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Photopolymerization-based signal amplification (PBA) is a method of amplifying detection signals from molecular recognition events in an immunoassay by utilizing a radical polymerization initiated through illumination by light. [ 1 ] To contrast between a negative and a positive result, PBA is linked to a colorimetric ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photopolymerization-based_signal_amplification |
Photoprotection is the biochemical process that helps organisms cope with molecular damage caused by sunlight . Plants and other oxygenic phototrophs have developed a suite of photoprotective mechanisms to prevent photoinhibition and oxidative stress caused by excess or fluctuating light conditions. Humans and other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoprotection |
Photoproteins are a type of enzyme produced by bioluminescent organisms. They add to the function of the luciferins whose usual light-producing reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase .
The term photoprotein was first used to describe the unusual chemistry of the luminescent system of Chaetopterus (a marine Pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoprotein |
Photopyroelectric As known that Photopyroelectric can be regarded as –Photo +Pyroelectric，which means any optical systems using a pyroelectric detector or imaging system, In addition, pyroelectricity could be depicted as the capability of the components formulating the transient voltage when heated or cooled. Once the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photopyroelectric |
Photoreceptor proteins are light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms. Some examples are rhodopsin in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina , phytochrome in plants, and bacteriorhodopsin and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria . They mediate light respo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein |
Photoredox catalysis is a branch of photochemistry that uses single-electron transfer . Photoredox catalysts are generally drawn from three classes of materials: transition-metal complexes, organic dyes, and semiconductors . While organic photoredox catalysts were dominant throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, [ 1 ] so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoredox_catalysis |
A photoresist (also known simply as a resist ) is a light-sensitive material used in several processes, such as photolithography and photoengraving , to form a patterned coating on a surface. This process is crucial in the electronics industry . [ 1 ]
The process begins by coating a substrate with a light-sensitive or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoresist |
Photorespiration (also known as the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle or C 2 cycle ) refers to a process in plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO oxygenates RuBP , wasting some of the energy produced by photosynthesis. The desired reaction is the addition of carbon dioxide to RuBP ( carboxylation ), a key step ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorespiration |
Photosensitive glass , also called photostructurable glass ( PSG ) or photomachinable glass , is a glass in the lithium - silicate family of glasses onto which images can be etched using shortwave radiations , such as ultraviolet . [ 1 ] Photosensitive glass was first discovered by S. Donald Stookey in 1937. [ 2 ] [ 3 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosensitive_glass |
Photosensitizers are light absorbers that alter the course of a photochemical reaction . They usually are catalysts . [ 1 ] They can function by many mechanisms; sometimes they donate an electron to the substrate, and sometimes they abstract a hydrogen atom from the substrate. At the end of this process, the photosens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosensitizer |
The Photostat machine , or Photostat , was an early projection photocopier created in the decade of the 1900s by the Commercial Camera Company, which became the Photostat Corporation. The "Photostat" name, which was originally a trademark of the company, became genericized , and was often used to refer to similar machi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photostat_machine |
The photostationary state of a reversible photochemical reaction is the equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation (usually a single wavelength of visible or UV radiation ). [ 1 ]
It is a property of particular importance in photochromic compounds, often used as a measure of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photostationary_state |
Photostimulation is the use of light to artificially activate biological compounds, cells , tissues , or even whole organisms . Photostimulation can be used to noninvasively probe various relationships between different biological processes, using only light. In the long run, photostimulation has the potential for use ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photostimulation |
Photosymbiosis is a type of symbiosis where one of the organisms is capable of photosynthesis . [ 1 ]
Examples of photosymbiotic relationships include those in lichens , plankton , ciliates , and many marine organisms including corals , fire corals , giant clams , and jellyfish . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Photosymbiosis is i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosymbiosis |
Photosynthate partitioning is the deferential distribution of photosynthates to plant tissues. A photosynthate is the resulting product of photosynthesis , these products are generally sugars. These sugars that are created from photosynthesis are broken down to create energy for use by the plant. Sugar and other comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthate_partitioning |
Photosynthetic capacity ( A max ) is a measure of the maximum rate at which leaves are able to fix carbon during photosynthesis . It is typically measured as the amount of carbon dioxide that is fixed per metre squared per second, for example as μmol m −2 sec −1 .
