathematics, a nearly Kähler manifold is an almost Hermitian manifold M {\displaystyle M} , with almost complex structure J {\displaystyle J} ,
such that the (2,1)-tensor ∇ J {\displaystyle \nabla J} is skew-symmetric . So,
for every vector field X {\displaystyle X} on M {\displaystyle M} .
In particular, a Kähler... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearly_Kähler_manifold |
In civil engineering and construction , the neat volume is a theoretical amount of material.
For earthworks , it can refer to the volume either before native material is disturbed by excavation , or after placement and compaction is complete. A percentage is typically added to neat volume to estimate loose (i.e. uncom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neat_volume |
The Neber rearrangement is an organic reaction in which a ketoxime is converted into an alpha- aminoketone via a rearrangement reaction . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The oxime is first converted to an O-sulfonate, for example a tosylate by reaction with tosyl chloride . Added base forms a carbanion which displaces the tosylate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neber_rearrangement |
A nebula ( Latin for 'cloud, fog'; [ 1 ] pl. nebulae or nebulas ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] is a distinct luminescent part of interstellar medium , which can consist of ionized, neutral, or molecular hydrogen and also cosmic dust . Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula |
In logic and mathematics , necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe a conditional or implicational relationship between two statements . For example, in the conditional statement : "If P then Q ", Q is necessary for P , because the truth of Q is guaranteed by the truth of P . (Equivalently, it is impossible... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency |
In engineering and materials science , necking is a mode of tensile deformation where relatively large amounts of strain localize disproportionately in a small region of the material. The resulting prominent decrease in local cross-sectional area provides the basis for the name "neck". Because the local strains in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necking_(engineering) |
The necklace problem is a problem in recreational mathematics concerning the reconstruction of necklaces (cyclic arrangements of binary values) from partial information.
The necklace problem involves the reconstruction of a necklace of n {\displaystyle n} beads, each of which is either black or white, from partial inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace_problem |
Necklace splitting is a picturesque name given to several related problems in combinatorics and measure theory . Its name and solutions are due to mathematicians Noga Alon [ 1 ] and Douglas B. West . [ 2 ]
The basic setting involves a necklace with beads of different colors. The necklace should be divided between seve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace_splitting_problem |
The necrobiome has been defined as the community of species associated with decaying remains after the death of an organism. [ 1 ] The process of decomposition is complex. Microbes decompose cadavers , but other organisms including fungi , nematodes , insects , and larger scavenger animals also contribute. [ 2 ] Once t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrobiome |
Necrobiosis is the physiological death of a cell , and can be caused by conditions such as basophilia , erythema , or a tumor . It is identified both with [ 1 ] and without necrosis .
Necrobiotic disorders are characterized by presence of necrobiotic granuloma on histopathology. Necrobiotic granuloma is described as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrobiosis |
Necromeny is a symbiotic relationship where an animal (typically a juvenile stage nematode ) infects a host and waits inside its body until its death, at which point it develops and completes its life-cycle on the cadaver, feeding on the decaying matter and the subsequent bacterial growth. [ 1 ] As the necromenic anima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromeny |
Necrophages are organisms that obtain nutrients by consuming decomposing dead animal biomass, such as the muscle and soft tissue of carcasses and corpses (also known as carrion). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The term derives from Greek nekros , meaning 'dead', and phagein , meaning 'to eat'. [ 1 ] Many hundreds of necrophagous sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophage |
An autopsy (also referred to as post-mortem examination , obduction , necropsy , [ Note 1 ] or autopsia cadaverum ) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death ; or the exam may be performed to evaluate any disease or injury... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropsy |
Necroptosis is a programmed form of necrosis , or inflammatory cell death. [ 1 ] Conventionally, necrosis is associated with unprogrammed cell death resulting from cellular damage or infiltration by pathogens, in contrast to orderly, programmed cell death via apoptosis . The discovery of necroptosis showed that cells c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necroptosis |
Necrosis (from Ancient Greek νέκρωσις ( nékrōsis ) ' death ' ) is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis . [ 1 ] The term "necrosis" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist Rudolf Virchow , who is often regarded as on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis |
Necrotaxis embodies a special type of chemotaxis when the chemoattractant molecules are released from necrotic or apoptotic cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Investigations of necrotaxis proved that ability to sense substances released from dying cells is present in unicellular level (e.g. Paramecium ) as well as in vertebrates (see ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotaxis |
Nectar robbing is a foraging behavior used by some organisms that feed on floral nectar , carried out by feeding from holes bitten in flowers, rather than by entering through the flowers' natural openings. Nectar robbers usually feed in this way, avoiding contact with the floral reproductive structures, and therefore d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar_robbing |
Neculai Costăchescu (18 February 1876–14 July 1939) was a Romanian chemist and politician.
Born in Huși , he obtained a degree in physics and chemistry from Iași University in 1901. Costăchescu earned a doctorate from the same institution in 1905, with a thesis on the gases found in Romania's salt deposits and muddy v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neculai_Costăchescu |
A needle drop is a version of a recording that has been transferred from a vinyl record to digital audio or other formats. Needle drops are sometimes traded among music collectors, especially when the original vinyl recording has not been released officially on a subsequent consumer format. [ citation needed ] It is al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_drop_(audio) |
The Nef isocyanide reaction is an addition reaction that takes place between isocyanides and acyl chlorides to form imidoyl chloride products, a process first discovered by John Ulrich Nef . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The product imidoyl chloride can be hydrolyzed to give the amide , trapped with other nucleophiles , or undergo hali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nef_isocyanide_reaction |
In organic chemistry , the Nef reaction is an organic reaction describing the acid hydrolysis of a salt of a primary or secondary nitroalkane ( R−NO 2 ) to an aldehyde ( R−CH=O ) or a ketone ( R 2 C=O ) and nitrous oxide ( N 2 O ). The reaction has been the subject of several literature reviews. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nef_reaction |
In organic chemistry , Nef synthesis is the addition of sodium acetylides to aldehydes and ketones to yield propargyl alcohols. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It is named for John Ulric Nef , who discovered the reaction in 1899.
This process is often erroneously referred to as the Nef reaction , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nef_synthesis |
In mathematics , negafibonacci coding is a universal code which encodes nonzero integers into binary code words . It is similar to Fibonacci coding , except that it allows both positive and negative integers to be represented. All codes end with "11" and have no "11" before the end.
The following steps describe how to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negafibonacci_coding |
Negative-bias temperature instability ( NBTI ) is a key reliability issue in MOSFETs , a type of transistor aging . NBTI manifests as an increase in the threshold voltage and consequent decrease in drain current and transconductance of a MOSFET. The degradation is often approximated by a power-law dependence on time. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-bias_temperature_instability |
A negative-calorie food is food that supposedly requires more food energy to be digested than the food provides. Its thermic effect or specific dynamic action —the caloric "cost" of digesting the food—would be greater than its food energy content. Despite its recurring popularity in dieting guides, there is no evidence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-calorie_food |
Negative-index metamaterial or negative-index material ( NIM ) is a metamaterial whose refractive index for an electromagnetic wave has a negative value over some frequency range. [ 1 ]
NIMs are constructed of periodic basic parts called unit cells , which are usually significantly smaller than the wavelength of the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-index_metamaterial |
Negative air ions (NAI) are an important air component, generally referring to the collections of negatively charged single gas molecules or ion clusters in the air. They play an essential role in maintaining the charge balance of the atmosphere. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The main components of air are molecular nitrogen and oxygen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_air_ions |
In computing , signed number representations are required to encode negative numbers in binary number systems.
In mathematics , negative numbers in any base are represented by prefixing them with a minus sign ("−"). However, in RAM or CPU registers , numbers are represented only as sequences of bits , without extra sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_and_non-negative_in_binary |
A negative base (or negative radix ) may be used to construct a non-standard positional numeral system . Like other place-value systems, each position holds multiples of the appropriate power of the system's base; but that base is negative—that is to say, the base b is equal to − r for some natural number r ( r ≥ 2 ).