Photosynthetic capacity is limited by carboxylation ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_capacity |
The photosynthetic efficiency (i.e. oxygenic photosynthesis efficiency ) is the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in green plants and algae. Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction
where C 6 H 12 O 6 is glucose (which is subsequently transformed i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency |
Photosynthetic picoplankton or picophytoplankton is the fraction of the photosynthetic phytoplankton of cell sizes between 0.2 and 2 μm (i.e. picoplankton ). It is especially important in the central oligotrophic regions of the world oceans that have very low concentration of nutrients .
Because of its very small size... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_picoplankton |
A photosynthetic reaction center is a complex of several proteins , biological pigments , and other co-factors that together execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis . Molecular excitations, either originating directly from sunlight or transferred as excitation energy via light-harvesting anten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_reaction_centre |
In photosynthesis, state transitions are rearrangements of the photosynthetic apparatus which occur on short time-scales (seconds to minutes). The effect is prominent in cyanobacteria, whereby the phycobilisome light-harvesting antenna complexes alter their preference for transfer of excitation energy between the two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_state_transition |
Photosynthetically active radiation ( PAR ) designates the spectral range (wave band) of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nanometers that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis . This spectral region corresponds more or less with the range of light visible to the human eye. Photons at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetically_active_radiation |
Photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis . Together they carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis : the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons . Photosystems are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem |
Photosystem I ( PSI , or plastocyanin–ferredoxin oxidoreductase ) is one of two photosystems in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae , plants , and cyanobacteria . Photosystem I [ 1 ] is an integral membrane protein complex that uses light energy to catalyze the transfer of electrons across the thylakoid membran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem_I |
Photosystem II (or water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase ) is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis . It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants , algae , and cyanobacteria . Within the photosystem, enzymes capture photons of light to energize electrons that are then... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem_II |
Photosystem II light-harvesting proteins are the intrinsic transmembrane proteins CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB) occurring in the reaction centre of photosystem II (PSII). These polypeptides bind to chlorophyll a and β-Carotene and pass the excitation energy on to the reaction centre. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
This family also include... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem_II_light-harvesting_protein |
Phototaxis is a kind of taxis , or locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves towards or away from a stimulus of light . [ 2 ] This is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis . Phototaxis is called positive if the movem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototaxis |
Phototendering is the process by which organic fibres and textiles lose strength and flexibility due to exposure to sunlight. The ultraviolet component of the sun's spectrum affects fibres, causing chain degradation and, hence, loss of strength. Colour fade is a common problem in phototendering.
The rate of deteriorat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototendering |
Photothermal effect is a phenomenon associated with electromagnetic radiation . It is produced by the photoexcitation of material, resulting in the production of thermal energy (heat).
It is sometimes used during treatment of blood vessel lesions , laser resurfacing , laser hair removal and laser surgery .
This physi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal_effect |
Photothermal microspectroscopy ( PTMS ), alternatively known as photothermal temperature fluctuation ( PTTF ), [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is derived from two parent instrumental techniques: infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In one particular type of AFM, known as scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), the imaging ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal_microspectroscopy |
Photothermal optical microscopy / "photothermal single particle microscopy" is a technique that is based on detection of non- fluorescent labels. It relies on absorption properties of labels ( gold nanoparticles , semiconductor nanocrystals , etc.), and can be realized on a conventional microscope using a resonant modu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal_optical_microscopy |
The photothermal ratio (PTR), also named photothermal quotient , is a variable that characterizes the amount of light available to plants relative to the temperature level. It is used in plant biology to characterize the growth environment of plants. [ 1 ]
Both light and temperature are important environmental variab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal_ratio |
Photothermal spectroscopy is a group of high sensitivity spectroscopy techniques used to measure optical absorption and thermal characteristics of a sample. The basis of photothermal spectroscopy is the change in thermal state of the sample resulting from the absorption of radiation. Light absorbed and not lost by emis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal_spectroscopy |