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_base |
A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables ). [ 1 ] This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. Scientific contro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_controls |
In a computer processor the negative flag or sign flag is a single bit in a system status (flag) register used to indicate whether the result of the last mathematical operation produced a value in which the most significant bit (the left most bit) was set. In a two's complement interpretation of the result, the negativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_flag |
In mathematics , the concept of signed frequency ( negative and positive frequency ) can indicate both the rate and sense of rotation ; it can be as simple as a wheel rotating clockwise or counterclockwise. The rate is expressed in units such as revolutions (a.k.a. cycles ) per second ( hertz ) or radian/second (where ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_frequency |
In organic chemistry , negative hyperconjugation is the donation of electron density from a filled π- or p-orbital to a neighboring σ * -orbital . [ 1 ] This phenomenon, a type of resonance , can stabilize the molecule or transition state . [ 2 ] It also causes an elongation of the σ-bond by adding electron density to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_hyperconjugation |
Negative hyperconjugation is a theorized phenomenon in organosilicon compounds , in which hyperconjugation stabilizes or destabilizes certain accumulations of positive charge . The phenomenon explains corresponding peculiarities in the stereochemistry and rate of hydrolysis .
Second-row elements generally stabilize ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_hyperconjugation_in_silicon |
Negative ion products are products which claim to release negative ions and create positive health effects, although these claims are unsupported. [ 1 ] Many also claim to protect users from 5G radiation. These claims are likewise unsubstantiated. A market has developed for these products due to conspiracy theories abo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_ion_products |
Negative luminescence is a physical phenomenon by which an electronic device emits less thermal radiation when an electric current is passed through it than it does in thermal equilibrium (current off). When viewed by a thermal camera , an operating negative luminescent device looks colder than its environment.
Negati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_luminescence |
The probability of the outcome of an experiment is never negative, although a quasiprobability distribution allows a negative probability , or quasiprobability for some events. These distributions may apply to unobservable events or conditional probabilities.
In 1942, Paul Dirac wrote a paper "The Physical Interpretat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_probability |
In optics , negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly observed positive refractive properties. Negative refraction can be obtained by using a metamaterial which has been designed to achieve a negative value for electri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_refraction |
In microscopy , negative staining is an established method, often used in diagnostic microscopy, for contrasting a thin specimen with an optically opaque fluid . In this technique, the background is stained , leaving the actual specimen untouched, and thus visible. This contrasts with positive staining , in which the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_stain |
Negative thermal expansion ( NTE ) is an unusual physicochemical process in which some materials contract upon heating, rather than expand as most other materials do. The most well-known material with NTE is water at 0 to 3.98 °C. Also, the density of solid water (ice) is lower than the density of liquid water at stand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_thermal_expansion |
The Negishi coupling is a widely employed transition metal catalyzed cross-coupling reaction . The reaction couples organic halides or triflates with organozinc compounds , forming carbon–carbon bonds (C–C) in the process. A palladium (0) species is generally utilized as the catalyst , though nickel is sometimes used. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negishi_coupling |
In mathematics, a negligible function is a function μ : N → R {\displaystyle \mu :\mathbb {N} \to \mathbb {R} } such that for every positive integer c there exists an integer N c such that for all x > N c ,
Equivalently, we may also use the following definition.
A function μ : N → R {\displaystyle \mu :\mathbb {N} \to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligible_function |
Negligible senescence is a term coined by biogerontologist Caleb Finch to denote organisms that do not exhibit evidence of biological aging ( senescence ), such as measurable reductions in their reproductive capability, measurable functional decline, or rising death rates with age. [ 1 ] There are many species where sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligible_senescence |
In mathematics , a negligible set is a set that is small enough that it can be ignored for some purpose.
As common examples, finite sets can be ignored when studying the limit of a sequence , and null sets can be ignored when studying the integral of a measurable function .
Negligible sets define several useful concep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligible_set |
The foundations of negotiation theory are decision analysis , behavioral decision-making , game theory , and negotiation analysis .
Another classification of theories distinguishes between Structural Analysis, Strategic Analysis, Process Analysis, Integrative Analysis, and behavioral analysis of negotiations.
Negotiat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation_theory |
The Negroponte Switch is an idea developed by Nicholas Negroponte in the 1980s, while at the Media Lab at MIT . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] He suggested that due to the accidents of engineering history we had ended up with static devices – such as televisions – receiving their content via signals travelling over the airway... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negroponte_switch |
NeighborNet [ 1 ] is an algorithm for constructing phylogenetic networks which is loosely based on the neighbor joining algorithm. Like neighbor joining, the method takes a distance matrix as input, and works by agglomerating clusters. However, the NeighborNet algorithm can lead to collections of clusters which overlap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbor-net |
The neighbour-sensing mathematical model of hyphal growth is a set of interactive computer models that simulate the way fungi hyphae grow in three-dimensional space. The three-dimensional simulation is an experimental tool which can be used to study the morphogenesis of fungal hyphal networks.
The modelling process st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbour-sensing_model |
In organic chemistry , neighbouring group participation ( NGP , also known as anchimeric assistance ) has been defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as the interaction of a reaction centre with a lone pair of electrons in an atom or the electrons present in a sigma or pi bond containe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbouring_group_participation |
Neil James Cherry ONZM (29 September 1946 – 24 May 2003) was a New Zealand environmental scientist .
Cherry was born in Christchurch on 29 September 1946. [ 1 ] His parents were James Conrad Cherry and Mona Hartley, who had married in 1940. [ 2 ] Cherry could trace his ancestry back to the Cressy , one of the First Fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Cherry |
Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory , previously called the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer , is a NASA three-telescope space observatory for studying gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and monitoring the afterglow in X-ray, and UV/visible light at the location of a burst. [ 5 ] It was launched on 20 November 2004, aboard a Delta II la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory |
Neil Harbisson (born 1982) is a Catalan-raised British-Irish-American [ 17 ] cyborg artist and activist for transpecies rights. He is best known for being the first person in the world with an antenna implanted in his skull. [ 18 ] Since 2004, international media have hailed him as the world's first legally recognized ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Harbisson |
Neil Vasdev is a Canadian and American radiochemist and expert in nuclear medicine and molecular imaging , particularly in the application of PET . Radiotracers developed by the Vasdev Lab are in preclinical use worldwide, and many have been translated for first-in-human neuroimaging studies. [ 1 ] He is the director a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Vasdev |
Sir Thomas Neil Morris Waters (10 April 1931 – 7 June 2018) was a New Zealand inorganic chemist and academic administrator who served as vice-chancellor of Massey University from 1983 to 1995. He is noted for establishing the university's Albany campus near Auckland in 1993. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Born in New Plymouth on 10 Apri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Waters |
The Nekhoroshev estimates are an important result in the theory of Hamiltonian systems concerning the long-time stability of solutions of integrable systems under a small perturbation of the Hamiltonian. The first paper on the subject was written by Nikolay Nekhoroshev in 1971. [ 1 ]
The theorem complements both the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekhoroshev_estimates |
The Nelson Diversity Surveys ( NDS ) are a collection of data sets that quantify the representation of women and minorities among professors, by science and engineering discipline, at research universities. They consist of four data sets compiled by Donna Nelson , Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oklahoma du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Diversity_Surveys |
The Nelson complexity index (NCI) is a measure to compare the secondary conversion capacity of a petroleum refinery with the primary distillation capacity. [ 1 ] The index provides an easy metric for quantifying and ranking the complexity of various refineries and units. [ 2 ] To calculate the index, it is necessary to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_complexity_index |
The Nelson–Aalen estimator is a non-parametric estimator of the cumulative hazard rate function in case of censored data or incomplete data . [ 1 ] It is used in survival theory , reliability engineering and life insurance to estimate the cumulative number of expected events. An "event" can be the failure of a non-repa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson–Aalen_estimator |
Nematology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of nematodes , or roundworms. Although nematological investigation dates back to the days of Aristotle or even earlier, nematology as an independent discipline has its recognizable beginnings in the mid to late 19th century. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Nematology resear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematology |
Nemawashi ( 根回し ) is an informal Japanese business process of laying the foundation for some proposed change or project by talking to the people concerned and gathering support and feedback before a formal announcement. It is considered an important element in any major change in the Japanese business environment befor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemawashi |
Nemesis is a hypothetical red dwarf [ 1 ] or brown dwarf , [ 2 ] originally postulated in 1984 [ 3 ] to be orbiting the Sun at a distance of about 95,000 AU (1.5 light-years ), [ 2 ] somewhat beyond the Oort cloud , to explain a perceived cycle of mass extinctions in the geological record , which seem to occur more oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star) |
The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation is a Braille code for encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using standard six-dot Braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The code was developed by Abraham Nemeth . The Nemeth Code was first written up in 1952. It was rev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemeth_Braille |
Nemosis is a process of cell activation and death in human fibroblasts . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Initially discovered as programmed necrosis , [ 2 ] the name nemosis, is a derivative from the Goddess Nemesis in Greek mythodology. This name was adopted for fibroblast activation based on its initiation by direct cell–cel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemosis |
The Nenitzescu indole synthesis is a chemical reaction that forms 5-hydroxy indole derivatives from benzoquinone and β-aminocrotonic esters.