Photothermal therapy (PTT) refers to efforts to use electromagnetic radiation (most often in infrared wavelengths) for the treatment of various medical conditions, including cancer . This neurotherapy is an extension of photodynamic therapy , in which a photosensitizer is excited with specific band light. This activati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal_therapy |
Photothermal time ( PTT ) is a product between growing degree-days (GDD) and day length (hours) for each day. PTT = GDD × DL [ 1 ] It can be used to quantify environment , [ 2 ] as well as the timing of developmental stages of plants . [ 3 ]
This standards - or measurement -related article is a stub . You can help Wik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal_time |
Phototoxicity , also called photoirritation , is a chemically induced skin irritation, requiring light, that does not involve the immune system . [ 1 ] It is a type of photosensitivity . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The skin response resembles an exaggerated sunburn . The involved chemical may enter into the skin by topical administra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototoxicity |
Phototrophs (from Ancient Greek φῶς , φωτός ( phôs, phōtós ) ' light ' and τροφή ( trophḗ ) ' nourishment ' ) are organisms that carry out photon capture to produce complex organic compounds (e.g. carbohydrates ) and acquire energy. They use the energy from light to carry out various cellular metabolic processes. It is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototroph |
Phototrophic biofilms are microbial communities generally comprising both phototrophic microorganisms, which use light as their energy source, and chemoheterotrophs. [ 1 ] Thick laminated multilayered phototrophic biofilms are usually referred to as microbial mats or phototrophic mats (see also biofilm ). [ 2 ] These o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototrophic_biofilm |
Phototropins are blue light photoreceptor proteins (more specifically, flavoproteins ) that mediate phototropism responses across many species of algae, [ 1 ] fungi and higher plants . [ 2 ] Phototropins can be found throughout the leaves of a plant. Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototropin |
In biology , phototropism is the growth of an organism in response to a light stimulus . Phototropism is most often observed in plants , but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi . The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light contain a hormone called auxin that reacts when phototropism occurs. This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototropism |
The photovoltaic effect is the generation of voltage and electric current in a material upon exposure to light . It is a physical phenomenon. [ 1 ]
The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the photoelectric effect . For both phenomena, light is absorbed, causing excitation of an electron or other charge carrier ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
Photovoltaics ( PV ) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect , a phenomenon studied in physics , photochemistry , and electrochemistry . The photovoltaic effect is commercially used for electricity generation and as photosensors .
A photovoltaic s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
In topology, the Phragmén–Brouwer theorem , introduced by Lars Edvard Phragmén and Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer , states that if X is a normal connected locally connected topological space , then the following two properties are equivalent:
The theorem remains true with the weaker condition that A and B be separated . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmen–Brouwer_theorem |
In complex analysis , the Phragmén–Lindelöf principle (or method ), first formulated by Lars Edvard Phragmén (1863–1937) and Ernst Leonard Lindelöf (1870–1946) in 1908, is a technique which employs an auxiliary, parameterized function to prove the boundedness of a holomorphic function f {\displaystyle f} (i.e, | f ( z ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmén–Lindelöf_principle |
Phreatic is a term used in hydrology to refer to aquifers, in speleology to refer to cave passages, and in volcanology to refer to a type of volcanic eruption.
The term phreatic (the word originates from the Greek phrear , phreat- meaning "well" or "spring") is used in hydrology and the earth sciences to refer to matt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatic |
The top flow line of a saturated soil mass below which seepage takes place, is called the Phreatic line.
Hydrostatic pressure acts below the phreatic line whereas atmospheric pressure exists above the phreatic line. This line separates a saturated soil mass from an unsaturated soil mass. It is not an equipotential lin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatic_line |
Phred ( Ph il 's Re ad Ed itor [ 1 ] ) is a computer program for base calling , that is to say, identifying a nucleobase sequence from fluorescence "trace" data generated by an automated DNA sequencer that uses electrophoresis and 4-fluorescent dye method. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] When originally developed, Phred produced significa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phred_(software) |
A Phred quality score is a measure of the quality of the identification of the nucleobases generated by automated DNA sequencing . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was originally developed for the computer program Phred to help in the automation of DNA sequencing in the Human Genome Project . Phred quality scores are assigned to each nu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phred_quality_score |
pHT01 is a plasmid used as a cloning vector for expressing proteins in Bacillus subtilis . It is 7,956 base pairs in length. [ 1 ] pHT01 carries Pgrac, an artificial, strong, IPTG -inducible promoter consisting of the Bacillus subtilis groE promoter, a lac operator , and the gsiB ribosome binding site . It was first f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pht01 |
Phthalates ( US : / ˈ θ æ l eɪ t s / UK : / ˈ ( f ) θ æ l eɪ t s ˌ ˈ ( f ) θ æ l ɪ t s / [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ), or phthalate esters , are esters of phthalic acid . They are mainly used as plasticizers , i.e., substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity. They are used prim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthalates |
"Phycisphaeria" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016
Phycisphaerae is a class of aquatic bacteria . They reproduce by budding and are found in samples of algae in marine water . [ 1 ] Organisms in this group are spherical [ 1 ] and have a holdfast , at the tip of a thin cylindrical extension from the cell body called the stalk,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycisphaerae |
Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble proteins present in cyanobacteria and certain algae ( rhodophytes , cryptomonads , glaucocystophytes ). They capture light energy, which is then passed on to chlorophylls during photosynthesis . Phycobiliproteins are formed of a complex between proteins and covalently bound phycobili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycobiliprotein |
Phycobilisomes are light-harvesting antennae that transmit the energy of harvested photons to photosystem II and photosystem I in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae and glaucophytes . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They were lost during the evolution of the chloroplasts of green algae and plants . [ 3 ]
Phycobiliso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycobilisome |
Phycoerythrobilin is a red phycobilin , i.e. an open tetrapyrrole chromophore [ 1 ] found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae , glaucophytes and some cryptomonads . Phycoerythrobilin is present in the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin , of which it is the terminal acceptor of energy. The amount of phycoe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycoerythrobilin |
Phycoerythrocyanin is a kind of phycobiliprotein , magenta chromoprotein involved in photosynthesis of some Cyanobacteria . [ 1 ] This chromoprotein consists of alpha- and beta-subunits, generally aggregated as hexamer. Alpha-phycoerythrocyanin contains a phycoviolobilin, a violet bilin, that covalently attached at Cys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycoerythrocyanin |
Phycotechnology refers to the technological applications of algae , both microalgae and macroalgae . [ 1 ]
Currently micro-algae are being exploited for environmental protection as the species of Chlorella, Chlamydomonas , and Scenedesmus carry out selective uptake, accumulation and biodegradation of pollutants and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycotechnology |
Phyletic gradualism is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual. [ 1 ] When evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually by the steady transformation of a whole species into a new one (through a process called anagenesis ). In this view no clear line of demarcation exists b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism |
Phyllocladane is a tricyclic diterpane which is generally found in gymnosperm resins. [ 1 ] It has a formula of C 20 H 34 and a molecular weight of 274.4840. [ 2 ] As a biomarker , it can be used to learn about the gymnosperm input into a hydrocarbon deposit, and about the age of the deposit in general. It indicates a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllocladane |
In microbiology , the phyllosphere is the total above-ground surface of a plant when viewed as a habitat for microorganisms . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The phyllosphere can be further subdivided into the caulosphere (stems), phylloplane (leaves), anthosphere (flowers), and carposphere (fruits). The below-ground microbial habit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllosphere |
Phylogenesis (from Greek φῦλον phylon "tribe" + γένεσις genesis "origin") is the biological process by which a taxon (of any rank ) appears. The science that studies these processes is called phylogenetics . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
These terms may be confused with the term phylogenetics , the application of mole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenesis |
Phylogenetic bracketing is a method of inference used in biological sciences . It is used to infer the likelihood of unknown traits in organisms based on their position in a phylogenetic tree. One of the main applications of phylogenetic bracketing is on extinct organisms, known only from fossils, going back to the las... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_bracketing |
The phylogenetic classification of bony fishes is a phylogenetic classification of bony fishes and is based on phylogenies inferred using molecular and genomic data for nearly 2000 fishes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The first version was published in 2013 and resolved 66 orders. [ 2 ] The latest version (version 4) was publishe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_classification_of_bony_fishes |
Phylogenetic comparative methods ( PCMs ) use information on the historical relationships of lineages ( phylogenies ) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative_methods |
Phylogenetic footprinting is a technique used to identify transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) within a non-coding region of DNA of interest by comparing it to the orthologous sequence in different species . When this technique is used with a large number of closely related species, this is called phylogenetic sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_footprinting |
Phylogenetic inertia or phylogenetic constraint refers to the limitations on the future evolutionary pathways that have been imposed by previous adaptations . [ 1 ]
Charles Darwin first recognized this phenomenon, though the term was later coined by Huber in 1939. [ 2 ] Darwin explained the idea of phylogenetic inerti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_inertia |
In molecular phylogenetics , relationships among individuals are determined using character traits, such as DNA , RNA or protein , which may be obtained using a variety of sequencing technologies. High-throughput next-generation sequencing has become a popular technique in transcriptomics , which represent a snapshot o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_inference_using_transcriptomic_data |