This reaction was named for its discoverer, Costin Nenițescu , who first reported it in 1929. [ 1 ] It can be performed with a number of different combinations of R-groups, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenitzescu_indole_synthesis |
Neo-Darwinism is generally used to describe any integration of Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection with Gregor Mendel 's theory of genetics . It mostly refers to evolutionary theory from either 1895 (for the combinations of Darwin's and August Weismann 's theories of evolution) or 1942 (" modern ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Darwinism |
Neo-colonial research or neo-colonial science , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] frequently described as helicopter research , [ 1 ] parachute science [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or research , [ 5 ] parasitic research, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] or safari study , [ 8 ] is when researchers from wealthier countries go to a developing country , collect information, travel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-colonial_science |
In tissue engineering , neo-organ is the final structure of a procedure based on transplantation consisting of endogenous stem/ progenitor cells grown ex vivo within predesigned matrix scaffolds. [ 1 ] Current organ donation faces the problems of patients waiting to match for an organ and the possible risk of the patie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-organ |
Neocatastrophism is the hypothesis that life-exterminating events such as gamma-ray bursts have acted as a galactic regulation mechanism in the Milky Way upon the emergence of complex life in its habitable zone . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is one of several proposed solutions to the Fermi paradox since it provides a mechanis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocatastrophism |
A neochromosome is a chromosome that is not normally found in nature. Cancer -associated neochromosomes are found in some cancer cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Neochromosomes have also been created using genetic engineering techniques. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Cancer-associated neochromosomes are giant supernumerary chromosomes. They harbor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neochromosome |
In plasma physics and magnetic confinement fusion , neoclassical transport or neoclassical diffusion is a theoretical description of collisional transport in toroidal plasmas, usually found in tokamaks or stellarators . It is a modification of classical diffusion adding in effects of non-uniform magnetic fields due to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_transport |
Neodymium is a chemical element ; it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is the fourth member of the lanthanide series and is considered to be one of the rare-earth metals . It is a hard , slightly malleable , silvery metal that quickly tarnishes in air and moisture. When oxidized, neodymium reacts quickly producing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium |
Neodymium aluminium borate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NdAl 3 (BO 3 ) 4 .
It is used in optics .