Phylogenetic invariants [ 1 ] are polynomial relationships between the frequencies of various site patterns in an idealized DNA multiple sequence alignment . They have received substantial study in the field of biomathematics , and they can be used to choose among phylogenetic tree topologies in an empirical setting. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_invariants |
A phylogenetic network is any graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships (either abstractly or explicitly) [ 1 ] between nucleotide sequences , genes , chromosomes , genomes , or species . [ 2 ] They are employed when reticulation events such as hybridization , horizontal gene transfer , recombination , or gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_network |
The term phylogenetic niche conservatism has seen increasing use in recent years [ when? ] in the scientific literature, though the exact definition has been a matter of some contention. [ 1 ] Fundamentally, phylogenetic niche conservatism refers to the tendency of species to retain their ancestral traits. When defined... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_niche_conservatism |
Phylogenetic nomenclature is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below. This contrasts with the traditional method , by which taxon names are defined by a type , which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank , and a description in words. [ 1 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature |
Phylogenetic profiling is a bioinformatics technique in which the joint presence or joint absence of two traits across large numbers of species is used to infer a meaningful biological connection, such as involvement of two different proteins in the same biological pathway . Along with examination of conserved synteny ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_profiling |
Phylogenetic signal is an evolutionary and ecological term, that describes the tendency or the pattern of related biological species to resemble each other more than any other species that is randomly picked from the same phylogenetic tree . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Phylogenetic signal is usually described as the tendency of relat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_signal |
A phylogenetic tree , phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In other words, it is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree |
In biology , phylogenetics ( / ˌ f aɪ l oʊ dʒ ə ˈ n ɛ t ɪ k s , - l ə -/ ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference . It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical data and observ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics |
Phylogenomics is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics . [ 1 ] The term has been used in multiple ways to refer to analysis that involves genome data and evolutionary reconstructions. [ 2 ] It is a group of techniques within the larger fields of phylogenetics and genomics. Phylogenomics draws informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenomics |
Phylogeny in psychoanalysis is the study of the whole family or species of an organism in order to better understand the pre-history of it. [ 1 ] It might have an unconscious influence on a patient, according to Sigmund Freud . After the possibilities of ontogeny , which is the development of the whole organism viewed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny_(psychoanalysis) |
Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the past to present geographic distributions of genealogical lineages. This is accomplished by considering the geographic distribution of individuals in light of genetics , particularly population genetics . [ 1 ]
This term was introdu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeography |
Phylomedicine is an emerging discipline at the intersection of medicine , genomics , and evolution . It focuses on the use of evolutionary knowledge to predict functional consequences of mutations found in personal genomes and populations. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Modern technologies have made genome sequencing accessible, and bio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylomedicine |
Phyloscan [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is a web service for DNA sequence analysis that is free and open to all users (without login requirement). For locating matches to a user-specified sequence motif for a regulatory binding site , Phyloscan provides a statistically sensitive scan of user-supplied mixed aligned and unaligned DNA seq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyloscan |
Phylostratum is a set of genes from an organism that coalesce to founder genes having common phylogenetic origin. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This term was coined by Domazet and Tautz to describe the gene origination. [ 3 ]
This genetics article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylostratum |
In the field of microbiome research, a group of species is said to show a phylosymbiotic signal if the degree of similarity between the species' microbiomes recapitulates to a significant extent their evolutionary history . [ 1 ] In other words, a phylosymbiotic signal among a group of species is evident if their micro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylosymbiosis |
Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog , closely related to substance P . Its structure was first elucidated in 1964. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Like all tachykinins, physalaemin is a sialagogue (increases salivation ) and a potent vasodilator with hypotensive effects. [ 3 ]
Physalaemin (PHY) is know... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalaemin |
Physica Status Solidi , often stylized physica status solidi or pss , [ 1 ] is a family of international peer-reviewed , scientific journals , publishing research on all aspects of solid state physics , and materials science . It is owned and published by Wiley–VCH . These journals publish over 2000 articles per year, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica_Status_Solidi |
Physica speculatio [ 1 ] is a text of scientific character written by Alonso de la Vera Cruz in 1557 in the capital of New Spain . It was the first published work in the American continent that specifically addressed the study of physics, and was written to teach the students of the Real University of Mexico.