This inorganic compound –related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium_aluminium_borate |
A neodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB , NIB or Neo magnet) is a permanent magnet made from an alloy of neodymium , iron , and boron to form the Nd 2 Fe 14 B tetragonal crystalline structure. [ 1 ] They are the most widely used type of rare-earth magnet . [ 2 ]
Developed independently in 1984 by General Motors and Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium_magnet |
Neoendorphins are a group of endogenous opioid peptides derived from the proteolytic cleavage of prodynorphin . [ 1 ] They include α-neoendorphin and β-neoendorphin . The α-neoendorphin is present in greater amounts in the brain than β-neoendorphin. Both are products of the dynorphin gene, which also expresses dynorphi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoendorphin |
Neoepitopes are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) bounded peptides . [ 1 ] They represent the antigenic determinants of neoantigens . Neoepitopes are recognized by the immune system as targets for T cells and can elicit immune response to cancer . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Epitopes , also referred to as antigenic de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoepitope |
Neofunctionalization , one of the possible outcomes of functional divergence , occurs when one gene copy, or paralog , takes on a totally new function after a gene duplication event. Neofunctionalization is an adaptive mutation process; meaning one of the gene copies must mutate to develop a function that was not pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofunctionalization |
Neoichnology (Greek néos „new“, íchnos „footprint“, logos „science“) is the science of footprints and traces of extant animals. Thus, it is a counterpart to paleoichnology , which investigates tracks and traces of fossil animals. Neoichnological methods are used in order to study the locomotion and the resulting tracks... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoichnology |
The neomammalian brain is one of three aspects of Paul MacLean's triune theory of the human brain . MacLean was an American physician and neuroscientist who formulated his model in the 1960s, which was published in his own 1990 book The Triune Brain in Evolution . [ 1 ] MacLean's three-part theory explores how the huma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomammalian_brain |
Neomura (from Ancient Greek neo- "new", and Latin -murus "wall") is a proposed clade of life composed of the two domains Archaea and Eukaryota , coined by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002. [ 1 ] Its name reflects the hypothesis that both archaea and eukaryotes evolved out of the domain Bacteria , and one of the major chan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomura |
The neon-burning process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions that take place in evolved massive stars with at least 8 Solar masses . Neon burning requires high temperatures and densities (around 1.2×10 9 K or 100 keV and 4×10 9 kg/m 3 ).
At such high temperatures photodisintegration becomes a significant effect, so s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon-burning_process |
In botany, a neophyte (from Greek νέος ( néos ) "new" and φυτόν ( phutón ) "plant") is a plant species which is not native to a geographical region and was introduced in recent history. Non-native plants that are long-established in an area are called archaeophytes . In Britain, neophytes are defined more specifically ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophyte_(botany) |
The term neopolarogram refers to mathematical derivatives of polarograms or cyclic voltammograms that in effect deconvolute diffusion and electrochemical kinetics. This is achieved by analog or digital implementations of fractional calculus . [ 1 ] The implementation of fractional derivative calculations by means of nu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopolarogram |
The Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event ( NOE ), also called the Second Great Oxidation Event , was a geologic time interval between around 850 and 540 million years ago during the Neoproterozoic era , which saw a very significant increase in oxygen levels in Earth's atmosphere and oceans . [ 2 ] Taking place after the en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic_oxygenation_event |
Neopterin is an organic compound belonging to the pteridine class of heterocyclic compounds .
Neopterin belongs to the chemical group known as pteridines . It is synthesised by human macrophages upon stimulation with the cytokine interferon-gamma and is indicative of a pro-inflammatory immune status. Neopterin serves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterin |
Neosaxitoxin (NSTX) is included, as other saxitoxin -analogs, in a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). The parent compound of PSTs, saxitoxin (STX), is a tricyclic perhydropurine alkaloid, which can be substituted at various positions, leading to more th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosaxitoxin |
Neoteny ( / n i ˈ ɒ t ən i / ), [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] also called juvenilization , [ 5 ] is the delaying or slowing of the physiological , or somatic , development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny in modern humans is more significant than in other primates. [ 6 ] In progenesis or paedogenesis , sexual dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoteny |
Neoteny is the retention of juvenile traits well into adulthood. In humans, this trend is greatly amplified, especially when compared to non-human primates . Neotenic features of the head include the globular skull; [ 1 ] thinness of skull bones; [ 2 ] the reduction of the brow ridge; [ 3 ] the large brain; [ 3 ] the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoteny_in_humans |
Neothiobinupharidine is a dimeric thiaspirane alkaloid isolated from the dwarf water lily Nuphar pumila . It exhibits weak immunosuppressive and cytotoxic bioactivity in cell line experiments. [ 1 ]
This organic chemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neothiobinupharidine |
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