It intro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica_speculatio |
In computing . Physical-to-Virtual (" P2V " or " p-to-v " [ 1 ] ) involves the process of decoupling and migrating a physical server 's operating system (OS), applications, and data from that physical server to a virtual-machine guest hosted on a virtualized platform .
User manually creates a virtual machine in a virt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical-to-Virtual |
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research and review articles on any aspect of physical chemistry , chemical physics , and biophysical chemistry . It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry on behalf of eighteen participating societies. The editor-in-chi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Chemistry_Chemical_Physics |
In transportation, the Physical Internet refers to the combination of digital transportation networks that are deploying to replace actual road networks.
The Physical Internet Initiative promoted research efforts around 2011.
Since around 2018, the initiative site refers to a blog site promoting the marketing term big ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Internet |
The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory ( PTCL ) is a major chemistry laboratory at the University of Oxford , England . It is located in the main Science Area of the university on South Parks Road . Previously it was known as the Physical Chemistry Laboratory . [ 1 ]
The original Physical Chemistry Laborato... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Laboratory_(Oxford) |
In quantum computing , a qubit is a unit of information analogous to a bit (binary digit) in classical computing , but it is affected by quantum mechanical properties such as superposition and entanglement which allow qubits to be in some ways more powerful than classical bits for some tasks . Qubits are used in quantu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_and_logical_qubits |
Physical biochemistry is a branch of biochemistry that deals with the theory, techniques, and methodology used to study the physical chemistry of biomolecules . [ 1 ] It also deals with the mathematical approaches for the analysis of biochemical reaction and the modelling of biological systems . It provides insight int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_biochemistry |
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion , energy , force , time , thermodynamics , quantum chemistry , statistical mechanics , analytical dynamics and chemical equilibria .
Physical chemis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry |
Physical coefficient is an important number that characterizes some physical property of a technical or scientific object under specified conditions. [ 1 ] A coefficient also has a scientific reference which is the reliance on force.
To find the coefficient of a chemical compound , you must balance the elements involv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_coefficient |
Physical computing involves interactive systems that can sense and respond to the world around them. [ clarification needed ] While this definition is broad enough to encompass systems such as smart automotive traffic control systems or factory automation processes, it is not commonly used to describe them. In a broade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_computing |
Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model , or simply cosmology , provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin , structure, evolution , and ultimate f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology |
Physical crystallography before X-rays describes how physical crystallography developed as a science up to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895. In the period before X-rays, crystallography can be divided into three broad areas: geometric crystallography culminating in the discovery of the 230 spac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_crystallography_before_X-rays |
Physical map is a technique used in molecular biology to find the order and physical distance between DNA base pairs by DNA markers . [ 1 ] It is one of the gene mapping techniques which can determine the sequence of DNA base pairs with high accuracy. Genetic mapping , another approach of gene mapping, can provide mark... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_mapping |
The subject of physical mathematics is concerned with mathematics that is motivated by physics and is considered by some as a subfield of mathematical physics .
Physically motivated mathematics existed within a tradition of mathematical analysis of nature that goes back to the ancient Greeks. A good example is Archime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_mathematics |
Physical metallurgy is one of the two main branches of the scientific approach to metallurgy , which considers in a systematic way the physical properties of metals and alloys . It is basically the fundamentals and applications of the theory of phase transformations in metal and alloys. [ 1 ] While chemical metallurgy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_metallurgy |
In natural language and physical science , a physical object or material object (or simply an object or body ) is a contiguous collection of matter , within a defined boundary (or surface ), that exists in space and time . Usually contrasted with abstract objects and mental objects . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Also in common usage, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_object |
Physical oncology (PO) is defined as the study of the role of mechanical signals in a cancerous tumor . The mechanical signals can be forces, pressures ("pull", "push" and "shear" designating the forces / pressures that push, pull or are tangential). If we generalize we will speak of " stress field " and " stress tenso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_oncology |
In physics , physical optics , or wave optics , is the branch of optics that studies interference , diffraction , polarization , and other phenomena for which the ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid. This usage tends not to include effects such as quantum noise in optical communication , which is studied... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_optics |
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